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Chapman JH, Ghosh D, Attari S, Ude CC, Laurencin CT. Animal Models of Osteoarthritis: Updated Models and Outcome Measures 2016-2023. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2024; 10:127-146. [PMID: 38983776 PMCID: PMC11233113 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-023-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global musculoskeletal disorder that affects primarily the knee and hip joints without any FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies. Animal models are essential research tools in developing therapies for OA; many animal studies have provided data for the initiation of human clinical trials. Despite this, there is still a need for strategies to recapitulate the human experience using animal models to better develop treatments and understand pathogenesis. Since our last review on animal models of osteoarthritis in 2016, there have been exciting updates in OA research and models. The main purpose of this review is to update the latest animal models and key features of studies in OA research. Method We used our existing classification method and screened articles in PubMed and bibliographic search for animal OA models between 2016 and 2023. Relevant and high-cited articles were chosen for inclusion in this narrative review. Results Recent studies were analyzed and classified. We also identified ex vivo models as an area of ongoing research. Each animal model offers its own benefit in the study of OA and there are a full range of outcome measures that can be assessed. Despite the vast number of models, each has its drawbacks that have limited translating approved therapies for human use. Conclusion Depending on the outcome measures and objective of the study, researchers should pick the best model for their work. There have been several exciting studies since 2016 that have taken advantage of regenerative engineering techniques to develop therapies and better understand OA. Lay Summary Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disease without any cure that affects mostly the knee and hip joints and often results in surgical joint replacement. Cartilage protects the joint from mechanical forces and degrades with age or in response to injury. The many contributing causes of OA are still being investigated, and animals are used for preclinical research and to test potential new treatments. A single consensus OA animal model for preclinical studies is non-existent. In this article, we review the many animal models for OA and provide a much-needed update on studies and model development since 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Chapman
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3711, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Debolina Ghosh
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3711, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Seyyedmorteza Attari
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3711, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chinedu C. Ude
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3711, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3711, USA
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Abraham M, Kori I, Vishwakarma U, Goel S. Comprehensive assessment of goat adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured in different media. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8380. [PMID: 38600175 PMCID: PMC11006890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated potential in treating livestock diseases that are unresponsive to conventional therapies. MSCs derived from goats, a valuable model for studying orthopaedic disorders in humans, offer insights into bone formation and regeneration. Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ADSCs) are easily accessible and have a high capacity for expansion. Although the choice of culture media significantly influences the biological properties of MSCs, the optimal media for goat ADSCs (gADSCs) remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effects of four commonly used culture media on gADSCs' culture characteristics, stem cell-specific immunophenotype, and differentiation. Results showed that MEM, DMEM/F12, and DMEM-LG were superior in maintaining cell morphology and culture parameters of gADSCs, such as cell adherence, metabolic activity, colony-forming potential, and population doubling. Conversely, DMEM-HG exhibited poor performance across all evaluated parameters. The gADSCs cultured in DMEM/F12 showed enhanced early proliferation and lower apoptosis. The cell surface marker distribution exhibited superior characteristics in gADSCs cultured in MEM and DMEM/F12. In contrast, the distribution was inferior in gADSCs cultured in DMEM-LG. DMEM/F12 and DMEM-LG culture media demonstrated a significantly higher potential for chondrogenic differentiation and DMEM-LG for osteogenic differentiation. In conclusion, DMEM/F12 is a suitable culture medium for propagating gADSCs as it effectively maintains cell morphology, growth parameters, proliferation and lower apoptosis while exhibiting desirable expression patterns of MSC-specific markers. These findings contribute to optimising culture conditions for gADSCs, enhancing their potential applications in disease treatment and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Abraham
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ibraz Kori
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Utkarsha Vishwakarma
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Goel
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
- DBT-Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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Liu L, Wang J, Liu L, Shi W, Gao H, Liu L. The dysregulated autophagy in osteoarthritis: Revisiting molecular profile. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024:S0079-6107(24)00034-8. [PMID: 38531488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The risk factors of osteoarthritis (OA) are different and obesity, lifestyle, inflammation, cell death mechanisms and diabetes mellitus are among them. The changes in the biological mechanisms are considered as main regulators of OA pathogenesis. The dysregulation of autophagy is observed in different human diseases. During the pathogenesis of OA, the autophagy levels (induction or inhibition) change. The supportive and pro-survival function of autophagy can retard the progression of OA. The protective autophagy prevents the cartilage degeneration. Moreover, autophagy demonstrates interactions with cell death mechanisms and through inhibition of apoptosis and necroptosis, it improves OA. The non-coding RNA molecules can regulate autophagy and through direct and indirect control of autophagy, they dually delay/increase OA pathogenesis. The mitochondrial integrity can be regulated by autophagy to alleviate OA. Furthermore, therapeutic compounds, especially phytochemicals, stimulate protective autophagy in chondrocytes to prevent cell death. The protective autophagy has ability of reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, as two key players in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Pingdu, 266000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Pingdu, 266000, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tianbao Central Health Hospital, Xintai City, Shandong Province, Shandong, Xintai, 271200, China
| | - Wenling Shi
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Pingdu, 266000, China
| | - Huajie Gao
- Operating Room of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, Pingdu, 266000, China
| | - Lun Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Pingdu, 266000, China.
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Jiang H, Lu J, Li J, Liu Z, Chen F, Wu R, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Shi D. A novel allogeneic acellular matrix scaffold for porcine cartilage regeneration. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:38. [PMID: 37710212 PMCID: PMC10500917 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage defects are common sports injuries without significant treatment. Articular cartilage with inferior regenerative potential resulted in the poor formation of hyaline cartilage in defects. Acellular matrix scaffolds provide a microenvironment and biochemical properties similar to those of native tissues and are widely used for tissue regeneration. Therefore, we aimed to design a novel acellular cartilage matrix scaffold (ACS) for cartilage regeneration and hyaline-like cartilage formation. METHODS Four types of cartilage injury models, including full-thickness cartilage defects (6.5 and 8.5 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in depth) and osteochondral defects (6.5 and 8.5 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth), were constructed in the trochlear groove of the right femurs of pigs (n = 32, female, 25-40 kg). The pigs were divided into 8 groups (4 in each group) based on post-surgery treatment differences. was assessed by macroscopic appearance, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histologic and immunohistochemistry tests. RESULTS At 6 months, the ACS-implanted group exhibited better defect filling and a greater number of chondrocyte-like cells in the defect area than the blank groups. MRI and micro-CT imaging evaluations revealed that ACS implantation was an effective treatment for cartilage regeneration. The immunohistochemistry results suggested that more hyaline-like cartilage was generated in the defects of the ACS-implanted group. CONCLUSIONS ACS implantation promoted cartilage repair in full-thickness cartilage defects and osteochondral defects with increased hyaline-like cartilage formation at the 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zizheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fufei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiqiu Jiang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Joint Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Barui S, Ghosh D, Laurencin CT. Osteochondral regenerative engineering: challenges, state-of-the-art and translational perspectives. Regen Biomater 2022; 10:rbac109. [PMID: 36683736 PMCID: PMC9845524 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite quantum leaps, the biomimetic regeneration of cartilage and osteochondral regeneration remains a major challenge, owing to the complex and hierarchical nature of compositional, structural and functional properties. In this review, an account of the prevailing challenges in biomimicking the gradients in porous microstructure, cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) orientation is presented. Further, the spatial arrangement of the cues in inducing vascularization in the subchondral bone region while maintaining the avascular nature of the adjacent cartilage layer is highlighted. With rapid advancement in biomaterials science, biofabrication tools and strategies, the state-of-the-art in osteochondral regeneration since the last decade has expansively elaborated. This includes conventional and additive manufacturing of synthetic/natural/ECM-based biomaterials, tissue-specific/mesenchymal/progenitor cells, growth factors and/or signaling biomolecules. Beyond the laboratory-based research and development, the underlying challenges in translational research are also provided in a dedicated section. A new generation of biomaterial-based acellular scaffold systems with uncompromised biocompatibility and osteochondral regenerative capability is necessary to bridge the clinical demand and commercial supply. Encompassing the basic elements of osteochondral research, this review is believed to serve as a standalone guide for early career researchers, in expanding the research horizon to improve the quality of life of osteoarthritic patients affordably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Barui
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Debolina Ghosh
- Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Ma Z, Wang Y, Xue Y, Zhang W, Li D, Li Y, Li G, Zhou H, Hu X, Deng T, Hu K. Traumatic temporomandibular joint bony ankylosis in growing rats. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:585. [PMID: 36494653 PMCID: PMC9733295 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of traumatic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) bony ankylosis remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the pathogenesis of traumatic TMJ bony ankylosis in a rat model. METHODS Twenty-four 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Excision of the whole disc, the fibrocartilage damage of the condyle and glenoid fossa, and narrowed joint space were performed in the left TMJ of the operation group to induce TMJ bony ankylosis (experimental side). The right TMJ underwent a sham operation (sham side). The control group did not undergo any operations. At 1, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively, rats of the operation group were sacrificed and TMJ complexes were evaluated by gross observation, Micro-CT, histological examinations, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Total RNA of TMJ complexes in the operation group were analyzed using RNA-seq. RESULTS Gross observations revealed TMJ bony ankylosis on the experimental side. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated that compared to the sham side, the experimental side showed a larger volume of growth, and a considerable calcified bone callus formation in the narrowed joint space and on the rougher articular surfaces. Histological examinations indicated that endochondral ossification was observed on the experimental side, but not on the sham side. RNA-seq analysis and immunofluorescence revealed that Matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) genes of endochondral ossification were significantly more downregulated on the experimental side than on the sham side. The primary pathways related to endochondral ossification were Parathyroid hormone synthesis, secretion and action, Relaxin signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided an innovative and reliable rat model of TMJ bony ankylosis by compound trauma and narrowed joint space. Furthermore, we demonstrated the downregulation of MMP13 and RUNX2 in the process of endochondral ossification in TMJ bony ankylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ma
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yiming Wang
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yang Xue
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Wuyang Zhang
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Dengke Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Yuan Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Guowei Li
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Xiangxiang Hu
- grid.410711.20000 0001 1034 1720Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA
| | - Tiange Deng
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
| | - Kaijin Hu
- grid.233520.50000 0004 1761 4404State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research and Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Changle Road, Xi’an, 710032 China
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Hart DA. Osteoarthritis as an Umbrella Term for Different Subsets of Humans Undergoing Joint Degeneration: The Need to Address the Differences to Develop Effective Conservative Treatments and Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315365. [PMID: 36499704 PMCID: PMC9736942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) of joints such as the knee and hip are very prevalent, and the number of individuals affected is expected to continue to rise. Currently, conservative treatments after OA diagnosis consist of a series of increasingly invasive interventions as the degeneration and pain increase, leading very often to joint replacement surgery. Most interventions are focused on alleviating pain, and there are no interventions currently available that stop and reverse OA-associated joint damage. For many decades OA was considered a disease of cartilage, but it is now considered a disease of the whole multi-tissue joint. As pain is the usual presenting symptom, for most patients, it is not known when the disease process was initiated and what the basis was for the initiation. The exception is post-traumatic OA which results from an overt injury to the joint that elevates the risk for OA development. This scenario leads to very long wait lists for joint replacement surgery in many jurisdictions. One aspect of why progress has been so slow in addressing the needs of patients is that OA has been used as an umbrella term that does not recognize that joint degeneration may arise from a variety of mechanistic causes that likely need separate analysis to identify interventions unique to each subtype (post-traumatic, metabolic, post-menopausal, growth and maturation associated). A second aspect of the slow pace of progress is that the bulk of research in the area is focused on post-traumatic OA (PTOA) in preclinical models that likely are not clearly relevant to human OA. That is, only ~12% of human OA is due to PTOA, but the bulk of studies investigate PTOA in rodents. Thus, much of the research community is failing the patient population affected by OA. A third aspect is that conservative treatment platforms are not specific to each OA subset, nor are they integrated into a coherent fashion for most patients. This review will discuss the literature relevant to the issues mentioned above and propose some of the directions that will be required going forward to enhance the impact of the research enterprise to affect patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Zhao Z, Li J, Bai X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Lv N, Gao H, Guo Z, Zhu H, Guo Q, Li Z. Microfracture Augmentation With Direct In Situ Radial Shockwave Stimulation With Appropriate Energy Has Comparable Repair Performance With Tissue Engineering in the Porcine Osteochondral Defect Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3660-3670. [PMID: 36190157 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221125936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first-line clinical strategy for small cartilage/osteochondral defects is microfracture (MF). However, its repair efficacy needs improvement. HYPOTHESIS Appropriate energy radial shockwave stimulation in MF holes would greatly improve repair efficacy in the porcine osteochondral defect model, and it may obtain comparable performance with common tissue engineering techniques. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Osteochondral defect models (8-mm diameter, 3-mm depth) were established in the weightbearing area of Bama pigs' medial femoral condyles. In total, 25 minipigs were randomly divided into 5 groups: control (Con; without treatment), MF, MF augmentation (MF+; treated with appropriate energy radial shockwave stimulation in MF holes after MF), tissue engineering (TE; treated with compounds of microcarrier and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells), and sham (as the positive control). After 3 months of intervention, osteochondral specimens were harvested for macroscopic, radiological, biomechanical, and histological evaluations. The statistical data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance. RESULTS Based on the macroscopic appearance, the smoothness and integration of the repaired tissue in the MF+ group were improved when compared with the Con and MF groups. The histological staining suggested more abundant cartilaginous matrix deposition in the MF+ group versus the Con and MF groups. The general scores of the macroscopic and histological appearances were comparable in the MF+ and the TE groups. The high signal areas of the osteochondral unit in the magnetic resonance images were significantly decreased in the MF+ group, with no difference with the TE group. The micro-computed tomography data demonstrated the safety of direct in situ radial shockwave performance. Biomechanical tests revealed that the repaired tissue's Young modulus was highest in the MF+ group and not statistically different from that in the TE group. CONCLUSION Direct in situ radial shockwave stimulation with appropriate energy significantly improves the short-term repair efficacy of MF. More encouragingly, the MF+ group in our study obtained repair performance comparable with the TE therapy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This strategy is easy to perform and can readily be generalized with safety and higher cartilage repair efficacy. Moreover, it is expected to be accomplished under arthroscopy, indicating tremendous clinical transformative value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyu Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huayi Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongli Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Lesage C, Lafont M, Guihard P, Weiss P, Guicheux J, Delplace V. Material-Assisted Strategies for Osteochondral Defect Repair. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200050. [PMID: 35322596 PMCID: PMC9165504 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The osteochondral (OC) unit plays a pivotal role in joint lubrication and in the transmission of constraints to bones during movement. The OC unit does not spontaneously heal; therefore, OC defects are considered to be one of the major risk factors for developing long-term degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. Yet, there is currently no curative treatment for OC defects, and OC regeneration remains an unmet medical challenge. In this context, a plethora of tissue engineering strategies have been envisioned over the last two decades, such as combining cells, biological molecules, and/or biomaterials, yet with little evidence of successful clinical transfer to date. This striking observation must be put into perspective with the difficulty in comparing studies to identify overall key elements for success. This systematic review aims to provide a deeper insight into the field of material-assisted strategies for OC regeneration, with particular considerations for the therapeutic potential of the different approaches (with or without cells or biological molecules), and current OC regeneration evaluation methods. After a brief description of the biological complexity of the OC unit, the recent literature is thoroughly analyzed, and the major pitfalls, emerging key elements, and new paths to success are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Lesage
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
- HTL Biotechnology7 Rue Alfred KastlerJavené35133France
| | - Marianne Lafont
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
| | - Pierre Guihard
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
| | - Pierre Weiss
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
| | - Vianney Delplace
- Université de NantesOnirisCHU NantesINSERMRegenerative Medicine and SkeletonRMeSUMR 1229NantesF‐44000France
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10
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Reporting of anaesthesia and pain management in preclinical large animal models of articular cartilage repair - A long way to go. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Zaki S, Blaker CL, Little CB. OA foundations - experimental models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:357-380. [PMID: 34536528 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasingly recognised as a disease of diverse phenotypes with variable clinical presentation, progression, and response to therapeutic intervention. This same diversity is readily apparent in the many animal models of OA. However, model selection, study design, and interpretation of resultant findings, are not routinely done in the context of the target human (or veterinary) patient OA sub-population or phenotype. This review discusses the selection and use of animal models of OA in discovery and therapeutic-development research. Beyond evaluation of the different animal models on offer, this review suggests focussing the approach to OA-animal model selection on study objective(s), alignment of available models with OA-patient sub-types, and the resources available to achieve valid and translatable results. How this approach impacts model selection is discussed and an experimental design checklist for selecting the optimal model(s) is proposed. This approach should act as a guide to new researchers and a reminder to those already in the field, as to issues that need to be considered before embarking on in vivo pre-clinical research. The ultimate purpose of using an OA animal model is to provide the best possible evidence if, how, when and where a molecule, pathway, cell or process is important in clinical disease. By definition this requires both model and study outcomes to align with and be predictive of outcomes in patients. Keeping this at the forefront of research using pre-clinical OA models, will go a long way to improving the quality of evidence and its translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaki
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia; Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia.
| | - C L Blaker
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia; Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, The Kolling Institute, University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, At Royal North Shore Hospital, Australia.
| | - C B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Australia.
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12
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Small Ruminant Models for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Scaffold-Based Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5590479. [PMID: 34912460 PMCID: PMC8668357 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5590479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play an important role in preclinical studies, especially in tissue engineering scaffolds for cartilage repair, which require large animal models to verify the safety and effectiveness for clinical use. The small ruminant models are most widely used in this field than other large animals because they are cost-effective, easy to raise, not to mention the fact that the aforementioned animal presents similar anatomical features to that of humans. This review discusses the experimental study of tissue engineering scaffolds for knee articular cartilage regeneration in small ruminant models. Firstly, the selection of these scaffold materials and the preparation process in vitro that have been already used in vivo are briefly reviewed. Moreover, the major factors influencing the rational design and the implementation as well as advantages and limitations of small ruminants are also demonstrated. As regards methodology, this paper applies principles and methods followed by most researchers in the process of experimental design and operation of this kind. By summarizing and comparing different therapeutic concepts, this paper offers suggestions aiming to increase the effectiveness of preclinical research using small ruminant models and improve the process of developing corresponding therapies.
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Aarntzen EHJG, Noriega-Álvarez E, Artiko V, Dias AH, Gheysens O, Glaudemans AWJM, Lauri C, Treglia G, van den Wyngaert T, van Leeuwen FWB, Terry SYA. EANM recommendations based on systematic analysis of small animal radionuclide imaging in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:85. [PMID: 34487263 PMCID: PMC8421483 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases represent a group of chronic and disabling conditions that evolve from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors that cause perturbations in innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases is, to a large extent, derived from preclinical and basic research experiments. In vivo molecular imaging enables us to study molecular targets and to measure biochemical processes non-invasively and longitudinally, providing information on disease processes and potential therapeutic strategies, e.g. efficacy of novel therapeutic interventions, which is of complementary value next to ex vivo (post mortem) histopathological analysis and molecular assays. Remarkably, the large body of preclinical imaging studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease is in contrast with the limited reports on molecular imaging in clinical practice and clinical guidelines. Therefore, in this EANM-endorsed position paper, we performed a systematic review of the preclinical studies in inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases that involve radionuclide imaging, with a detailed description of the animal models used. From these reflections, we provide recommendations on what future studies in this field should encompass to facilitate a greater impact of radionuclide imaging techniques on the translation to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edel Noriega-Álvarez
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General University Hospital of Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vera Artiko
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Nuclear Medicine Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - André H Dias
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andor W J M Glaudemans
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Medical Imaging Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Chiara Lauri
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Treglia
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Tim van den Wyngaert
- Bone and Joint Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Antwerp University Hospital Belgium, Edegem, Belgium
- Molecular Imaging Center Antwerp (MICA) - IPPON, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Translational Molecular Imaging and Therapy Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiology, Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- Inflammation and Infection Committee EANM, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
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14
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Liu H, Ding Q, Ma C, Qin H, Wei Y, Ren Y. [Comparison of two methods for preparing knee osteochondral injury models in mice]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2021; 35:862-867. [PMID: 34308594 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective To observe the effect of using tungsten drills to prepare mouse knee osteochondral injury model by comparing with the needle modeling method, in order to provide an appropriate animal modeling method for osteochondral injury research. Methods A total of 75 two-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n=25). Mice in groups A and B were used to prepare the right knee osteochondral injury models by using needles and tungsten drills, respectively; group C was sham-operation group. The general condition of the mice was observed after operation. The samples were taken at 1 day and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after modeling, and HE staining was performed. The depth, width, and cross-sectional area of the injury site at 1 day in groups A and B were measured, and the percentage of the injury depth to the thickness of the articular cartilage (depth/thickness) was calculated. Toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemical staining for collagen type Ⅱ were performed at 8 weeks, and the International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) score was used to evaluate the osteochondral healing in groups A and B. Results All mice survived to the completion of the experiment. HE staining showed that group C had normal cartilage morphology. At 1 day after modeling, the injury in group A only broke through the cartilage layer and reached the subchondral bone without entering the bone marrow cavity; the injury in group B reached the bone marrow cavity. The depth, width, cross-sectional area, and depth/thickness of the injury in group A were significantly lower than those in group B ( P<0.05). At 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after modeling, there was no obvious tissue filling in the injured part of group A, and no toluidine blue staining and expression of collagen type Ⅱ were observed at 8 weeks; while the injured part of group B was gradually filled with tissue, the toluidine blue staining and the expression of collagen type Ⅱ were seen at 8 weeks. At 8 weeks, the ICRS score of group A was 8.2±1.3, which was lower than that of group B (13.6±0.9), showing significant difference ( t=-7.637, P=0.000). Conclusion The tungsten drills can break through the subchondral bone layer and enter the bone marrow cavity, and the injury can heal spontaneously. Compared with the needle modeling method, it is a better method for modeling knee osteochondral injury in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China.,Department of Orthopedics, the Affiliated Huaian No.1 Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian Jiangsu, 223300, P.R.China
| | - Qirui Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
| | - Haonan Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
| | - Yifan Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
| | - Yongxin Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Jiangsu, 210000, P.R.China
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15
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Kilian D, Sembdner P, Bretschneider H, Ahlfeld T, Mika L, Lützner J, Holtzhausen S, Lode A, Stelzer R, Gelinsky M. 3D printing of patient-specific implants for osteochondral defects: workflow for an MRI-guided zonal design. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a common clinical practice to visualize defects and to distinguish different tissue types and pathologies in the human body. So far, MRI data have not been used to model and generate a patient-specific design of multilayered tissue substitutes in the case of interfacial defects. For orthopedic cases that require highly individual surgical treatment, implant fabrication by additive manufacturing holds great potential. Extrusion-based techniques like 3D plotting allow the spatially defined application of several materials, as well as implementation of bioprinting strategies. With the example of a typical multi-zonal osteochondral defect in an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) patient, this study aimed to close the technological gap between MRI analysis and the additive manufacturing process of an implant based on different biomaterial inks. A workflow was developed which covers the processing steps of MRI-based defect identification, segmentation, modeling, implant design adjustment, and implant generation. A model implant was fabricated based on two biomaterial inks with clinically relevant properties that would allow for bioprinting, the direct embedding of a patient’s own cells in the printing process. As demonstrated by the geometric compatibility of the designed and fabricated model implant in a stereolithography (SLA) model of lesioned femoral condyles, a novel versatile CAD/CAM workflow was successfully established that opens up new perspectives for the treatment of multi-zonal (osteochondral) defects.
Graphic abstract
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16
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Zhao R, Dong Z, Wei X, Gu X, Han P, Wu H, Yan Y, Huang L, Li H, Zhang C, Li F, Li P. Inflammatory factors are crucial for the pathogenesis of post-traumatic osteoarthritis confirmed by a novel porcine model: "Idealized" anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction" and gait analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107905. [PMID: 34242997 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether idealized anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (IACL-R) restores normal gait features, and whether inflammatory factors are involved in the pathogenesisof post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). METHODS Fourteen mature female minipigs were allocated to a sham group (n = 7) or an IACL-R group (n = 7). Load asymmetry during gait was recorded using a pressure-sensing walkway measurement system to evaluate the gait features of the right knee joint before and after surgery. Inflammatory factors (including interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) in synovial fluid were measured using Luminex assays before and after surgery. Cartilage integrity and the subchondral bone plate of the right knee were evaluated using histology and imaging at 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS Swing time and stance time returned to their preoperative values on day 31, while maximum force, contact area, peak force ,and impulse returned to their preoperative values on day 45 after the surgery in the IACL-R group (P = 0.073, 0.053, 0.107, 0.052, 0.152, and 0.059, respectively).Thus, IACL-R restored normal gait. Compared with their preoperative concentrations, all tested inflammatory factors showed significantly increased concentrations in the synovial fluid in the IACL-R group, especially at 3, 7, and 15 days postoperatively. X-ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological data showed severe cartilage damage in the IACL-R model. CONCLUSION IACL-R restored normal gait features but caused significant cartilage damage, indicating that significantly elevated inflammatory factors maybe crucial for the pathogenesis of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Zhao
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Zhengquan Dong
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi Province 046000, PR China.
| | - Hongru Wu
- Shanxi Institute of Sports Science, Taiyuan 030000, PR China.
| | - Yanxia Yan
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Lingan Huang
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Haoqian Li
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Chengming Zhang
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Pengcui Li
- Department of orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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PHB/CHIT Scaffold as a Promising Biopolymer in the Treatment of Osteochondral Defects-An Experimental Animal Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081232. [PMID: 33920328 PMCID: PMC8069702 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymer composites allow the creation of an optimal environment for the regeneration of chondral and osteochondral defects of articular cartilage, where natural regeneration potential is limited. In this experimental study, we used the sheep animal model for the creation of knee cartilage defects. In the medial part of the trochlea and on the medial condyle of the femur, we created artificial defects (6 × 3 mm2) with microfractures. In four experimental sheep, both defects were subsequently filled with the porous acellular polyhydroxybutyrate/chitosan (PHB/CHIT)-based implant. Two sheep had untreated defects. We evaluated the quality of the newly formed tissue in the femoral trochlea defect site using imaging (X-ray, Computer Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)), macroscopic, and histological methods. Macroscopically, the surface of the treated regenerate corresponded to the niveau of the surrounding cartilage. X-ray examination 6 months after the implantation confirmed the restoration of the contour in the subchondral calcified layer and the advanced rate of bone tissue integration. The CT scan revealed a low regenerative potential in the bone zone of the defect compared to the cartilage zone. The percentage change in cartilage density at the defect site was not significantly different to the reference area (0.06–6.4%). MRI examination revealed that the healing osteochondral defect was comparable to the intact cartilage signal on the surface of the defect. Hyaline-like cartilage was observed in most of the treated animals, except for one, where the defect was repaired with fibrocartilage. Thus, the acellular, chitosan-based biomaterial is a promising biopolymer composite for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects of traumatic character. It has potential for further clinical testing in the orthopedic field, primarily with the combination of supporting factors.
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Oláh T, Cai X, Michaelis JC, Madry H. Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part I: Large animals. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151680. [PMID: 33548412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human knee is a complex joint, and affected by a variety of articular cartilage disorders. Large animal models are critical to model the complex disease mechanisms affecting a functional joint. Species-dependent differences highly affect the results of a pre-clinical study and need to be considered, necessitating specific knowledge not only of macroscopic and microscopic anatomical and pathological aspects, but also characteristics of their individual gait and joint movements. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant anatomical structural and functional characteristics of the knee (stifle) joints of the major translational large animal species, comprising dogs, (mini)pigs, sheep, goats, and horses in comparison with humans. Specific characteristics of each species, including kinematical gait parameters are provided. Considering these multifactorial dimensions will allow to select the appropriate model for answering the research questions in a clinically relevant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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Papantoniou I, Nilsson Hall G, Loverdou N, Lesage R, Herpelinck T, Mendes L, Geris L. Turning Nature's own processes into design strategies for living bone implant biomanufacturing: a decade of Developmental Engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:22-39. [PMID: 33290762 PMCID: PMC7839840 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A decade after the term developmental engineering (DE) was coined to indicate the use of developmental processes as blueprints for the design and development of engineered living implants, a myriad of proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the potential of this approach in small animal models. This review provides an overview of DE work, focusing on applications in bone regeneration. Enabling technologies allow to quantify the distance between in vitro processes and their developmental counterpart, as well as to design strategies to reduce that distance. By embedding Nature's robust mechanisms of action in engineered constructs, predictive large animal data and subsequent positive clinical outcomes can be gradually achieved. To this end, the development of next generation biofabrication technologies should provide the necessary scale and precision for robust living bone implant biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papantoniou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Stadiou street, 26504 Patras, Greece; Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Gabriella Nilsson Hall
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Niki Loverdou
- Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in silico medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11 (B34), 4000 Liège, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Raphaelle Lesage
- Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Tim Herpelinck
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Luis Mendes
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Skeletal Biology & Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; GIGA in silico medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11 (B34), 4000 Liège, Belgium; Prometheus, The KU Leuven R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, Herestraat 49 (813), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C (2419), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Meng X, Ziadlou R, Grad S, Alini M, Wen C, Lai Y, Qin L, Zhao Y, Wang X. Animal Models of Osteochondral Defect for Testing Biomaterials. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:9659412. [PMID: 32082625 PMCID: PMC7007938 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9659412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of osteochondral defects (OCD) remains a great challenge in orthopaedics. Tissue engineering holds a good promise for regeneration of OCD. In the light of tissue engineering, it is critical to establish an appropriate animal model to evaluate the degradability, biocompatibility, and interaction of implanted biomaterials with host bone/cartilage tissues for OCD repair in vivo. Currently, model animals that are commonly deployed to create osteochondral lesions range from rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, goats, and sheep horses to nonhuman primates. It is essential to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each animal model in terms of the accuracy and effectiveness of the experiment. Therefore, this review aims to introduce the common animal models of OCD for testing biomaterials and to discuss their applications in translational research. In addition, we have reviewed surgical protocols for establishing OCD models and biomaterials that promote osteochondral regeneration. For small animals, the non-load-bearing region such as the groove of femoral condyle is commonly chosen for testing degradation, biocompatibility, and interaction of implanted biomaterials with host tissues. For large animals, closer to clinical application, the load-bearing region (medial femoral condyle) is chosen for testing the durability and healing outcome of biomaterials. This review provides an important reference for selecting a suitable animal model for the development of new strategies for osteochondral regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Meng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Reihane Ziadlou
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Chunyi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinluan Wang
- Translational Medicine R&D Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Raudsepp T, Finno CJ, Bellone RR, Petersen JL. Ten years of the horse reference genome: insights into equine biology, domestication and population dynamics in the post-genome era. Anim Genet 2019; 50:569-597. [PMID: 31568563 PMCID: PMC6825885 DOI: 10.1111/age.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The horse reference genome from the Thoroughbred mare Twilight has been available for a decade and, together with advances in genomics technologies, has led to unparalleled developments in equine genomics. At the core of this progress is the continuing improvement of the quality, contiguity and completeness of the reference genome, and its functional annotation. Recent achievements include the release of the next version of the reference genome (EquCab3.0) and generation of a reference sequence for the Y chromosome. Horse satellite‐free centromeres provide unique models for mammalian centromere research. Despite extremely low genetic diversity of the Y chromosome, it has been possible to trace patrilines of breeds and pedigrees and show that Y variation was lost in the past approximately 2300 years owing to selective breeding. The high‐quality reference genome has led to the development of three different SNP arrays and WGSs of almost 2000 modern individual horses. The collection of WGS of hundreds of ancient horses is unique and not available for any other domestic species. These tools and resources have led to global population studies dissecting the natural history of the species and genetic makeup and ancestry of modern breeds. Most importantly, the available tools and resources, together with the discovery of functional elements, are dissecting molecular causes of a growing number of Mendelian and complex traits. The improved understanding of molecular underpinnings of various traits continues to benefit the health and performance of the horse whereas also serving as a model for complex disease across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - C J Finno
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - R R Bellone
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J L Petersen
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
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23
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Zhang G, Nie M, Webster TJ, Zhang Q, Fan W. Ectopic chondrogenesis of nude mouse induced by nano gene delivery enhanced tissue engineering technology. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4755-4765. [PMID: 31308656 PMCID: PMC6613371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s199306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many techniques and methods have been used clinically to relieve pain from cartilage repair, but the long-term effect is still unsatisfactory. Purpose: The objective of this study was to form an artificial chondroid tissue gene enhanced tissue engineering system to repair cartilage defects via nanosized liposomes. Methods: Cationic nanosized liposomes were prepared and characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic laser light scattering (DLS). The rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were isolated, cultivated, and induced by SRY (Sex-Determining Region Y)-Box 9 (Sox9) via cationic nanosized liposomes. The induced rMSCs were mixed with a thermo-sensitive chitosan hydrogel and subcutaneously injected into the nude mice. Finally, the newly-formed chondroid tissue obtained in the injection parts, and the transparent parts were detected by HE, collagen II, and safranin O. Results: It was found that the presently prepared cationic nanosized liposomes had the diameter of 85.76±3.48 nm and the zeta potential of 15.76±2.1 mV. The isolated rMSCs proliferation was fibroblast-like, with a cultivated confluence of 90% confluence in 5-8 days, and stained positive for CD29 and CD44 while negative for CD34 and CD45. After transfection with cationic nanosized liposomes, we observed changes of cellular morphology and a higher expression of SOX9 compared with control groups, which indicated that rMSCs could differentiate into chondrocyte in vitro. By mixing transfected rMSCs with the thermo-sensitive hydrogel of chitosan in nude mice, chondroid tissue was successfully obtained, demonstrating that rMSCs can differentiate into chondrogenic cells in vivo. Conclusion: This study explored new ways to improve the quality of tissue engineered cartilage, thus accelerating clinical transformation and reducing patient pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Nie
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Contribution of IL-1β, 6 and TNF-α to the form of post-traumatic osteoarthritis induced by “idealized” anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a porcine model. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:212-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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