1
|
Wang W, Bi Z, Song S. Host E3 ligase Hrd1 ubiquitinates and degrades H protein of canine distemper virus to inhibit viral replication. Vet Res 2023; 54:30. [PMID: 37009870 PMCID: PMC10069049 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious and an acutely febrile disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), which greatly threatens the dog and fur industry in many countries. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) is a protein quality control system for the degradation of misfolded proteins in the ER. In this study, a proteomic approach was performed, and results found the E3 ubiquitin ligase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl reductase degradation protein 1 (Hrd1), which is involved in ERAD, as one of the CDV H-interacting proteins. The interaction of Hrd1 with CDV H protein was further identified by Co-IP assay and confocal microscopy. Hrd1 degraded the CDV H protein via the proteasome pathway dependent on its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Hrd1 catalyzed the K63-linked polyubiquitination of CDV H protein at lysine residue 115 (K115). Hrd1 also exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on CDV replication. Together, the data demonstrate that the E3 ligase Hrd1 mediates the ubiquitination of CDV H protein for degradation via the proteasome pathway and inhibits CDV replication. Thus, targeting Hrd1 may represent a novel prevention and control strategy for CDV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenwei Bi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Suquan Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Structure and supramolecular organization of the canine distemper virus attachment glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208866120. [PMID: 36716368 PMCID: PMC9963377 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208866120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped RNA morbillivirus that triggers respiratory, enteric, and high incidence of severe neurological disorders. CDV induces devastating outbreaks in wild and endangered animals as well as in domestic dogs in countries associated with suboptimal vaccination programs. The receptor-binding tetrameric attachment (H)-protein is part of the morbilliviral cell entry machinery. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure and supramolecular organization of the tetrameric CDV H-protein ectodomain. The structure reveals that the morbilliviral H-protein is composed of three main domains: stalk, neck, and heads. The most unexpected feature was the inherent asymmetric architecture of the CDV H-tetramer being shaped by the neck, which folds into an almost 90° bent conformation with respect to the stalk. Consequently, two non-contacting receptor-binding H-head dimers, which are also tilted toward each other, are located on one side of an intertwined four helical bundle stalk domain. Positioning of the four protomer polypeptide chains within the neck domain is guided by a glycine residue (G158), which forms a hinge point exclusively in two protomer polypeptide chains. Molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability of the asymmetric structure under near physiological conditions and molecular docking showed that two receptor-binding sites are fully accessible. Thus, this spatial organization of the CDV H-tetramer would allow for concomitant protein interactions with the stalk and head domains without steric clashes. In summary, the structure of the CDV H-protein ectodomain provides new insights into the morbilliviral cell entry system and offers a blueprint for next-generation structure-based antiviral drug discovery.
Collapse
|
3
|
Perley CC, Brocato RL, Kwilas SA, Daye S, Moreau A, Nichols DK, Wetzel KS, Shamblin J, Hooper JW. Three asymptomatic animal infection models of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by hantaviruses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216700. [PMID: 31075144 PMCID: PMC6510444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus (HTNV) and Puumala virus (PUUV) are rodent-borne hantaviruses that are the primary causes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe and Asia. The development of well characterized animal models of HTNV and PUUV infection is critical for the evaluation and the potential licensure of HFRS vaccines and therapeutics. In this study we present three animal models of HTNV infection (hamster, ferret and marmoset), and two animal models of PUUV infection (hamster, ferret). Infection of hamsters with a ~3 times the infectious dose 99% (ID99) of HTNV by the intramuscular and ~1 ID99 of HTNV by the intranasal route leads to a persistent asymptomatic infection, characterized by sporadic viremia and high levels of viral genome in the lung, brain and kidney. In contrast, infection of hamsters with ~2 ID99 of PUUV by the intramuscular or ~1 ID99 of PUUV by the intranasal route leads to seroconversion with no detectable viremia, and a transient detection of viral genome. Infection of ferrets with a high dose of either HTNV or PUUV by the intramuscular route leads to seroconversion and gradual weight loss, though kidney function remained unimpaired and serum viremia and viral dissemination to organs was not detected. In marmosets a 1,000 PFU HTNV intramuscular challenge led to robust seroconversion and neutralizing antibody production. Similarly to the ferret model of HTNV infection, no renal impairment, serum viremia or viral dissemination to organs was detected in marmosets. This is the first report of hantavirus infection in ferrets and marmosets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey C. Perley
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. Brocato
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Kwilas
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharon Daye
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alicia Moreau
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald K. Nichols
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelly S. Wetzel
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Shamblin
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
de Vries RD, Ludlow M, de Jong A, Rennick LJ, Verburgh RJ, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, van Run PRWA, Herfst S, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL, Duprex WP. Delineating morbillivirus entry, dissemination and airborne transmission by studying in vivo competition of multicolor canine distemper viruses in ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006371. [PMID: 28481926 PMCID: PMC5436898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cellular receptors and characterization of viral tropism in animal models have vastly improved our understanding of morbillivirus pathogenesis. However, specific aspects of viral entry, dissemination and transmission remain difficult to recapitulate in animal models. Here, we used three virologically identical but phenotypically distinct recombinant (r) canine distemper viruses (CDV) expressing different fluorescent reporter proteins for in vivo competition and airborne transmission studies in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Six donor ferrets simultaneously received three rCDVs expressing green, red or blue fluorescent proteins via conjunctival (ocular, Oc), intra-nasal (IN) or intra-tracheal (IT) inoculation. Two days post-inoculation sentinel ferrets were placed in physically separated adjacent cages to assess airborne transmission. All donor ferrets developed lymphopenia, fever and lethargy, showed progressively increasing systemic viral loads and were euthanized 14 to 16 days post-inoculation. Systemic replication of virus inoculated via the Oc, IN and IT routes was detected in 2/6, 5/6 and 6/6 ferrets, respectively. In five donor ferrets the IT delivered virus dominated, although replication of two or three different viruses was detected in 5/6 animals. Single lymphocytes expressing multiple fluorescent proteins were abundant in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, demonstrating the occurrence of double and triple virus infections. Transmission occurred efficiently and all recipient ferrets showed evidence of infection between 18 and 22 days post-inoculation of the donor ferrets. In all cases, airborne transmission resulted in replication of a single-colored virus, which was the dominant virus in the donor ferret. This study demonstrates that morbilliviruses can use multiple entry routes in parallel, and co-infection of cells during viral dissemination in the host is common. Airborne transmission was efficient, although transmission of viruses expressing a single color suggested a bottleneck event. The identity of the transmitted virus was not determined by the site of inoculation but by the viral dominance during dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory D. de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Ludlow
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alwin de Jong
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - R. Joyce Verburgh
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van Amerongen
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debby van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R. W. A. van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morbillivirus Experimental Animal Models: Measles Virus Pathogenesis Insights from Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100274. [PMID: 27727184 PMCID: PMC5086610 DOI: 10.3390/v8100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. Even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. Thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. Since the Canine distemper virus (CDV) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate the efficacy of new prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. This review compares the cellular tropism, pathogenesis, mechanisms of persistence and immunosuppression of the Measles virus (MeV) and CDV. It then summarizes the contributions made by studies on the CDV in dogs and ferrets to our understanding of MeV pathogenesis and to vaccine and drugs development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Coleman JW, Wright KJ, Wallace OL, Sharma P, Arendt H, Martinez J, DeStefano J, Zamb TP, Zhang X, Parks CL. Development of a duplex real-time RT-qPCR assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding SIV gag. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:26-37. [PMID: 25486083 PMCID: PMC7111484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The duplex assay monitored replication, tissue distribution, and mRNA expression. The duplex assay monitored insert genetic stability during in vivo replication. Primary site of CDV replication in ferrets was abdominal cavity lymphoid tissue. CDV gRNA or mRNA was undetectable in brain tissue. Specific primers were used in the RT step to distinguish gRNA from mRNA.
Advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. In this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (CDV) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assays specific for genomic RNA (gRNA) or mRNA have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the CDV nucleocapsid protein (N) and a foreign vaccine antigen (SIV Gag). These amplicons, which had detection limits of about 10 copies per PCR reaction, were used to show that abdominal cavity lymphoid tissues were a primary site of CDV vector replication in infected ferrets, and importantly, CDV gRNA or mRNA was undetectable in brain tissue. In addition, the gRNA duplex assay was adapted for monitoring foreign gene insert genetic stability during in vivo replication by analyzing the ratio of CDV N and SIV gag genomic RNA copies over the course of vector infection. This measurement was found to be a sensitive probe for assessing the in vivo genetic stability of the foreign gene insert.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Coleman
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States.
| | - Kevin J Wright
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Olivia L Wallace
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Palka Sharma
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Heather Arendt
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Joanne DeStefano
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Timothy P Zamb
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Christopher L Parks
- The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The AIDS Vaccine Design & Development Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY 11220, United States; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Graduate Studies, The State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krumm SA, Yan D, Hovingh ES, Evers TJ, Enkirch T, Reddy GP, Sun A, Saindane MT, Arrendale RF, Painter G, Liotta DC, Natchus MG, von Messling V, Plemper RK. An orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:232ra52. [PMID: 24739760 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus is a highly infectious morbillivirus responsible for major morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated humans. The related, zoonotic canine distemper virus (CDV) induces morbillivirus disease in ferrets with 100% lethality. We report an orally available, shelf-stable pan-morbillivirus inhibitor that targets the viral RNA polymerase. Prophylactic oral treatment of ferrets infected intranasally with a lethal CDV dose reduced viremia and prolonged survival. Ferrets infected with the same dose of virus that received post-infection treatment at the onset of viremia showed low-grade viral loads, remained asymptomatic, and recovered from infection, whereas control animals succumbed to the disease. Animals that recovered also mounted a robust immune response and were protected against rechallenge with a lethal CDV dose. Drug-resistant viral recombinants were generated and found to be attenuated and transmission-impaired compared to the genetic parent virus. These findings may pioneer a path toward an effective morbillivirus therapy that could aid measles eradication by synergizing with vaccination to close gaps in herd immunity due to vaccine refusal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Krumm
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Music N, Reber AJ, Lipatov AS, Kamal RP, Blanchfield K, Wilson JR, Donis RO, Katz JM, York IA. Influenza vaccination accelerates recovery of ferrets from lymphopenia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100926. [PMID: 24968319 PMCID: PMC4072694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a useful animal model for human influenza virus infections, since they closely mimic the pathogenesis of influenza viruses observed in humans. However, a lack of reagents, especially for flow cytometry of immune cell subsets, has limited research in this model. Here we use a panel of primarily species cross-reactive antibodies to identify ferret T cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), B cells, and granulocytes in peripheral blood. Following infection with seasonal H3N2 or H1N1pdm09 influenza viruses, these cell types showed rapid and dramatic changes in frequency, even though clinically the infections were mild. The loss of B cells and CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the increase in neutrophils, were especially marked 1–2 days after infection, when about 90% of CD8+ T cells disappeared from the peripheral blood. The different virus strains led to different kinetics of leukocyte subset alterations. Vaccination with homologous vaccine reduced clinical symptoms slightly, but led to a much more rapid return to normal leukocyte parameters. Assessment of clinical symptoms may underestimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccine in restoring homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nedzad Music
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Adrian J. Reber
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aleksandr S. Lipatov
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ram P. Kamal
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristy Blanchfield
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Wilson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ian A. York
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paramyxovirus activation and inhibition of innate immune responses. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4872-92. [PMID: 24056173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses represent a remarkably diverse family of enveloped nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses, some of which are the most ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. This review focuses on paramyxovirus activation of innate immune pathways, the mechanisms by which these RNA viruses counteract these pathways, and the innate response to paramyxovirus infection of dendritic cells (DC). Paramyxoviruses are potent activators of extracellular complement pathways, a first line of defense that viruses must face during natural infections. We discuss mechanisms by which these viruses activate and combat complement to delay neutralization. Once cells are infected, virus replication drives type I interferon (IFN) synthesis that has the potential to induce a large number of antiviral genes. Here we describe four approaches by which paramyxoviruses limit IFN induction: by limiting synthesis of IFN-inducing aberrant viral RNAs, through targeted inhibition of RNA sensors, by providing viral decoy substrates for cellular kinase complexes, and through direct blocking of the IFN promoter. In addition, paramyxoviruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to disrupt IFN signaling pathways. We describe three general mechanisms, including targeted proteolysis of signaling factors, sequestering cellular factors, and upregulation of cellular inhibitors. DC are exceptional cells with the capacity to generate adaptive immunity through the coupling of innate immune signals and T cell activation. We discuss the importance of innate responses in DC following paramyxovirus infection and their consequences for the ability to mount and maintain antiviral T cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Canine distemper virus epithelial cell infection is required for clinical disease but not for immunosuppression. J Virol 2012; 86:3658-66. [PMID: 22278252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06414-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the importance of infection of epithelial cells for morbillivirus pathogenesis, we took advantage of the severe disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) in ferrets. To obtain a CDV that was unable to enter epithelial cells but retained the ability to enter immune cells, we transferred to its attachment (H) protein two mutations shown to interfere with the interaction of measles virus H with its epithelial receptor, human nectin-4. As expected for an epithelial receptor (EpR)-blind CDV, this virus infected dog and ferret epithelial cells inefficiently and did not cause cell fusion or syncytium formation. On the other hand, the EpR-blind CDV replicated in cells expressing canine signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), the morbillivirus immune cell receptor, with similar kinetics to those of wild-type CDV. While ferrets infected with wild-type CDV died within 12 days after infection, after developing severe rash and fever, animals infected with the EpR-blind virus showed no clinical signs of disease. Nevertheless, both viruses spread rapidly and efficiently in immune cells, causing similar levels of leukopenia and inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation activity, two indicators of morbillivirus immunosuppression. Infection was documented for airway epithelia of ferrets infected with wild-type CDV but not for those of animals infected with the EpR-blind virus, and only animals infected with wild-type CDV shed virus. Thus, epithelial cell infection is necessary for clinical disease and efficient virus shedding but not for immunosuppression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Vigant F, Lee B. Hendra and nipah infection: pathology, models and potential therapies. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2011; 11:315-336. [PMID: 21488828 PMCID: PMC3253017 DOI: 10.2174/187152611795768097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae family comprises of several genera that contain emerging or re-emerging threats for human and animal health with no real specific effective treatment available. Hendra and Nipah virus are members of a newly identified genus of emerging paramyxoviruses, Henipavirus. Since their discovery in the 1990s, henipaviruses outbreaks have been associated with high economic and public health threat potential. When compared to other paramyxoviruses, henipaviruses appear to have unique characteristics. Henipaviruses are zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a broader tropism than most other paramyxoviruses, and can cause severe acute encephalitis with unique features among viral encephalitides. There are currently no approved effective prophylactic or therapeutic treatments for henipavirus infections. Although ribavirin was empirically used and seemed beneficial during the biggest outbreak caused by one of these viruses, the Nipah virus, its efficacy is disputed in light of its lack of efficacy in several animal models of henipavirus infection. Nevertheless, because of its highly pathogenic nature, much effort has been spent in developing anti-henipavirus therapeutics. In this review we describe the unique features of henipavirus infections and the different strategies and animal models that have been developed so far in order to identify and test potential drugs to prevent or treat henipavirus infections. Some of these components have the potential to be broad-spectrum antivirals as they target effectors of viral pathogenecity common to other viruses. We will focus on small molecules or biologics, rather than vaccine strategies, that have been developed as anti-henipaviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Vigant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
- UCLA AIDS Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA 90095
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McCallan L, Corbett D, Andersen PL, Aagaard C, McMurray D, Barry C, Thompson S, Strain S, McNair J. A New Experimental Infection Model in Ferrets Based on Aerosolised Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Med Int 2011; 2011:981410. [PMID: 21547237 PMCID: PMC3087619 DOI: 10.4061/2011/981410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant interest in developing vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis, especially in wildlife species where this disease continues to persist in reservoir species such as the European Badger (Meles meles). However, gaining access to populations of badgers (protected under UK law) is problematic and not always possible. In this study, a new infection model has been developed in ferrets (Mustela furo), a species which is closely related to the badger. Groups of ferrets were infected using a Madison infection chamber and were examined postmortem for the presence of tuberculous lesions and to provide tissue samples for confirmation of Mycobacterium bovis by culture. An infectious dose was defined, that establishes infection within the lungs and associated lymph nodes with subsequent spread to the mesentery lymph nodes. This model, which emphasises respiratory tract infection, will be used to evaluate vaccines for the control of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne McCallan
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-food and Biosciences Institute, Stoney Road, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Excler JL, Parks CL, Ackland J, Rees H, Gust ID, Koff WC. Replicating viral vectors as HIV vaccines: summary report from the IAVI-sponsored satellite symposium at the AIDS vaccine 2009 conference. Biologicals 2011; 38:511-21. [PMID: 20537552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In October 2009, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) convened a satellite symposium entitled 'Replicating Viral Vectors for use in AIDS Vaccines' at the AIDS Vaccine 2009 Conference in Paris. The purpose of the symposium was to gather together researchers, representatives from regulatory agencies, and vaccine developers to discuss issues related to advancement of replication-competent viral vector- based HIV vaccines into clinical trials. The meeting introduced the rationale for accelerating the development of replicating viral vectors for use as AIDS vaccines. It noted that the EMEA recently published draft guidelines that are an important first step in providing guidance for advancing live viral vectors into clinical development. Presentations included case studies and development challenges for viral vector-based vaccine candidates. These product development challenges included cell substrates used for vaccine manufacturing, the testing needed to assess vaccine safety, conducting clinical trials with live vectors, and assessment of vaccination risk versus benefit. More in depth discussion of risk and benefit highlighted the fact that AIDS vaccine efficacy trials must be conducted in the developing world where HIV incidence is greatest and how inequities in global health dramatically influence the political and social environment in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Excler
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10038-3901, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|