1
|
DaRocha W, Antoniazzi R, Delabie JHC, Schroth G, Fernandes GW, Neves FS. Disentangling the factors that shape bromeliad and ant communities in the canopies of cocoa agroforestry and preserved Atlantic Forest. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley DaRocha
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Laboratório de Mirmecologia CEPEC/CEPLAC Itabuna Brazil
| | - Reuber Antoniazzi
- Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture Stephen F. Austin State University Nacogdoches Texas USA
| | - Jacques H. C. Delabie
- Laboratório de Mirmecologia CEPEC/CEPLAC Itabuna Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambiental Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Ilhéus Brazil
| | | | - Geraldo W. Fernandes
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| | - Frederico S. Neves
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
- Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rosado-Calderón AT, Tamayo-Chim M, de la Barrera E, Ramírez-Morillo IM, Andrade JL, Briones O, Reyes-García C. High resilience to extreme climatic changes in the CAM epiphyte Tillandsia utriculata L. (Bromeliaceae). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:547-562. [PMID: 30136347 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme climatic events, yet few studies have addressed the capacity of plant species to deal with such events. Species that are widespread are predicted to be highly plastic and able to acclimate to highly changing conditions. To study the plasticity in physiological responses of the widely distributed epiphyte Tillandsia utriculata, we transplanted individuals from a coastal scrub and broadleaf evergreen forest to a similar coastal scrub site and forest. After a 45-day acclimation, the plants were moved to a semi-controlled greenhouse at each site, and then subjected to a 20-day drought. Physiological variables were measured during the acclimation and the drought. The individuals of scrub and forest populations had similar relative water content and carbon assimilation in the contrasting conditions of the two transplantation sites despite the high discrepancy between the environments at their original site. Electron transport rates were higher in individuals from the scrub population. Electron transport rates were also higher than estimated from carbon assimilation, suggesting that photorespiration was present. The individuals of the coastal scrub population had a higher capacity to dissipate excess energy this way. The relative distance index of plasticity was high overall, indicating that some traits are highly plastic (titratable acidity, carbon assimilation) in order to maintain the stability of others (maximum quantum yield Fv /Fm and relative water content). We conclude that T. utriculata is a highly plastic species with a high capacity to tolerate extreme environmental changes over a short time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agatha T Rosado-Calderón
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Campo Experimental Edzná, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km. 15.5 Carretera Campeche-Pocyaxum, C.P. 24520, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Manuela Tamayo-Chim
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Erick de la Barrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ivón M Ramírez-Morillo
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José L Andrade
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Oscar Briones
- Instituto de Ecología A.C., C.P. 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Casandra Reyes-García
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ladino G, Ospina‐Bautista F, Estévez Varón J, Jerabkova L, Kratina P. Ecosystem services provided by bromeliad plants: A systematic review. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7360-7372. [PMID: 31380056 PMCID: PMC6662323 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented loss of biological diversity has negative impacts on ecosystems and the associated benefits which they provide to humans. Bromeliads have high diversity throughout the Neotropics, but they have been negatively affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, and commercialization for ornamental purpose. These plants provide direct benefits to the human society, and they also form microecosystems in which accumulated water and nutrients support the communities of aquatic and terrestrial species, thus maintaining local diversity. We performed a systematic review of the contribution of bromeliads to ecosystem services across their native geographical distribution. We showed that bromeliads provide a range of ecosystem services such as maintenance of biodiversity, community structure, nutrient cycling, and the provisioning of food and water. Moreover, bromeliads can regulate the spread of diseases, and water and carbon cycling, and they have the potential to become important sources of chemical and pharmaceutical products. The majority of this research was performed in Brazil, but future research from other Neotropical countries with a high diversity of bromeliads would fill the current knowledge gaps and increase the generality of these findings. This systematic review identified that future research should focus on provisioning, regulating, and cultural services that have been currently overlooked. This would enhance our understanding of how bromeliad diversity contributes to human welfare, and the negative consequences that loss of bromeliad plants can have on communities of other species and the healthy functioning of the entire ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Ladino
- Departamento de Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad de CaldasManizalesColombia
| | | | | | | | - Pavel Kratina
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Eguiluz M, Kulcheski FR, Margis R, Guzman F. De novo assembly of Vriesea carinata leaf transcriptome to identify candidate cysteine-proteases. Gene 2019; 691:96-105. [PMID: 30630096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vriesea carinata is an endemic bromeliad from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. It has trichome and tank system in their leaves which allows to absorb water and nutrients. It belongs to Bromeliaceae family, which includes several species highly enriched of cysteine-proteases (CysPs). These proteolytic enzymes regulate processes as senescence, cell differentiation, pathogen-linked programmed cell death and mobilization of proteins. Although, their biological importance, there are not genomic resources in V. carinata that can help to identify and understand their molecular mechanisms involved in different biological processes. Thus high-throughput transcriptome sequencing of V. carinata is necessary to generate sequences for the purpose of gene discovery and functional genomic studies. In the present study, we sequenced and assembled the V. carinata transcriptome to the identification of CysPs. A total of 43,232 contigs were assembled for the leaf tissue. BLAST analysis indicated that 23,803 contigs exhibited similarity to non-redundant Viridiplantae proteins. 28.24% of the contigs were classified into the COG database, and gene ontology categorized them into 61 functional groups. A metabolic pathway analysis with KEGG revealed 9679 contigs assigned to 31 metabolic pathways. Among 16 full-length CysPs identified, 11 were evaluated in respect to their expression patterns in the leaf apex, base and inflorescence tissues. The results showed differential expression levels of legumain, metacaspase, pyroglutamyl and papain-like CysPs depending of the leaf region. These results provide a global overview of V. carinata gene functions and expression activities of CysPs in those tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Eguiluz
- PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - F R Kulcheski
- PPGBCD, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Genética e Embriologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina-UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - R Margis
- PPGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; PPGBCM, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - F Guzman
- PPGBCM, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gotsch SG, Dawson TE, Draguljić D. Variation in the resilience of cloud forest vascular epiphytes to severe drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:900-913. [PMID: 29084355 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytes are common in tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) and play many important ecological roles, but the degree to which these unique plants will be affected by changes in climate is unknown. We investigated the drought responses of three vascular epiphyte communities bracketing the cloud base during a severe, El Niño-impacted dry season. Epiphytes were instrumented with sap flow probes in each site. Leaf water potential and pressure-volume curve parameters were also measured before and during the drought. We monitored the canopy microclimate in each site to determine the drivers of sap velocity across the sites. All plants greatly reduced their water use during the drought, but recovery occurred more quickly for plants in the lower and drier sites. Plants in drier sites also exhibited the greatest shifts in the osmotic potential at full saturation and the turgor loss point. Although all individuals survived this intense drought, epiphytes in the cloud forest experienced the slowest recovery, suggesting that plants in the TMCF are particularly sensitive to severe drought. Although vapor pressure deficit was an important driver of sap velocity in the highest elevation site, other factors, such as the volumetric water content of the canopy soil, were more important at lower (and warmer) sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sybil G Gotsch
- Department of Biology, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 4006 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Danel Draguljić
- Department of Mathematics, Franklin and Marshall College, PO Box 3003, Lancaster, PA, 17603, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pereira PN, Gaspar M, Smith JAC, Mercier H. Ammonium intensifies CAM photosynthesis and counteracts drought effects by increasing malate transport and antioxidant capacity in Guzmania monostachia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1993-2003. [PMID: 29462338 PMCID: PMC6018993 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Guzmania monostachia (Bromeliaceae) is a tropical epiphyte capable of up-regulating crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in its photosynthetic tissues in response to changing nutrient and water availability. Previous studies have shown that under drought there is a gradient of increasing CAM expression from the basal (youngest) to the apical (oldest) portion of the leaves, and additionally that nitrogen deficiency can further increase CAM intensity in the leaf apex of this bromeliad. The present study investigated the inter-relationships between nitrogen source (nitrate and/or ammonium) and water deficit in regulating CAM expression in G. monostachia leaves. The highest CAM activity was observed under ammonium nutrition in combination with water deficit. This was associated with enhanced activity of the key enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, elevated rates of ATP- and PPi-dependent proton transport at the vacuolar membrane in the presence of malate, and increased transcript levels of the vacuolar malate channel-encoding gene, ALMT. Water deficit was consistently associated with higher levels of total soluble sugars, which were maximal under ammonium nutrition, as were the activities of several antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase). Thus, ammonium nutrition, whilst associated with the highest degree of CAM induction in G. monostachia, also mitigates the effects of water deficit by osmotic adjustment and can limit oxidative damage in the leaves of this bromeliad under conditions that may be typical of its epiphytic habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Natália Pereira
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Gaspar
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Botany, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Andrew C Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Helenice Mercier
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, CEP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Givnish TJ, Barfuss MHJ, Van Ee B, Riina R, Schulte K, Horres R, Gonsiska PA, Jabaily RS, Crayn DM, Smith JAC, Winter K, Brown GK, Evans TM, Holst BK, Luther H, Till W, Zizka G, Berry PE, Sytsma KJ. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and historical biogeography in Bromeliaceae: insights from an eight-locus plastid phylogeny. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:872-95. [PMID: 21613186 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Bromeliaceae form a large, ecologically diverse family of angiosperms native to the New World. We use a bromeliad phylogeny based on eight plastid regions to analyze relationships within the family, test a new, eight-subfamily classification, infer the chronology of bromeliad evolution and invasion of different regions, and provide the basis for future analyses of trait evolution and rates of diversification. METHODS We employed maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and Bayesian approaches to analyze 9341 aligned bases for four outgroups and 90 bromeliad species representing 46 of 58 described genera. We calibrate the resulting phylogeny against time using penalized likelihood applied to a monocot-wide tree based on plastid ndhF sequences and use it to analyze patterns of geographic spread using parsimony, Bayesian inference, and the program S-DIVA. RESULTS Bromeliad subfamilies are related to each other as follows: (Brocchinioideae, (Lindmanioideae, (Tillandsioideae, (Hechtioideae, (Navioideae, (Pitcairnioideae, (Puyoideae, Bromelioideae))))))). Bromeliads arose in the Guayana Shield ca. 100 million years ago (Ma), spread centrifugally in the New World beginning ca. 16-13 Ma, and dispersed to West Africa ca. 9.3 Ma. Modern lineages began to diverge from each other roughly 19 Ma. CONCLUSIONS Nearly two-thirds of extant bromeliads belong to two large radiations: the core tillandsioids, originating in the Andes ca. 14.2 Ma, and the Brazilian Shield bromelioids, originating in the Serro do Mar and adjacent regions ca. 9.1 Ma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Givnish
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lüttge U. Ability of crassulacean acid metabolism plants to overcome interacting stresses in tropical environments. AOB PLANTS 2010; 2010:plq005. [PMID: 22476063 PMCID: PMC3000696 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plq005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Single stressors such as scarcity of water and extreme temperatures dominate the struggle for life in severely dry desert ecosystems or cold polar regions and at high elevations. In contrast, stress in the tropics typically arises from a dynamic network of interacting stressors, such as availability of water, CO(2), light and nutrients, temperature and salinity. This requires more plastic spatio-temporal responsiveness and versatility in the acquisition and defence of ecological niches. CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM The mode of photosynthesis of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is described and its flexible expression endows plants with powerful strategies for both acclimation and adaptation. Thus, CAM plants are able to inhabit many diverse habitats in the tropics and are not, as commonly thought, successful predominantly in dry, high-insolation habitats. TROPICAL CAM HABITATS Typical tropical CAM habitats or ecosystems include exposed lava fields, rock outcrops of inselbergs, salinas, savannas, restingas, high-altitude páramos, dry forests and moist forests. MORPHOTYPICAL AND PHYSIOTYPICAL PLASTICITY OF CAM Morphotypical and physiotypical plasticity of CAM phenotypes allow a wide ecophysiological amplitude of niche occupation in the tropics. Physiological and biochemical plasticity appear more responsive by having more readily reversible variations in performance than do morphological adaptations. This makes CAM plants particularly fit for the multi-factor stressor networks of tropical forests. Thus, while the physiognomy of semi-deserts outside the tropics is often determined by tall succulent CAM plants, tropical forests house many more CAM plants in terms of quantity (biomass) and quality (species diversity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lüttge
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 3-5, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krömer T, Kessler M, Herzog SK. Distribution and Flowering Ecology of Bromeliads along Two Climatically Contrasting Elevational Transects in the Bolivian Andes1. Biotropica 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Lüttge U. Photosynthetic flexibility and ecophysiological plasticity: questions and lessons from Clusia, the only CAM tree, in the neotropics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 171:7-25. [PMID: 16771979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the trees of Clusia: arrival in the limelight of international research 8 II. Phylogeny 8 III. Photosynthetic physiotypes 10 IV. Metabolic flexibility: organic acid variations 12 V. The environmental control of photosynthetic flexibility 13 VI. Phenotypic plasticity: physiotypes and morphotypes 16 VII. Ecological amplitude and habitat impact 16 VIII. Conclusions and outlook 21 Acknowledgements 22 References 22 Summary It is the aim of this review to present a monographic survey of the neotropical genus Clusia on scaling levels from molecular phylogeny, metabolism, photosynthesis and autecological environmental responses to ecological amplitude and synecological habitat impact. Clusia is the only dicotyledonous genus with real trees performing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). By way of introduction, a brief historical reminiscence describes the discovery of CAM in Clusia and the consequent increase in interest in studying this particular genus of tropical shrubs and trees. The molecular phylogeny of CAM in the genus is compared with that in Kalanchoë and the Bromeliaceae. At the level of metabolism and photosynthesis, the great plasticity of expression of photosynthetic physiotypes, i.e. (i) C(3) photosynthesis, (ii) CAM including CAM idling, (iii) CAM cycling and (iv) C(3)/CAM-intermediate behaviour, as well as metabolic flexibility in Clusia is illustrated. At the level of autecology, the factors water, irradiance and temperature, which control photosynthetic flexibility, are assessed. The phenotypic plasticity of physiotypes and morphotypes is described. At the level of synecology, the ecological amplitude of Clusia in the tropics and the relations to habitat are surveyed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lüttge
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Crayn DM, Winter K, Smith JAC. Multiple origins of crassulacean acid metabolism and the epiphytic habit in the Neotropical family Bromeliaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3703-8. [PMID: 14982989 PMCID: PMC373526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400366101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The large Neotropical family Bromeliaceae presents an outstanding example of adaptive radiation in plants, containing a wide range of terrestrial and epiphytic life-forms occupying many distinct habitats. Diversification in bromeliads has been linked to several key innovations, including water- and nutrient-impounding phytotelmata, absorptive epidermal trichomes, and the water-conserving mode of photosynthesis known as crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). To clarify the origins of CAM and the epiphytic habit, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences for 51 bromeliad taxa by using the plastid loci matK and the rps16 intron, combined with a survey of photosynthetic pathway determined by carbon-isotope ratios for 1,873 species representing 65% of the family. Optimization of character-states onto the strict consensus tree indicated that the last common ancestor of Bromeliaceae was a terrestrial C(3) mesophyte, probably adapted to moist, exposed, nutrient-poor habitats. Both CAM photosynthesis and the epiphytic habit evolved a minimum of three times in the family, most likely in response to geological and climatic changes in the late Tertiary. The great majority of epiphytic forms are now found in two lineages: in subfamily Tillandsioideae, in which C(3) photosynthesis was the ancestral state and CAM developed later in the most extreme epiphytes, and in subfamily Bromelioideae, in which CAM photosynthesis predated the appearance of epiphytism. Subsequent radiation of the bromelioid line into less xeric habitats has led to reversion to C(3) photosynthesis in some taxa, showing that both gain and loss of CAM have occurred in the complex evolutionary history of this family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M Crayn
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cushman JC, Borland AM. Induction of Crassulacean acid metabolism by water limitation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2002; 25:295-310. [PMID: 11841671 DOI: 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00760.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a key adaptation of photosynthetic carbon fixation to limited water availability, is characterized by nocturnal CO2 fixation and daytime CO2 re-assimilation, which generally results in improved water-use efficiency. However, CAM plants display a remarkable degree of photosynthetic plasticity within a continuum of diel gas exchange patterns. Genotypic, ontogenetic and environmental factors combine to govern the extent to which CAM is expressed. The ecological diversity of CAM is mirrored by plasticity in a range of biochemical and physiological attributes. In C3/CAM-intermediate plants, limited water availability can induce or enhance the expression of CAM. CAM induction is controlled by a combination of transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational regulatory events. Early events in CAM induction point to a requirement for calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinase activities. Gene discovery efforts, improved transformation technologies and genetic models for CAM plants, coupled with detailed physiological investigations, will lead to new insights into the molecular genetic basis of induction processes and the circadian oscillator that governs carbon flux during CAM. Future integration of genomic, biochemical and physiological approaches in selected CAM models promise to provide a detailed view of the complex regulatory dynamics involved in CAM induction and modulation by water deficit. Such information is expected to have broad significance as the ecological and agricultural importance of CAM species increases in the face of global warming trends and the associated expansion of desertification in semi-arid regions around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Cushman
- Department of Biochemistry/MS200, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0014, USA and Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pierce S, Maxwell K, Griffiths H, Winter K. Hydrophobic trichome layers and epicuticular wax powders in Bromeliaceae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2001; 88:1371-1389. [PMID: 21669669 DOI: 10.2307/3558444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distinctive foliar trichome of Bromeliaceae has promoted the evolution of an epiphytic habit in certain taxa by allowing the shoot to assume a significant role in the uptake of water and mineral nutrients. Despite the profound ecophysiological and taxonomic importance of this epidermal structure, the functions of nonabsorbent trichomes in remaining Bromeliaceae are not fully understood. The hypothesis that light reflection from these trichome layers provides photoprotection was not supported by spectroradiometry and fluorimetry in the present study; the mean reflectance of visible light from trichome layers did not exceed 6.4% on the adaxial surfaces of species representing a range of ecophysiological types nor was significant photoprotection provided by their presence. Several reports suggesting water repellency in some terrestrial Bromeliaceae were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a new technique-fluorographic dimensional imaging (FDI)-were used to assess the interaction between aqueous droplets and the leaf surfaces of 86 species from 25 genera. In the majority of cases a dense layer of overlapping, stellate or peltate trichomes held water off the leaf epidermis proper. In the case of hydrophobic tank-forming tillandsioideae, a powdery epicuticular wax layer provided water repellency. The irregular architecture of these indumenta resulted in relatively little contact with water droplets. Most mesic terrestrial Pitcairnioideae examined either possessed glabrous leaf blades or hydrophobic layers of confluent trichomes on the abaxial surface. Thus, the present study indicates that an important ancestral function of the foliar trichome in Bromeliaceae was water repellency. The ecophysiological consequences of hydrophobia are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pierce
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Winter K, Smith JAC. An Introduction to Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. Biochemical Principles and Ecological Diversity. CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
Pilon-Smits EAH, Hart H’, van Brederode J. Evolutionary Aspects of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism in the Crassulaceae. CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Kluge M, Brulfert J, Ravelomanana D, Lipp J, Ziegler H. Crassulacean acid metabolism in Kalancho� species collected in various climatic zones of Madagascar: a survey by ?13C analysis. Oecologia 1991; 88:407-414. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00317586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1991] [Accepted: 06/27/1991] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Fetene M, Lee HSJ, Lüttge U. Photosynthetic acclimation in a terrestrial CAM bromeliad, Bromelia humilis Jacq. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1990; 114:399-406. [PMID: 33873983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic acclimation of a terrestrial CAM bromeliad -Bromelia humilis Jacq. to irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth was investigated under controlled conditions. Considerable acclimation to shade was realized through an increase in total chlorophyll, accessory pigments, an increase in chloroplast size and appressed to non-appressed thylakoid membrane ratio, and a reduction in chlorophyll a/b ratio. A relatively high apparent photon yield in shade was associated with a low light-compensation point and low dark-respiration rate. Light saturation of integrated dark CO2 uptake occurred at a relatively low total daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and was not influenced by growth PPFD level. Maximum photosynthetic capacity expressed per unit chlorophyll and nitrogen use efficiency were significantly higher in high-PPFD-grown plants. In addition, apparent photon yield was only slightly reduced in high-PPFD-grown plants with nitrogen, while maximum photosynthetic rate remained the same indicating radiationless dissipation of excess light. Very high levels of recycling of respiratory carbon were observed under nitrogen deficiency in plants grown in both high and low PPFD. The extensive photosynthetic acclimation of B. humilis is discussed in terms of contrasting exposure and limitations of its natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fetene
- Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut für Botanik Schnittspahnstraße 3-5, D-6100 Darmstadt, FRG
| | - H S J Lee
- Forestry Commission, Forest Research Station, Alice Holt Lodge, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - U Lüttge
- Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Institut für Botanik Schnittspahnstraße 3-5, D-6100 Darmstadt, FRG
| |
Collapse
|