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Jayakumar S, Ahmed AO, Butler PD, Silverstein SM, Thompson JL, Seitz AR. Performance on a contour integration task as a function of contour shape in schizophrenia and controls. Vision Res 2024; 219:108394. [PMID: 38579407 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Contour Integration (CI) is the ability to integrate elemental features into objects and is a basic visual process essential for object perception and recognition, and for functioning in visual environments. It is now well documented that people with schizophrenia (SZ), in addition to having cognitive impairments, also have several visual perceptual deficits, including in CI. Here, we retrospectively characterize the performance of both SZ and neurotypical individuals (NT) on a series of contour shapes, made up of Gabor elements, that varied in terms of closure and curvature. Participants in both groups performed a CI training task that included 7 different families of shapes (Lines, Ellipse, Blobs, Squiggles, Spiral, Circle and Letters) for up to 40 sessions. Two parameters were manipulated in the training task: Orientation Jitter (OJ, i.e., orientation deviations of individual Gabor elements from ideal for each shape) and Inducer Number (IN, i.e., number of Gabor elements defining the shape). Results show that both OJ and IN thresholds significantly differed between the groups, with higher (OJ) and lower (IN) thresholds observed in the controls. Furthermore, we found significant effects as a function of the contour shapes, with differences between groups emerging with contours that were considered more complex, e.g., due to having a higher degree of curvature (Blobs, Spiral, Letters). These data can inform future work that aims to characterize visual integration impairments in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyukta Jayakumar
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, United States.
| | - Anthony O Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, United States.
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, United States.
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Padmanabhan A, Prabhu PB, Vidyadharan V, Tharayil HM. Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Schizophrenia and Its Relation with Cognitive Impairment. Indian J Psychol Med 2024; 46:238-244. [PMID: 38699767 PMCID: PMC11062300 DOI: 10.1177/02537176231223311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia is a chronic severe mental illness with heterogeneous clinical presentation, course, and outcome. Cognitive impairment is one of its core features. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) imaging using OCT (optical coherence tomography) could provide easy access for in vivo imaging of the retina, rendering it as a "window to the brain." Studies done on schizophrenia have shown RNFL thinning. This study attempts to look into the association between cognitive impairment, disease duration, and RNFL abnormality in patients with schizophrenia using OCT. Methods Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia meeting DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) criteria and who were confirmed to be in remission for at least six months clinically and scoring less than three on PANSS-8 (positive and negative symptom scale-8) remission scale were included. They were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) for cognitive assessment. RNFL measures were taken using spectral domain-OCT. Variables were compared using Pearson's correlation test, one-way ANOVA test, and independent t-test as appropriate. Results A total of 36 patients were studied. MoCA scores and RNFL thickness showed a positive correlation. Patients with schizophrenia had reduced average RNFL thickness and reduced RNFL thickness in superior, inferior, and temporal quadrants. Average RNFL thickness, Superior and inferior quadrant RNFL thickness showed a positive correlation with MoCA scores. No correlation was obtained between macular volume, macular thickness, duration of illness, and MoCA scores. Conclusion Patients with schizophrenia have reduced average RNFL thickness. Patients with low MoCA scores have RNFL thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Padmanabhan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Padma B. Prabhu
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Varsha Vidyadharan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Harish M. Tharayil
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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3
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Ramsay IS, Pokorny VJ, Lynn PA, Klein SD, Sponheim SR. Limited Consistency and Strength of Neural Oscillations During Sustained Visual Attention in Schizophrenia. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:337-345. [PMID: 36775194 PMCID: PMC10412733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural oscillations support perception, attention, and higher-order decision making. Aberrations in the strength or consistency of these oscillations in response to stimuli may underlie impaired visual perception and attention in schizophrenia. Here, we examined the phase and power of alpha oscillations (8-12 Hz) as well as aspects of beta and theta frequency oscillations during a demanding visual sustained attention task. METHODS Patients with schizophrenia (n = 74) and healthy control participants (n = 68) completed the degraded stimulus continuous performance task during electroencephalography. We used time-frequency analysis to evaluate the consistency (intertrial phase coherence) of the alpha cycle shortly after stimulus presentation (50-250 ms). For oscillation strength, we examined event-related desynchronization in a later window associated with decision making (360-700 ms). RESULTS Alpha intertrial phase coherence was reduced in schizophrenia, and similar reductions were observed in theta (4-7 Hz) and beta (13-20 Hz), suggesting a lack of responsiveness in slower oscillations to visual stimuli. Alpha and beta event-related desynchronization were also reduced in schizophrenia and associated with worse task performance, increased symptoms, and poorer cognition, suggesting that limited responsiveness of oscillations is related to impairments in the disorder. Individuals with lower intertrial phase coherence had slower resting-state alpha rhythms consistent with dysfunctional oscillations persisting across default and task-related brain states. CONCLUSIONS In schizophrenia, abnormalities in the phase consistency and strength of slower oscillations during visual perception are related to symptoms and cognitive functioning. Altered visual perception and impaired attention in the disorder may be the consequence of aberrant slower oscillations that fail to dynamically reset and modulate in response to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Ramsay
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Victor J Pokorny
- Department of Psychology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Peter A Lynn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Psychology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Yoshida M, Miura K, Fujimoto M, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Iwase M, Hashimoto R. Visual salience is affected in participants with schizophrenia during free-viewing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4606. [PMID: 38409435 PMCID: PMC10897421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in visual exploration affect the daily lives of patients with schizophrenia. For example, scanpath length during free-viewing is shorter in schizophrenia. However, its origin and its relevance to symptoms are unknown. Here we investigate the possibility that abnormalities in eye movements result from abnormalities in visual or visuo-cognitive processing. More specifically, we examined whether such abnormalities reflect visual salience in schizophrenia. Eye movements of 82 patients and 252 healthy individuals viewing natural and/or complex images were examined using saliency maps for static images to determine the contributions of low-level visual features to salience-guided eye movements. The results showed that the mean value for orientation salience at the gazes of the participants with schizophrenia were higher than that of the healthy control subjects. Further analyses revealed that orientation salience defined by the L + M channel of the DKL color space is specifically affected in schizophrenia, suggesting abnormalities in the magnocellular visual pathway. By looking into the computational stages of the visual salience, we found that the difference between schizophrenia and healthy control emerges at the earlier stage, suggesting functional decline in early visual processing. These results suggest that visual salience is affected in schizophrenia, thereby expanding the concept of the aberrant salience hypothesis of psychosis to the visual domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience (CHAIN), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan.
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Japan Community Health Care Organization, Osaka Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Medical Corporation Foster, Life Grow Brilliant Mental Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
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Adámek P, Grygarová D, Jajcay L, Bakštein E, Fürstová P, Juríčková V, Jonáš J, Langová V, Neskoroďana I, Kesner L, Horáček J. The Gaze of Schizophrenia Patients Captured by Bottom-up Saliency. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38378724 PMCID: PMC10879495 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCHZ) notably impacts various human perceptual modalities, including vision. Prior research has identified marked abnormalities in perceptual organization in SCHZ, predominantly attributed to deficits in bottom-up processing. Our study introduces a novel paradigm to differentiate the roles of top-down and bottom-up processes in visual perception in SCHZ. We analysed eye-tracking fixation ground truth maps from 28 SCHZ patients and 25 healthy controls (HC), comparing these with two mathematical models of visual saliency: one bottom-up, based on the physical attributes of images, and the other top-down, incorporating machine learning. While the bottom-up (GBVS) model revealed no significant overall differences between groups (beta = 0.01, p = 0.281, with a marginal increase in SCHZ patients), it did show enhanced performance by SCHZ patients with highly salient images. Conversely, the top-down (EML-Net) model indicated no general group difference (beta = -0.03, p = 0.206, lower in SCHZ patients) but highlighted significantly reduced performance in SCHZ patients for images depicting social interactions (beta = -0.06, p < 0.001). Over time, the disparity between the groups diminished for both models. The previously reported bottom-up bias in SCHZ patients was apparent only during the initial stages of visual exploration and corresponded with progressively shorter fixation durations in this group. Our research proposes an innovative approach to understanding early visual information processing in SCHZ patients, shedding light on the interplay between bottom-up perception and top-down cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Dominika Grygarová
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Jajcay
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Bakštein
- Early Episodes of SMI Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Fürstová
- Early Episodes of SMI Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Juríčková
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Jonáš
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Langová
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Neskoroďana
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kesner
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Art History, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Thakkar KN, Silverstein SM, Fattal J, Bao J, Slate R, Roberts D, Brascamp JW. Stronger tilt aftereffects in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders but not bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:345-353. [PMID: 38218020 PMCID: PMC10923089 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
An altered use of context and experience to interpret incoming information has been posited to explain schizophrenia symptoms. The visual system can serve as a model system for examining how context and experience guide perception and the neural mechanisms underlying putative alterations. The influence of prior experience on current perception is evident in visual aftereffects, the perception of the "opposite" of a previously viewed stimulus. Aftereffects are associated with neural adaptation and concomitant change in strength of lateral inhibitory connections in visually responsive neurons. In a previous study, we observed stronger aftereffects related to orientation (tilt aftereffects) but not luminance (negative afterimages) in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, which we interpreted as potentially suggesting altered cortical (but not subcortical) adaptability and local changes in excitatory-inhibitory interactions. Here, we tested whether stronger tilt aftereffects were specific to individuals with schizophrenia or extended to individuals with bipolar disorder. We measured tilt aftereffects and negative afterimages in 32 individuals with bipolar disorder, and compared aftereffect strength to a previously reported group of 36 individuals with schizophrenia and 22 healthy controls. We observed stronger tilt aftereffects, but not negative afterimages, in individuals with schizophrenia as compared to both controls and individuals with bipolar disorder, who did not differ from each other. These results mitigate concerns that stronger tilt aftereffects in schizophrenia are a consequence of medication or of the psychosocial consequences of a severe mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America.
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Jessica Fattal
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline Bao
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Rachael Slate
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Dominic Roberts
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jan W Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Zhu J, Zikopoulos B, Yazdanbakhsh A. A neural model of modified excitation/inhibition and feedback levels in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1199690. [PMID: 37900297 PMCID: PMC10600455 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The strength of certain visual illusions, including contrast-contrast and apparent motion, is weakened in individuals with schizophrenia. Such phenomena have been interpreted as the impaired integration of inhibitory and excitatory neural responses, and impaired top-down feedback mechanisms. Methods To investigate whether and how these factors influence the perceived contrast-contrast and apparent motion illusions in individuals with schizophrenia, we propose a two-layer network, with top-down feedback from layer 2 to layer 1 that can model visual receptive fields (RFs) and their inhibitory and excitatory subfields. Results Our neural model suggests that illusion perception changes in individuals with schizophrenia can be influenced by altered top-down mechanisms and the organization of the on-center off-surround receptive fields. Alteration of the RF inhibitory surround and/or the excitatory center can replicate the difference of illusion precepts between individuals with schizophrenia within certain clinical states and normal controls. The results show that the simulated top-down feedback modulation enlarges the difference of the model illusion representations, replicating the difference between the two groups. Discussion We propose that the heterogeneity of visual and in general sensory processing in certain clinical states of schizophrenia can be largely explained by the degree of top-down feedback reduction, emphasizing the critical role of top-down feedback in illusion perception, and to a lesser extent on the imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Our neural model provides a mechanistic explanation for the modulated visual percepts of contrast-contrast and apparent motion in schizophrenia with findings that can explain a broad range of visual perceptual observations in previous studies. The two-layer motif of the current model provides a general framework that can be tailored to investigate subcortico-cortical (such as thalamocortical) and cortico-cortical networks, bridging neurobiological changes in schizophrenia and perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiating Zhu
- Program in Brain, Behavior & Cognition, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arash Yazdanbakhsh
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Computational Neuroscience and Vision Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Zhu J, Zikopoulos B, Yazdanbakhsh A. A neural model of modified excitation/inhibition and feedback levels in schizophrenia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538166. [PMID: 37162902 PMCID: PMC10168241 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The strength of certain visual illusions is weakened in individuals with schizophrenia. Such phenomena have been interpreted as the impaired integration of inhibitory and excitatory neural responses, and impaired top-down feedback mechanisms. To investigate whether and how these factors influence the perceived illusions in individuals with schizophrenia, we propose a two-layer network that can model visual receptive fields (RFs), their inhibitory and excitatory subfields, and the top-down feedback. Our neural model suggests that illusion perception changes in individuals with schizophrenia can be influenced by altered top-down mechanisms and the organization of the on-center off-surround receptive fields. Alteration of the RF inhibitory surround and/or the excitatory center can replicate the difference of illusion precepts between individuals with schizophrenia and normal controls. The results show that the simulated top-down feedback modulation enlarges the difference of the model illusion representations, replicating the difference between the two groups. We propose that the heterogeneity of visual and in general sensory processing in schizophrenia can be largely explained by the degree of top-down feedback reduction, emphasizing the critical role of top-down feedback in illusion perception, and to a lesser extent on the imbalance of excitation/inhibition. Our neural model provides a mechanistic explanation for the modulated visual percepts in schizophrenia with findings that can explain a broad range of visual perceptual observations in previous studies. The two-layer motif of the current model provides a general framework that can be tailored to investigate subcortico-cortical (such as thalamocortical) and cortico-cortical networks, bridging neurobiological changes in schizophrenia and perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiating Zhu
- Program in Brain, Behavior & Cognition, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Human Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Arash Yazdanbakhsh
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Computational Neuroscience and Vision Laboratory, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Giersch A, Laprévote V. Perceptual Functioning. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 63:79-113. [PMID: 36306053 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Perceptual disorders are not part of the diagnosis criteria for schizophrenia. Yet, a considerable amount of work has been conducted, especially on visual perception abnormalities, and there is little doubt that visual perception is altered in patients. There are several reasons why such perturbations are of interest in this pathology. They are observed during the prodromal phase of psychosis, they are related to the pathophysiology (clinical disorganization, disorders of the sense of self), and they are associated with neuronal connectivity disorders. Perturbations occur at different levels of processing and likely affect how patients interact and adapt to their surroundings. The literature has become very large, and here we try to summarize different models that have guided the exploration of perception in patients. We also illustrate several lines of research by showing how perception has been investigated and by discussing the interpretation of the results. In addition to discussing domains such as contrast sensitivity, masking, and visual grouping, we develop more recent fields like processing at the level of the retina, and the timing of perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Vincent Laprévote
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- CLIP Centre de Liaison et d'Intervention Précoce, Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Laxou, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Zaviazkina NV, Balashevych OK, Korotkevych YY. PECULIARITIES OF PERCEPTION OF NON-VERBAL STIMULI BY PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: SUBJECTIVE UNDERSTANDING, INTEREST AND EMOTIONS. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:1966-1977. [PMID: 37898932 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202309110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: The main purpose of this article was to investigate the subjective understanding, interest, and emotional perception of non-verbal stimuli by schizophrenic patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: For this study, the clinical interview method was used, in which all questions were presented in Ukrainian. The questionnaire form was divided into three main blocks: socio-demographic, mental anamnesis, and non-verbal stimulus assessment. 50 respondents took part in the study. The experimental group, i.e., respondents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, made up 58% (n = 29) of the total number of respondents, and the control group, respondents with other diagnoses, made up 42% (n = 21). RESULTS Results: The results showed that in both groups the level of abstractness or objectivity of the drawings affected the understanding of what was depicted. Patients with schizophrenia had a better understanding of images that didn't have a single semantic and compositional whole. The abstractness of the drawings and their detailing affected the appearance of interest in the image in people who have disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum. In addition, the more realistic the objects in the picture were, the less interesting it was for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. CONCLUSION Conclusions: In conclusion, schizophrenic patients found stereotypical signs of emotions much more easily than respondents with other diagnoses, and facial expressions were the most important factor in determining the emotional component of drawings.
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Başar-Eroğlu C, Küçük KM, Rürup L, Schmiedt-Fehr C, Mathes B. Oscillatory Activities in Multiple Frequency Bands in Patients with Schizophrenia During Motion Perception. Clin EEG Neurosci 2022:15500594221141825. [PMID: 36437602 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221141825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in binding stimulus features into coherent objects, which are reflected in disturbed oscillatory activities. This study aimed to identify disturbances in multiple oscillatory bands during perceptual organization of motion perception in patients with schizophrenia. EEG was recorded from healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia during continuous presentation of a motion stimulus which induces reversals between two exogenously generated perceptions. This stimulus was used to investigate differences in motion binding processes between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. EEG signals were transformed into frequency components by means of the Morlet wavelet transformation in order to analyse inter-trial coherences (ITC) in the delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and gamma (28-48 Hz) frequency bands during exogenous motion binding. Patients showed decreased delta-ITC in occipital and theta-ITC in central and parietal areas, while no significant differences were found for neither alpha nor gamma-ITCs. The present study provides one of the first insights on the oscillatory synchronizations related with the motion perception in schizophrenia. The ITC differences revealed alterations in the consistency of large-scale integration and transfer functions in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Başar-Eroğlu
- Department of Psychology, 52973İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - K M Küçük
- Department of Psychology, 52973İzmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L Rürup
- 62546Hospital Bremen-East, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Schmiedt-Fehr
- Institute of Psychology, 9168University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - B Mathes
- Bremen Initiative to Foster Early Childhood Development, 9168University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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12
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The impact of visual dysfunctions in recent-onset psychosis and clinical high-risk state for psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2051-2060. [PMID: 35982238 PMCID: PMC9556592 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Subtle subjective visual dysfunctions (VisDys) are reported by about 50% of patients with schizophrenia and are suggested to predict psychosis states. Deeper insight into VisDys, particularly in early psychosis states, could foster the understanding of basic disease mechanisms mediating susceptibility to psychosis, and thereby inform preventive interventions. We systematically investigated the relationship between VisDys and core clinical measures across three early phase psychiatric conditions. Second, we used a novel multivariate pattern analysis approach to predict VisDys by resting-state functional connectivity within relevant brain systems. VisDys assessed with the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI-A), clinical measures, and resting-state fMRI data were examined in recent-onset psychosis (ROP, n = 147), clinical high-risk states of psychosis (CHR, n = 143), recent-onset depression (ROD, n = 151), and healthy controls (HC, n = 280). Our multivariate pattern analysis approach used pairwise functional connectivity within occipital (ON) and frontoparietal (FPN) networks implicated in visual information processing to predict VisDys. VisDys were reported more often in ROP (50.34%), and CHR (55.94%) than in ROD (16.56%), and HC (4.28%). Higher severity of VisDys was associated with less functional remission in both CHR and ROP, and, in CHR specifically, lower quality of life (Qol), higher depressiveness, and more severe impairment of visuospatial constructability. ON functional connectivity predicted presence of VisDys in ROP (balanced accuracy 60.17%, p = 0.0001) and CHR (67.38%, p = 0.029), while in the combined ROP + CHR sample VisDys were predicted by FPN (61.11%, p = 0.006). These large-sample study findings suggest that VisDys are clinically highly relevant not only in ROP but especially in CHR, being closely related to aspects of functional outcome, depressiveness, and Qol. Findings from multivariate pattern analysis support a model of functional integrity within ON and FPN driving the VisDys phenomenon and being implicated in core disease mechanisms of early psychosis states.
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13
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Barch DM, Boudewyn MA, Carter CC, Erickson M, Frank MJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Ranganath C, Silverstein SM, Yonelinas A. Cognitive [Computational] Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Serious Mental Illness (CNTRaCS) Consortium: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:19-60. [PMID: 36173600 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia has been characterized as the most important challenge facing psychiatry at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) project was designed to build on the potential benefits of using tasks and tools from cognitive neuroscience to better understanding and treat cognitive impairments in psychosis. These benefits include: (1) the use of fine-grained tasks that measure discrete cognitive processes; (2) the ability to design tasks that distinguish between specific cognitive domain deficits and poor performance due to generalized deficits resulting from sedation, low motivation, poor test taking skills, etc.; and (3) the ability to link cognitive deficits to specific neural systems, using animal models, neuropsychology, and functional imaging. CNTRICS convened a series of meetings to identify paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that maximize these benefits and identified the steps need for translation into use in clinical populations. The Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRaCS) Consortium was developed to help carry out these steps. CNTRaCS consists of investigators at five different sites across the country with diverse expertise relevant to a wide range of the cognitive systems identified as critical as part of CNTRICs. This work reports on the progress and current directions in the evaluation and optimization carried out by CNTRaCS of the tasks identified as part of the original CNTRICs process, as well as subsequent extensions into the Positive Valence systems domain of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We also describe the current focus of CNTRaCS, which involves taking a computational psychiatry approach to measuring cognitive and motivational function across the spectrum of psychosis. Specifically, the current iteration of CNTRaCS is using computational modeling to isolate parameters reflecting potentially more specific cognitive and visual processes that may provide greater interpretability in understanding shared and distinct impairments across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Seymour K, Kaliuzhna M. Self-monitoring in schizophrenia: Weighting exteroceptive visual signals against self-generated vestibular cues. Schizophr Res Cogn 2022; 29:100256. [PMID: 35600051 PMCID: PMC9117687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in self-monitoring are core symptoms of schizophrenia. Some research suggests an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues and a reduced weighting of self-generated interoceptive signals to guide perception. The vestibular sense provides important self-generated information about the body in space. Alterations of vestibular function are reported in schizophrenia, but it is unknown whether internally generated vestibular information is discounted in favour of exteroceptive input. In this study, we test for evidence of an over-reliance on exteroceptive visual cues and a reduced weighting of vestibular signals in guiding perception. In a group of individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls, we used a well-studied visual illusion - the Tilt Illusion - to probe the respective weight given to visual and vestibular cues in judging line orientation. The Tilt Illusion reveals that perceived orientation of a vertical grating is biased by the orientation in its surround. This illusion increases when the head is tilted, due to the reduced reliability of vestibular information that would otherwise provide an internally generated reference for vertical. We predicted that an over-reliance on exteroceptive cues in schizophrenia would lead to a reduced susceptibility to the effects of head position on Tilt Illusion strength. We find no difference between patients and controls. Both groups show comparable Tilt Illusion magnitudes that increase when the head is tilted. Thus, our findings suggest that chronic patients with schizophrenia adequately combine self-generated vestibular cues and exteroceptive visual input to judge line verticality. A stronger reliance on exteroceptive information over internally generated signals in guiding perception is not evident in our data. Deficits in self-monitoring might therefore be modality specific or state dependant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Seymour
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.,The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariia Kaliuzhna
- Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology Group, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Diamond A, Silverstein SM, Keane BP. Visual system assessment for predicting a transition to psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:351. [PMID: 36038544 PMCID: PMC9424317 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of psychiatry is far from perfect in predicting which individuals will transition to a psychotic disorder. Here, we argue that visual system assessment can help in this regard. Such assessments have generated medium-to-large group differences with individuals prior to or near the first psychotic episode or have shown little influence of illness duration in larger samples of more chronic patients. For example, self-reported visual perceptual distortions-so-called visual basic symptoms-occur in up to 2/3rds of those with non-affective psychosis and have already longitudinally predicted an impending onset of schizophrenia. Possibly predictive psychophysical markers include enhanced contrast sensitivity, prolonged backward masking, muted collinear facilitation, reduced stereoscopic depth perception, impaired contour and shape integration, and spatially restricted exploratory eye movements. Promising brain-based markers include visual thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity, decreased occipital gamma band power during visual detection (MEG), and reduced visually evoked occipital P1 amplitudes (EEG). Potentially predictive retinal markers include diminished cone a- and b-wave amplitudes and an attenuated photopic flicker response during electroretinography. The foregoing assessments are often well-described mechanistically, implying that their findings could readily shed light on the underlying pathophysiological changes that precede or accompany a transition to psychosis. The retinal and psychophysical assessments in particular are inexpensive, well-tolerated, easy to administer, and brief, with few inclusion/exclusion criteria. Therefore, across all major levels of analysis-from phenomenology to behavior to brain and retinal functioning-visual system assessment could complement and improve upon existing methods for predicting which individuals go on to develop a psychotic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brian P Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, 358 Meliora Hall, NY, Rochester, USA.
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16
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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17
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Chen S, Zhong H, Mei G. Stable abnormalities of contrast discrimination sensitivity in subthreshold depression: A longitudinal study. Psych J 2022; 11:194-204. [PMID: 35168295 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subthreshold depression (StD), as a subclinical state, is highly prevalent and increases the risk for developing major depressive disorder (MDD). Although several studies have reported deficits of contrast sensitivity in MDD patients, it is unclear whether individuals with StD could demonstrate deficits of contrast sensitivity and whether the deficits could remain stable over time. Here we used a contrast discrimination task (a suprathreshold task) and a contrast detection task (a near-threshold task) to compare contrast sensitivity of the StD group with that of matched non-depressed controls. For each task, a spatial four-alternative forced-choice method and a psychophysical QUEST procedure were used to measure contrast discrimination threshold or contrast detection threshold. Participants performed an initial assessment and a follow-up assessment 4 months later. Compared to the non-depressed controls, individuals with StD demonstrated reduced contrast discrimination sensitivity, not only at the initial assessment but also at the follow-up assessment, indicating a stable abnormality. Contrast discrimination thresholds at the initial assessment did not predict changes of depression symptom severity over time. For contrast detection sensitivity, there was no significant difference between the StD group and non-depressed controls. We concluded that contrast discrimination testing might provide a trait-dependent biomarker for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Education, Guiyang Ninth High School, Guiyang, China
| | - Han Zhong
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gaoxing Mei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
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18
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Herrera SN, Zemon V, Revheim N, Silipo G, Gordon J, Butler PD. Cognitive function mediates the relationship between visual contrast sensitivity and functional outcome in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:138-145. [PMID: 34624619 PMCID: PMC8665016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in visual contrast processing, though less is known about how these deficits impact neurocognition and functional outcomes. This study investigated effects of contrast sensitivity (CS) on cognition and capacity for independent living in schizophrenia. METHODS Participants were 58 patients with schizophrenia (n = 49) and schizoaffective disorder (n = 9). Patients completed a psychophysical paradigm to obtain CS with stimuli consisting of grating patterns of low (0.5 and 1 cycles/degree) and high spatial frequencies (4, 7, 21 cycles/degree). Patients completed the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales, Third Edition to assess cognition, and the problem-solving factor of the Independent Living Scales to assess functional capacity. We computed bivariate correlation coefficients for all pairs of variables and tested mediation models with CS to low (CS-LSF) and high spatial frequencies (CS-HSF) as predictors, cognitive measures as mediators, and capacity for independent living as an outcome. RESULTS Cognition mediated the relationship between CS and independent living with CS-LSF a stronger predictor than CS-HSF. Mediation effects were strongest for perceptual organization and memory-related domains. In an expanded moderated mediation model, CS-HSF was found to be a significant predictor of independent living through perceptual organization as a mediator and CS-LSF as a moderator of this relationship. CONCLUSION CS relates to functional capacity in schizophrenia through neurocognition. These relationships may inform novel visual remediation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaynna N Herrera
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Vance Zemon
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nadine Revheim
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Gail Silipo
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - James Gordon
- Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela D Butler
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Bansal S. Object Recognition in Psychosis: Altered Connectivity Between Levels of the Visual Perceptual Hierarchy. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:1122-1124. [PMID: 34887081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bansal
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Catonsville, Maryland.
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20
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Interoception abnormalities in schizophrenia: A review of preliminary evidence and an integration with Bayesian accounts of psychosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:757-773. [PMID: 34823914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia research has traditionally focused almost exclusively on how the brain interprets the outside world. However, our internal bodily milieu is also central to how we interpret the world and construct our reality: signals from within the body are critical for not only basic survival, but also a wide range of brain functions from basic perception, emotion, and motivation, to sense of self. In this article, we propose that interoception-the processing of bodily signals-may have implications for a wide range of clinical symptoms in schizophrenia and may thus provide key insights into illness mechanisms. We start with an overview of interoception pathways. Then we provide a review of direct and indirect findings in various interoceptive systems in schizophrenia and interpret these findings in the context of computational frameworks that model interoception as hierarchical Bayesian inference. Finally, we propose a conceptual model of how altered interoceptive inference may contribute to specific schizophrenia symptoms-negative symptoms in particular-and suggest directions for future research, including potential new avenues of treatment.
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21
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Individual alpha peak frequency is slower in schizophrenia and related to deficits in visual perception and cognition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17852. [PMID: 34497330 PMCID: PMC8426382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain at rest generates cycles of electrical activity that have been shown to be abnormal in people with schizophrenia. The alpha rhythm (~ 10 Hz) is the dominant resting state electrical cycle and each person has a propensity toward a particular frequency of oscillation for this rhythm. This individual alpha peak frequency (IAPF) is hypothesized to be central to visual perceptual processes and may have downstream influences on cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, or problem solving. In the current study we sought to determine whether IAPF was slower in schizophrenia, and whether lower IAPF predicted deficits in visual perception and cognition that are often observed in schizophrenia. Eyes-closed resting state EEG activity, visual attention, and global cognitive functioning were assessed in individuals with schizophrenia (N = 104) and a group of healthy controls (N = 101). Compared to controls, the schizophrenia group showed slower IAPF and was associated with poorer discrimination of visual targets and nontargets on a computerized attention task, as well as impaired global cognition measured using neuropsychological tests across groups. Notably, disruptions in visual attention fully mediated the relationship between IAPF and global cognition across groups. The current findings demonstrate that slower alpha oscillatory cycling accounts for global cognitive deficits in schizophrenia by way of impairments in perceptual discrimination measured during a visual attention task.
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22
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Zhuo C, Xiao B, Ji F, Lin X, Jiang D, Tian H, Xu Y, Wang W, Chen C. Patients with first-episode untreated schizophrenia who experience concomitant visual disturbances and auditory hallucinations exhibit co-impairment of the brain and retinas-a pilot study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1533-1541. [PMID: 32748321 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are limited structural brain and retina alteration data from schizophrenia patients who experience visual disturbances (VDs) with or without auditory hallucinations (AHs). We compared brain and retina alterations between first-episode untreated schizophrenia patients with VDs (FUSCH-VDs) with versus without AHs, and between patients and healthy controls (HCs)(N = 30/group). VDs, AHs, gray matter volumes (GMVs), and retinal thicknesses were evaluated with the Bonn Scale for Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS) scale, the Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. Compared to HCs, FUSCH-VDs had reduced GMVs, mainly in dorsal V3/V3A and V5 regions, the fusiform gyrus, and ventral V4 and V8 regions. Most FUSCH-VDs (85.0%; 51/60) had primary visual cortex-retina co-impairments. FUSCH-VDs with AHs had more serious and larger scope GMV reductions than FUSCH-VDs without AHs. FUSCH-VDs with AHs had significant retinal thickness reductions compared to HCs. Primary visual cortex-retina co-impairments were found to be more common, and more pronounced when present, in FUSCH-VDs with AHs than in FUSCH-VDs without AHs. The present findings support the notion that VDs and AHs may have reciprocal deteriorating actions in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272119, Shandong, China. .,Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of OCT, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300034, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272119, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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23
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Associations between long-term psychosis risk, probabilistic category learning, and attenuated psychotic symptoms with cortical surface morphometry. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:91-106. [PMID: 34218406 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have consistently found structural cortical abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia, especially in structural hubs. However, it is unclear what abnormalities predate psychosis onset and whether abnormalities are related to behavioral performance and symptoms associated with psychosis risk. Using surface-based morphometry, we examined cortical volume, gyrification, and thickness in a psychosis risk group at long-term risk for developing a psychotic disorder (n = 18; i.e., extreme positive schizotypy plus interview-rated attenuated psychotic symptoms [APS]) and control group (n = 19). Overall, the psychosis risk group exhibited cortical abnormalities in multiple structural hub regions, with abnormalities associated with poorer probabilistic category learning, a behavioral measure strongly associated with psychosis risk. For instance, the psychosis risk group had hypogyria in a right posterior midcingulate cortical hub and left superior parietal cortical hub, as well as decreased volume in a right pericalcarine hub. Morphometric measures in all of these regions were also associated with poorer probabilistic category learning. In addition to decreased right pericalcarine volume, the psychosis risk group exhibited a number of other structural abnormalities in visual network structural hub regions, consistent with previous evidence of visual perception deficits in psychosis risk. Further, severity of APS hallucinations, delusional ideation, and suspiciousness/persecutory ideas were associated with gyrification abnormalities, with all domains associated with hypogyria of the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Thus, current results suggest that structural abnormalities, especially in structural hubs, are present in psychosis risk and are associated both with poor learning on a psychosis risk-related task and with APS severity.
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24
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Mittal VA, Ellman LM, Strauss GP, Walker EF, Corlett PR, Schiffman J, Woods SW, Powers AR, Silverstein SM, Waltz JA, Zinbarg R, Chen S, Williams T, Kenney J, Gold JM. Computerized Assessment of Psychosis Risk. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2021; 6:e210011. [PMID: 34307899 PMCID: PMC8302046 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and intervention with young people at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is critical for prevention efforts focused on altering the trajectory of psychosis. Early CHR research largely focused on validating clinical interviews for detecting at-risk individuals; however, this approach has limitations related to: (1) specificity (i.e., only 20% of CHR individuals convert to psychosis) and (2) the expertise and training needed to administer these interviews is limited. The purpose of our study is to develop the computerized assessment of psychosis risk (CAPR) battery, consisting of behavioral tasks that require minimal training to administer, can be administered online, and are tied to the neurobiological systems and computational mechanisms implicated in psychosis. The aims of our study are as follows: (1A) to develop a psychosis-risk calculator through the application of machine learning (ML) methods to the measures from the CAPR battery, (1B) evaluate group differences on the risk calculator score and test the hypothesis that the risk calculator score of the CHR group will differ from help-seeking and healthy controls, (1C) evaluate how baseline CAPR battery performance relates to symptomatic outcome two years later (i.e., conversion and symptomatic worsening). These aims will be explored in 500 CHR participants, 500 help-seeking individuals, and 500 healthy controls across the study sites. This project will provide a next-generation CHR battery, tied to illness mechanisms and powered by cutting-edge computational methods that can be used to facilitate the earliest possible detection of psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A. Mittal
- Institutes for Policy Research (IPR) and Innovations in Developmental Sciences (DevSci), Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Gregory P. Strauss
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elaine F. Walker
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Jason Schiffman
- Department of Psychological Science, 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Albert R. Powers
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Steven M. Silverstein
- Center for Visual Science, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - James A. Waltz
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Richard Zinbarg
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Joshua Kenney
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - James M. Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
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25
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Abstract
About 40% of schizophrenia patients report discrete visual disturbances which could occur if saccadic suppression, the decrease of visual sensitivity around saccade onset, is impaired. Two mechanisms contribute to saccadic suppression: efference copy processing and backwards masking. Both are reportedly altered in schizophrenia. However, saccadic suppression has not been investigated in schizophrenia. 17 schizophrenia patients and 18 healthy controls performed a saccadic suppression task using a Gabor stimulus with individually adjusted contrast, which was presented within an interval 300 ms around saccade onset. Visual disturbance scores were higher in patients than controls, but saccadic suppression strength and time course were similar in both groups with lower saccadic suppression rates being similarly related to smaller saccade amplitudes. Saccade amplitudes in the saccadic suppression task were reduced in patients, in contrast to unaltered amplitudes during a saccade control task. Notably, smaller saccade amplitudes were related to higher visual disturbances scores in patients. Saccadic suppression performance was unrelated to symptom expression and antipsychotic medication. Unaltered saccadic suppression in patients suggests sufficiently intact efference copy processing and backward masking as required for this task. Instead, visual disturbances in patients may be related to restricted saccadic amplitudes arising from cognitive load while completing a task.
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26
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Dean DJ, Scott J, Park S. Interpersonal Coordination in Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:1544-1556. [PMID: 34132344 PMCID: PMC8530389 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interpersonal coordination forms the natural bridge between the self and others. It arises from the dynamic and complex set of embodied processes that involve nonverbal behaviors, perceptions, movement, and emotions that support adaptive interactions. Disembodiment has been implicated in a myriad of core clinical phenomena that manifest in a "praecox feeling" in persons with schizophrenia during interpersonal interactions. To further understand mechanisms underlying aberrant interpersonal interactions in schizophrenia, recent research has focused on mimicry, imitation, and interactional synchrony. In this study, we conducted a Pubmed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo database review of the literature on interpersonal coordination in schizophrenia to evaluate the body of work in mimicry, imitation, and interactional synchrony in relation to schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. The results of the review suggest that the sensory-motor processes underlying interpersonal coordination may result in impaired abilities to mimic and synchronize nonverbal behavior during interactions. Opportunities for future progress lie in studies of interpersonal coordination at different developmental stages of psychosis, potential use of interpersonal coordination to improve treatment adherence and reduce stigma, as well as interventions to improve social functioning in people with a serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Dean
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jason Scott
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 615-322-3435, e-mail:
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27
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Silverstein SM, Thompson JL, Gold JM, Schiffman J, Waltz JA, Williams TF, Zinbarg RE, Mittal VA, Ellman LM, Strauss GP, Walker EF, Woods SW, Levin JA, Kafadar E, Kenney J, Smith D, Powers AR, Corlett PR. Increased face detection responses on the mooney faces test in people at clinical high risk for psychosis. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 34001909 PMCID: PMC8129098 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-021-00156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying state-sensitive measures of perceptual and cognitive processes implicated in psychosis may allow for objective, earlier, and better monitoring of changes in mental status that are predictive of an impending psychotic episode, relative to traditional self-report-based clinical measures. To determine whether a measure of visual perception that has demonstrated sensitivity to the clinical state of schizophrenia in multiple prior studies is sensitive to features of the at-risk mental state, we examined differences between young people identified as being at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR; n = 37) and non-psychiatric matched controls (n = 29) on the Mooney Faces Test (MFT). On each trial of the MFT, participants report whether they perceive a face in a degraded face image. The CHR group reported perceiving a greater number of faces in both upright and inverted MFT stimuli. Consistent with prior work, males reported more faces on the MFT than females in both conditions. However, the finding of greater reported face perception among CHR subjects was robustly observed in the female CHR group relative to the female control group. Among male CHR participants, greater reported face perception was related to increased perceptual abnormalities. These preliminary results are consistent with a small but growing literature suggesting that heightened perceptual sensitivity may characterize individuals at increased clinical risk for psychosis. Further studies are needed to determine the contributions of specific perceptual, cognitive, and motivational mechanisms to the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Silverstein
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Judy L. Thompson
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - James M. Gold
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jason Schiffman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Present Address: University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - James A. Waltz
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Trevor F. Williams
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Richard E. Zinbarg
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Vijay A. Mittal
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Lauren M. Ellman
- grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Elaine F. Walker
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Scott W. Woods
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jason A. Levin
- grid.213876.90000 0004 1936 738XUniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
| | - Eren Kafadar
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Joshua Kenney
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dillon Smith
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
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28
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Zhuo C, Xiao B, Chen C, Jiang D, Li G, Ma X, Li R, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhou C, Lin X. Abberant inverted U-shaped brain pattern and trait-related retinal impairment in schizophrenia patients with combined auditory and visual hallucinations: a pilot study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:738-747. [PMID: 32304019 PMCID: PMC8032576 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients often experience auditory hallucinations (AHs) and visual hallucinations (VHs). However, brain and retinal alterations associated with combined AHs and VHs in schizophrenic patients are unknown. This study aimed o investigate brain and retinal alterations in first episode un-treated schizophrenic patients with combined AHs and VHs (FUSCHAV). FUSCHAV patients (n = 120), divided into four groups according to severity of AH and VH symptoms, were compared to healthy controls (n = 30). Gray matter volume (GMV) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) were recorded to reflect brain structure and functional alterations. Total retinal thickness was acquired by optical coherence tomography to assess retinal impairment. The majority of FUSCHAV patients (85.8%) demonstrated both GMV reduction and gFCD increases along with retinal thinning compared to healthy controls. The severity of GMV reduction and gFCD increase differed between patient groups, ranked from highest to lowest severity as follows: severe AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHSASV, 20 patients), moderate AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHMASV, 23 patients), severe AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHSAMV, 28 patients), and moderate AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHMAMV, 26). Retinal impairment was similar among the four FUSCHAV groups. GMV reduction and gFCD increases in the frontal-parietal lobule show an inverted U-shaped pattern among FUSCHAV patients according to AH and VH severity, while retinal impairment remains stable among FUSCHAV groups. These findings indicate a reciprocal deterioration in auditory and visual disturbances among FUSCHAV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Department of Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272119, Shandong Province, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory(PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300074, China.
- Department of Medical Big Data Centre, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of OCT, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300274, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Department of Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272119, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory(PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory(PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory(PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, Tianjin, 300222, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacoloy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical Universtiy, Shijiazhuang, 05000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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29
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Silverstein SM, Lai A. The Phenomenology and Neurobiology of Visual Distortions and Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: An Update. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:684720. [PMID: 34177665 PMCID: PMC8226016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.684720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by visual distortions in ~60% of cases, and visual hallucinations (VH) in ~25-50% of cases, depending on the sample. These symptoms have received relatively little attention in the literature, perhaps due to the higher rate of auditory vs. visual hallucinations in psychotic disorders, which is the reverse of what is found in other neuropsychiatric conditions. Given the clinical significance of these perceptual disturbances, our aim is to help address this gap by updating and expanding upon prior reviews. Specifically, we: (1) present findings on the nature and frequency of VH and distortions in schizophrenia; (2) review proposed syndromes of VH in neuro-ophthalmology and neuropsychiatry, and discuss the extent to which these characterize VH in schizophrenia; (3) review potential cortical mechanisms of VH in schizophrenia; (4) review retinal changes that could contribute to VH in schizophrenia; (5) discuss relationships between findings from laboratory measures of visual processing and VH in schizophrenia; and (6) integrate findings across biological and psychological levels to propose an updated model of VH mechanisms, including how their content is determined, and how they may reflect vulnerabilities in the maintenance of a sense of self. In particular, we emphasize the potential role of alterations at multiple points in the visual pathway, including the retina, the roles of multiple neurotransmitters, and the role of a combination of disinhibited default mode network activity and enhanced state-related apical/contextual drive in determining the onset and content of VH. In short, our goal is to cast a fresh light on the under-studied symptoms of VH and visual distortions in schizophrenia for the purposes of informing future work on mechanisms and the development of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.,Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Adriann Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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30
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Giersch A, Huard T, Park S, Rosen C. The Strasbourg Visual Scale: A Novel Method to Assess Visual Hallucinations. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:685018. [PMID: 34177666 PMCID: PMC8219930 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.685018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of oneself in the world is based on sensory afferences, enabling us to reach a first-perspective perception of our environment and to differentiate oneself from the world. Visual hallucinations may arise from a difficulty in differentiating one's own mental imagery from externally-induced perceptions. To specify the relationship between hallucinations and the disorders of the self, we need to understand the mechanisms of hallucinations. However, visual hallucinations are often under reported in individuals with psychosis, who sometimes appear to experience difficulties describing them. We developed the "Strasbourg Visual Scale (SVS)," a novel computerized tool that allows us to explore and capture the subjective experience of visual hallucinations by circumventing the difficulties associated with verbal descriptions. This scale reconstructs the hallucinated image of the participants by presenting distinct physical properties of visual information, step-by-step to help them communicate their internal experience. The strategy that underlies the SVS is to present a sequence of images to the participants whose choice at each step provides a feedback toward re-creating the internal image held by them. The SVS displays simple images on a computer screen that provide choices for the participants. Each step focuses on one physical property of an image, and the successive choices made by the participants help them to progressively build an image close to his/her hallucination, similar to the tools commonly used to generate facial composites. The SVS was constructed based on our knowledge of the visual pathways leading to an integrated perception of our environment. We discuss the rationale for the successive steps of the scale, and to which extent it could complement existing scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Giersch
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Huard
- University of Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cherise Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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31
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Chen X, Chen C, Ji F, Xu Y, Wang W, Lin X, Jiang D, Song X, Gao X, Tian H, Zhuo C, Zhang J. Irreversible Primary Visual Cortex Impairment in a Mouse Model of High-Risk Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:277-282. [PMID: 33542631 PMCID: PMC7853429 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s246163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although visual deficits can be observed at any stage of schizophrenia, few studies have focused on visual cortex alterations in individuals at high risk of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the pathological changes of the primary visual cortex in a prenatal mouse model of MK801-induced high-risk schizophrenia. METHODS The high-risk schizophrenia model was generated by MK801 injection into pregnant mice. The male offspring without schizophrenia-like behaviors in early adulthood were defined as the high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia (HRMMS) and divided into two groups. One HRMMS group received the antipsychotic agent risperidone beginning at postnatal week 4 and another group did not receive any treatment. After treatment for 4 weeks, in vivo two-photon calcium imaging was performed to characterize the primary visual cortex activity. The novel object recognition test and the prepulse inhibition apparatus test were also implemented to assess the cognitive and behavioral performance, respectively. RESULTS Both groups of HRMMS mice, with or without antipsychotic treatment, had decreased neuronal calcium activity, demonstrating primary visual cortex impairment. More notably, antipsychotic treatment did not normalize the impaired neuronal activities in the primary visual cortex. Correspondingly, the treatment did not improve the cognitive or behavioral impairment. CONCLUSION Visual cortex impairment might be a prominent feature of individuals at high risk of schizophrenia that cannot be normalized by early treatment with antipsychotic medication, indicating the presence of independent regulatory pathways for visual perception disturbance in schizophrenia. Thus, visual system impairment in schizophrenic patients must be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Chen
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Chen
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272119, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Co-Collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen 361000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Zhengzhou University, Biological Psychiatry International Joint Laboratory of Henan/Zhengzhou University, Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory/Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Gao
- Health Management Institute, Center for Statistical Analysis of Medical Data, Medical Big Data Analysis Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Biological Imaging Laboratory (NPBI_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin 200024, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Biological Imaging Laboratory (NPBI_Lab), Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin 200024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingliang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325007, People's Republic of China
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32
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Thakkar KN, Ghermezi L, Silverstein SM, Slate R, Yao B, Achtyes ED, Brascamp JW. Stronger tilt aftereffects in persons with schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 130:186-197. [PMID: 33301337 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia may fail to appropriately use temporal context and apply past environmental regularities to the interpretation of incoming sensory information. Here we use the visual system as a test bed for investigating how prior experience shapes perception in individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, we use visual aftereffects, illusory percepts resulting from prior exposure to visual input, to measure the influence of prior events on current processing. At a neural level, visual aftereffects arise due to attenuation in the responses of neurons that code the features of the prior stimulus (neuronal adaptation) and subsequent disinhibition of neurons signaling activity at the opposite end of the feature dimension. In the current study, we measured tilt aftereffects and negative afterimages, 2 types of aftereffects that reflect, respectively, adaptation of cortical orientation-coding neurons and adaptation of subcortical and retinal luminance-coding cells in persons with schizophrenia (PSZ; n = 36) and demographically matched healthy controls (HC; n = 22). We observed stronger tilt aftereffects in PSZ compared to HC, but no difference in negative afterimages. Stronger tilt aftereffects were related to more severe negative symptoms. These data suggest oversensitivity to recent regularities, in the form of stronger visual adaptation, at cortical, but not subcortical, levels in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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33
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Zemon V, Herrera S, Gordon J, Revheim N, Silipo G, Butler PD. Contrast sensitivity deficits in schizophrenia: A psychophysical investigation. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1155-1170. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vance Zemon
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University Bronx NY USA
| | - Shaynna Herrera
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology Yeshiva University Bronx NY USA
| | - James Gordon
- Hunter College of the City University of New York New York NY USA
| | - Nadine Revheim
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY USA
| | - Gail Silipo
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY USA
| | - Pamela D. Butler
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research Orangeburg NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry New York University School of Medicine New York NY USA
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34
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Aru J, Siclari F, Phillips WA, Storm JF. Apical drive-A cellular mechanism of dreaming? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:440-455. [PMID: 33002561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dreams are internally generated experiences that occur independently of current sensory input. Here we argue, based on cortical anatomy and function, that dream experiences are tightly related to the workings of a specific part of cortical pyramidal neurons, the apical integration zone (AIZ). The AIZ receives and processes contextual information from diverse sources and could constitute a major switch point for transitioning from externally to internally generated experiences such as dreams. We propose that during dreams the output of certain pyramidal neurons is mainly driven by input into the AIZ. We call this mode of functioning "apical drive". Our hypothesis is based on the evidence that the cholinergic and adrenergic arousal systems, which show different dynamics between waking, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement sleep, have specific effects on the AIZ. We suggest that apical drive may also contribute to waking experiences, such as mental imagery. Future studies, investigating the different modes of apical function and their regulation during sleep and wakefulness are likely to be richly rewarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany.
| | - Francesca Siclari
- Center for Investigation and Research on Sleep, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - William A Phillips
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.
| | - Johan F Storm
- Brain Signalling Group, Section for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Domus Medica, University of Oslo, PB 1104 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Rürup L, Mathes B, Schmiedt-Fehr C, Wienke AS, Özerdem A, Brand A, Basar-Eroglu C. Altered gamma and theta oscillations during multistable perception in schizophrenia. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 155:127-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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36
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Klein SD, Olman CA, Sponheim SR. Perceptual Mechanisms of Visual Hallucinations and Illusions in Psychosis. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2020; 5:e200020. [PMID: 32944656 PMCID: PMC7494209 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychosis has been associated with neural anomalies across a number of brain regions and cortical networks. Nevertheless, the exact pathophysiology of the disorder remains unclear. Aberrant visual perceptions such as hallucinations are evident in psychosis, while the occurrence of visual distortions is elevated in individuals with genetic liability for psychosis. The overall goals of this project are to: (1) use psychophysical tasks and neuroimaging to characterize deficits in visual perception; (2) acquire a mechanistic understanding of these deficits through development and validation of a computational model; and (3) determine if said mechanisms mark genetic liability for psychosis. Visual tasks tapping both low- and high-level visual processing are being completed as individuals with psychotic disorders (IPD), first-degree biological siblings of IPDs (SibIPDs) and healthy controls (HCs) undergo 248-channel magneto-encephalography (MEG) recordings followed by 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By deriving cortical source signals from MEG and MRI data, we will characterize the timing, location and coordination of neural processes. We hypothesize that IPDs prone to visual hallucinations will exhibit deviant functions within early visual cortex, and that aberrant contextual influences on visual perception will involve higher-level visual cortical regions and be associated with visual hallucinations. SibIPDs who experience visual distortions-but not hallucinations-are hypothesized to exhibit deficits in higher-order visual processing reflected in abnormal inter-regional neural synchronization. We hope the results lead to the development of targeted interventions for psychotic disorders, as well as identify useful biomarkers for aberrant neural functions that give rise to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Klein
- Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 2021 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Dr, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Minnesota, 606 24th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
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37
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Abstract
It is now well documented that schizophrenia is associated with impairments in visual processing at all levels of vision, and that these disturbances are related to deficits in multiple higher-level cognitive and social cognitive functions. Visual remediation methods have been slow to appear in the literature as a potential treatment strategy to target these impairments, however, in contrast to interventions that aim to improve auditory and higher cognitive functions in schizophrenia. In this report, we describe a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-funded R61/R33 grant that uses a phased approach to optimize and evaluate a novel visual remediation intervention for people with schizophrenia. The goals of this project are: (1) in the R61 phase, to establish the optimal components and dose (number of sessions) of a visual remediation intervention from among two specific visual training strategies (and their combination) for improving low and mid-level visual functions in schizophrenia; and (2) in the R33 phase, to determine the extent to which the optimal intervention improves not only visual processing but also higher-level cognitive and role functions. Here we present the scientific background for and innovation of the study, along with our methods, hypotheses, and preliminary data. The results of this study will help determine the utility of this novel intervention approach for targeting visual perceptual, cognitive, and functional impairments in schizophrenia.
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Zhuo C, Chen M, Xu Y, Jiang D, Chen C, Ma X, Li R, Sun Y, Li Q, Zhou C, Lin X. Reciprocal deterioration of visual and auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia presents V-shaped cognition impairment and widespread reduction in brain gray matter-A pilot study. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 79:154-159. [PMID: 33070887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenic patients often experience visual hallucinations (VHs) and auditory hallucinations (AHs); however, brain aberrations associated with combined VH and AH in schizophrenic patients remains poorly documented. Changes to the brain and cognition during the first episode of untreated schizophrenic patients (FUSCH) with both VHs and AHs (FUSCHVA) were evaluated. One-hundred and fifty-seven patients were enrolled that had FUSCH (1) with VHs but not AHs (FUSCHV), and (2) with AHs but not VHs (FUSCHA), plus FUSCHVA and healthy controls (n = 30). Gray matter volume (GMV) and MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) was measured to reflect impairments to the brain and cognition, respectively. FUSCHVA patients had the severest cognitive impairment for all components of the MCCB, followed by FUSCHV and FUSCHA patients. Compared to healthy patients, FUSCHVA patients had reduced GMV in the occipital, parietal, frontal, and temporal cortex, and increased GMV in the hippocampus and striatum. Compared to FUSCHV patients, FUSCHVA patients had reduced GMV in the occipital cortex and postcentral gyrus, and increased GMV in the posterio-parietal lobe. Compared to patients with FUSCHA, the GMV in patients with FUSCHVV was reduced in the occipital cortex and posterio parietal lobe. In conclusion, visual and auditory hallucinations appear to deteriorate reciprocally in FUSCHVA patients, accompanied with sever cognitive impairments. Compared to AHs, VHs might be accompanied with severe GMV impairment in the brain, especially in the primary visual cortex and higher perception integration cortex (posterio parietal lobe) in patients with FUSCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Neuroimage-Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272119, Shandong Province, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China; Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimage-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China; Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, 300222 Tianjin, China; Key labaratory of Real Time of Brain Circuits Tracing For Neurology and Psychiatry, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Forth Centre Hospital, Tianjin Fourth Centre Hospital, Tianjin 300024, China.
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Neuroimage-Genetics Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272119, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimage-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimage-Genetics, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, 300222 Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, 300222 Tianjin, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Heath Teaching Hospital, 300222 Tianjin, China
| | - Qianchen Li
- Department of Pharmacoloy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 05000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacoloy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 05000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Pharmacoloy, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 05000, Hebei Province, China
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Zhuo C, Wang C, Song X, Xu X, Li G, Lin X, Xu Y, Tian H, Jiang D, Wang W, Zhou C. A unified model of shared brain structural alterations in patients with different mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations-A pilot study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01614. [PMID: 32304354 PMCID: PMC7303372 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore shared brain structural alterations in patients diagnosed with mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations (OTAVHs). METHODS A cohort of 143 first-diagnosis, nonmedicated patients with OTAVHs was enrolled: 25 with schizophrenia (FUSCH-OTAVH), 20 with major depression disorder (FUMDD-OTAVH), 28 with bipolar disorder (FUBD-OTAVH), 22 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (FUPTSD-OTAVH), 21 with anxiety disorder (FUAD-OTAVH), and 27 with borderline personality disorder (FUBPD-OTAVH); 25 healthy controls (HCs) participated. The Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS), multiple psychometric scales, voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and multiple regression were used. RESULTS Compared with HCs, patients had increased occipital cortex, dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum gray matter volumes (GMVs), a reduced insular cortex (IC) GMV, and an impaired frontooccipital fasciculus. The following differences were found versus HCs: FUSCH-OTAVH, reduced PFC and occipital GMVs, increased striatum and thalamus GMVs, impaired arcuate fasciculus, u-shaped bundle, optic tract, and upper longitudinal fasciculus (LF); FUMDD-OTAVH, increased posterior frontotemporal junction and hippocampus GMVs; FUMN-OTAVH, increased posterior frontotemporal junction and parietal cortex GMVs, reduced hippocampus GMV, impaired upper LF; FUPTSD-OTAVH, increased temporal, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens GMVs; FUBPD-OTAVH, increased frontotemporal junction and hippocampus GMVs, impaired upper/lower LF; and FUAD-OTAVH, increased frontal and temporal cortex, hippocampus GMVs. CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide evidence consistent with a bottom-up and top-down reciprocal action dysfunction hypothesis of AVHs and with the dopamine hypothesis of AVHs. We observed specific features related to OTAVHs in patients with different mental disorders. The findings, though complex, provide clues for further studies of specific mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Biological Psychiatry International Joint Laboratory of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Labotorary (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Biological Psychiatry International Joint Laboratory of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuexin Xu
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Labotorary (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Zhuo C, Xiao B, Chen C, Jiang D, Li G, Ma X, Li R, Wang L, Xu Y, Zhou C, Lin X. Antipsychotic agents deteriorate brain and retinal function in schizophrenia patients with combined auditory and visual hallucinations: A pilot study and secondary follow-up study. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01611. [PMID: 32285647 PMCID: PMC7303384 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia patients often experience auditory hallucinations (AHs) and visual hallucinations (VHs). However, the degree and type of brain and retinal alterations associated with combined AHs and VHs in schizophrenia patients remain unknown. There is an urgent need for a study that investigates the trajectory of brain and retinal alterations in patients with first-episode untreated schizophrenia accompanied by combined AHs and VHs (FUSCHAV). METHODS FUSCHAV patients (n = 120), divided into four groups according to AH and VH symptom severity (severe AHs combined with severe VHs [FUSCHSASV, 20 patients]; middle-to-moderate AHs combined with severe VHs [FUSCHMASV, 23 patients]; severe AHs combined with middle-to-moderate VHs [FUSCHSAMV, 28 patients]; and middle-to-moderate AHs combined with middle-to-moderate VHs [FUSCHMAMV, 26 patients]), were compared to healthy controls (n = 30). Gray matter volume (GMV) was adopted for brain structural alteration assessment. Total retinal thickness was adopted as a measure of retinal thickness impairment. RESULTS In the pilot study, the rate of GMV reduction showed an inverted U-shaped pattern across the different FUSCHAV patient groups according to AH and VH severity. The degree of retinal impairment remained stable across the groups. More notably, in the secondary follow-up study, we observed that, after 6 months of treatment with antipsychotic agents, all the GMV reduction-related differences across the different patient groups disappeared, and both GMV and retinal thickness demonstrated a tendency to deteriorate. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the need for heightened alertness on brain and retinal impairments in patients with FUSCHAV. Further deteriorations induced by antipsychotic agent treatment should be monitored in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of OCT, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Psychiatry Pattern Recognition, Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Schizophrenia, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics and Co-morbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin Medical University Mental Health Teaching Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Lai A, Crosta C, Loftin M, Silverstein SM. Retinal structural alterations in chronic versus first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Caruana N, Inkley C, El Zein M. Gaze direction biases emotion categorisation in schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH-COGNITION 2020; 21:100181. [PMID: 32477892 PMCID: PMC7248285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2020.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The successful integration of eye gaze direction and emotion cues from faces is important not only for co-ordinated interactions, but also for the detection of social signals alerting us to threat posed by a conspecific, or elsewhere in our immediate environment. It is now well-established that people with schizophrenia experience aberrant eye gaze and facial emotion processing. These social-cognitive differences might contribute to the maintenance of socially-themed delusions which are characterised by the hyper-attribution of threatening intentions to others. However, no study has directly examined whether the mechanisms which govern the integration of eye gaze and emotion information diverge in schizophrenia, and more importantly, whether this reflects a fundamental ‘bottom-up’ perceptual deficit or a ‘top-down’ cognitive bias. Fifteen outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia and 21 healthy age- and IQ-matched controls performed an emotion categorisation task (anger/fear) on morphed facial expressions of anger or fear, displaying either direct or averted gaze. Results in both controls and patients replicated the previous finding that combinations of anger with direct gaze, and fear with averted gaze – which signal a relevant threat to the observer – benefited from more accurate emotion recognition than alternate gaze-emotion combinations. Bayesian model selection revealed that for patients this effect was mediated by a shift in decision bias towards emotions which signal self-relevant threat, rather than a change in sensitivity as observed in controls. These results critically highlight a different cognitive mechanism governing gaze and face-cued emotion integration in schizophrenia, which has a top-down influence on the evaluation of perceptual input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Caruana
- Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine Inkley
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marwa El Zein
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, United Kingdom
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Silverstein SM, Fradkin SI, Demmin DL. Schizophrenia and the retina: Towards a 2020 perspective. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:84-94. [PMID: 31708400 PMCID: PMC7202990 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences between people with schizophrenia and psychiatrically healthy controls have been consistently demonstrated on measures of retinal function such as electroretinography (ERG), and measures of retinal structure such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). Since our 2015 review of this literature, multiple new studies have been published using these techniques. At the same time, the accumulation of data has highlighted the "fault lines" in these fields, suggesting methodological considerations that need greater attention in future studies. METHODS We reviewed studies of ERG and OCT in schizophrenia, as well as data from studies whose findings are relevant to interpreting these papers, such as those on effects of the following on ERG and OCT data: comorbid medical conditions that are over-represented in schizophrenia, smoking, antipsychotic medication, substance abuse, sex and gender, obesity, attention, motivation, and influences of brain activity on retinal function. RESULTS Recent ERG and OCT studies continue to support the hypothesis of retinal structural and functional abnormalities in schizophrenia, and suggest that these are relevant to understanding broader aspects of pathophysiology, neurodevelopment, and neurodegeneration in this disorder. However, there are differences in findings which suggest that the effects of multiple variables on ERG and OCT data need further clarification. CONCLUSIONS The retina, as the only component of the CNS that can be imaged directly in live humans, has potential to clarify important aspects of schizophrenia. With greater attention to specific methodological issues, the true potential of ERG and OCT as biomarkers for important clinical phenomena in schizophrenia should become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, United States; Rutgers University, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, United States.
| | | | - Docia L Demmin
- Rutgers University, Department of Psychology, United States.
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People with current major depression resemble healthy controls on flash Electroretinogram indices associated with impairment in people with stabilized schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 219:69-76. [PMID: 31375317 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flash electroretinography (fERG) has been used to identify anomalies in retinal functioning in several psychiatric disorders. In schizophrenia (SCZ), fERG abnormalities are reliably observed, but findings from studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) have been less consistent. In this study, fERG data were recorded from MDD patients in a current major depressive episode (n = 25), and compared to data from SCZ patients (n = 25) and healthy controls (HC; n = 25), to determine the degree to which fERG anomalies in acute MDD overlap or contrast with those observed in stabilized (though not symptom free) SCZ. The primary variables of interest were a-wave (photoreceptor activity), b-wave (bipolar-Müller cell activity), and photopic negative response (PhNR; ganglion cell activity) amplitudes and implicit times. Across most conditions, there were no significant differences between the MDD and HC groups in a- or b-wave response, but the SCZ group consistently demonstrated reduced amplitudes. Interestingly, MDD patients demonstrated an increase in photopic a-wave implicit time relative to SCZ patients, and a decrease in PhNR implicit time relative to controls. Correlations between BDI-II scores and fERG metrics were not significant for either patient group. Overall, these data indicate that, using an fERG protocol that distinguishes SCZ patients from controls, MDD patients experiencing a current depressive episode closely resemble healthy controls in their fERG responses. Therefore, MDD-related fERG changes may be more subtle than those observed in SCZ and detectable only with larger sample sizes than we employed and/or using a different set of fERG test parameters.
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Zhuo C, Lin X, Wang C, Song X, Xu X, Li G, Xu Y, Tian H, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhou C. Unified and disease specific alterations to brain structure in patients across six categories of mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations: A pilot study. Brain Res Bull 2020; 160:33-39. [PMID: 32298780 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the unified and disease specific structural features of the brain in patients spanning six mental disorders who experience own-thought auditory verbal hallucinations (OTAVH). METHODS A pilot study was conducted on 25 patients with schizophrenia (FUSCH-OTAVH), 20 patients with major depression disorder (FUMDD-OTAVH), 28 patients with bipolar disorder (FUBD-OTAVH), 22 patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (FUPTSD-OTAVH), 21 patients with anxiety disorder (FUAD-OTAVH), and 27 patients with borderline personality disorder (FUBPD-OTAVH). Twenty-five healthy controls (HCs) were also recruited. Auditory Hallucinations Rating Scale (AHRS) multiple psychometric scales were adopted to assess the clinical features of voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS), and multiple regression in all patients. Common and specific brain features of OTAVH among these mental disorders were investigated. RESULTS Compared to HCs, GMV aberrant pattern across all the six categories patients with OTAVH decreased in the occipital cortex, left parietal lobe, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and insular cortex (IC). Aberrant patterns in white matter (WM) were detected in the corpus callosum and impairment of the fronto-occipital fasciculus. Structural differences in the brain were observed for each mental disorder versus HCs. CONCLUSIONS The unified brain aberrant features of OTAVH across six mental disorders were characterized by decreased GMV and WM impairments in some regions and the specific brain features of each disease were also characterized. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the structural basis of OTAVH and potential avenues for investigating disease specific brain features of OTAVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 272191, Jining, Shandong Province, China; The First Affiliated Hospital/Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Biological Psychiatry International Joint Laboratory of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China; Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Labotorary (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, 300300, Tianjin, China; Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chunxiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, 300444, China
| | - Xueqin Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital/Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Biological Psychiatry International Joint Laboratory of Henan, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuexin Xu
- Department of Radiology, MRI Center, Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Tianjin Children Hospital, Tianjin, 300444, China
| | - Gongying Li
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, 272191, Jining, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongjun Tian
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Labotorary (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, 300300, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Labotorary (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, 300300, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunhua Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Zhuo C, Ji F, Xiao B, Lin X, Chen C, Jiang D, Ma X, Li R, Liu S, Xu Y, Wang W. Antipsychotic agent-induced deterioration of the visual system in first-episode untreated patients with schizophrenia maybe self-limited: Findings from a secondary small sample follow-up study based on a pilot follow-up study. Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112906. [PMID: 32151847 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Define changes in the visual cortex and retina in first-episode schizophrenia patients with visual disturbance (FUSCHVD) accompanied by antipsychotic agent treatment is important for guiding treatment. We examined the visual system prior to and after 3 years of antipsychotic-agent treatment in 48 patients with FUSCHVD and 50 healthy controls, and after 3.5 years of antipsychotic-agent treatment in 12 patients with FUSCHVD and 12 healthy subjects who came from the cohort with 3 years of follow up. Reduction of the visual cortex gray matter volume (GMV) was observed in patients compared to healthy controls, and impairments deteriorated accompanied with 3 years' treatment with antipsychotic agents. Total retinal thickness was also reduced in patients but did not deteriorated with treatment with antipsychotic agents. However, in the 12 patients who performed the additional 6-month follow-up, GMV and total retinal thickness reductions did not demonstrate any further trend in deterioration. These findings indicate that the reductions of GMV and retinal thickness may be self-limited. Although these findings were consistent with previous reports, it was only observed in a small number of patients. Therefore, clinicians should remain pay greater attention to visual system impairment in FUSCHVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjun Zhuo
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272119, China; Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, China; Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China.
| | - Feng Ji
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272119, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of OTC center, Tianjin Medical University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 272004, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ce Chen
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics Laboratory, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Ranli Li
- Psychiatric-Neuroimaging-Genetics-Comorbidity Laboratory, Tianjin Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Co-collaboration Laboratory of China and Canada, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital and University of Alberta, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
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Silverstein SM, Thompson JL. Progress, Possibilities, and Pitfalls in Electroretinography Research in Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:202-203. [PMID: 31908288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Rutgers University Behavioral Health Care, Newark, New Jersey.
| | - Judy L Thompson
- Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Counseling Professions, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Silverstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Rutgers University – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
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49
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Chen X, Cai Z, Ji F, Lin X, Jiang D, Lin C, Ma X, Xu Y, Wang W, Zheng L, Chen C, Zhuo C. Paroxetine can improve primary visual cortex activity in a high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1837009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ziyao Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
- MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing Of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNB_Lab), Tianjin fourth center Hospital, Tianjin Medical affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Nankai University affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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50
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Fradkin SI, Erickson MA, Demmin DL, Silverstein SM. Absence of Excess Intra-Individual Variability in Retinal Function in People With Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:543963. [PMID: 33329084 PMCID: PMC7714716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.543963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia exhibit increased intra-individual variability in both behavioral and neural signatures of cognition. Examination of intra-individual variability may uncover a unique functionally relevant aspect of impairment that is not captured by typical between-group comparisons of mean or median values. We and others have observed that retinal activity measured using electroretinography (ERG) is significantly reduced in people with schizophrenia; however, it is currently unclear whether greater intra-individual variability in the retinal response can also be observed. To investigate this, we examined intra-individual variability from 25 individuals with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls under two fERG conditions: (1) a light-adapted condition in which schizophrenia patients demonstrated reduced amplitudes; and (2) a dark-adapted condition in which the groups did not differ in amplitudes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were generated to measure intra-individual variability for each subject, reflecting the consistency of activation values (in μv) across all sampling points (at a 2 kHz sampling rate) within all trials within a condition. Contrary to our predictions, results indicated that the schizophrenia and healthy control groups did not differ in intra-individual variability in fERG responses in either the light- or dark-adapted conditions. This finding remained consistent when variability was calculated as the standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) of maximum positive and negative microvolt values within the a- and b-wave time windows. This suggests that although elevated variability in schizophrenia may be observed at perceptual and cognitive levels of processing, it is not present in the earliest stages of sensory processing in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha I Fradkin
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Molly A Erickson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Docia L Demmin
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Steven M Silverstein
- University Behavioral Health Care, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology, and Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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