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Dai J, Xu D, Yang C, Wang H, Chen D, Lin Z, Qiu S, Zhang L, Li X, Tian X, Liu Q, Cui Y, Zhou R, Liu W. Severe pneumonia and pathogenic damage in human airway epithelium caused by Coxsackievirus B4. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2261560. [PMID: 37725516 PMCID: PMC10538465 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2261560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) has one of the highest proportions of fatal outcomes of other enterovirus serotypes. However, the pathogenesis of severe respiratory disease caused by CVB4 infection remains unclear. In this study, 3 of 42 (7.2%, GZ-R6, GZ-R7 and GZ-R8) patients with severe pneumonia tested positive for CVB4 infection in southern China. Three full-length genomes of pneumonia-derived CVB4 were sequenced and annotated for the first time, showing their high nucleotide similarity and clustering within genotype V. To analyze the pathogenic damage caused by CVB4 in the lungs, a well-differentiated human airway epithelium (HAE) was established and infected with the pneumonia-derived CVB4 isolate GZ-R6. The outcome was compared with that of a severe hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD)-derived CVB4 strain GZ-HFM01. Compared with HFMD-derived CVB4, pneumonia-derived CVB4 caused more intense and rapid disruption of HAE polarity, leading to tight-junction barrier disruption, loss of cilia, and airway epithelial cell hypertrophy. More pneumonia-derived CVB4 were released from the basolateral side of the HAE than HFMD-derived CVB4. Of the 18 cytokines tested, only IL-6 and IL-1b secretion significantly increased on bilateral sides of HAE during the early stage of pneumonia-derived CVB4 infection, while multiple cytokine secretions significantly increased in HFMD-derived CVB4-infected HAE. HFMD-derived CVB4 exhibited stronger neurovirulence in the human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y than pneumonia-derived CVB4, which is consistent with the clinical manifestations of patients infected with these two viruses. This study has increased the depth of our knowledge of severe pneumonia infection caused by CVB4 and will benefit its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Duo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengshi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Scientific Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Xiao J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sun D, Lu H, Han Z, Song Y, Yan D, Zhu S, Pei Y, Xu W, Wang X. Coxsackievirus B4: an underestimated pathogen associated with a hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreak. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2225-2234. [PMID: 34091782 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to discover the causes of a coxsackievirus B4 (CV-B4)-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreak and to study the evolutionary characteristics of the virus, we sequenced isolates obtained during an outbreak for comparative analysis with previously sequenced strains. Phylogenetic and evolutionary dynamics analysis was performed to examine the genetic characteristics of CV-B4 in China and worldwide. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CV-B4 originated from a common ancestor in Shandong. CV-B4 strains isolated worldwide could be classified into genotypes A-E based on the sequence of the VP1 region. All CV-B4 strains in China belonged to genotype E. The global population diversity of CV-B4 fluctuated substantially over time, and CV-B4 isolated in China accounted for a significant increase in the diversity of CV-B4. The average nucleotide substitution rate in VP1 of Chinese CV-B4 (5.20 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year) was slightly higher than that of global CV-B4 (4.82 × 10-3 substitutions/site/year). This study is the first to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of CV-B4 and its association with an HFMD outbreak. These findings explain both the 2011 outbreak and the global increase in CV-B4 diversity. In addition to improving our understanding of a major outbreak, these findings provide a basis for the development of surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Xiao
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxing Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Pei
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, National Laboratory for Poliomyelitis, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian W Tang
- a Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK.,b Infection, Immunity and Inflammation , University of Leicester , Leicester , UK
| | - Christopher W Holmes
- a Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital of Leicester NHS Trust , Leicester , UK
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de Crom SCM, Rossen JWA, van Furth AM, Obihara CC. Enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children: a brief overview. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1023-9. [PMID: 27156106 PMCID: PMC4930465 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus and parechovirus are a frequent cause of infection in children. This review is an overview of what is known from enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children and contains information about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children. CONCLUSIONS EV and HPeV infections are a frequent cause of infection in childhood. The clinical presentation is diverse. RT-qPCR is the best way to detect an EV or HPeV. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood and feces have the highest sensitivity for detecting an EV or HPeV. There is no treatment for EV and HPeV infections. Two vaccines against EV 71 are just licensed in China and will be available on the private market. Little is known about the prognosis of EV and HPeV infections. WHAT IS KNOWN •EV and HPeV are a frequent cause of infection in children. What is new: •This review gives a brief overview over EV and HPeV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M de Crom
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Immunology and Rheumatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Obihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Al-Salahi R, Abuelizz HA, Ghabbour HA, El-Dib R, Marzouk M. Molecular docking study and antiviral evaluation of 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:21. [PMID: 27099618 PMCID: PMC4837545 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistent appearance of viral strains that causes a resistant viral infection has led to continuous trials for the design and development of novel antiviral compounds. Benzoquinazoline compounds have been reported to exhibit an interesting antiviral activity. This work aims to study and evaluate the antiviral activity of a newly prepared 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one series against herpes simplex (HSV-1 & 2) and coxsackievirus (CVB4). METHODS The antiviral activity was performed using the MTT assay, in which Vero cells (obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC) were propagated in fresh Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and challenged with 10(4) doses of the virus. Thereafter, the cultures were treated simultaneously with two-fold serial dilutions of the tested compound and incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Molecular docking studies were done on the CVB4 2A proteinase enzyme using Molegro Virtual Docker software. RESULTS The cytotoxicity (CC50), effective concentration (EC50) and the selectivity index (SI) values were determined. Based on their EC50 values, a number of the investigated compounds demonstrated weak to moderate activity relative to their parents. Accordingly, compounds 5-9, 11, 15-18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27 and 28 were active against CVB4, and compounds 5 and 24 were active against HSV-1 and 2 in comparison to ribavirin and acyclovir, which were used as reference drugs. CONCLUSION The obtained results gave us some useful insights about the characteristic requirements for future trials to build up and design more active and selective antiviral 2-thioxo-benzo[g]quinazolin-4(3H)-one agents.Graphical abstractCompound 24 superimposed with Ribavirin in CV B4 2A Proteinase enzyme (PDB: 1Z8R) active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Al-Salahi
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abuelizz
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabab El-Dib
- />Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495 Saudi Arabia
- />Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Marzouk
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- />Chemistry of Natural Products Group, Center of Excellence for Advanced Sciences, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
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Liu Z, Wei F, Chen LJ, Xiong HR, Liu YY, Luo F, Hou W, Xiao H, Yang ZQ. In vitro and in vivo studies of the inhibitory effects of emodin isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum on Coxsakievirus B₄. Molecules 2013; 18:11842-58. [PMID: 24071990 PMCID: PMC6269740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181011842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of effective therapeutics for Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) infection underscores the importance of finding novel antiviral compounds. Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) is one of the natural anthraquinone derivatives obtained from the root and rhizome of Polygonum cuspidatum. In the present study, the possibility of using emodin as a potential antiviral to treat CVB4 infection was explored in vitro and in mice. Emodin reduced CVB4 entry and replication on Hep-2 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 12.06 μM and selectivity index (SI) of 5.08, respectively. The inhibitory effect of emodin for CVB4 entry and replication was further confirmed by a quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay. The results further showed that the mice orally treated with different dosages of emodin displayed a dose dependent increase of survival rate, body weight and prolonged mean time of death (MTD), accompanied by significantly decreased myocardial virus titers and pathologic scores/lesions. Moreover, emodin could inhibit CVB4-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicated that emodin could be used as potential antiviral in the post-exposure prophylaxis for CVB4 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Liang-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Hai-Rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Hong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
| | - Zhan-Qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; E-Mails: (Z.L.); (F.W.); (L.-J.C.); (H.-R.X.); (Y.-Y.L.); (F.L.); (W.H.); (H.X.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-27-6875-9136; Fax: +86-27-6875-8766
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Liu JY, Wang SM, Chen IC, Yu CK, Liu CC. Hepatic damage caused by coxsackievirus B3 is dependent on age-related tissue tropisms associated with the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor. Pathog Dis 2013; 68:52-60. [DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yen Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; National Cheng Kung University Medical College; Tainan; Taiwan
| | | | - I-Chun Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan; Taiwan
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Altered interactions between stem-loop IV within the 5' noncoding region of coxsackievirus RNA and poly(rC) binding protein 2: effects on IRES-mediated translation and viral infectivity. Virology 2009; 389:45-58. [PMID: 19446305 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a causative agent of viral myocarditis, meningitis, pancreatitis, and encephalitis. Much of what is known about the coxsackievirus intracellular replication cycle is based on the information already known from a well-studied and closely related virus, poliovirus. Like that of poliovirus, the 5' noncoding region (5' NCR) of CVB3 genomic RNA contains secondary structures that function in both viral RNA replication and cap-independent translation initiation. For poliovirus IRES-mediated translation, the interaction of the cellular protein PCBP2 with a major secondary structure element (stem-loop IV) is required for gene expression. Previously, the complete secondary structure of the coxsackievirus 5' NCR was determined by chemical structure probing and overall, many of the RNA secondary structures bear significant similarity to those of poliovirus; however, the functions of the coxsackievirus IRES stem-loop structures have not been determined. Here we report that a CVB3 RNA secondary structure, stem-loop IV, folds similarly to poliovirus stem-loop IV and like its enterovirus counterpart, coxsackievirus stem-loop IV interacts with PCBP2. We used RNase foot-printing to identify RNA sequences protected following PCBP2 binding to coxsackievirus stem-loop IV. When nucleotide substitutions were separately engineered at two sites in coxsackievirus stem-loop IV to reduce PCBP2 binding, inhibition of IRES-mediated translation was observed. Both of these nucleotide substitutions were engineered into full-length CVB3 RNA and upon transfection into HeLa cells, the specific infectivities of both constructs were reduced and the recovered viruses displayed small-plaque phenotypes and slower growth kinetics compared to wild type virus.
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Serreze DV, Wasserfall C, Ottendorfer EW, Stalvey M, Pierce MA, Gauntt C, O'Donnell B, Flanagan JB, Campbell-Thompson M, Ellis TM, Atkinson MA. Diabetes acceleration or prevention by a coxsackievirus B4 infection: critical requirements for both interleukin-4 and gamma interferon. J Virol 2005; 79:1045-52. [PMID: 15613333 PMCID: PMC538592 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.2.1045-1052.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes acceleration in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice through coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) infection requires a preexisting critical mass of autoreactive T cells in pancreatic islets, and in the absence of this insulitic threshold, CVB4 infection leads to long-term disease protection. To understand this acceleration and protection process, we challenged 8- and 12-week-old NOD mice containing a disruption in interleukin-4 (IL-4) or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) genes (NOD IL-4-/- and NOD IFN-gamma-/-, respectively) with a diabetogenic, pancreatropic Edwards strain of CVB4. The elimination of IL-4 did not alter the rate of insulitis or diabetes development in NOD mice, while the elimination of IFN-gamma delayed these events several weeks. CVB4 infection in 8-week-old mice only significantly accelerated the onset of diabetes in a subset of standard, but not IL-4- or IFN-gamma-deficient, NOD mice. Long-term diabetes protection was established in standard NOD mice as well as in the NOD IFN-gamma-/- mice that did not rapidly develop disease following CVB4 infection at 8 weeks of age. When mice were infected at 12 weeks of age, the onset of diabetes was accelerated in NOD IL-4-/- mice, while neither acceleration nor long-term protection was elicited in NOD IFN-gamma-/- mice. No differences were observed in the kinetics of CVB4 clearance in pancreases from NOD, NOD IL-4-/-, and NOD IFN-gamma-/- mice. Collectively, these results suggest that at the insulitis threshold at which CVB4 infection can first accelerate the onset of diabetes in NOD mice, IL-4 as well as IFN-gamma contributes to this pathogenic process. The protective mechanism against diabetes elicited in NOD mice infected with CVB4 prior to the development of a critical threshold level of insulitis requires neither IL-4 nor IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Serreze
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Box 100275 JHMHC, 1600 SW Archer Rd., Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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