1
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Thyashan N, Ghimire ML, Lee S, Kim MJ. Exploring single-molecule interactions: heparin and FGF-1 proteins through solid-state nanopores. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8352-8360. [PMID: 38563277 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00274a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Detection and characterization of protein-protein interactions are essential for many cellular processes, such as cell growth, tissue repair, drug delivery, and other physiological functions. In our research, we have utilized emerging solid-state nanopore sensing technology, which is highly sensitive to better understand heparin and fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) protein interactions at a single-molecule level without any modifications. Understanding the structure and behavior of heparin-FGF-1 complexes at the single-molecule level is very important. An abnormality in their formation can lead to life-threatening conditions like tumor growth, fibrosis, and neurological disorders. Using a controlled dielectric breakdown pore fabrication approach, we have characterized individual heparin and FGF-1 (one of the 22 known FGFs in humans) proteins through the fabrication of 17 ± 1 nm nanopores. Compared to heparin, the positively charged heparin-binding domains of some FGF-1 proteins translocationally react with the pore walls, giving rise to a distinguishable second peak with higher current blockade. Additionally, we have confirmed that the dynamic FGF-1 is stabilized upon binding with heparin-FGF-1 at the single-molecule level. The larger current blockades from the complexes relative to individual heparin and the FGF-1 recorded during the translocation ensure the binding of heparin-FGF-1 proteins, forming binding complexes with higher excluded volumes. Taken together, we demonstrate that solid-state nanopores can be employed to investigate the properties of individual proteins and their complex interactions, potentially paving the way for innovative medical therapies and advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navod Thyashan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75205, USA.
| | - Madhav L Ghimire
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75205, USA.
| | - Sangyoup Lee
- Bionic Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75205, USA.
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2
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Abdella AA, Zaki AM, Hammad S, Mansour FR. Rapid environmentally benign label free detection of heparin using highly fluorescent N,S-CDs sensing probe through a turn-on mechanism. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123609. [PMID: 37935079 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin (HEP) is one of the oldest anticoagulant drugs that currently still in widespread clinical use. It lacks chromophore and not easily derivatized due to its hydrophilic nature. In this work we developed a green, selective, and sensitive fluorescence sensor for detection of HEP in its injection dosage forms. The sensor is composed of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,S-CDs) semi quenched by Fe3+. The N,S-CDs were prepared using microwave assisted pyrolysis in 3.5 min and exhibited high emission at 425 nm after excitation at 350 nm with high quantum yield of 96%. Owing to the anionic nature of HEP, it could compete with N,S-CDs for Fe3+ complexation resulting in turning-on the quenched fluorescence. This fluorescence enhancement was linear over a concentration range between 6 and 20 μg/mL (R2 = 0.99) with a limit of detection of 1.41 µg/ml. The accuracy and precision of the proposed sensor were indicated by percentage recovery values between 98% -102% and %RSD less than 2, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for determination of HEP in injection dosage form. The developed sensor showed excellent greenness on analytical eco-scale (score 93%) and GAPI scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya A Abdella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Sherin Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, 31111, Egypt.
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3
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Iqbal Z, Sadaf S. Scientific considerations in the regulatory approval of generic (or biosimilar) version of enoxaparin sodium - A lifesaving carbohydrate polymer. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105446. [PMID: 37532121 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Enoxaparin sodium (Clexane®/Klexane®/Lovenox®) is one amongst the few drugs that have assumed a central role as drug of treatment and/or prevention against thromboembolic complications during COVID-19. The increase in demand resulting in many generic (or biosimilar) versions entering the market has increased the risks of quality and safety (including immunogenicity) related issues. Under the circumstances, development of stringent regulatory approaches has received much attention as investigation of new drug delivery systems for improved therapeutic activity. As one of the measures to increase quality testing and ensure uninterrupted supply of this life-saving drug globally, determination of enoxaparin molecular weight (MW) has been added in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monograph for enoxaparin sodium. In addition, the presence of a unique 1,6-anhydro-ring structure at the reducing end of about 15-25% of the poly (oligo) saccharide chains of the generic (or biosimilar) product has been set as a mandatory requirement. This article presents an overview of the scientific considerations in the quality manufacturing and testing of the generic (or biosimilar) enoxaparin for regulatory review and approval. In certain cases of strong analytical similarity (structural and functional), abandonment of in vivo testing in animals and humans represents a major advancement in the approval of generic (or biosimilar) version of innovator enoxaparin sodium (lovenox®, injections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Iqbal
- IP and Litigation Department, PakPat World Intellectual Property Protection Services, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Saima Sadaf
- Biopharmaceutical and Biomarkers Discovery Lab, School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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4
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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5
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Naidu SAG, Clemens RA, Naidu AS. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dysregulates Host Iron (Fe)-Redox Homeostasis (Fe-R-H): Role of Fe-Redox Regulators, Ferroptosis Inhibitors, Anticoagulants, and Iron-Chelators in COVID-19 Control. J Diet Suppl 2023; 20:312-371. [PMID: 35603834 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2075072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe imbalance in iron metabolism among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients is prominent in every symptomatic (mild, moderate to severe) clinical phase of COVID-19. Phase-I - Hypoxia correlates with reduced O2 transport by erythrocytes, overexpression of HIF-1α, altered mitochondrial bioenergetics with host metabolic reprogramming (HMR). Phase-II - Hyperferritinemia results from an increased iron overload, which triggers a fulminant proinflammatory response - the acute cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Elevated cytokine levels (i.e. IL6, TNFα and CRP) strongly correlates with altered ferritin/TF ratios in COVID-19 patients. Phase-III - Thromboembolism is consequential to erythrocyte dysfunction with heme release, increased prothrombin time and elevated D-dimers, cumulatively linked to severe coagulopathies with life-threatening outcomes such as ARDS, and multi-organ failure. Taken together, Fe-R-H dysregulation is implicated in every symptomatic phase of COVID-19. Fe-R-H regulators such as lactoferrin (LF), hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1), erythropoietin (EPO) and hepcidin modulators are innate bio-replenishments that sequester iron, neutralize iron-mediated free radicals, reduce oxidative stress, and improve host defense by optimizing iron metabolism. Due to its pivotal role in 'cytokine storm', ferroptosis is a potential intervention target. Ferroptosis inhibitors such as ferrostatin-1, liproxstatin-1, quercetin, and melatonin could prevent mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, up-regulate antioxidant/GSH levels and abrogate iron overload-induced apoptosis through activation of Nrf2 and HO-1 signaling pathways. Iron chelators such as heparin, deferoxamine, caffeic acid, curcumin, α-lipoic acid, and phytic acid could protect against ferroptosis and restore mitochondrial function, iron-redox potential, and rebalance Fe-R-H status. Therefore, Fe-R-H restoration is a host biomarker-driven potential combat strategy for an effective clinical and post-recovery management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger A Clemens
- Department of International Regulatory Science, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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6
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Burmistrova NA, Diehl BWK, Soboleva PM, Rubtsova E, Legin EA, Legin AV, Kirsanov DO, Monakhova YB. Quality Control of Heparin Injections: Comparison of Four Established Methods. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1467-1471. [PMID: 32801287 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is an anticoagulant medication that is usually injected subcutaneously. The quality of a set of commercial heparin injections from different producers was examined by NMR, IR, UV-Vis spectroscopies and potentiometric multisensor system. The type of raw material regarding heparin animal origin and producer, heparin molecular weight and activity values were derived based on the non-targeted analysis of 1H NMR fingerprints. DOSY NMR spectroscopy was additionally used to study homogeneity and additives profile. UV-Vis and IR, being cheaper than NMR, combined with multivariate statistics were successfully applied to study excipients composition as well as semi-estimation of activity values. Potentiometric multisensor measurements were found to be an important additional source of information about inorganic composition of finished heparin formulations. All investigated instrumental techniques are useful for finished heparin injections and should be selected according to availability as well as the information and confidence required for a specific sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Burmistrova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Bernd W K Diehl
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Strate 33, 50996, Köln, Germany
| | - Polina M Soboleva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Rubtsova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia
- Saratov State Medical University, Bolshaya Kazachia st., 112, Saratov, 410012, Russia
| | - Eugene A Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Andrey V Legin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Dmitry O Kirsanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 26 Universitetskii prospect, Petergof, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Yulia B Monakhova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya Street, Saratov, 410012, Russia.
- Spectral Service AG, Emil-Hoffmann-Strate 33, 50996, Köln, Germany.
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7
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Zhou P, Yin JX, Tao HL, Zhang HW. Pathogenesis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 504:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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8
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Sobczak AIS, Pitt SJ, Stewart AJ. Glycosaminoglycan Neutralization in Coagulation Control. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1258-1270. [PMID: 29674476 PMCID: PMC5965931 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparin are important anticoagulants that inhibit clot formation through interactions with antithrombin and heparin cofactor II. Unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and heparin-derived drugs are often the main treatments used clinically to handle coagulatory disorders. A wide range of proteins have been reported to bind and neutralize these GAGs to promote clot formation. Such neutralizing proteins are involved in a variety of other physiological processes, including inflammation, transport, and signaling. It is clear that these interactions are important for the control of normal coagulation and influence the efficacy of heparin and heparin-based therapeutics. In addition to neutralization, the anticoagulant activities of GAGs may also be regulated through reduced synthesis or by degradation. In this review, we describe GAG neutralization, the proteins involved, and the molecular processes that contribute to the regulation of anticoagulant GAG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie I S Sobczak
- From the School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha J Pitt
- From the School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Stewart
- From the School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom.
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9
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Szajek AY, Chess E, Johansen K, Gratzl G, Gray E, Keire D, Linhardt RJ, Liu J, Morris T, Mulloy B, Nasr M, Shriver Z, Torralba P, Viskov C, Williams R, Woodcock J, Workman W, Al-Hakim A. The US regulatory and pharmacopeia response to the global heparin contamination crisis. Nat Biotechnol 2017; 34:625-30. [PMID: 27281424 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of the widely used lifesaving anticoagulant drug heparin in 2007 has drawn renewed attention to the challenges that are associated with the characterization, quality control and standardization of complex biological medicines from natural sources. Heparin is a linear, highly sulfated polysaccharide consisting of alternating glucosamine and uronic acid monosaccharide residues. Heparin has been used successfully as an injectable antithrombotic medicine since the 1930s, and its isolation from animal sources (primarily porcine intestine) as well as its manufacturing processes have not changed substantially since its introduction. The 2007 heparin contamination crisis resulted in several deaths in the United States and hundreds of adverse reactions worldwide, revealing the vulnerability of a complex global supply chain to sophisticated adulteration. This Perspective discusses how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) and international stakeholders collaborated to redefine quality expectations for heparin, thus making an important natural product better controlled and less susceptible to economically motivated adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Y Szajek
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Chess
- Structure Elucidation/Technology Resources, Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Round Lake, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Gyöngyi Gratzl
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Ben Venue Laboratories, Inc., Bedford, Ohio, USA
| | - Elaine Gray
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - David Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration/Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tina Morris
- Biologics and Biotechnology Department, US Pharmacopeia, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, London, UK
| | - Moheb Nasr
- R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zachary Shriver
- Department of Biological Engineering, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences &Technology, Koch institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pearle Torralba
- Product Development - Analytical Innovation and Development, Fresenius Kabi USA, Skokie, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Janet Woodcock
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Pfizer Quality Operations Biotech, Chesterfield, Missouri, USA
| | - Ali Al-Hakim
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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10
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Liewert I, Ehrig K, Alban S. Effects of fucoidans and heparin on reactions of neutrophils induced by IL-8 and C5a. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:462-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Ricard-Blum S, Lisacek F. Glycosaminoglycanomics: where we are. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:339-349. [PMID: 27900575 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans regulate numerous physiopathological processes such as development, angiogenesis, innate immunity, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Cell surface GAGs are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cell adhesion and signaling, and host-pathogen interactions. GAGs contribute to the assembly of the extracellular matrix and heparan sulfate chains are able to sequester growth factors in the ECM. Their biological activities are regulated by their interactions with proteins. The structural heterogeneity of GAGs, mostly due to chemical modifications occurring during and after their synthesis, makes the development of analytical techniques for their profiling in cells, tissues, and biological fluids, and of computational tools for mining GAG-protein interaction data very challenging. We give here an overview of the experimental approaches used in glycosaminoglycomics, of the major GAG-protein interactomes characterized so far, and of the computational tools and databases available to analyze and store GAG structures and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR 5246 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Frédérique Lisacek
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.,Computer Science Department, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Zaia J, Khatri K, Klein J, Shao C, Sheng Y, Viner R. Complete Molecular Weight Profiling of Low-Molecular Weight Heparins Using Size Exclusion Chromatography-Ion Suppressor-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10654-10660. [PMID: 27709905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight heparins (LMWH) prepared by partial depolymerization of unfractionated heparin are used globally to treat coagulation disorders on an outpatient basis. Patent protection for several LMWH has expired and abbreviated new drug applications have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As a result, reverse engineering of LMWH for biosimilar LMWH has become an active global endeavor. Traditionally, the molecular weight distributions of LMWH preparations have been determined using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with optical detection. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods have enabled exact mass measurements of heparin saccharides roughly up to degree-of-polymerization 20, leaving the high molecular weight half of the LMWH preparation unassigned. We demonstrate a new LC-MS system capable of determining the exact masses of complete LMWH preparations, up to dp30. This system employed an ion suppressor cell to desalt the chromatographic effluent online prior to the electrospray mass spectrometry source. We expect this new capability will impact the ability to define LMWH mixtures favorably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joshua Klein
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Bioinformatics Program, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Yuewei Sheng
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus , 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific , San Jose, California 95134, United States
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13
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Mulloy B, Heath A, Shriver Z, Jameison F, Al Hakim A, Morris TS, Szajek AY. USP compendial methods for analysis of heparin: chromatographic determination of molecular weight distributions for heparin sodium. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 406:4815-23. [PMID: 24958344 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK,
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14
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Lean QY, Gueven N, Eri RD, Bhatia R, Sohal SS, Stewart N, Peterson GM, Patel RP. Heparins in ulcerative colitis: proposed mechanisms of action and potential reasons for inconsistent clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8:795-811. [PMID: 26308504 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1082425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current drug therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) are not completely effective in managing moderate-to-severe UC and approximately 20% of patients with severe UC require surgical interventions. Heparins, polydisperse mixtures of non-anticoagulant and anticoagulant oligosaccharides, are widely used as anticoagulants. However, heparins are also reported to have anti-inflammatory properties. Unfractionated heparin was initially used in patients with UC for the treatment of rectal microthrombi. Surprisingly, it was found to be effective in reducing UC-associated symptoms. Since then, several pre-clinical and clinical studies have reported promising outcomes of heparins in UC. In contrast, some controlled clinical trials demonstrated no or only limited benefits, thus the potential of heparins for the treatment of UC remains uncertain. This review discusses potential mechanisms of action of heparins, as well as proposed reasons for their contradictory clinical effectiveness in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ying Lean
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,b 2 Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Technology MARA, Puncak Alam , Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rajaraman D Eri
- c 3 School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rajesh Bhatia
- d 4 Royal Hobart Hospital , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- c 3 School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia.,e 5 Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niall Stewart
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,e 5 Breathe Well Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease and Lung Ageing, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,f 6 Health Services Innovation Tasmania, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- a 1 Division of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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15
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Šimkovic I, Mendichi R, Kelnar I, Filip J, Hricovíni M. Cationization of heparin for film applications. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:551-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu X, Li D, Jiang D, Fang Y. Acetylcholine secretion by motor neuron-like cells from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2086-92. [PMID: 25206517 PMCID: PMC4146069 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.22.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were isolated by a double enzyme digestion method. The third passage of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was induced with heparin and/or basic fibroblast growth factor. Results confirmed that cell morphology did not change after induction with basic fibroblast growth factor alone. However, neuronal morphology was visible, and microtubule-associated protein-2 expression and acetylcholine levels increased following induction with heparin alone or heparin combined with basic fibroblast growth factor. Hb9 and choline acetyltransferase expression was high following inductive with heparin combined with basic fibroblast growth factor. Results indicate that the inductive effect of basic fibroblast growth factor alone was not obvious. Heparin combined with basic fibroblast growth factor noticeably promoted the differentiation of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into motor neuron-like cells. Simultaneously, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells could secrete acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dehua Li
- Department of Anatomy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Anatomy, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, Liaoning Province, China
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Casu B, Naggi A, Torri G. Re-visiting the structure of heparin. Carbohydr Res 2014; 403:60-8. [PMID: 25088334 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The sulfated polysaccharide heparin has been used as a life-saving anticoagulant in clinics well before its detailed structure was known. This mini-review is a survey of the evolution in the discovery of the primary and secondary structure of heparin. Highlights in this history include elucidation and synthesis of the specific sequence that binds to antithrombin, the development of low-molecular-weight heparins currently used as antithrombotic drugs, and the most promising start of chemo-enzymatic synthesis. Special emphasis is given to peculiar conformational properties contributing to interaction with proteins that modulate different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benito Casu
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Torri
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, via G. Colombo, 81 20133 Milan, Italy
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Coccheri S, Mannello F. Development and use of sulodexide in vascular diseases: implications for treatment. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 8:49-65. [PMID: 24391440 PMCID: PMC3879015 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s6762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulodexide (SDX), a sulfated polysaccharide complex extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa, is a blend of two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) entities, namely a fast-moving heparin (HP) fraction and a dermatan sulfate (DS; 20%) component. The compound is unique among HP-like substances in that it is biologically active by both the parenteral and oral routes. A main feature of the agent is to undergo extensive absorption by the vascular endothelium. For this reason, in preclinical studies, SDX administered parenterally displays an antithrombotic action similar to that of HPs but associated with fewer alterations of the blood clotting mechanisms and tests, thus being much less conducive to bleeding risk than HPs. When given orally, SDX is associated with minimal changes in classic coagulation tests, but maintains a number of important effects on the structure and function of endothelial cells (EC), and the intercellular matrix. These activities include prevention or restoration of the integrity and permeability of EC, counteraction versus chemical, toxic or metabolic EC injury, regulation of EC-blood cell interactions, inhibition of microvascular inflammatory and proliferative changes, and other similar effects, thus allowing oral SDX to be considered as an endothelial-protecting agent. The best available clinical evidence of the efficacy of SDX administered orally with or without an initial parenteral phase is the following: alleviation of symptoms in chronic venous disease and especially acceleration of healing of venous leg ulcers; prevention of cardiovascular events in survivors after acute myocardial infarction; marked improvement of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease; and abatement of proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy that may contribute to the amelioration or stabilization of kidney function. Although further clinical trials are warranted, SDX is presently widely accepted in many countries as an effective and safe long-term, endothelial-protecting drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coccheri
- Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (Section Clinical Biochemistry and Cell Biology), University ‘Carlo Bo’, Urbino, Italy
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Connell BJ, Lortat-Jacob H. Human immunodeficiency virus and heparan sulfate: from attachment to entry inhibition. Front Immunol 2013; 4:385. [PMID: 24312095 PMCID: PMC3834540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By targeting cells that provide protection against infection, HIV-1 causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Infection starts when gp120, the viral envelope glycoprotein, binds to CD4 and to a chemokine receptor usually CCR5 or CXCR4. As many microorganisms, HIV-1 also interacts with heparan sulfate (HS), a complex group of cell surface associated anionic polysaccharides. It has been thought that this binding, occurring at a step prior to CD4 recognition, increases infectivity by pre-concentrating the virion particles at the cell surface. Early work, dating from before the identification of CCR5 and CXCR4, showed that a variety of HS mimetics bind to the gp120 V3 loop through electrostatic interactions, compete with cell surface associated HS to bind the virus and consequently, neutralize the infectivity of a number of T-cell line-adapted HIV-1 strains. However, progress made to better understand HIV-1 attachment and entry, coupled with the recent identification of additional gp120 regions mediating HS recognition, have considerably modified this view. Firstly, the V3 loop from CXCR4-using viruses is much more positively charged compared to those using CCR5. HS inhibition of cell attachment is thus restricted to CXCR4-using viruses (such as T-cell line-adapted HIV-1). Secondly, studies aiming at characterizing the gp120/HS complex revealed that HS binding was far more complex than previously thought: in addition to the V3 loop of CXCR4 tropic gp120, HS interacts with several other cryptic areas of the protein, which can be induced upon CD4 binding, and are conserved amongst CCR5 and CXCR4 viruses. In view of these data, this review will detail the present knowledge on HS binding to HIV-1, with regards to attachment and entry processes. It will discuss the perspective of targeting the gp120 co-receptor binding site with HS mimetic compounds, a strategy that recently gave rise to entry inhibitors that work in the low nanomolar range, independently of co-receptor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Connell
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France ; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie Structurale , Grenoble , France
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Small molecule inhibitors of protein interaction with glycosaminoglycans (SMIGs), a novel class of bioactive agents with anti-inflammatory properties. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:245-54. [PMID: 24060749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small molecule inhibitors of biologically important protein-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions have yet to be identified. METHODS Compound libraries were screened in an assay of L-selectin-IgG binding to heparin (a species of heparan sulfate [HS-GAG]). Hits were validated, IC-50s established and direct binding of hits to HS-GAGs was investigated by incubating compounds alone with heparin. Selectivity of inhibitors was assessed in 11 different protein-GAG binding assays. Anti-inflammatory activity of selected compounds was evaluated in animal models. RESULTS Screening identified a number of structurally-diverse planar aromatic cationic amines. Scaffolds similar to known GAG binders, chloroquine and tilorone, were also identified. Inhibitors displayed activity also against bovine kidney heparan sulfate. Direct binding of compounds to GAGs was verified by incubating compounds with heparin alone. Selectivity of inhibitors was demonstrated in a panel of 11 heparin binding proteins, including selectins, chemokines (IL-8, IP-10), Beta Amyloid and cytokines (VEGF, IL-6). A number of selected lead compounds showed dose-dependent efficacy in peritonitis, paw edema and delayed type hypersensitivity. CONCLUSIONS A new class of compounds, SMIGs, inhibits protein-GAG interaction by direct binding to GAGs. Although their IC-50s were in the low micro-molar range, SMIGs binding to HS-GAGs appeared to be stable in physiological conditions, indicating high avidity binding. SMIGs may interfere with major checkpoints for inflammatory and autoimmune events. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE SMIGs are a class of structurally-diverse planar aromatic cationic amines that have an unusual mode of action - inhibiting protein-GAG interactions via direct and stable binding to GAGs. SMIGs may have therapeutic potential in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell-specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective-tissue-type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS-based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Lindahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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