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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, MI 48202
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309
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Luzzati F, Peretto P, Aimar P, Ponti G, Fasolo A, Bonfanti L. Glia-independent chains of neuroblasts through the subcortical parenchyma of the adult rabbit brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:13036-41. [PMID: 14559968 PMCID: PMC240740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1735482100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brains of adult mammals long-distance cell migration of neuronal precursors is known to occur in the rostral migratory stream, involving chains of cells sliding into astrocytic glial tubes. By combining immunocytochemistry for polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), neuronal and glial antigens, endogenous and exogenously administered cell-proliferation markers, and light and electron microscopy 3D reconstructions, we show that chains of newly generated neuroblasts exist both inside and outside the subventricular zone of adult rabbits. Two groups of chains were detectable within the mature brain parenchyma: anterior chains, into the anterior forceps of the corpus callosum, and posterior chains, close to the external capsule. Parenchymal chains were not associated with any special glial structures, thus coming widely in contact with the mature nervous tissue, including unmyelinated/myelinated fibers, astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocytes. These chains of cells, unlike those in the subventricular zone, do not display cell proliferation, but they contain BrdUrd administered several weeks before. Telencephalic areas, such as the putamen, amygdala, claustrum, and cortex, adjacent to the chains harbor numerous PSA-NCAM-positive cells. The counting of newly generated cells in these areas shows small differences in comparison with others, and a few cells double-labeled for BrdUrd/PSA-NCAM (after 1-month survival) and for BrdUrd/NeuN (after 2 months) were detectable. These results demonstrate the occurrence of glial-independent chains of migrating neuroblasts, which directly contact the mature brain parenchyma of adult mammals. These chains could provide a possible link between the adult germinative layers and a very low-rate/long-term process of cell addition in the telencephalon.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Luzzati
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - P. Peretto
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - P. Aimar
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - G. Ponti
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - A. Fasolo
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - L. Bonfanti
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10153 Turin, Italy; Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; and Rita Levi Montalcini Center for Brain Repair, 10125 Turin, Italy
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Rodriguez JJ, Montaron MF, Petry KG, Aurousseau C, Marinelli M, Premier S, Rougon G, Le Moal M, Abrous DN. Complex regulation of the expression of the polysialylated form of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule by glucocorticoids in the rat hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:2994-3006. [PMID: 9758169 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gyrus dentatus is one of the few areas of the brain that continues to produce neurons after birth. The newborn cells differentiate into granule cells which project axons to their postsynaptic targets. This step is accompanied by the transient expression of the polysialylated isoforms of neuronal cell adhesion molecules (PSA-NCAM) by the developing neurons. Glucocorticoid hormones have been shown to inhibit neurogenesis. We noted a functional correlation between PSA-NCAM expression and glucocorticoid action after manipulation of corticosterone levels in the adrenalectomized rat. Adrenalectomy increased neurogenesis, evaluated from the incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in neuronal precursors, as well as PSA-NCAM expression. The increase in PSA-NCAM-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the gyrus dentatus, evidenced 72 h following adrenalectomy, persisted for at least a month. It was accompanied by enhanced dendritic arborization of PSA-NCAM-IR cells in the gyrus dentatus and by an increase in number of PSA-NCAM-IR fibres in the CA3 subfield. Neurogenesis was normalized by restitution of diurnal or nocturnal levels of corticosterone, whereas normalization of PSA-NCAM expression was only observed after simulation of the complete circadian fluctuation of the hormone. Our findings reveal the complex action of corticosterone in modulating the expression of PSA-NCAM in the gyrus dentatus of the hippocampal formation. They also highlight the importance of corticosterone fluctuations in the control of neurogenesis and plasticity in this structure.
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Jiang J, McMurtry J, Niedzwiecki D, Goldman SA. Insulin-like growth factor-1 is a radial cell-associated neurotrophin that promotes neuronal recruitment from the adult songbird edpendyma/subependyma. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1998; 36:1-15. [PMID: 9658334 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199807)36:1<1::aid-neu1>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the adult songbird forebrain, neurons continue to be produced from precursor cells in the forebrain ependymal/subependymal zone (SZ), from which they migrate upon radial guide fibers. The new neurons and their radial cell partners may coderive from a common SZ progenitor, which may be the radial cell itself. On this basis, we asked whether radial cells might provide trophic support for the migration or survival of newly generated neurons. We focused upon the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) IGF-1 and IGF-2, which have previously been shown to support the survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. We found that IGF-1 immunoreactivity was expressed heavily by adult zebra finch radial cells and their fibers, with little expression otherwise. IGF-2, in contrast, was expressed by parenchymal astrocytes and exhibited little radial cell expression. Despite their distinct distributions, IGF-1 and IGF-2 exerted similar trophic effects on finch SZ cells in vitro; both greatly increased the number of neurons migrating from explants of the adult finch SZ, relative to explants raised in low-insulin, IGF-1-deficient media. However, neither factor extended neuronal survival. These results suggest that in neurogenic regions of the adult avian forebrain, IGF-1 acts as a radial cell-associated neuronal differentiation and/or departure factor, which may serve to regulate neuronal recruitment into the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Pincus DW, Keyoung HM, Harrison-Restelli C, Goodman RR, Fraser RA, Edgar M, Sakakibara S, Okano H, Nedergaard M, Goldman SA. Fibroblast growth factor-2/brain-derived neurotrophic factor-associated maturation of new neurons generated from adult human subependymal cells. Ann Neurol 1998; 43:576-85. [PMID: 9585351 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410430505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian forebrain harbors neuronal precursor cells in the subependymal zone (SZ). Neuronal progenitors also persist in the adult human SZ and have been cultured from epileptic temporal lobe. In the present study, we sought to identify these neural progenitors in situ, and to direct their expansion and neuronal differentiation in vitro. We prepared explants of adult human SZ, obtained from temporal lobe resections of refractory epileptics. The resultant cultures were treated with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) for a week, with concurrent exposure to [3H]thymidine, then switched to media containing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for up to 2 months. Sporadic neuronal outgrowth, verified antigenically and physiologically, was observed from SZ cultures regardless of FGF-2/BDNF treatment; however, only FGF-2/BDNF-treated cultures exhibited profuse outgrowth, and these displayed neuronal survival as long as 9 weeks in vitro. In addition, cortical cultures derived from two brains generated microtubule-associated protein-2+ neurons, which incorporated [3H]thymidine and exhibited significant calcium increments to depolarization. In histological sections of the subependyma, both uncommitted and restricted progenitors, defined respectively by musashi and Hu protein expression, were identified. Thus, the adult human subependyma harbors neural progenitors, which are able to give rise to neurons whose numbers can be supported for prolonged periods in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pincus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Goldman SA, Luskin MB. Strategies utilized by migrating neurons of the postnatal vertebrate forebrain. Trends Neurosci 1998; 21:107-14. [PMID: 9530917 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(97)01191-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural brain repair has become a possibility with the identification and characterization of persistent neuronal progenitor cells in both the neonatal and adult brain. However, despite recent advances in the identification, propagation and expansion of these cells, they will not be useful therapeutically until methods are available for directing or delivering them to sites of need. As a result, the natural history and induction of neuronal migration into adult brain tissue has assumed new importance in clinical neurobiology. In this review we consider the cellular and molecular bases of neuronal migration into the postnatal forebrain. In particular, we discuss two natural paradigms of postnatal neuronal recruitment: radial-cell-directed neuronal migration to the songbird neostriatum, and neurophilic migration to the rodent olfactory bulb. In each, we will focus on the dynamic interactions between the migrants, their cellular guides and the local environment, and the effect of those interactions on migrational success.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Goldman
- Dept of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Wang S, Wu H, Jiang J, Delohery TM, Isdell F, Goldman SA. Isolation of neuronal precursors by sorting embryonic forebrain transfected with GFP regulated by the T alpha 1 tubulin promoter. Nat Biotechnol 1998; 16:196-201. [PMID: 9487530 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0298-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal precursor cells are widespread in the forebrain ventricular/subventricular zone, and may provide a cellular substrate for brain repair. Clonal lines derived from single progenitors can become progressively less representative of their parental precursors with time and passage in vitro. We have developed an alternative strategy for the isolation and enrichment of precursor cells, by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of forebrain cells transfected with the gene for green fluorescent protein, driven by the neuronal T alpha 1 tubulin promoter. Using this approach, neural precursors and young neurons can be identified and selectively harvested from a variety of samples, including both avian and mammalian forebrains at different developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Goldman SA, Nedergaard M, Crystal RG, Fraser RA, Goodman R, Harrison-Restelli C, Jiang J, Keyoung HM, Leventhal C, Pincus DW, Shahar A, Wang S. Neural precursors and neuronal production in the adult mammalian forebrain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 835:30-55. [PMID: 9616760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S A Goldman
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021, USA
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