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Ji H, Hu C, Yang X, Liu Y, Ji G, Ge S, Wang X, Wang M. Lymph node metastasis in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance and therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:367. [PMID: 37752146 PMCID: PMC10522642 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are important hubs for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites through a series of mechanisms, and it has been proved that lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an essential prognostic indicator in many different types of cancer. Therefore, it is important for oncologists to understand the mechanisms of tumor cells to metastasize to LNs, as well as how LNM affects the prognosis and therapy of patients with cancer in order to provide patients with accurate disease assessment and effective treatment strategies. In recent years, with the updates in both basic and clinical studies on LNM and the application of advanced medical technologies, much progress has been made in the understanding of the mechanisms of LNM and the strategies for diagnosis and treatment of LNM. In this review, current knowledge of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of LNs, as well as the molecular mechanisms of LNM, are described. The clinical significance of LNM in different anatomical sites is summarized, including the roles of LNM playing in staging, prognostic prediction, and treatment selection for patients with various types of cancers. And the novel exploration and academic disputes of strategies for recognition, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions of metastatic LNs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chuang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xuhui Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuanhao Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Guangyu Ji
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiansong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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2
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Klement RJ, Sweeney RA. Metabolic factors associated with the prognosis of oligometastatic patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:927-940. [PMID: 37261610 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, it has been established that cancer patients with oligometastases, i.e., only a few detectable metastases confined to one or a few organs, may benefit from an aggressive local treatment approach such as the application of high-precision stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Specifically, some studies have indicated that achieving long-term local tumor control of oligometastases is associated with prolonged overall survival. This motivates investigations into which factors may modify the dose-response relationship of SBRT by making metastases more or less radioresistant. One such factor relates to the uptake of the positron emission tomography tracer 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) which reflects the extent of tumor cell glycolysis or the Warburg effect, respectively. Here we review the biological mechanisms how the Warburg effect drives tumor cell radioresistance and metastasis and draw connections to clinical studies reporting associations between high FDG uptake and worse clinical outcomes after SBRT for oligometastases. We further review the evidence for distinct metabolic phenotypes of metastases preferentially seeding to specific organs and their possible translation into distinct radioresistance. Finally, evidence that obesity and hyperglycemia also affect outcomes after SBRT will be presented. While delivered dose is the main determinant of a high local tumor control probability, there might be clinical scenarios when metabolic targeting could make the difference between achieving local control or not, for example when doses have to be compromised in order to spare neighboring high-risk organs, or when tumors are expected to be highly therapy-resistant due to heavy pretreatment such as chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer J Klement
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Reinhart A Sweeney
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Leopoldina Hospital Schweinfurt, Robert-Koch-Straße 10, 97422, Schweinfurt, Germany
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3
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Artificial Intelligence and Precision Medicine: A New Frontier for the Treatment of Brain Tumors. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010024. [PMID: 36675973 PMCID: PMC9866715 DOI: 10.3390/life13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are a widespread and serious neurological phenomenon that can be life- threatening. The computing field has allowed for the development of artificial intelligence (AI), which can mimic the neural network of the human brain. One use of this technology has been to help researchers capture hidden, high-dimensional images of brain tumors. These images can provide new insights into the nature of brain tumors and help to improve treatment options. AI and precision medicine (PM) are converging to revolutionize healthcare. AI has the potential to improve cancer imaging interpretation in several ways, including more accurate tumor genotyping, more precise delineation of tumor volume, and better prediction of clinical outcomes. AI-assisted brain surgery can be an effective and safe option for treating brain tumors. This review discusses various AI and PM techniques that can be used in brain tumor treatment. These new techniques for the treatment of brain tumors, i.e., genomic profiling, microRNA panels, quantitative imaging, and radiomics, hold great promise for the future. However, there are challenges that must be overcome for these technologies to reach their full potential and improve healthcare.
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Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Kleinstreuer N, Borrel A, Cardenas A, Chiu WA, Felsher DW, Gibbons CF, Goodson WH, Houck KA, Kane AB, La Merrill MA, Lebrec H, Lowe L, McHale CM, Minocherhomji S, Rieswijk L, Sandy MS, Sone H, Wang A, Zhang L, Zeise L, Fielden M. The Key Characteristics of Carcinogens: Relationship to the Hallmarks of Cancer, Relevant Biomarkers, and Assays to Measure Them. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1887-1903. [PMID: 32152214 PMCID: PMC7483401 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key characteristics (KC) of human carcinogens provide a uniform approach to evaluating mechanistic evidence in cancer hazard identification. Refinements to the approach were requested by organizations and individuals applying the KCs. We assembled an expert committee with knowledge of carcinogenesis and experience in applying the KCs in cancer hazard identification. We leveraged this expertise and examined the literature to more clearly describe each KC, identify current and emerging assays and in vivo biomarkers that can be used to measure them, and make recommendations for future assay development. We found that the KCs are clearly distinct from the Hallmarks of Cancer, that interrelationships among the KCs can be leveraged to strengthen the KC approach (and an understanding of environmental carcinogenesis), and that the KC approach is applicable to the systematic evaluation of a broad range of potential cancer hazards in vivo and in vitro We identified gaps in coverage of the KCs by current assays. Future efforts should expand the breadth, specificity, and sensitivity of validated assays and biomarkers that can measure the 10 KCs. Refinement of the KC approach will enhance and accelerate carcinogen identification, a first step in cancer prevention.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Environmental Carcinogenesis: Pathways to Prevention."
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Kathryn Z Guyton
- Monographs Programme, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Alexandre Borrel
- Division of Intramural Research, Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Andres Cardenas
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Catherine F Gibbons
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C
| | - William H Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Keith A Houck
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Agnes B Kane
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Michele A La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cliona M McHale
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Comparative Biology & Safety Sciences, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | - Linda Rieswijk
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Institute of Data Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Hideko Sone
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy and National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Amy Wang
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of National Toxicology Program, The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lauren Zeise
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California
| | - Mark Fielden
- Expansion Therapeutics Inc, San Diego, California
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Consolino L, Anemone A, Capozza M, Carella A, Irrera P, Corrado A, Dhakan C, Bracesco M, Longo DL. Non-invasive Investigation of Tumor Metabolism and Acidosis by MRI-CEST Imaging. Front Oncol 2020; 10:161. [PMID: 32133295 PMCID: PMC7040491 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is considered a core hallmark of cancer. By monitoring in vivo metabolites changes or characterizing the tumor microenvironment, non-invasive imaging approaches play a fundamental role in elucidating several aspects of tumor biology. Within the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modality, the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) approach has emerged as a new technique that provides high spatial resolution and sensitivity for in vivo imaging of tumor metabolism and acidosis. This mini-review describes CEST-based methods to non-invasively investigate tumor metabolism and important metabolites involved, such as glucose and lactate, as well as measurement of tumor acidosis. Approaches that have been exploited to assess response to anticancer therapies will also be reported for each specific technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Consolino
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Annasofia Anemone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Capozza
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Carella
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Irrera
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Corrado
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
| | - Chetan Dhakan
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy.,University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Bracesco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging (IBB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Turin, Italy
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6
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Peters L, Weidenfeld I, Klemm U, Loeschcke A, Weihmann R, Jaeger KE, Drepper T, Ntziachristos V, Stiel AC. Phototrophic purple bacteria as optoacoustic in vivo reporters of macrophage activity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1191. [PMID: 30867430 PMCID: PMC6416252 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Τhe morphology, physiology and immunology, of solid tumors exhibit spatial heterogeneity which complicates our understanding of cancer progression and therapy response. Understanding spatial heterogeneity necessitates high resolution in vivo imaging of anatomical and pathophysiological tumor information. We introduce Rhodobacter as bacterial reporter for multispectral optoacoustic (photoacoustic) tomography (MSOT). We show that endogenous bacteriochlorophyll a in Rhodobacter gives rise to strong optoacoustic signals >800 nm away from interfering endogenous absorbers. Importantly, our results suggest that changes in the spectral signature of Rhodobacter which depend on macrophage activity inside the tumor can be used to reveal heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Employing non-invasive high resolution MSOT in longitudinal studies we show spatiotemporal changes of Rhodobacter spectral profiles in mice bearing 4T1 and CT26.WT tumor models. Accessibility of Rhodobacter to genetic modification and thus to sensory and therapeutic functions suggests potential for a theranostic platform organism. Current optoacoustic probes for cancer imaging have limitations including background noise, long-term toxicity and scarce imaging depth in living tissue. Here the authors use Rhodobacter, purple bacteria rich in bacteriochlorophyll a, as an optoacoustic reporter to image tumor-associated macrophages in mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Peters
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Ina Weidenfeld
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Uwe Klemm
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Robin Weihmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1): Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology (IMET), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 52425, Germany.
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.,Chair of Biological Imaging and Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technische Universität München, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Andre C Stiel
- Institute of Biological and Medical Imaging (IBMI), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany.
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Refaat R, Basha MAA, Hassan MS, Hussein RS, El Sammak AA, El Sammak DAEA, Radwan MHS, Awad NM, Saad El-Din SA, Elkholy E, Ibrahim DRD, Saleh SA, Montasser IF, Said H. Efficacy of contrast-enhanced FDG PET/CT in patients awaiting liver transplantation with rising alpha-fetoprotein after bridge therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:5356-5367. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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8
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Refaat R, Basha MAA, Hassan MS, Hussein RS, El Sammak AA, El Sammak DAEA, Radwan MHS, Awad NM, Saad El-Din SA, Elkholy E, Ibrahim DRD, Saleh SA, Montasser IF, Said H. Efficacy of contrast-enhanced FDG PET/CT in patients awaiting liver transplantation with rising alpha-fetoprotein after bridge therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur Radiol 2018; 28:5356-5367. [PMID: 29948070 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5425-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy and illustrate positive findings of contrast-enhanced fluorine-18 fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) image in patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) with rising alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) after bridge therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included 100 patients who were waiting for LT and who previously underwent locoregional therapy (LRT) of HCC. These patients had rising AFP levels on a routine follow-up examination awaiting LT. All patients underwent a contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT examination. We calculated for each patient the maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) of the tumour and the ratio of the tumoral SUVmax to the normal-liver SUVmax. The diagnostic accuracy and positive contrast-enhanced findings of 18F-FDG PET/CT were established by histopathology and clinical and imaging follow-up as the reference standards. RESULTS Contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT detected tumour relapse in 78 patients (13 patients had intrahepatic lesions, 10 patients had extrahepatic metastases and 55 patients with combined lesions). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT examination in the detection of HCC recurrence were 92.8%, 94.1% and 93%, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the AFP level and SUVmax ratio (r = 0.2283; p = 0.0224). The best threshold for 18F-FDG PET positivity was >1.21. CONCLUSION Contrast-enhanced 18F-FDG PET/CT is a valuable tool for the detection of intrahepatic HCC recurrence or extrahepatic metastasis following rising AFP levels after LRT of HCC, and should be incorporated during routine workup awaiting LT. KEY POINTS • 18F-FDG PET/CT is a valuable tool for the detection of HCC recurrence • 18 F-FDG PET/CT should be incorporated during routine workup awaiting liver transplantation • Significant correlation was found between AFP level and SUVmax ratio • The best threshold for 18 F-FDG PET positivity was >1.21 • The ideal cut-off value for AFP was >202.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Refaat
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rasha S Hussein
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Nahla M Awad
- Early Cancer Detection Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Engi Elkholy
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina R D Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen A Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman F Montasser
- Department of Tropical Medicine, HCC Unit, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany Said
- Department of General Surgery HPB, and Liver Transplantation, Ain Shams Center for Organ Transplantation, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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9
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Tuscano C, Vincelli ID, Arico’ D, Marchione AM, Versace P, Stelitano C, Porta N, Petrozza V, Di Cristofano C, Sceni G, Ronco F, Russi EG, Al Sayyad S. A rare case of appendicular skeleton localization in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia successfully treated with salvage radiation therapy. Adv Radiat Oncol 2018; 3:121-124. [PMID: 29904735 PMCID: PMC6000042 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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10
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Ndombera FT. Anti-cancer agents and reactive oxygen species modulators that target cancer cell metabolism. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTraditionally the perspective on reactive oxygen species (ROS) has centered on the role they play as carcinogenic or cancer-causing radicals. Over the years, characterization and functional studies have revealed the complexity of ROS as signaling molecules that regulate various physiological cellular responses or whose levels are altered in various diseases. Cancer cells often maintain high basal level of ROS and are vulnerable to any further increase in ROS levels beyond a certain protective threshold. Consequently, ROS-modulation has emerged as an anticancer strategy with synthesis of various ROS-inducing or responsive agents that target cancer cells. Of note, an increased carbohydrate uptake and/or induction of death receptors of cancer cells was exploited to develop glycoconjugates that potentially induce cellular stress, ROS and apoptosis. This mini review highlights the development of compounds that target cancer cells by taking advantage of redox or metabolic alteration in cancer cells.
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