1
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Diniz F, Parmeggiani B, Brandão G, Ferreira BK, Teixeira MF, Streck EL, Olivera-Bravo S, Barbeito LH, Schuck PF, de Melo Reis RA, Ferreira GC. Dual Effect of Carnosine on ROS Formation in Rat Cultured Cortical Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4908-4922. [PMID: 38151612 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Carnosine is composed of β-alanine and L-histidine and is considered to be an important neuroprotective agent with antioxidant, metal chelating, and antisenescence properties. However, children with serum carnosinase deficiency present increased circulating carnosine and severe neurological symptoms. We here investigated the in vitro effects of carnosine on redox and mitochondrial parameters in cultured cortical astrocytes from neonatal rats. Carnosine did not alter mitochondrial content or mitochondrial membrane potential. On the other hand, carnosine increased mitochondrial superoxide anion formation, levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA), indicating that carnosine per se acts as a pro-oxidant agent. Nonetheless, carnosine prevented DCF-DA oxidation induced by H2O2 in cultured cortical astrocytes. Since alterations on mitochondrial membrane potential are not likely to be involved in these effects of carnosine, the involvement of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the pro-oxidant actions of carnosine was investigated. MK-801, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, prevented DCF-DA oxidation induced by carnosine in cultured cortical astrocytes. Astrocyte reactivity induced by carnosine was also prevented by the coincubation with MK-801. The present study shows for the very first time the pro-oxidant effects of carnosine per se in astrocytes. The data raise awareness on the importance of a better understanding of the biological actions of carnosine, a nutraceutical otherwise widely reported as devoid of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Diniz
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Section of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Belisa Parmeggiani
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Brandão
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Klippel Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique Fonseca Teixeira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emilio Luiz Streck
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patricia Fernanda Schuck
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto de Melo Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Ferreira
- Laboratório de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas:Biofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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2
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Rae CD, Baur JA, Borges K, Dienel G, Díaz-García CM, Douglass SR, Drew K, Duarte JMN, Duran J, Kann O, Kristian T, Lee-Liu D, Lindquist BE, McNay EC, Robinson MB, Rothman DL, Rowlands BD, Ryan TA, Scafidi J, Scafidi S, Shuttleworth CW, Swanson RA, Uruk G, Vardjan N, Zorec R, McKenna MC. Brain energy metabolism: A roadmap for future research. J Neurochem 2024; 168:910-954. [PMID: 38183680 PMCID: PMC11102343 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Although we have learned much about how the brain fuels its functions over the last decades, there remains much still to discover in an organ that is so complex. This article lays out major gaps in our knowledge of interrelationships between brain metabolism and brain function, including biochemical, cellular, and subcellular aspects of functional metabolism and its imaging in adult brain, as well as during development, aging, and disease. The focus is on unknowns in metabolism of major brain substrates and associated transporters, the roles of insulin and of lipid droplets, the emerging role of metabolism in microglia, mysteries about the major brain cofactor and signaling molecule NAD+, as well as unsolved problems underlying brain metabolism in pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and metabolic downregulation during hibernation. It describes our current level of understanding of these facets of brain energy metabolism as well as a roadmap for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline D. Rae
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052 & Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karin Borges
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerald Dienel
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Carlos Manlio Díaz-García
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | | | - Kelly Drew
- Center for Transformative Research in Metabolism, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - João M. N. Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, & Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull (URL), Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oliver Kann
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, D-69120; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dasfne Lee-Liu
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Britta E. Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ewan C. McNay
- Behavioral Neuroscience, University at Albany, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Michael B. Robinson
- Departments of Pediatrics and System Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center and Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Rowlands
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Department of Neurology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susanna Scafidi
- Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - C. William Shuttleworth
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Raymond A. Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell Engineering, Celica Biomedical, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology—Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mary C. McKenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Zhang Z, Tringides ML, Morgan CE, Miyagi M, Mears JA, Hoppel CL, Yu EW. High-Resolution Structural Proteomics of Mitochondria Using the 'Build and Retrieve' Methodology. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100666. [PMID: 37839702 PMCID: PMC10709515 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of integrated systems biology to the field of structural biology is a promising new direction, although it is still in the infant stages of development. Here we report the use of single particle cryo-EM to identify multiple proteins from three enriched heterogeneous fractions prepared from human liver mitochondrial lysate. We simultaneously identify and solve high-resolution structures of nine essential mitochondrial enzymes with key metabolic functions, including fatty acid catabolism, reactive oxidative species clearance, and amino acid metabolism. Our methodology also identified multiple distinct members of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. This work highlights the potential of cryo-EM to explore tissue proteomics at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhemin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Marios L Tringides
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher E Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Masaru Miyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason A Mears
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Edward W Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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4
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Lemcke R, Egebjerg C, Berendtsen NT, Egerod KL, Thomsen AR, Pers TH, Christensen JP, Kornum BR. Molecular consequences of peripheral Influenza A infection on cell populations in the murine hypothalamus. eLife 2023; 12:RP87515. [PMID: 37698546 PMCID: PMC10497288 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Influenza A virus (IAV) causes the well-known symptoms of the flu, including fever, loss of appetite, and excessive sleepiness. These responses, mediated by the brain, will normally disappear once the virus is cleared from the system, but a severe respiratory virus infection may cause long-lasting neurological disturbances. These include encephalitis lethargica and narcolepsy. The mechanisms behind such long lasting changes are unknown. The hypothalamus is a central regulator of the homeostatic response during a viral challenge. To gain insight into the neuronal and non-neuronal molecular changes during an IAV infection, we intranasally infected mice with an H1N1 virus and extracted the brain at different time points. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) of the hypothalamus, we identify transcriptional effects in all identified cell populations. The snRNA-seq data showed the most pronounced transcriptional response at 3 days past infection, with a strong downregulation of genes across all cell types. General immune processes were mainly impacted in microglia, the brain resident immune cells, where we found increased numbers of cells expressing pro-inflammatory gene networks. In addition, we found that most neuronal cell populations downregulated genes contributing to the energy homeostasis in mitochondria and protein translation in the cytosol, indicating potential reduced cellular and neuronal activity. This might be a preventive mechanism in neuronal cells to avoid intracellular viral replication and attack by phagocytosing cells. The change of microglia gene activity suggest that this is complemented by a shift in microglia activity to provide increased surveillance of their surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Lemcke
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Christine Egebjerg
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nicolai T Berendtsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kristoffer L Egerod
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Allan R Thomsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tune H Pers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jan P Christensen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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5
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Demchenko IT, Suliman HB, Zhilyaey SY, Alekseeva OS, Platonova TF, Makowski MS, Piantadosi CA, Gasier HG. GAT inhibition preserves cerebral blood flow and reduces oxidant damage to mitochondria in rodents exposed to extreme hyperbaric oxygen. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1062410. [PMID: 36704328 PMCID: PMC9871636 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1062410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen breathing at elevated partial pressures (PO2's) at or more than 3 atmospheres absolute (ATA) causes a reduction in brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels that impacts the development of central nervous system oxygen toxicity (CNS-OT). Drugs that increase brain GABA content delay the onset of CNS-OT, but it is unknown if oxidant damage is lessened because brain tissue PO2 remains elevated during hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) exposures. Experiments were performed in rats and mice to measure brain GABA levels with or without GABA transporter inhibitors (GATs) and its influence on cerebral blood flow, oxidant damage, and aspects of mitochondrial quality control signaling (mitophagy and biogenesis). In rats pretreated with tiagabine (GAT1 inhibitor), the tachycardia, secondary rise in mean arterial blood pressure, and cerebral hyperemia were prevented during HBO2 at 5 and 6 ATA. Tiagabine and the nonselective GAT inhibitor nipecotic acid similarly extended HBO2 seizure latencies. In mice pretreated with tiagabine and exposed to HBO2 at 5 ATA, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA oxidation and astrocytosis was attenuated in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Less oxidant injury in these regions was accompanied by reduced conjugated microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3-II), an index of mitophagy, and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB), an initiator of mitochondrial biogenesis. We conclude that GABA prevents cerebral hyperemia and delays neuroexcitation under extreme HBO2, limiting oxidant damage in the cerebellum and hippocampus, and likely lowering mitophagy flux and initiation of pCREB-initiated mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan T. Demchenko
- The Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hagir B. Suliman
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Zhilyaey
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S. Alekseeva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatyana F. Platonova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Matthew S. Makowski
- The Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Claude A. Piantadosi
- The Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Heath G. Gasier
- The Duke Center for Hyperbaric Medicine and Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Lins ÉM, Oliveira NCM, Reis O, Ferrasa A, Herai R, Muotri AR, Massirer KB, Bengtson MH. Genome-wide translation control analysis of developing human neurons. Mol Brain 2022; 15:55. [PMID: 35706057 PMCID: PMC9199153 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal differentiation, neuroprogenitor cells become polarized, change shape, extend axons, and form complex dendritic trees. While growing, axons are guided by molecular cues to their final destination, where they establish synaptic connections with other neuronal cells. Several layers of regulation are integrated to control neuronal development properly. Although control of mRNA translation plays an essential role in mammalian gene expression, how it contributes temporarily to the modulation of later stages of neuronal differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated how translation control affects pathways and processes essential for neuronal maturation, using H9-derived human neuro progenitor cells differentiated into neurons as a model. Through Ribosome Profiling (Riboseq) combined with RNA sequencing (RNAseq) analysis, we found that translation control regulates the expression of critical hub genes. Fundamental synaptic vesicle secretion genes belonging to SNARE complex, Rab family members, and vesicle acidification ATPases are strongly translationally regulated in developing neurons. Translational control also participates in neuronal metabolism modulation, particularly affecting genes involved in the TCA cycle and glutamate synthesis/catabolism. Importantly, we found translation regulation of several critical genes with fundamental roles regulating actin and microtubule cytoskeleton pathways, critical to neurite generation, spine formation, axon guidance, and circuit formation. Our results show that translational control dynamically integrates important signals in neurons, regulating several aspects of its development and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érico Moreto Lins
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology (PGBM), UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Natássia Cristina Martins Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Adriano Ferrasa
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil.,Department of Computer Science, State University of Ponta Grossa-UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Herai
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, Brazil
| | - Katlin Brauer Massirer
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering-CBMEG, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-875, Brazil.,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Mário Henrique Bengtson
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil. .,Center of Medicinal Chemistry-CQMED, Structural Genomics Consortium-SGC, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-886, Brazil.
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7
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Tiwari AK, Adhikari A, Mishra LC, Srivastava A. Current Status of Our Understanding for Brain Integrated Functions and its Energetics. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2499-2512. [PMID: 35689788 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human/animal brain is a unique organ with substantially high metabolism but it contains no energy reserve that is the reason it requires continuous supply of O2 and energy fluxes through CBF. The main source of energy remains glucose as the other biomolecules do not able to cross the blood-brain barrier. The speed of glucose metabolism is heterogeneous throughout the brain. One of the major flux consumption is Neuron-astrocyte cycling of glutamate and glutamine in glutamatergic neurons (approximately 80% of glucose metabolism in brain). The quantification of cellular glucose and other related substrate in resting, activated state can be analyzed through [18 F]FDG -positron-emission tomography (studying CMRglc) and [13 C/31P -MRS: for neuroenergetics & neurotransmitter cycling &31P-MRS: for energy induction & redox state). Merging basic in vitro studies with these techniques will help to develop new treatment paradigms for human brain diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), 226025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), 226025, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Chandra Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, North Campus, 110007, Delhi, India
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8
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Mizera J, Pomierny B, Sadakierska-Chudy A, Bystrowska B, Pomierny-Chamiolo L. Disruption of Glutamate Homeostasis in the Brain of Rat Offspring Induced by Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Maternal High-Sugar Diet. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112184. [PMID: 35683984 PMCID: PMC9182612 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-calorie diet has contributed greatly to the prevalence of overweight and obesity worldwide for decades. These conditions also affect pregnant women and have a negative impact on the health of both the woman and the fetus. Numerous studies indicate that an unbalanced maternal diet, rich in sugars and fats, can influence the in utero environment and, therefore, the future health of the child. It has also been shown that prenatal exposure to an unbalanced diet might permanently alter neurotransmission in offspring. In this study, using a rat model, we evaluated the effects of a maternal high-sugar diet on the level of extracellular glutamate and the expression of key transporters crucial for maintaining glutamate homeostasis in offspring. Glutamate concentration was assessed in extracellular fluid samples collected from the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of male and female offspring. Analysis showed significantly increased glutamate levels in both brain structures analyzed, regardless of the sex of the offspring. These changes were accompanied by altered expression of the EAAT1, VGLUT1, and xc− proteins in these brain structures. This animal study further confirms our previous findings that a maternal high-sugar diet has a detrimental effect on the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Mizera
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Pomierny
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (B.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Anna Sadakierska-Chudy
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzinskiego 1, 30-705 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Biochemical Toxicology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (B.P.); (B.B.)
| | - Lucyna Pomierny-Chamiolo
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(12)-620-56-30
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9
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Song Y, Lally PJ, Yanez Lopez M, Oeltzschner G, Nebel MB, Gagoski B, Kecskemeti S, Hui SCN, Zöllner HJ, Shukla D, Arichi T, De Vita E, Yedavalli V, Thayyil S, Fallin D, Dean DC, Grant PE, Wisnowski JL, Edden RAE. Edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the neonatal brain. Neuroradiology 2022; 64:217-232. [PMID: 34654960 PMCID: PMC8887832 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02821-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
J-difference-edited spectroscopy is a valuable approach for the detection of low-concentration metabolites with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Currently, few edited MRS studies are performed in neonates due to suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio, relatively long acquisition times, and vulnerability to motion artifacts. Nonetheless, the technique presents an exciting opportunity in pediatric imaging research to study rapid maturational changes of neurotransmitter systems and other metabolic systems in early postnatal life. Studying these metabolic processes is vital to understanding the widespread and rapid structural and functional changes that occur in the first years of life. The overarching goal of this review is to provide an introduction to edited MRS for neonates, including the current state-of-the-art in editing methods and editable metabolites, as well as to review the current literature applying edited MRS to the neonatal brain. Existing challenges and future opportunities, including the lack of age-specific reference data, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Song
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Lally
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Yanez Lopez
- Center for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary Beth Nebel
- Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Borjan Gagoski
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Steve C N Hui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helge J Zöllner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deepika Shukla
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tomoki Arichi
- Center for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Enrico De Vita
- Center for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, St Thomas's Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth Wing, 3rd Floor, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Vivek Yedavalli
- Division of Neuroradiology, Park 367G, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. B-112 D, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Sudhin Thayyil
- Centre for Perinatal Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniele Fallin
- Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Douglas C Dean
- Waisman Center, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Newborn Nursery, University of WI-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of WI-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - P Ellen Grant
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Wisnowski
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.,Department of Radiology and Fetal and Neonatal Institute, CHLA Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Division of Neuroradiology, Park 367G, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St. B-112 D, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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10
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Baytas O, Davidson SM, DeBerardinis RJ, Morrow EM. Mitochondrial enzyme GPT2 regulates metabolic mechanisms required for neuron growth and motor function in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 31:587-603. [PMID: 34519342 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic needs for postnatal growth of the human nervous system are vast. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in the mitochondrial enzyme glutamate pyruvate transaminase 2 (GPT2) in humans cause postnatal undergrowth of brain, and cognitive and motor disability. We demonstrate that GPT2 governs critical metabolic mechanisms in neurons required for neuronal growth and survival. These metabolic processes include neuronal alanine synthesis and anaplerosis, the replenishment of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. We performed metabolomics across postnatal development in Gpt2-null mouse brain to identify the trajectory of dysregulated metabolic pathways: alterations in alanine occur earliest; followed by reduced TCA cycle intermediates and reduced pyruvate; followed by elevations in glycolytic intermediates and amino acids. Neuron-specific deletion of GPT2 in mice is sufficient to cause motor abnormalities and death pre-weaning, a phenotype identical to the germline Gpt2-null mouse. Alanine biosynthesis is profoundly impeded in Gpt2-null neurons. Exogenous alanine is necessary for Gpt2-null neuronal survival in vitro, but is not needed for Gpt2-null astrocytes. Dietary alanine supplementation in Gpt2-null mice enhances animal survival, and improves the metabolic profile of Gpt2-null brain, but does not alone appear to correct motor function. In surviving Gpt2-null animals, we observe smaller upper and lower motor neurons in vivo. We also observe selective death of lower motor neurons in vivo with worsening motor behavior with age. In conclusion, these studies of the pathophysiology of GPT2 Deficiency have identified metabolic mechanisms required for neuronal growth and that potentially underlie selective neuronal vulnerabilities in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Baytas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Shawn M Davidson
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric M Morrow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science and Brown Institute for Translational Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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11
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Plotegher N, Filadi R, Pizzo P, Duchen MR. Excitotoxicity Revisited: Mitochondria on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:342-351. [PMID: 33608137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity is likely to occur in pathological scenarios in which mitochondrial function is already compromised, shaping neuronal responses to glutamate. In fact, mitochondria sustain cell bioenergetics, tune intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and regulate glutamate availability by using it as metabolic substrate. Here, we suggest the need to explore glutamate toxicity in the context of specific disease models in which it may occur, re-evaluating the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on glutamate excitotoxicity. Our aim is to signpost new approaches, perhaps combining glutamate and pathways to rescue mitochondrial function, as therapeutic targets in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Filadi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Pizzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Padua, Italy
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
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12
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Dominguini D, Dall'igna DM, Nogueira L, Steckert AV, GonÇalves RC, Michels M, Quevedo J, Ritter C, Barichello T, Dal-Pizzol F. Ammonia exposition during gestation induces neonatal oxidative damage in the brain and long-term cognitive alteration in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190925. [PMID: 33295575 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is involved in the pathogenesis of neurological conditions associated with hyperammonemia, including hepatic encephalopathy. Few is known about the effects of gestational exposition to ammonia in the developing brain, and the possible long-term consequences of such exposure. We aimed to evaluate the effects of ammonia exposure during the gestation and the possible long-term cognitive alterations on pups. Eight female rats were divided into two groups: (1) control (saline solution); (2) ammonia (ammonium acetate, 2,5mmol/Kg). Each rat received a single subcutaneous injection during all gestational period. The brains from 1-day-old rats were obtained to the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), protein carbonyl and nitrite/nitrate levels. Some animals were followed 30 days after delivery and were subjected to the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. It was observed a significant increase in protein carbonyl, but not TBARS or nitrite/nitrate levels, in pups exposed to ammonia. Rats exposed to ammonia presented long-term cognitive impairment. Gestational exposition to ammonia induces protein oxidative damage in the neonatal rat brain, and long-term cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Dominguini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - DhÉbora M Dall'igna
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Lauro Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Renata C GonÇalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Monique Michels
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - JoÃo Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense/UNESC, Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Av. Universitária, 1105, Universitário, 88806-000 Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina/UFSC, Centro de Excelência em Neurociências Aplicadas de Santa Catarina/ NENASC, Rua Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Trindade, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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13
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Zhou Y, Eid T, Hassel B, Danbolt NC. Novel aspects of glutamine synthetase in ammonia homeostasis. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Take Advantage of Glutamine Anaplerosis, the Kernel of the Metabolic Rewiring in Malignant Gliomas. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101370. [PMID: 32993063 PMCID: PMC7599606 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in the metabolism of proliferating cells including neoplastic cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glutamine metabolism is particularly relevant, because the glutamine-glutamate cycle is a way of controlling the production of glutamate-derived neurotransmitters by tightly regulating the bioavailability of the amino acids in a neuron-astrocyte metabolic symbiosis-dependent manner. Glutamine-related metabolic adjustments have been reported in several CNS malignancies including malignant gliomas that are considered ‘glutamine addicted’. In these tumors, glutamine becomes an essential amino acid preferentially used in energy and biomass production including glutathione (GSH) generation, which is crucial in oxidative stress control. Therefore, in this review, we will highlight the metabolic remodeling that gliomas undergo, focusing on glutamine metabolism. We will address some therapeutic regimens including novel research attempts to target glutamine metabolism and a brief update of diagnosis strategies that take advantage of this altered profile. A better understanding of malignant glioma cell metabolism will help in the identification of new molecular targets and the design of new therapies.
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15
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Yang Y, Gibson GE. Succinylation Links Metabolism to Protein Functions. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2346-2359. [PMID: 30903449 PMCID: PMC6755074 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important regulators of protein function, and integrate metabolism with physiological and pathological processes. Phosphorylation and acetylation are particularly well studied PTMs. A relatively recently discovered novel PTM is succinylation in which metabolically derived succinyl CoA modifies protein lysine groups. Succinylation causes a protein charge flip from positive to negative and a relatively large increase in mass compared to other PTMs. Hundreds of protein succinylation sites are present in proteins of multiple tissues and species, and the significance is being actively investigated. The few completed studies demonstrate that succinylation alters rates of enzymes and pathways, especially mitochondrial metabolic pathways. Thus, succinylation provides an elegant and efficient mechanism to coordinate metabolism and signaling by utilizing metabolic intermediates as sensors to regulate metabolism. Even though the brain is one of the most metabolically active organs, an understanding of the role succinylation in the nervous system is largely unknown. Data from other tissues and other PTMs suggest that succinylation provides a coupling between metabolism and protein function in the nervous system and in neurological diseases. This review provides a new insight into metabolism in neurological diseases and suggests that the drug development for these diseases requires a better understanding of succinylation and de-succinylation in the brain and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- Integrated Medicine Research Center for Neurological Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Gary E Gibson
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Burke Neurological Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY, 10605, USA.
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16
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Mitochondria and the Brain: Bioenergetics and Beyond. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:219-238. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Miller BA, Chapwanya A, Kilminster T, Scanlon T, Milton J, Osório H, Oldham C, Greeff J, Bergfelt DR, Campos AMO, Almeida AM. The ovine hepatic mitochondrial proteome: Understanding seasonal weight loss tolerance in two distinct breeds. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212580. [PMID: 30785939 PMCID: PMC6382166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal weight loss (SWL) is a primary constraint for farmers in the Mediterranean and tropics. One cost-effective solution to SWL is utilizing breeds like the Damara sheep that have adapted to deal with nutritional stress. Previous studies concluded that one of the adaptation mechanisms of SWL is a specialized fatty acid metabolism. Accordingly, hepatic-mitochondrial proteomes were compared across two different breeds (24 sheep total, Merino, n = 12 and Damara, n = 12) and two different diets (restricted vs unrestricted diet, 6 per breed, per diet, 24 total). Mitochondrial-proteins were isolated and relatively quantified using Blue native PAGE / 2D-electrophoresis and then analyzed via mass spectrometry. The tool ReviGO summarized the proteomes’ gene-ontology terms. A total of 50 proteins were identified with 7 changing significantly in abundance (ANOVA p-value<0.05). Specific abundance patterns of corticosteroid and inflammatory response-associated proteins such as annexin and glutamate dehydrogenase suggests that the Damara has an unusual inflammation response when subjected to SWL in addition to its unique metabolism. All significant proteins warrant further study; Annexin in particular shows promise as a potentially useful biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A. Miller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tanya Kilminster
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Scanlon
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Milton
- University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hugo Osório
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Chris Oldham
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Johan Greeff
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Don R. Bergfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis
| | - Alexandre M. O. Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - André M. Almeida
- Linking Landscape, Environmental, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
This review systematically examines the evidence for shifts in flux through energy generating biochemical pathways in Huntington’s disease (HD) brains from humans and model systems. Compromise of the electron transport chain (ETC) appears not to be the primary or earliest metabolic change in HD pathogenesis. Rather, compromise of glucose uptake facilitates glucose flux through glycolysis and may possibly decrease flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), limiting subsequent NADPH and GSH production needed for antioxidant protection. As a result, oxidative damage to key glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes further restricts energy production so that while basal needs may be met through oxidative phosphorylation, those of excessive stimulation cannot. Energy production may also be compromised by deficits in mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics or trafficking. Restrictions on energy production may be compensated for by glutamate oxidation and/or stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. Transcriptional dysregulation generated by mutant huntingtin also contributes to energetic disruption at specific enzymatic steps. Many of the alterations in metabolic substrates and enzymes may derive from normal regulatory feedback mechanisms and appear oscillatory. Fine temporal sequencing of the shifts in metabolic flux and transcriptional and expression changes associated with mutant huntingtin expression remain largely unexplored and may be model dependent. Differences in disease progression among HD model systems at the time of experimentation and their varying states of metabolic compensation may explain conflicting reports in the literature. Progressive shifts in metabolic flux represent homeostatic compensatory mechanisms that maintain the model organism through presymptomatic and symptomatic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Dubinsky
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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19
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation inhibits Sirt1/MAO-A signaling in the prefrontal cortex in a rat model of depression and cortex-derived astrocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 442:59-72. [PMID: 28948423 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a useful monotherapy for depression or adjunctive therapy for resistant depression. However, the anti-depressive effects of different parameters and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of rTMS with different parameters (1/5/10 Hz, 0.84/1.26 T) on the depressive-like behaviors, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and DA and NE levels, and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity in chronic unpredictable stress-treated rats, along with the expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and MAO-A in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cortex-derived astrocytes from new-born rats. Moreover, the depressive-like behaviors were monitored following the transcranial injection of the Sirt1 inhibitor EX527 (1 mM) daily for 1 week. We found that rTMS treatment (5/10 Hz, 0.84/1.26 T) ameliorated depressive-like behaviors, increased 5-HT, DA and NE levels, decreased the 5-HIAA level and Sirt1 and MAO-A expression, and reduced MAO-A activity in the PFC. The depressive-like behaviors were also ameliorated after the transcranial injection of EX527. Importantly, rTMS (5/10 Hz, 0.84/1.26 T) inhibited Sirt1 and MAO-A expressions in astrocytes and Sirt1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA decreased MAO-A expression in astrocytes. These results suggest that the inhibition of Sirt1/MAO-A expression in astrocytes in the PFC may contribute to the different anti-depressive effects of rTMS with different parameters, and may also provide a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder.
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20
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L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1661-1675. [PMID: 28508995 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. Treatment with L-carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism. In recent years there has been considerable interest in the therapeutic potential of L-carnitine and its acetylated derivative acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) for neuroprotection in a number of disorders including hypoxia-ischemia, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and in conditions leading to central or peripheral nervous system injury. There is compelling evidence from preclinical studies that L-carnitine and ALCAR can improve energy status, decrease oxidative stress and prevent subsequent cell death in models of adult, neonatal and pediatric brain injury. ALCAR can provide an acetyl moiety that can be oxidized for energy, used as a precursor for acetylcholine, or incorporated into glutamate, glutamine and GABA, or into lipids for myelination and cell growth. Administration of ALCAR after brain injury in rat pups improved long-term functional outcomes, including memory. Additional studies are needed to better explore the potential of L-carnitine and ALCAR for protection of developing brain as there is an urgent need for therapies that can improve outcome after neonatal and pediatric brain injury.
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