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Ghorbanzadeh S, Khojini JY, Abouali R, Alimardan S, Zahedi M, Tahershamsi Z, Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM. Clearing the Path: Exploring Apoptotic Cell Clearance in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disorders for Therapeutic Advancements. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01222-6. [PMID: 38935260 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, characterized by dysregulated immune responses leading to tissue damage and chronic inflammation, present significant health challenges. This review uniquely focuses on efferocytosis-the phagocyte-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells-and its pivotal role in these disorders. We delve into the intricate mechanisms of efferocytosis' four stages and their implications in disease pathogenesis, distinguishing our study from previous literature. Our findings highlight impaired efferocytosis in conditions like atherosclerosis and asthma, proposing its targeting as a novel therapeutic strategy. We discuss the therapeutic potential of efferocytosis in modulating immune responses and resolving inflammation, offering a new perspective in treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Science, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Javad Yaghmoorian Khojini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 8915173143, Yazd, IR, Iran
| | - Reza Abouali
- Department of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Research Center of Autoimmune Diseases-IRCAD, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sajad Alimardan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zahedi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Tahershamsi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 8915173143, Yazd, IR, Iran.
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Vargas R, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Apoptosis in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and mechanisms for failed of inflammation resolution. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:1709-1724. [PMID: 37775580 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a condition resulting from infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The main mechanism involves the formation of immune complexes formed in the circulation or in situ on the glomerular basement membrane, which activates complement and causes various inflammatory processes. Cellular mechanisms have been reported in the induction of kidney damage represented by the infiltration of innate cells (neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages) and adaptive cells (CD4 + lymphocytes and CD8 + lymphocytes) of the immune system. These cells induce kidney damage through various mechanisms. It has been reported that nephritogenic antigens are capable of inducing inflammatory processes early, even before the formation of immune complexes. Usually, this disease progresses towards clinical and renal normalization; however, in a smaller number of patients, it evolves into chronicity and persistent kidney damage. Hypotheses have been proposed regarding the mechanisms underlying this progression to chronicity including failure to induce apoptosis and failure to phagocytose apoptotic cells, allowing these cells to undergo membrane permeabilization and release pro-inflammatory molecules into the environment, thereby perpetuating renal inflammation. Other mechanisms involved include persistent infection, genetic background of the host's complement system, tubulointerstitial changes, and pre-existing kidney damage due to old age and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Renata Vargas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette," Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, Maracaibo, 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Daza Zapata AM, Álvarez K, Vásquez Duque G, Palacio J, Rojas López M. Janus kinase inhibitors modify the fatty acid profile of extracellular vesicles and modulate the immune response. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24710. [PMID: 38314280 PMCID: PMC10837569 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Janus kinase inhibitors (jakinibs) are immunomodulators used for treating malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and immunodeficiencies. However, they induce adverse effects such as thrombosis, lymphocytosis, and neutropenia that could be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). These particles are cell membrane-derived structures that transport cellular and environmental molecules and participate in intercellular communication. Jakinibs can modify the content of EVs and enable them to modulate the activity of different components of the immune response. Objective to evaluate the interactions between immune system components of healthy individuals and EVs derived from monocytic and lymphoid lineage cells generated in the presence of baricitinib (BARI) and itacitinib (ITA) and their possible effects. Methods EVs were isolated from monocytes (M) and lymphocytes (L) of healthy individuals, as well as from U937 (U) and Jurkat (J) cells exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of BARI, ITA, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle control). The binding to and engulfment of EVs by peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy individuals were analyzed by flow cytometry using CFSE-stained EVs and anti-CD45-PeCy7 mAb-labeled whole blood. The effect of EVs on respiratory burst, T-cell activation and proliferation, cytokine synthesis, and platelet aggregation was evaluated. Respiratory burst was assessed in PMA-stimulated neutrophils by the dihydrorhodamine (DHR) test and flow cytometry. T-cell activation and proliferation and cytokine production were assessed in CFSE-stained PBMC cultures stimulated with PHA; expression of the T-cell activation markers CD25 and CD69 and T-cell proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry, and the cytokine levels were quantified in culture supernatants by Luminex assays. Platelet aggregation was analyzed in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) samples by light transmission aggregometry. The EVs' fatty acid (FA) profile was analyzed using methyl ester derivatization followed by gas chromatography. Results ITA exposure during the generation of EVs modified the size of the EVs released; however, treatment with DMSO and BARI did not alter the size of EVs generated from U937 and Jurkat cells. Circulating neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes showed a 2-fold greater tendency to internalize ITA-U-EVs than their respective DMSO control. The neutrophil respiratory burst was attenuated in greater extent by M-EVs than by L-EVs. Autologous ITA-M-EVs reduced T-cell proliferation by decreasing IL-2 levels and CD25 expression independently of CD69. A higher accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in PHA-stimulated PBMC cultures exposed to M-EVs than to L-EVs; this difference may be related to the higher myristate content of M-EVs. Platelet aggregation increased in the presence of ITA-L/M-EVs by a mechanism presumably dependent on the high arachidonic acid content of the vesicles. Conclusions Cellular origin and jakinib exposure modify the FA profile of EVs, enabling them, in turn, to modulate neutrophil respiratory burst, T-cell proliferation, and platelet aggregation. The increased T-cell proliferation induced by BARI-L/M-EVs could explain the lymphocytosis observed in patients treated with BARI. The higher proportion of arachidonic acid in the FA content of ITA-L/M-EVs could be related to the thrombosis described in patients treated with ITA. EVs also induced a decrease in the respiratory burst of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Daza Zapata
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Karen Álvarez
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Vásquez Duque
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juliana Palacio
- Grupo De Investigación Ciencia de Los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Colombia
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia,SedeMedellín, Escuela de Química- Carrera 65 A No 59A-110, Medellín, 4309000, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Rojas López
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Medellín, Colombia
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Universidad de Antioquia (UDEA), Medellín, Colombia
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Vafadar A, Vosough P, Jahromi HK, Tajbakhsh A, Savardshtaki A, Butler AE, Sahebkar A. The role of efferocytosis and transplant rejection: Strategies in promoting transplantation tolerance using apoptotic cell therapy and/or synthetic particles. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:959-977. [PMID: 37787641 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, efforts have been made to recognize the precise reason(s) for transplant failure and the process of rejection utilizing the molecular signature. Most transplant recipients do not appreciate the unknown length of survival of allogeneic grafts with the existing standard of care. Two noteworthy immunological pathways occur during allogeneic transplant rejection. A nonspecific innate immune response predominates in the early stages of the immune reaction, and allogeneic antigens initiate a donor-specific adaptive reaction. Though the adaptive response is the major cause of allograft rejection, earlier pro-inflammatory responses that are part of the innate immune response are also regarded as significant in graft loss. The onset of the innate and adaptive immune response causes chronic and acute transplant rejection. Currently employed immunosuppressive medications have shown little or no influence on chronic rejection and, as a result, on overall long-term transplant survival. Furthermore, long-term pharmaceutical immunosuppression is associated with side effects, toxicity, and an increased risk of developing diseases, both infectious and metabolic. As a result, there is a need for the development of innovative donor-specific immunosuppressive medications to regulate the allorecognition pathways that induce graft loss and to reduce the side effects of immunosuppression. Efferocytosis is an immunomodulatory mechanism with fast and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs). As such, AC therapy strategies have been suggested to limit transplant-related sequelae. Efferocytosis-based medicines/treatments can also decrease the use of immunosuppressive drugs and have no detrimental side effects. Thus, this review aims to investigate the impact of efferocytosis on transplant rejection/tolerance and identify approaches using AC clearance to increase transplant viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Vafadar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Vosough
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardshtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alexandra E Butler
- Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Heron R, Amato C, Wood W, Davidson AJ. Understanding the diversity and dynamics of in vivo efferocytosis: Insights from the fly embryo. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:27-44. [PMID: 37589239 PMCID: PMC10952863 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The clearance of dead and dying cells, termed efferocytosis, is a rapid and efficient process and one that is critical for organismal health. The extraordinary speed and efficiency with which dead cells are detected and engulfed by immune cells within tissues presents a challenge to researchers who wish to unravel this fascinating process, since these fleeting moments of uptake are almost impossible to catch in vivo. In recent years, the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) embryo has emerged as a powerful model to circumvent this problem. With its abundance of dying cells, specialist phagocytes and relative ease of live imaging, the humble fly embryo provides a unique opportunity to catch and study the moment of cell engulfment in real-time within a living animal. In this review, we explore the recent advances that have come from studies in the fly, and how live imaging and genetics have revealed a previously unappreciated level of diversity in the efferocytic program. A variety of efferocytic strategies across the phagocytic cell population ensure efficient and rapid clearance of corpses wherever death is encountered within the varied and complex setting of a multicellular living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Heron
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Clelia Amato
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Will Wood
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andrew J. Davidson
- Institute for Regeneration and RepairUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- School of Cancer SciencesWolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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6
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Perucci LO, Vago JP, Miles LA, Sousa LP. Crosstalk between the plasminogen/plasmin system and inflammation resolution. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2666-2678. [PMID: 37495082 PMCID: PMC10792525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The plasminogen/plasmin (Plg/Pla) system, best known for its classical role in thrombolysis, has been recently highlighted as a regulator of other biological processes in mammals, including key steps involved in the resolution of inflammation. Inflammation resolution is a complex process coordinated by different cellular effectors, notably leukocytes, and active mediators, and is initiated shortly after the inflammatory response begins. Once the inflammatory insult is eliminated, an effective and timely engagement of proresolution programs prevents persistent inflammation, thereby avoiding excessive tissue damage, fibrosis, and the development of autoimmunity. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that Plg/Pla and their receptor, plasminogen receptor KT (Plg-RKT), regulate key steps in inflammation resolution. The number of studies investigating the involvement of the Plg/Pla system in these and other aspects of inflammation, including degradation of extracellular matrices, immune cell migration, wound healing, and skeletal growth and maintenance, highlights key roles of the Plg/Pla system during physiological and pathologic conditions. Here, we discuss robust evidence in the literature for the emerging roles of the Plg/Pla system in key steps of inflammation resolution. These findings suggest that dysregulation in Plg production and its activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Elucidating central mechanisms underlying the role of Plg/Pla in key steps of inflammation resolution either in preclinical models of inflammation or in human inflammatory conditions, can provide a rationale for the development of new pharmacologic interventions to promote resolution of inflammation, and open new pathways for the treatment of thromboinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza O Perucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey A Miles
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Signaling in Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Gregory CD. Hijacking homeostasis: Regulation of the tumor microenvironment by apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:100-127. [PMID: 37553811 PMCID: PMC10952466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are genetically driven, rogue tissues which generate dysfunctional, obdurate organs by hijacking normal, homeostatic programs. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved regulated cell death program and a profoundly important homeostatic mechanism that is common (alongside tumor cell proliferation) in actively growing cancers, as well as in tumors responding to cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. Although well known for its cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive qualities, apoptosis harbors pro-oncogenic properties which are deployed through non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and which generally remain poorly defined. Here, the roles of apoptosis in tumor biology are reviewed, with particular focus on the secreted and fragmentation products of apoptotic tumor cells and their effects on tumor-associated macrophages, key supportive cells in the aberrant homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Historical aspects of cell loss in tumor growth kinetics are considered and the impact (and potential impact) on tumor growth of apoptotic-cell clearance (efferocytosis) as well as released soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated factors are discussed from the perspectives of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration programs. An "apoptosis-centric" view is proposed in which dying tumor cells provide an important platform for intricate intercellular communication networks in growing cancers. The perspective has implications for future research and for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
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8
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Zou X, Lei Q, Luo X, Yin J, Chen S, Hao C, Shiyu L, Ma D. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:260. [PMID: 37749626 PMCID: PMC10519056 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation. METHODS In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles. RESULTS Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis. CONCLUSION Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Xinghong Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Jingyao Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Liu Shiyu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China.
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China.
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Cao L, Ma L, Zhao J, Wang X, Fang X, Li W, Qi Y, Tang Y, Liu J, Peng S, Yang L, Zhou L, Li L, Hu X, Ji Y, Hou Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhao YY, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Malik AB, Saiyin H, Xu J. An unexpected role of neutrophils in clearing apoptotic hepatocytes in vivo. eLife 2023; 12:RP86591. [PMID: 37728612 PMCID: PMC10511239 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of apoptotic cells are removed daily in a human adult by professional phagocytes (e.g. macrophages) and neighboring nonprofessional phagocytes (e.g. stromal cells). Despite being a type of professional phagocyte, neutrophils are thought to be excluded from apoptotic sites to avoid tissue inflammation. Here, we report a fundamental and unexpected role of neutrophils as the predominant phagocyte responsible for the clearance of apoptotic hepatic cells in the steady state. In contrast to the engulfment of dead cells by macrophages, neutrophils burrowed directly into apoptotic hepatocytes, a process we term perforocytosis, and ingested the effete cells from the inside. The depletion of neutrophils caused defective removal of apoptotic bodies, induced tissue injury in the mouse liver, and led to the generation of autoantibodies. Human autoimmune liver disease showed similar defects in the neutrophil-mediated clearance of apoptotic hepatic cells. Hence, neutrophils possess a specialized immunologically silent mechanism for the clearance of apoptotic hepatocytes through perforocytosis, and defects in this key housekeeping function of neutrophils contribute to the genesis of autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL)GuangzhouChina
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Xinzou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wei Li
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL)GuangzhouChina
| | - Yawen Qi
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL)GuangzhouChina
| | - Yingkui Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Jieya Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shengxian Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - You-yang Zhao
- Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Asrar B Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, College of MedicineChicagoUnited States
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingsong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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10
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Gregory CD, Rimmer MP. Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications. J Pathol 2023; 260:592-608. [PMID: 37294158 PMCID: PMC10952477 DOI: 10.1002/path.6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies produced by most, if not all cells. Research over the last two decades has recognised the importance of EVs in intercellular communication and horizontal transfer of biological material. EVs range in diameter from tens of nanometres up to several micrometres and are able to transfer a spectrum of biologically active cargoes - from whole organelles, through macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, to metabolites and small molecules - from their cells of origin to recipient cells, which may consequently become physiologically or pathologically altered. Based on their modes of biogenesis, the most renowned EV classes are (1) microvesicles, (2) exosomes (both produced by healthy cells), and (3) EVs from cells undergoing regulated death by apoptosis (ApoEVs). Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane, while exosomes are derived from endosomal compartments. Current knowledge of the formation and functional properties of ApoEVs lags behind that of microvesicles and exosomes, but burgeoning evidence indicates that ApoEVs carry manifold cargoes, including mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, RNAs, and proteins, and perform diverse functions in health and disease. Here we review this evidence, which demonstrates substantial diversity in the luminal and surface membrane cargoes of ApoEVs, permitted by their very broad size range (from around 50 nm to >5 μm; the larger often termed apoptotic bodies), strongly suggests their origins through both microvesicle- and exosome-like biogenesis pathways, and indicates routes through which they interact with recipient cells. We discuss the capacity of ApoEVs to recycle cargoes and modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programmes in normal physiology and in pathological scenarios such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Finally, we provide a perspective on clinical applications of ApoEVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- Centre for Reproductive HealthInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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11
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Yu L, Zhu G, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Zeng L, Xu Z, Weng J, Xia J, Li J, Pathak JL. Apoptotic bodies: bioactive treasure left behind by the dying cells with robust diagnostic and therapeutic application potentials. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:218. [PMID: 37434199 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is essential for growth and tissue homeostasis. Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) are a form of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by dying cells in the last stage of apoptosis and were previously regarded as debris of dead cells. Recent studies unraveled that ApoBDs are not cell debris but the bioactive treasure left behind by the dying cells with an important role in intercellular communications related to human health and various diseases. Defective clearance of ApoBDs and infected-cells-derived ApoBDs are possible etiology of some diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the function and mechanism of the action of ApoBDs in different physiological and pathological conditions. Recent advances in ApoBDs have elucidated the immunomodulatory, virus removal, vascular protection, tissue regenerative, and disease diagnostic potential of ApoBDs. Moreover, ApoBDs can be used as drug carriers enhancing drug stability, cellular uptake, and targeted therapy efficacy. These reports from the literature indicate that ApoBDs hold promising potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, systemic inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and tissue regeneration. This review summarizes the recent advances in ApoBDs-related research and discusses the role of ApoBDs in health and diseases as well as the challenges and prospects of ApoBDs-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanxiong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liting Zeng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zidan Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Weng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Xia
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Janak L Pathak
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Essien SA, Ahuja I, Eisenhoffer GT. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor on Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles Regulates Compensatory Proliferation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544889. [PMID: 37398303 PMCID: PMC10312732 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells can signal to neighboring cells to stimulate proliferation and compensate for cell loss to maintain tissue homeostasis. While apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (AEVs) can transmit instructional cues to mediate communication with neighboring cells, the molecular mechanisms that induce cell division are not well understood. Here we show that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-containing AEVs regulate compensatory proliferation via ERK signaling in epithelial stem cells of larval zebrafish. Time-lapse imaging showed efferocytosis of AEVs from dying epithelial stem cells by healthy neighboring stem cells. Proteomic and ultrastructure analysis of purified AEVs identified MIF localization on the AEV surface. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic mutation of MIF, or its cognate receptor CD74, decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK and compensatory proliferation in the neighboring epithelial stem cells. Disruption of MIF activity also caused decreased numbers of macrophages patrolling near AEVs, while depletion of the macrophage lineage resulted in a reduced proliferative response by the epithelial stem cells. We propose that AEVs carrying MIF directly stimulate epithelial stem cell repopulation and guide macrophages to cell non-autonomously induce localized proliferation to sustain overall cell numbers during tissue maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safia A. Essien
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ivanshi Ahuja
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston TX
| | - George T. Eisenhoffer
- Genetics and Epigenetics Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Health Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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13
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Park EJ, Jin SW, Shim I, Cho AE. Comparison of disinfectants-induced gene expression profile: Potential adverse effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 470:116546. [PMID: 37149095 PMCID: PMC10158043 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite their importance in combating the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, adverse effects of disinfectants on human health, especially the respiratory system, have been of continuing concern to researchers. Considering that bronchi are the main target of sprayed disinfectants, we here treated the seven major active ingredients in disinfectant products accepted by the US EPA to human bronchial epithelial cells and determined the subtoxic levels. Then, we performed microarray analysis using total RNA obtained at the subtoxic level and designed a network representing disinfectant-induced cellular response using the KEGG pathway analysis technique. Polyhexamethylguanidine phosphate, a lung fibrosis inducer, was used as a reference material to verify the relationship between cell death and pathology. The derived results reveal potential adverse effects along with the need for an effective application strategy for each chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea; Human Health and Environmental Toxins Research Center, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Woo Jin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate school, 02447 Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Shim
- Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Republic of Korea
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14
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Purnama CA, Meiliana A, Barliana MI, Lestari K. Update of cellular responses to the efferocytosis of necroptosis and pyroptosis. Cell Div 2023; 18:5. [PMID: 37032375 PMCID: PMC10084608 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-023-00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a basic physiological process that occurs in all living organisms. A few key players in these mechanisms, as well as various forms of cell death programming, have been identified. Apoptotic cell phagocytosis, also known as apoptotic cell clearance, is a well-established process regulated by a number of molecular components, including 'find-me', 'eat-me' and engulfment signals. Efferocytosis, or the rapid phagocytic clearance of cell death, is a critical mechanism for tissue homeostasis. Despite having similar mechanism to phagocytic clearance of infections, efferocytosis differs from phagocytosis in that it induces a tissue-healing response and is immunologically inert. However, as field of cell death has rapid expanded, much attention has recently been drawn to the efferocytosis of additional necrotic-like cell types, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. Unlike apoptosis, this method of cell suicide allows the release of immunogenic cellular material and causes inflammation. Regardless of the cause of cell death, the clearance of dead cells is a necessary function to avoid uncontrolled synthesis of pro-inflammatory molecules and inflammatory disorder. We compare and contrast apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, as well as the various molecular mechanisms of efferocytosis in each type of cell death, and investigate how these may have functional effects on different intracellular organelles and signalling networks. Understanding how efferocytic cells react to necroptotic and pyroptotic cell uptake can help us understand how to modulate these cell death processes for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Agung Purnama
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
- Prodia Clinical Laboratory, Jl. Supratman No. 43, Bandung, 40114, Indonesia
| | - Anna Meiliana
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
- Prodia Clinical Laboratory, Jl. Supratman No. 43, Bandung, 40114, Indonesia
- Prodia Education and Research Institute, Jl. Kramat Raya No 150, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia.
| | - Keri Lestari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Ir. Soekarno Km 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
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15
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Fazeli G, Levin-Konigsberg R, Bassik MC, Stigloher C, Wehman AM. A BORC-dependent molecular pathway for vesiculation of cell corpse phagolysosomes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:607-621.e7. [PMID: 36652947 PMCID: PMC9992095 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance is important to provide cells with metabolites and regulate immune responses, but little is known about how phagolysosomes finally resolve their phagocytic cargo of cell corpses, cell debris, and pathogens. While studying the phagocytic clearance of non-apoptotic polar bodies in C. elegans, we previously discovered that phagolysosomes tubulate into small vesicles to facilitate corpse clearance within 1.5 h. Here, we show that phagolysosome vesiculation depends on amino acid export by the solute transporter SLC-36.1 and the activation of TORC1. We demonstrate that downstream of TORC1, BLOC-1-related complex (BORC) is de-repressed by Ragulator through the BORC subunit BLOS-7. In addition, the BORC subunit SAM-4 is needed continuously to recruit the small GTPase ARL-8 to the phagolysosome for tubulation. We find that disrupting the regulated GTP-GDP cycle of ARL-8 reduces tubulation by kinesin-1, delays corpse clearance, and mislocalizes ARL-8 away from lysosomes. We also demonstrate that mammalian phagocytes use BORC to promote phagolysosomal degradation, confirming the conserved importance of TOR and BORC. Finally, we show that HOPS is required after tubulation for the rapid degradation of cargo in small phagolysosomal vesicles, suggesting that additional rounds of lysosome fusion occur. Thus, by observing single phagolysosomes over time, we identified the molecular pathway regulating phagolysosome vesiculation that promotes efficient resolution of phagocytosed cargos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Roni Levin-Konigsberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
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16
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Gao Y, Jiao Y, Gong X, Liu J, Xiao H, Zheng Q. Role of transcription factors in apoptotic cells clearance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1110225. [PMID: 36743409 PMCID: PMC9892555 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body generates 10-100 billion cells every day, and the same number of cells die to maintain homeostasis. The genetically controlled, autonomously ordered cell death mainly proceeds by apoptosis. Apoptosis is an important way of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms, timely and effective elimination of apoptotic cells plays a key role in the growth and development of organisms and the maintenance of homeostasis. During the clearance of apoptotic cells, transcription factors bind to specific target promoters and act as activators or repressors to regulate multiple genes expression, how transcription factors regulate apoptosis is an important and poorly understood aspect of normal development. This paper summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of transcription factors in the clearance of apoptotic cells to date.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hui Xiao
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiao, ; Qian Zheng,
| | - Qian Zheng
- *Correspondence: Hui Xiao, ; Qian Zheng,
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17
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Fazeli G, Frondoni J, Kolli S, Wehman AM. Visualizing Phagocytic Cargo In Vivo from Engulfment to Resolution in Caenorhabditis elegans. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2692:337-360. [PMID: 37365478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3338-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers many experimental advantages to study conserved mechanisms of phagocytosis and phagocytic clearance. These include the stereotyped timing of phagocytic events in vivo for time-lapse imaging, the availability of transgenic reporters labeling molecules involved in different steps of phagocytosis, and the transparency of the animal for fluorescence imaging. Further, the ease of forward and reverse genetics in C. elegans has enabled many of the initial discoveries of proteins involved in phagocytic clearance. In this chapter, we focus on phagocytosis by the large undifferentiated blastomeres of C. elegans embryos, which engulf and eliminate diverse phagocytic cargo from the corpse of the second polar body to cytokinetic midbody remnants. We describe the use of fluorescent time-lapse imaging to observe the distinct steps of phagocytic clearance and methods to normalize this process to distinguish defects in mutant strains. These approaches have enabled us to reveal new insights from the initial signaling to induce phagocytosis up until the final resolution of phagocytic cargo in phagolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Fazeli
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Frondoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Shruti Kolli
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ann M Wehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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18
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Serizier SB, Peterson JS, McCall K. Non-autonomous cell death induced by the Draper phagocytosis receptor requires signaling through the JNK and SRC pathways. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs250134. [PMID: 36177600 PMCID: PMC10658789 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The last step of cell death is cell clearance, a process critical for tissue homeostasis. For efficient cell clearance to occur, phagocytes and dead cells need to reciprocally signal to each other. One important phenomenon that is under-investigated, however, is that phagocytes not only engulf corpses but contribute to cell death progression. The aims of this study were to determine how the phagocytic receptor Draper non-autonomously induces cell death, using the Drosophila ovary as a model system. We found that Draper, expressed in epithelial follicle cells, requires its intracellular signaling domain to kill the adjacent nurse cell population. Kinases Src42A, Shark and JNK (Bsk) were required for Draper-induced nurse cell death. Signs of nurse cell death occurred prior to apparent engulfment and required the caspase Dcp-1, indicating that it uses a similar apoptotic pathway to starvation-induced cell death. These findings indicate that active signaling by Draper is required to kill nurse cells via the caspase Dcp-1, providing novel insights into mechanisms of phagoptosis driven by non-professional phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B. Serizier
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeanne S. Peterson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Wei YT, Wang XR, Yan C, Huang F, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wen ZF, Sun XT, Zhang Y, Chen YQ, Gao R, Pan N, Wang LX. Thymosin α-1 reverses M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages during efferocytosis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1991-2002. [PMID: 35364609 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immunological effects of chemotherapy-induced tumor cell death are not completely understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that phagocytic clearance of apoptotic tumor cells, also known as efferocytosis, is an immunologically silent process, thus maintaining an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here we report that, in the breast tumor microenvironment, thymosin α-1 (Tα-1) significantly reverses M2 polarization of IL-10-producing tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) during efferocytosis induced by apoptotic cells. Mechanistically, Tα-1, which bound to phosphatidylserine on the surface of apoptotic tumor cells and was internalized by macrophages, triggered the activation of SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) through the lysosomal toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)/MyD88 pathway, subsequently resulting in dephosphorylation of efferocytosis-activated TBK1 and reduction of efferocytosis-induced IL-10. Tα-1 combined with epirubicin chemotherapy markedly suppressed tumor growth in an in vivo breast cancer model by reducing macrophage-derived IL-10 and enhancing the number and function of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, Tα-1 improved the curative effect of chemotherapy by reversing M2 polarization of efferocytosis-activated macrophages, suggesting that Tα-1 injection immediately after chemotherapy may contribute to highly synergistic anti-tumor effects in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wei
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Ru Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunguang Yan
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xueming Liu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Fa Wen
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Sun
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Rong Gao
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Pan
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Morana O, Wood W, Gregory CD. The Apoptosis Paradox in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031328. [PMID: 35163253 PMCID: PMC8836235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer growth represents a dysregulated imbalance between cell gain and cell loss, where the rate of proliferating mutant tumour cells exceeds the rate of those that die. Apoptosis, the most renowned form of programmed cell death, operates as a key physiological mechanism that limits cell population expansion, either to maintain tissue homeostasis or to remove potentially harmful cells, such as those that have sustained DNA damage. Paradoxically, high-grade cancers are generally associated with high constitutive levels of apoptosis. In cancer, cell-autonomous apoptosis constitutes a common tumour suppressor mechanism, a property which is exploited in cancer therapy. By contrast, limited apoptosis in the tumour-cell population also has the potential to promote cell survival and resistance to therapy by conditioning the tumour microenvironment (TME)-including phagocytes and viable tumour cells-and engendering pro-oncogenic effects. Notably, the constitutive apoptosis-mediated activation of cells of the innate immune system can help orchestrate a pro-oncogenic TME and may also effect evasion of cancer treatment. Here, we present an overview of the implications of cell death programmes in tumour biology, with particular focus on apoptosis as a process with "double-edged" consequences: on the one hand, being tumour suppressive through deletion of malignant or pre-malignant cells, while, on the other, being tumour progressive through stimulation of reparatory and regenerative responses in the TME.
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21
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Nrf2 Is Required for Optimal Alveolar-Macrophage-Mediated Apoptotic Neutrophil Clearance after Oxidant Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020212. [PMID: 35204093 PMCID: PMC8868099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (also known as efferocytosis), primarily mediated by macrophages, are essential to terminate lung inflammatory responses and promote tissue repair after injury. The Nrf2 transcription factor is crucial for cytoprotection and host defense. Previously, we showed sustained neutrophilic lung inflammation in Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2−/−) mice after hyperoxia-induced lung injury in vivo, but the mechanisms underlying this abnormal phenotype remain unclear. To examine whether Nrf2 regulates apoptotic neutrophil clearance, we used the alveolar macrophages (AMФs) and bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMФs) of wild-type (WT) and Nrf2−/− mice. We found that the efferocytic ability of AMФ was impaired in hyperoxia-exposed mice’s lungs, but the effect was more pronounced in Nrf2−/− mice. Importantly, AMФ-mediated efferocytosis remained impaired in Nrf2−/− mice recovering from injury but was restored to the basal state in the wild-type counterparts. Hyperoxia affected apoptotic neutrophil binding, not internalization, in both WT and Nrf2−/− BMDMФs, but the effect was more significant in the latter cells. Augmenting Nrf2 activity restored hyperoxia attenuated efferocytosis in WT, but not in Nrf2−/− macrophages. However, the loss of Nrf2 in neutrophils affected their uptake by WT macrophages. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Nrf2 is required for optimal macrophage-mediated efferocytosis and that activating Nrf2 may provide a physiological way to accelerate apoptotic cell clearance after oxidant injury.
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22
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Efferocytosis and the Story of "Find Me," "Eat Me," and "Don't Eat Me" Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34664238 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The process of efferocytosis involves removal of dying or dead cells by phagocytosis. Another term "efferosome" is used which means a fluid-filled membrane vesicle which engulfs dead cells. The process of efferocytosis works in coordination with apoptosis because before the contents of apoptotic cells are bleached out, they are engulfed by efferosomes. Thus, the microenvironment is not polluted with toxic enzymes and oxidants. A defect in the apoptotic cell clearance may participate in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation for homeostasis and proper tissue development, for which removal of dead cells is essential. This also protects from chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. In different tumor types and other diseases, efferocytosis has been studied extensively and potential pathways identified. A few of the intermediates in different pathways, which create aggressive and tolerogenic tumor microenvironment, might be considered for therapeutic or interventional purposes. Since the key players in efferocytosis are macrophages and dendritic cells, development of antigen-dependent antitumor immunity is affected by efferocytosis. The literature analysis suggests that efferocytosis is an underappreciated immune checkpoint, perhaps one that might be therapeutically targeted in the setting of cancer. The current status of efferocytosis and its role in tumor microenvironment is discussed in this article.
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23
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Lipid metabolism, inflammation, and foam cell formation in health and metabolic disorders: targeting mTORC1. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1497-1509. [PMID: 34312684 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is important for maintaining a healthy lifespan. Lipid metabolism is particularly necessary for the maintenance of metabolic energy sources and their storage, and the structure and function of cell membranes, as well as for the regulation of nutrition through lipogenesis, lipolysis, and lipophagy. Dysfunctional lipid metabolism leads to the development of metabolic disorders, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Furthermore, dyslipidaemia causes inflammatory responses and foam cell formation. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling is a key regulator of diverse cellular processes, including cell metabolism and cell fate. mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is involved in lipid metabolism and immune responses in the body. Therefore, the mTORC1 signalling pathway has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders. In this review, we focus on the roles of mTORC1 in lipid metabolism and inflammation, and present current evidence on its involvement in the development and progression of metabolic disorders.
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24
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Yuen SC, Liang X, Zhu H, Jia Y, Leung SW. Prediction of differentially expressed microRNAs in blood as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease by meta-analysis and adaptive boosting ensemble learning. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:126. [PMID: 34243793 PMCID: PMC8272278 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood circulating microRNAs that are specific for Alzheimer's disease (AD) can be identified from differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs). However, non-reproducible and inconsistent reports of DEmiRNAs hinder biomarker development. The most reliable DEmiRNAs can be identified by meta-analysis. To enrich the pool of DEmiRNAs for potential AD biomarkers, we used a machine learning method called adaptive boosting for miRNA disease association (ABMDA) to identify eligible candidates that share similar characteristics with the DEmiRNAs identified from meta-analysis. This study aimed to identify blood circulating DEmiRNAs as potential AD biomarkers by augmenting meta-analysis with the ABMDA ensemble learning method. METHODS Studies on DEmiRNAs and their dysregulation states were corroborated with one another by meta-analysis based on a random-effects model. DEmiRNAs identified by meta-analysis were collected as positive examples of miRNA-AD pairs for ABMDA ensemble learning. ABMDA identified similar DEmiRNAs according to a set of predefined criteria. The biological significance of all resulting DEmiRNAs was determined by their target genes according to pathway enrichment analyses. The target genes common to both meta-analysis- and ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs were collected to construct a network to investigate their biological functions. RESULTS A systematic database search found 7841 studies for an extensive meta-analysis, covering 54 independent comparisons of 47 differential miRNA expression studies, and identified 18 reliable DEmiRNAs. ABMDA ensemble learning was conducted based on the meta-analysis results and the Human MicroRNA Disease Database, which identified 10 additional AD-related DEmiRNAs. These 28 DEmiRNAs and their dysregulated pathways were related to neuroinflammation. The dysregulated pathway related to neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) was the only statistically significant pathway of the ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs. In the biological network constructed from 1865 common target genes of the identified DEmiRNAs, the multiple core ubiquitin-proteasome system, that is involved in neuroinflammation and CCR, was highly connected. CONCLUSION This study identified 28 DEmiRNAs as potential AD biomarkers in blood, by meta-analysis and ABMDA ensemble learning in tandem. The DEmiRNAs identified by meta-analysis and ABMDA were significantly related to neuroinflammation, and the ABMDA-identified DEmiRNAs were related to neuronal CCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Hongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
| | - Yongliang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078 Macao China
- BGI College & Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan China
| | - Siu-wai Leung
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China
- Edinburgh Bayes Centre for AI Research in Shenzhen, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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25
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Zheng C, Sui B, Zhang X, Hu J, Chen J, Liu J, Wu D, Ye Q, Xiang L, Qiu X, Liu S, Deng Z, Zhou J, Liu S, Shi S, Jin Y. Apoptotic vesicles restore liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract type 2 diabetes. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12109. [PMID: 34084287 PMCID: PMC8144839 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a naturally occurring process generating plenty of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), but the feature, fate and function of apoVs remain largely unknown. Notably, as an appealing source for cell therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) undergo necessary apoptosis and release apoVs during therapeutic application. In this study, we characterized and used MSC‐derived apoVs to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice, and we found that apoVs were efferocytosed by macrophages and functionally modulated liver macrophage homeostasis to counteract T2D. We showed that apoVs can induce macrophage reprogramming at the transcription level in an efferocytosis‐dependent manner, leading to inhibition of macrophage accumulation and transformation of macrophages towards an anti‐inflammation phenotype in T2D liver. At the molecular level, we discovered that calreticulin (CRT) was exposed on the surface of apoVs to act as a critical ‘eat‐me’ signal mediating apoV efferocytosis and macrophage regulatory effects. Importantly, we demonstrated that CRT‐mediated efferocytosis of MSC‐derived apoVs contributes to T2D therapy with alleviation of T2D phenotypes including glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. These findings uncover that functional efferocytosis of apoVs restores liver macrophage homeostasis and ameliorates T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Bingdong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology Beijing China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jiachen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Di Wu
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Qingyuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Lei Xiang
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Zhihong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Songtao Shi
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou Guangdong China.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases Center for Tissue Engineering School of Stomatology The Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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26
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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27
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Participation of ABCA1 Transporter in Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073334. [PMID: 33805156 PMCID: PMC8037621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the important medical and social problem. According to modern concepts, COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease, macrophages play a key role in its pathogenesis. Macrophages are heterogeneous in their functions, which is largely determined by their immunometabolic profile, as well as the features of lipid homeostasis, in which the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an essential role. The objective of this work is the analysis of the ABCA1 protein participation and the function of reverse cholesterol transport in the pathogenesis of COPD. The expression of the ABCA1 gene in lung tissues takes the second place after the liver, which indicates the important role of the carrier in lung function. The participation of the transporter in the development of COPD consists in provision of lipid metabolism, regulation of inflammation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. Violation of the processes in which ABCA1 is involved may be a part of the pathophysiological mechanisms, leading to the formation of a heterogeneous clinical course of the disease.
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28
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Dobosz E, Lorenz G, Ribeiro A, Würf V, Wadowska M, Kotlinowski J, Schmaderer C, Potempa J, Fu M, Koziel J, Lech M. Murine myeloid cell MCPIP1 suppresses autoimmunity by regulating B-cell expansion and differentiation. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047589. [PMID: 33737335 PMCID: PMC7988765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived cells, in particular macrophages, are increasingly recognized as critical regulators of the balance of immunity and tolerance. However, whether they initiate autoimmune disease or perpetuate disease progression in terms of epiphenomena remains undefined.Here, we show that depletion of MCPIP1 in macrophages and granulocytes (Mcpip1fl/fl-LysMcre+ C57BL/6 mice) is sufficient to trigger severe autoimmune disease. This was evidenced by the expansion of B cells and plasma cells and spontaneous production of autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith and anti-histone antibodies. Consequently, we document evidence of severe skin inflammation, pneumonitis and histopathologic evidence of glomerular IgG deposits alongside mesangioproliferative nephritis in 6-month-old mice. These phenomena are related to systemic autoinflammation, which secondarily induces a set of cytokines such as Baff, Il5, Il9 and Cd40L, affecting adaptive immune responses. Therefore, abnormal macrophage activation is a key factor involved in the loss of immune tolerance.Overall, we demonstrate that deficiency of MCPIP1 solely in myeloid cells triggers systemic lupus-like autoimmunity and that the control of myeloid cell activation is a crucial checkpoint in the development of systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Georg Lorenz
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Andrea Ribeiro
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Vivian Würf
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Marta Wadowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kotlinowski
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunity and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock, Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
- LMU Klinikum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80336, Germany
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29
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Butler CA, Popescu AS, Kitchener EJA, Allendorf DH, Puigdellívol M, Brown GC. Microglial phagocytosis of neurons in neurodegeneration, and its regulation. J Neurochem 2021; 158:621-639. [PMID: 33608912 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses contributes to multiple brain pathologies. RNA-seq and genome-wide association (GWAS) studies have linked multiple phagocytic genes to neurodegenerative diseases, and knock-out of phagocytic genes has been found to protect against neurodegeneration in animal models, suggesting that excessive microglial phagocytosis contributes to neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent evidence that microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses causes neurodegeneration in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementias, multiple sclerosis, retinal degeneration and neurodegeneration induced by ischaemia, infection or ageing. We also review factors regulating microglial phagocytosis of neurons, including: nucleotides, frackalkine, phosphatidylserine, calreticulin, UDP, CD47, sialylation, complement, galectin-3, Apolipoprotein E, phagocytic receptors, Siglec receptors, cytokines, microglial epigenetics and expression profile. Some of these factors may be potential treatment targets to prevent neurodegeneration mediated by excessive microglial phagocytosis of live neurons and synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Butler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alma S Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy C Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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30
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Chu CF, Feng HK, Sun KH, Hsu CL, Dzhagalov IL. Examination of Fas-Induced Apoptosis of Murine Thymocytes in Thymic Tissue Slices Reveals That Fas Is Dispensable for Negative Selection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586807. [PMID: 33195241 PMCID: PMC7609743 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The death receptor Fas can induce cell death through the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis in a variety of cells, including developing thymocytes. Although Fas-induced cell death has been researched and modeled extensively, most of the studies have been done in vitro because of the lethality of Fas triggering in vivo. Thus, little is known about the time line of this type of cell death in vivo, specifically, how does the presence of macrophages and pro-survival cytokines affect apoptosis progression. In addition, although the sequence and timing of events during intrinsic pathway activation in thymocytes in situ have been described, no corresponding data for the extrinsic pathway are available. To address this gap in our knowledge, we established a novel system to study Fas-induced thymocyte cell death using tissue explants. We found that within 1 h of Fas ligation, caspase 3 was activated, within 2 h phosphatidylserine was externalized to serve as an "eat-me" signal, and at the same time, we observed signs of cell loss, likely due to efferocytosis. Both caspase 3 activation and phosphatidylserine exposure were critical for cell loss. Although Fas ligand (FasL) was delivered simultaneously to all cells, we observed significant variation in the entry into the cell death pathway. This model also allowed us to revisit the role of Fas in negative selection, and we ruled out an essential part for it in the deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. Our work provides a timeline for the apoptosis-associated events following Fas triggering in situ and confirms the lack of involvement of Fas in the negative selection of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Chu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Kai Feng
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hui Sun
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ivan L Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Park EJ, Seong E, Kang MS, Lee GH, Kim DW, Han JS, Lim HJ, Lee SH, Han HY. Formation of lamellar body-like structure may be an initiator of didecyldimethylammonium chloride-induced toxic response. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115182. [PMID: 32763356 PMCID: PMC7403870 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019, the use of disinfectants is rapidly increasing worldwide. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is an EPA-registered disinfectant, it was also a component in humidifier disinfectants that had caused idiopathic pulmonary diseases in Korea. In this study, we identified the possible pulmonary toxic response and mechanism using human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells and mice. First, cell viability decreased sharply at a 4 μg/mL of concentration. The volume of intracellular organelles and the ROS level reduced, leading to the formation of apoptotic bodies and an increase of the LDH release. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 also significantly increased. More importantly, lamellar body-like structures were formed in both the cells and mice exposed to DDAC, and the expression of both the indicator proteins for lamellar body (ABCA3 and Rab11a) and surfactant proteins (A, B, and D) was clearly enhanced. In addition, chronic fibrotic pulmonary lesions were notably observed in mice instilled twice (weekly) with DDAC (500 μg), ultimately resulting in death. Taken together, we suggest that disruption of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis may contribute to DDAC-induced cell death and subsequent pathophysiology and that the formation of lamellar body-like structures may play a role as the trigger. In addition, we propose that the cause of sudden death of mice exposed to DDAC should be clearly elucidated for the safe application of DDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunsol Seong
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kang
- In vivo Hazard Evaluation & Research Division, General Toxicology & Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Hee Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- School of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Han
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ji Lim
- East-West Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Yun Han
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
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32
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Sprooten J, De Wijngaert P, Vanmeerbeerk I, Martin S, Vangheluwe P, Schlenner S, Krysko DV, Parys JB, Bultynck G, Vandenabeele P, Garg AD. Necroptosis in Immuno-Oncology and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1823. [PMID: 32752206 PMCID: PMC7464343 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have revolutionized oncology and firmly established the subfield of immuno-oncology. Despite this renaissance, a subset of cancer patients remain unresponsive to ICBs due to widespread immuno-resistance. To "break" cancer cell-driven immuno-resistance, researchers have long floated the idea of therapeutically facilitating the immunogenicity of cancer cells by disrupting tumor-associated immuno-tolerance via conventional anticancer therapies. It is well appreciated that anticancer therapies causing immunogenic or inflammatory cell death are best positioned to productively activate anticancer immunity. A large proportion of studies have emphasized the importance of immunogenic apoptosis (i.e., immunogenic cell death or ICD); yet, it has also emerged that necroptosis, a programmed necrotic cell death pathway, can also be immunogenic. Emergence of a proficient immune profile for necroptosis has important implications for cancer because resistance to apoptosis is one of the major hallmarks of tumors. Putative immunogenic or inflammatory characteristics driven by necroptosis can be of great impact in immuno-oncology. However, as is typical for a highly complex and multi-factorial disease like cancer, a clear cause versus consensus relationship on the immunobiology of necroptosis in cancer cells has been tough to establish. In this review, we discuss the various aspects of necroptosis immunobiology with specific focus on immuno-oncology and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter De Wijngaert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isaure Vanmeerbeerk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shaun Martin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119146 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jan B Parys
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut (LKI), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Leuven Kanker Instituut (LKI), Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Methusalem Program, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Stress & Immunity (CSI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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33
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Chang C, Hisamoto N. Engulfment Genes Promote Neuronal Regeneration in
Caenorhabditis Elegans
: Two Divergent But Complementary Views. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900185. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 USA
| | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Dept. of Biological Science Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo‐cho, Chikusa‐ku, Aichi Prefecture Nagoya 464‐8602 Japan
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34
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Ipseiz N, Pickering RJ, Rosas M, Tyrrell VJ, Davies LC, Orr SJ, Czubala MA, Fathalla D, Robertson AA, Bryant CE, O'Donnell V, Taylor PR. Tissue-resident macrophages actively suppress IL-1beta release via a reactive prostanoid/IL-10 pathway. EMBO J 2020; 39:e103454. [PMID: 32484988 PMCID: PMC7360975 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarm cytokine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is a potent activator of the inflammatory cascade following pathogen recognition. IL‐1β production typically requires two signals: first, priming by recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns leads to the production of immature pro‐IL‐1β; subsequently, inflammasome activation by a secondary signal allows cleavage and maturation of IL‐1β from its pro‐form. However, despite the important role of IL‐1β in controlling local and systemic inflammation, its overall regulation is still not fully understood. Here we demonstrate that peritoneal tissue‐resident macrophages use an active inhibitory pathway, to suppress IL‐1β processing, which can otherwise occur in the absence of a second signal. Programming by the transcription factor Gata6 controls the expression of prostacyclin synthase, which is required for prostacyclin production after lipopolysaccharide stimulation and optimal induction of IL‐10. In the absence of secondary signal, IL‐10 potently inhibits IL‐1β processing, providing a previously unrecognized control of IL‐1β in tissue‐resident macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Ipseiz
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Robert J Pickering
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marcela Rosas
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Victoria J Tyrrell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luke C Davies
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Magdalena A Czubala
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dina Fathalla
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Avril Ab Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Immunology Catalyst Programme, GSK, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Valerie O'Donnell
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Heath Park, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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35
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De Maeyer RPH, van de Merwe RC, Louie R, Bracken OV, Devine OP, Goldstein DR, Uddin M, Akbar AN, Gilroy DW. Blocking elevated p38 MAPK restores efferocytosis and inflammatory resolution in the elderly. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:615-625. [PMID: 32251403 PMCID: PMC7983074 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0646-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Increasing age alters innate immune-mediated responses; however, the mechanisms underpinning these changes in humans are not fully understood. Using a human dermal model of acute inflammation, we found that, although inflammatory onset is similar between young and elderly individuals, the resolution phase was substantially impaired in elderly individuals. This arose from a reduction in T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor-4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine receptor expressed on macrophages that enables the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, so-called efferocytosis. Reduced TIM-4 in elderly individuals was caused by an elevation in macrophage p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Administering an orally active p38 inhibitor to elderly individuals rescued TIM-4 expression, cleared apoptotic bodies and restored a macrophage resolution phenotype. Thus, inhibiting p38 in elderly individuals rejuvenated their resolution response to be more similar to that of younger people. This is the first resolution defect identified in humans that has been successfully reversed, thereby highlighting the tractability of targeting pro-resolution biology to treat diseases driven by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rikah Louie
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Oliver P Devine
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mohib Uddin
- Respiratory Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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36
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Davies SP, Terry LV, Wilkinson AL, Stamataki Z. Cell-in-Cell Structures in the Liver: A Tale of Four E's. Front Immunol 2020; 11:650. [PMID: 32528462 PMCID: PMC7247839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is our largest internal organ and it plays major roles in drug detoxification and immunity, where the ingestion of extracellular material through phagocytosis is a critical pathway. Phagocytosis is the deliberate endocytosis of large particles, microbes, dead cells or cell debris and can lead to cell-in-cell structures. Various types of cell endocytosis have been recently described for hepatic epithelia (hepatocytes), which are non-professional phagocytes. Given that up to 80% of the liver comprises hepatocytes, the biological impact of cell-in-cell structures in the liver can have profound effects in liver regeneration, inflammation and cancer. This review brings together the latest reports on four types of endocytosis in the liver -efferocytosis, entosis, emperipolesis and enclysis, with a focus on hepatocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Davies
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren V Terry
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alex L Wilkinson
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zania Stamataki
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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37
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Kourtzelis I, Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells in Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:553. [PMID: 32296442 PMCID: PMC7137555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient inflammation resolution is important not only for the termination of the inflammatory response but also for the restoration of tissue integrity. An integral process to resolution of inflammation is the phagocytosis of dying cells by macrophages, known as efferocytosis. This function is mediated by a complex and well-orchestrated network of interactions amongst specialized phagocytic receptors, bridging molecules, as well as “find-me” and “eat-me” signals. Efferocytosis serves not only as a waste disposal mechanism (clearance of the apoptotic cells) but also promotes a pro-resolving phenotype in efferocytic macrophages and thereby termination of inflammation. Alterations in cellular metabolism are critical for shaping the phenotype and function of efferocytic macrophages, thus, representing an important determinant of macrophage plasticity. Impaired efferocytosis can result in inflammation-associated pathologies or autoimmunity. The present mini review summarizes current knowledge regarding the mechanisms regulating macrophage efferocytosis during clearance of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kourtzelis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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38
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Abstract
Phagocytosis is a pivotal immunological process, and its discovery by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 was a step toward the establishment of the innate immune system as a separate branch of immunology. Elia Metchnikoff received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for this discovery in 1908. Since its discovery almost 140 years before, phagocytosis remains the hot topic of research in immunology. The phagocytosis research has seen a great advancement since its first discovery. Functionally, phagocytosis is a simple immunological process required to engulf and remove pathogens, dead cells and tumor cells to maintain the immune homeostasis. However, mechanistically, it is a very complex process involving different mechanisms, induced and regulated by several pattern recognition receptors, soluble pattern recognition molecules, scavenger receptors (SRs) and opsonins. These mechanisms involve the formation of phagosomes, their maturation into phagolysosomes causing pathogen destruction or antigen synthesis to present them to major histocompatibility complex molecules for activating an adaptive immune response. Any defect in this mechanism may predispose the host to certain infections and inflammatory diseases (autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases) along with immunodeficiency. The article is designed to discuss its mechanistic complexity at each level, varying from phagocytosis induction to phagolysosome resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Faculty of Medicine, Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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39
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Smirnov A, Solga MD, Lannigan J, Criss AK. Using Imaging Flow Cytometry to Quantify Neutrophil Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2087:127-140. [PMID: 31728988 PMCID: PMC7003993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are professional phagocytes that are important for innate host defenses against pathogens and resolution of inflammation. Traditionally, the phagocytic capacity of neutrophils was quantified by enumeration of cells containing either internalized or bound bacteria or other cargo from a series of microscopic images. Here we describe an imaging flow cytometry-based protocol and analysis method for quantifying the binding and uptake of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by primary adherent human neutrophils. Imaging flow cytometry combines the capacity for quantitative, high-throughput analysis of tens of thousands of cells per condition, with the imaging power of fluorescence microscopy. Here, all bacteria are labeled with Tag-it Violet™ and bound bacteria are differentially stained with a DyLight™ 650-conjugated antibody. Images are analyzed using spot count and other algorithms. Outputs include the percent of neutrophils associated with bacteria, the percent of neutrophils with internalized bacteria, and the percent of internalized bacteria. This basic protocol can be adapted to a variety of particle types and can be used for multiplex analysis in combination with staining for different neutrophil surface and intracellular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Smirnov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Michael D Solga
- UVA Flow Cytometry Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alison K Criss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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40
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Abstract
Tissue macrophages rapidly recognize and engulf apoptotic cells. These events require the display of so-called eat-me signals on the apoptotic cell surface, the most fundamental of which is phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). Externalization of this phospholipid is catalysed by scramblase enzymes, several of which are activated by caspase cleavage. PtdSer is detected both by macrophage receptors that bind to this phospholipid directly and by receptors that bind to a soluble bridging protein that is independently bound to PtdSer. Prominent among the latter receptors are the MER and AXL receptor tyrosine kinases. Eat-me signals also trigger macrophages to engulf virus-infected or metabolically traumatized, but still living, cells, and this 'murder by phagocytosis' may be a common phenomenon. Finally, the localized presentation of PtdSer and other eat-me signals on delimited cell surface domains may enable the phagocytic pruning of these 'locally dead' domains by macrophages, most notably by microglia of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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41
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Arienti S, Barth ND, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Regulation of Apoptotic Cell Clearance During Resolution of Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:891. [PMID: 31456686 PMCID: PMC6701246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) has an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the progression and ultimate resolution of inflammation. During apoptosis, the cell undergoes morphological and biochemical changes [e.g., phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, caspase activation, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA cleavage] that act to shut down cellular function and mark the cell for phagocytic clearance. Tissue phagocytes bind and internalize apoptotic cells, bodies, and vesicles, providing a mechanism for the safe disposal of apoptotic material. Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells before they undergo secondary necrosis reduces the potential for bystander damage to adjacent tissue and importantly initiates signaling pathways within the phagocytic cell that act to dampen inflammation. In a pathological context, excessive apoptosis or failure to clear apoptotic material results in secondary necrosis with the release of pro-inflammatory intracellular contents. In this review, we consider some of the mechanisms by which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be controlled. We suggest that matching apoptotic cell load with the capacity for apoptotic cell clearance within tissues may be important for therapeutic strategies that target the apoptotic process for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Arienti
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David A Dorward
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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42
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Loss of transglutaminase 2 sensitizes for diet-induced obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance due to enhanced macrophage c-Src signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:439. [PMID: 31165747 PMCID: PMC6549190 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1677-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that promotes clearance of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) acting as integrin β3 coreceptor. Accumulating evidence indicates that defective efferocytosis contributes to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of dead adipocytes and inflammatory macrophages in the adipose tissue leading to obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Here, we report that loss of TG2 from bone marrow-derived cells sensitizes for high fat diet (HFD)-induced pathologies. We find that metabolically activated TG2 null macrophages express more phospho-Src and integrin β3, unexpectedly clear dying adipocytes more efficiently via lysosomal exocytosis, but produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines than the wild type ones. Anti-inflammatory treatment with an LXR agonist reverts the HFD-induced phenotype in mice lacking TG2 in bone marrow-derived cells with less hepatic steatosis than in wild type mice proving enhanced lipid clearance. Thus it is interesting to speculate whether LXR agonist treatment together with enhancing lysosomal exocytosis could be a beneficial therapeutic strategy in obesity.
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43
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Fang S, Agostinis P, Salven P, Garg AD. Decoding cancer cell death-driven immune cell recruitment: An in vivo method for site-of-vaccination analyses. Methods Enzymol 2019; 636:185-207. [PMID: 32178819 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines have recently received renewed attention for immunotherapy of at least a subset of cancer-types. Such vaccines mostly involve either killed cancer or tumor cells alone, or combinations thereof with specific (co-incubated) innate immune cells. In recent years, the immunogenic characteristics of the dead or dying cancer cells have emerged as decisive factors behind the success of anticancer vaccines. This has amplified the importance of accounting for immunology of cell death while preparing anticancer vaccines. This, in turn, has increased the emphasis on the immune reactions at the site-of-vaccination since the therapeutic efficacy of the killed cancer/tumor cell vaccines is contingent upon the nature and characteristics of these reactions at the site-of-injection. In this article, we present a systematic methodology that exploits the murine ear pinna model to study differential immune cell recruitment by dead/dying cancer cells injected in vivo, thereby modeling the site-of-injection relevant for anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shentong Fang
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Cancer Biology (CCB), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petri Salven
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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44
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Budai Z, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kis GN, Antal M, Bankó C, Bacsó Z, Szondy Z, Sarang Z. Macrophages engulf apoptotic and primary necrotic thymocytes through similar phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanisms. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:446-456. [PMID: 30868053 PMCID: PMC6396166 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major roles of professional phagocytes is the removal of dead cells in the body. We know less about the clearance of necrotic cells than apoptotic cell phagocytosis, despite the fact that both types of dead cells need to be cleared together and necrotic cells appear often in pathological settings. In the present study, we examined phagocytosis of heat‐ or H2O2‐killed necrotic and apoptotic thymocytes by mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and found that the two cell types are engulfed at equal efficiency and compete with each other when added together to BMDMs. Phagocytosis of both apoptotic and necrotic thymocytes was decreased by (a) blocking phosphatidylserine on the surface of dying cells; (b) inhibition of Mer tyrosine kinase, Tim‐4, integrin β3 receptor signaling, or Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 activity; or (c) using BMDMs deficient for transglutaminase 2. Stimulation of liver X, retinoid X, retinoic acid or glucocorticoid nuclear receptors in BMDMs enhanced not only apoptotic, but also necrotic cell uptake. Electron microscopic analysis of the engulfment process revealed that the morphology of phagosomes and the phagocytic cup formed during the uptake of dying thymocytes is similar for apoptotic and necrotic cells. Our data indicate that apoptotic and necrotic cells are cleared via the same mechanisms, and removal of necrotic cells in vivo can be facilitated by molecules known to enhance the uptake of apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Budai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Gréta Nikoletta Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Csaba Bankó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bacsó
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Dentistry University of Debrecen Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Faculty of Medicine University of Debrecen Hungary
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45
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Morris G, Berk M, Maes M, Puri BK. Could Alzheimer's Disease Originate in the Periphery and If So How So? Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:406-434. [PMID: 29705945 PMCID: PMC6372984 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The classical amyloid cascade model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been challenged by several findings. Here, an alternative molecular neurobiological model is proposed. It is shown that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele, altered miRNA expression and epigenetic dysregulation in the promoter region and exon 1 of TREM2, as well as ANK1 hypermethylation and altered levels of histone post-translational methylation leading to increased transcription of TNFA, could variously explain increased levels of peripheral and central inflammation found in AD. In particular, as a result of increased activity of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2), the presence of the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) isoform, and changes in ANK1 expression, with subsequent changes in miR-486 leading to altered levels of protein kinase B (Akt), mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), all of which play major roles in microglial activation, proliferation and survival, there is activation of microglia, leading to the subsequent (further) production of cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, reactive oxygen species, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and other mediators of inflammation and neurotoxicity. These changes are associated with the development of amyloid and tau pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction (including impaired activity of the electron transport chain, depleted basal mitochondrial potential and oxidative damage to key tricarboxylic acid enzymes), synaptic dysfunction, altered glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity, mTOR activation, impairment of autophagy, compromised ubiquitin-proteasome system, iron dyshomeostasis, changes in APP translation, amyloid plaque formation, tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Level 1 North, Main Block, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, 35 Poplar Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basant K Puri
- Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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46
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Tixeira R, Shi B, Parkes MAF, Hodge AL, Caruso S, Hulett MD, Baxter AA, Phan TK, Poon IKH. Gasdermin E Does Not Limit Apoptotic Cell Disassembly by Promoting Early Onset of Secondary Necrosis in Jurkat T Cells and THP-1 Monocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2842. [PMID: 30564238 PMCID: PMC6288192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the progression of necroptosis and pyroptosis, the plasma membrane will become permeabilized through the activation of mixed lineage kinase domain like pseudokinase (MLKL) or gasdermin D (GSDMD), respectively. Recently, the progression of apoptotic cells into secondary necrotic cells following membrane lysis was shown to be regulated by gasdermin E (GSDME, or DFNA5), a process dependent on caspase 3-mediated cleavage of GSDME. Notably, GSDME was also proposed to negatively regulate the disassembly of apoptotic cells into smaller membrane-bound vesicles known as apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) by promoting earlier onset of membrane permeabilisation. The presence of a process downstream of caspase 3 that would actively drive cell lysis and limit cell disassembly during apoptosis is somewhat surprising as this could favor the release of proinflammatory intracellular contents and hinder efficient clearance of apoptotic materials. In contrast to the latter studies, we present here that GSDME is not involved in regulating secondary necrosis in human T cells and monocytes, and also unlikely in epithelial cells. Furthermore, GSDME is evidently not a negative regulator of apoptotic cell disassembly in our cell models. Thus, the function of GSDME in regulating membrane permeabilization and cell disassembly during apoptosis may be more limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael A F Parkes
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy L Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell extrusion preserve the barrier functions of epithelia. Live cell extrusion is the paradigm for homeostatic renewal of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). By extension, as extruded cells are not apoptotic, this form of cell shedding is thought to be largely ignored by lamina propria phagocytes and without immune consequence. RECENT FINDINGS Visualization of apoptotic IEC inside distinct subsets of intestinal phagocytes during homeostasis has highlighted apoptosis as a normal component of the natural turnover of the intestinal epithelium. Analysis of phagocytes with or without apoptotic IEC corpses has shown how apoptotic IEC constrain inflammatory pathways within phagocytes and induce immunosuppressive regulatory CD4 T-cell differentiation. Many of the genes involved overlap with susceptibility genes for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). SUMMARY Excessive IEC death and loss-of-barrier function is characteristic of IBD. As regulatory and tolerogenic mechanisms are broken in IBD, a molecular understanding of the precise triggers and modes of IEC death as well as their consequences on intestinal inflammation is necessary. This characterization should guide new therapies that restore homeostatic apoptosis, along with its associated programs of immune tolerance and immunosuppression, to achieve mucosal healing and long-term remission.
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Amarante-Mendes GP, Adjemian S, Branco LM, Zanetti LC, Weinlich R, Bortoluci KR. Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Host Cell Death Molecular Machinery. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2379. [PMID: 30459758 PMCID: PMC6232773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) are proteins capable of recognizing molecules frequently found in pathogens (the so-called Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns—PAMPs), or molecules released by damaged cells (the Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns—DAMPs). They emerged phylogenetically prior to the appearance of the adaptive immunity and, therefore, are considered part of the innate immune system. Signals derived from the engagement of PRRs on the immune cells activate microbicidal and pro-inflammatory responses required to eliminate or, at least, to contain infectious agents. Molecularly controlled forms of cell death are also part of a very ancestral mechanism involved in key aspects of the physiology of multicellular organism, including the elimination of unwanted, damaged or infected cells. Interestingly, each form of cell death has its particular effect on inflammation and on the development of innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review article, we discuss some aspects of the molecular interplay between the cell death machinery and signals initiated by the activation of PRRs by PAMPs and DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo P Amarante-Mendes
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandy Adjemian
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Migliari Branco
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa C Zanetti
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina R Bortoluci
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Celular e Molecular (CTC-Mol), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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49
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Abstract
The human body loses several billions of cells daily. When cells die in vivo, the corpse of each dead cell is immediately cleared. Specifically, dead cells are efficiently recognized and cleared by multiple types of neighboring phagocytes. Early research on cell death focused more on molecular mechanisms of cell death regulation while the cellular corpses were merely considered cellular debris. However, it has come to light that various biological stimuli following cell death are important for immune regulation. Clearance of normal dead cells occurs silently in immune tolerance. Exogenous or mutated antigens of malignant or infected cells can initiate adaptive immunity, thereby inducing immunogenicity by adjuvant signals. Several pathogens and cancer cells have strategies to limit the adjuvant signals and escape immune surveillance. In this review, we present an overview of the mechanisms of dead cell clearance and its immune regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Wan Yoon
- Department of Biotechnology, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea
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50
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Gregory CD, Paterson M. An apoptosis-driven 'onco-regenerative niche': roles of tumour-associated macrophages and extracellular vesicles. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0003. [PMID: 29158317 PMCID: PMC5717442 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-death programme, apoptosis, is well established as a tumour suppressor mechanism. Paradoxically, high levels of apoptosis in tumours are closely coupled with poor prognosis. Indeed, where it has been studied, cell loss is a striking feature of high-grade cancers, illustrating the importance of considering malignant disease as an imbalance between cell gain and cell loss that favours cell gain rather than as a unidirectional disorder of cell gain alone. In addition to orchestrating cell loss, apoptosis can signal regenerative responses—for example compensatory proliferation—in neighbouring cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that normal tissue repair and regenerative processes are hijacked in the malignant tissue microenvironment such that cancer may be likened to a ‘wound that fails to stop repairing’. We have proposed that a critical requirement for the successful growth, progression and re-growth of malignant tumours is a complex milieu, conceptually termed the ‘onco-regenerative niche’, which is composed, in addition to transformed neoplastic cells, of a network of normal cells and factors activated as if in tissue repair and regeneration. Our work is based around the hypothesis that tumour cell apoptosis, macrophage activation and endothelial activation are key, interlinked elements of the onco-regenerative niche and that apoptotic tumour cell–derived extracellular vesicles provide critical intercellular communication vehicles of the niche. In aggressive B-cell lymphoma, tumour cell apoptosis promotes both angiogenesis and the accumulation of pro-tumour macrophages in the lymphoma microenvironment. Furthermore, apoptotic lymphoma-derived extracellular vesicles have potent pro-tumour potential. These findings have important implications for the roles of apoptosis in regulation of malignant diseases and for the efficacy of apoptosis-inducing anti-cancer therapies. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Margaret Paterson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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