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Chang CT, Hsieh PJ, Lee HC, Lo CH, Tam KW, Loh EW. Effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in Treating Clinical Symptoms of Substance Abuse and Dependence: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:282-293. [PMID: 33888657 PMCID: PMC8077050 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.2.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is believed to reduce the clinical symptoms among individuals with substance abuse or dependence. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of NAC in treating substance abuse and dependence. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov registry, and the Cochrane Library were searched for trials published before June 2020. Results A total of 16 trials were analyzed. The treatment effectiveness domains assessed in this study were craving and depressive symptoms, withdrawal syndrome, adverse events, and smoking frequency. Standardized mean difference (SMD), weighted mean difference (WMD), and odds ratio (OR) were used for evaluation where appropriate. A significant decrease in craving symptoms was observed in the NAC treatment group compared with the control group (SMD, −0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.21 to 0.21). When withdrawal and depressive symptoms were considered as a single domain, the NAC treatment group demonstrated a significantly higher overall improvement than the control group (SMD, −0.35; 95% CI, −0.64 to −0.06). No between-group differences in term of the OR of adverse events (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.68 to 2.06) and a non-significant trend toward reduction in smoking frequency was observed in the NAC treatment group compared with the control group (WMD, −3.09; 95% CI, −6.50 to 0.32). Conclusion NAC provides certain noticeable benefits in attenuating substance craving and might help alleviate depressive symptoms and withdrawal syndrome. Precautious measures should be considered when using NAC although no difference in adverse effects was found between NAC treatment and control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ting Chang
- Department of Primary Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Medical Education, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chien Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Lo
- Department of Primary Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ka-Wai Tam
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care and Shared Decision Making Resource Center, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - El-Wui Loh
- Center for Evidence-Based Health Care and Shared Decision Making Resource Center, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cochrane Taiwan, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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2
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Muñoz B, Gallegos S, Peters C, Murath P, Lovinger DM, Homanics GE, Aguayo LG. Influence of nonsynaptic α1 glycine receptors on ethanol consumption and place preference. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12726. [PMID: 30884072 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we used knock-in (KI) mice that have ethanol-insensitive alpha 1 glycine receptors (GlyRs) (KK385/386AA) to examine how alpha 1 GlyRs might affect binge drinking and conditioned place preference. Data show that tonic alpha 1 GlyR-mediated currents were exclusively sensitive to ethanol only in wild-type mice. Behavioral studies showed that the KI mice have a higher intake of ethanol upon first exposure to drinking and greater conditioned place preference to ethanol. This study suggests that nonsynaptic alpha 1-containing GlyRs have a role in motivational and early reinforcing effects of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Muñoz
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of PhysiologyUniversidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile
| | - Scarlet Gallegos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of PhysiologyUniversidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile
| | - Christian Peters
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of PhysiologyUniversidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile
| | - Pablo Murath
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of PhysiologyUniversidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- Department of AnesthesiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Department Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Luis G. Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of PhysiologyUniversidad de Concepcion Concepcion Chile
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3
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Struik RF, Marchant NJ, de Haan R, Terra H, van Mourik Y, Schetters D, Carr MR, van der Roest M, Heistek TS, De Vries TJ. Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex neurons encode nicotine-cue associations. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:2011-2021. [PMID: 31242502 PMCID: PMC6898138 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in regulating nicotine taking and seeking remains largely unexplored. In this study we took advantage of the high time-resolution of optogenetic intervention by decreasing (Arch3.0) or increasing (ChR2) the activity of neurons in the dorsal and ventral mPFC during 5-s nicotine cue presentations in order to evaluate their contribution to cued nicotine seeking and taking. Wistar rats were trained to self-administer intravenous nicotine in 1 h self-administration sessions twice a day for a minimum of 10 days. Subsequently, dmPFC or vmPFC neuronal activity was modulated during or following presentation of the 5-s nicotine cue, both under extinction and self-administration conditions. We also used in vivo electrophysiology to record the activity of dmPFC neurons during nicotine self-administration and extinction tests. We show that optogenetic inhibition of dmPFC neurons during, but not following, response-contingent presentations of the nicotine cue increased nicotine seeking. We found no effect on nicotine self-administration or on food seeking in an extinction test. We also show that this effect is specific to dmPFC, because optogenetic inhibition of vmPFC had no effect on nicotine seeking and taking. In vivo recordings revealed that dmPFC network neuronal activity was modulated more strongly following nicotine cue presentation in extinction, compared to following nicotine self-administration. Our results strongly suggest that a population of neurons within the dmPFC is involved in encoding the incentive value of nicotine-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland F Struik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nathan J Marchant
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roel de Haan
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huub Terra
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvar van Mourik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dustin Schetters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Madison R Carr
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel van der Roest
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S Heistek
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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Fox JM, Brook M, Heilbronner RL, Susmaras T, Hanlon RE. Neuropsychological and Criminological Features of Female Homicide Offenders. J Forensic Sci 2018; 64:460-467. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Fox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
| | - Michael Brook
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
| | - Robert L. Heilbronner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
- Chicago Neuropsychology Group 333 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1801 Chicago IL 60601
| | - Teresa Susmaras
- Gundersen Health System, Neuropsychology 1900 South Avenue La Crosse WI 54601
| | - Robert E. Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine 710 North Lakeshore Drive Chicago IL 60611
- Neuropsychological Associates of Chicago 645 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 803 Chicago IL 60611
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Avvisati R, Meringolo M, Stendardo E, Malavasi E, Marinelli S, Badiani A. Intravenous self-administration of benzydamine, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a central cannabinoidergic mechanism of action. Addict Biol 2018; 23:610-619. [PMID: 28429885 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzydamine (BZY) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the topical treatment of inflammations of the oral and vaginal mucosae. Virtually nothing is known about the central pharmacological actions of BZY. Yet there are reports of voluntary systemic overdosage of BZY in drug addicts, resulting in a euphoric, hallucinatory state. In the present study, we investigated the reinforcing properties of BZY in a rat self-administration paradigm. We found that BZY has a powerful reinforcing effect and that this effect is greatly facilitated in animals that already had substance experience, having previously self-administered heroin and cocaine, indicating cross sensitization between BZY and other common drugs of abuse. We then assessed the effect of BZY on prelimbic cortex-to-nucleus accumbens glutamatergic transmission, using field recordings in rat parasagittal brain slices. BZY dose-dependently reduced both field excitatory post synaptic potential amplitude and paired pulse ratio, suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of action. Similarly to the in vivo paradigm, also the electrophysiological effects of BZY were potentiated in slices from animals that had undergone cocaine and heroin self-administration. Furthermore, BZY-induced Long Term Depression (LTD)-like responses in the prelimbic cortex-to-nucleus accumbens circuitry were significantly reduced in the presence of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251. These findings provide firm evidence of the abuse liability of BZY and suggest a possible cannabinoidergic mechanism of action. Further research is needed in order to give insights into the molecular mechanism underlying BZY psychoactive and reinforcing effects, to better understand its abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Avvisati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology; University of Sussex; UK
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | - Emiliana Stendardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | - Elisa Malavasi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
| | | | - Aldo Badiani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Sapienza University of Rome; Italy
- Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre (SARIC), School of Psychology; University of Sussex; UK
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Li H, Li C, Zhou Y, Luo C, Ou J, Li J, Mo Z. Expression of microRNAs in the serum exosomes of methamphetamine-dependent rats vs. ketamine-dependent rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3369-3375. [PMID: 29545857 PMCID: PMC5840958 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a public health and social problem. A number of studies have reported that drug addiction is associated with microRNAs (miRNAs). By comparing the expression of miRNAs in the serum exosomes of methamphetamine-dependent and ketamine-dependent rats, the aim of the present study was to provide insights into the miRNA-mediated associations between the two groups. Published results on conditioned place preference (CPP) in rats conditioned by methamphetamine and ketamine were replicated. The expression of miRNAs in serum exosomes were determined by gene-chip sequencing. The potential target genes of differentially expressed (DE) co-miRNAs were predicted in the methamphetamine and ketamine rats, then functional analysis of their target genes was performed. Methamphetamine and ketamine reward greatly increased the activity time and distance in the intrinsically non-preferred side of the behavioral apparatus when compared with controlled rats (P<0.01). In addition, methamphetamine upregulated the expression of 276 miRNAs and downregulated 25 miRNAs, while ketamine only downregulated the expression of 267 miRNAs. Ten DE co-miRNAs in the two model groups were identified. Functional analysis revealed that DE co-miRNAs are involved in the development of addiction at different stages, and their target genes were enriched in ‘vesicular transport’, ‘amphetamine addiction’, ‘dopaminergic synapse’ and ‘GABAergic synapse’. Therefore, it was suggested that these co-miRNAs may have a strong association with drug addiction, and they may be involved in the different addiction processes, which partly explains methamphetamine and ketamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chan Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Chaohua Luo
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jingying Ou
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian Mo
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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7
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Xanthoceraside modulates NR2B-containing NMDA receptors at synapses and rescues learning-memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:337-349. [PMID: 29124300 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by memory loss and synaptic damage. Previous studies suggested that xanthoceraside decreases glutamate-induced PC12 cell death, ameliorates memory deficits, and increases the number of dendritic spines in AD mice. These results indicated that xanthoceraside might have activities that protect synaptic plasticity. Herein, we detected the effect of xanthoceraside on synaptic function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were orally treated with xanthoceraside (0.02, 0.08, or 0.32 mg/kg) once daily for 4 months and then behavioral tests were performed. LTP and Fluo-4/AM were carried out in vivo and in vitro, respectively. CaMKII-GluR1 and NR2B-associated proteins on synapses were measured. RESULTS Xanthoceraside administration alleviated learning-memory deficits and increased the LTP in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Meanwhile, xanthoceraside increased the expression of pT286-CaMKII in synaptic and extrasynaptic pools and CaMKII, pS831-GluR1, and GluR1 in synaptic pools. In addition, xanthoceraside increased the total pY1472-NR2B and NR2B expression and increased the levels of pY1472-NR2B in synaptic and extrasynaptic pools and NR2B in synaptic pools. However, NR2B was decreased in extrasynaptic pools, which might be associated with decreased expression of STEP61 and pY531-Fyn. In vitro studies showed that xanthoceraside inhibited intracellular calcium overload and increased the number of and extended the length of dendrites in primary hippocampal neurons compared with the Aβ25-35 group. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of xanthoceraside on ameliorating learning-memory deficits might be related to decrease intracellular calcium overload, increase CaMKII-GluR1 proteins, and up-regulate trafficking of pY1472-NR2B at synapse, thereby improving LTP in APP/PS1 transgenic mice.
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8
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Blasi C. The Role of the Vagal Nucleus Tractus Solitarius in the Therapeutic Effects of Obesity Surgery and Other Interventional Therapies on Type 2 Diabetes. Obes Surg 2016; 26:3045-3057. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2419-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Mele M, Leal G, Duarte CB. Role of GABAAR trafficking in the plasticity of inhibitory synapses. J Neurochem 2016; 139:997-1018. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Graciano Leal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Coimbra; Coimbra Portugal
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10
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Lubbers BR, Matos MR, Horn A, Visser E, Van der Loo RC, Gouwenberg Y, Meerhoff GF, Frischknecht R, Seidenbecher CI, Smit AB, Spijker S, van den Oever MC. The Extracellular Matrix Protein Brevican Limits Time-Dependent Enhancement of Cocaine Conditioned Place Preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:1907-16. [PMID: 26711251 PMCID: PMC4869060 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-associated environmental cues sustain relapse vulnerability by reactivating long-lasting memories of cocaine reward. During periods of abstinence, responding to cocaine cues can time-dependently intensify a phenomenon referred to as 'incubation of cocaine craving'. Here, we investigated the role of the extracellular matrix protein brevican in recent (1 day after training) and remote (3 weeks after training) expression of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). Wild-type and Brevican heterozygous knock-out mice, which express brevican at ~50% of wild-type levels, received three cocaine-context pairings using a relatively low dose of cocaine (5 mg/kg). In a drug-free CPP test, heterozygous mice showed enhanced preference for the cocaine-associated context at the remote time point compared with the recent time point. This progressive increase was not observed in wild-type mice and it did not generalize to contextual-fear memory. Virally mediated overexpression of brevican levels in the hippocampus, but not medial prefrontal cortex, of heterozygous mice prevented the progressive increase in cocaine CPP, but only when overexpression was induced before conditioning. Post-conditioning overexpression of brevican did not affect remote cocaine CPP, suggesting that brevican limited the increase in remote CPP by altering neuro-adaptive mechanisms during cocaine conditioning. We provide causal evidence that hippocampal brevican levels control time-dependent enhancement of cocaine CPP during abstinence, pointing to a novel substrate that regulates incubation of responding to cocaine-associated cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart R Lubbers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariana R Matos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Horn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Visser
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolinka C Van der Loo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Gouwenberg
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gideon F Meerhoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renato Frischknecht
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Constanze I Seidenbecher
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel C van den Oever
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 20 598 7120, Fax: +31 20 5989281, E-mail:
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Salgado S, Kaplitt MG. The Nucleus Accumbens: A Comprehensive Review. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2015; 93:75-93. [PMID: 25720819 DOI: 10.1159/000368279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Salgado
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, N.Y., USA
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van Huijstee AN, Mansvelder HD. Glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system in addiction. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 8:466. [PMID: 25653591 PMCID: PMC4299443 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Addictive drugs remodel the brain’s reward circuitry, the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system, by inducing widespread adaptations of glutamatergic synapses. This drug-induced synaptic plasticity is thought to contribute to both the development and the persistence of addiction. This review highlights the synaptic modifications that are induced by in vivo exposure to addictive drugs and describes how these drug-induced synaptic changes may contribute to the different components of addictive behavior, such as compulsive drug use despite negative consequences and relapse. Initially, exposure to an addictive drug induces synaptic changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). This drug-induced synaptic potentiation in the VTA subsequently triggers synaptic changes in downstream areas of the mesocorticolimbic system, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), with further drug exposure. These glutamatergic synaptic alterations are then thought to mediate many of the behavioral symptoms that characterize addiction. The later stages of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in the NAc and in particular in the PFC play a role in maintaining addiction and drive relapse to drug-taking induced by drug-associated cues. Remodeling of PFC glutamatergic circuits can persist into adulthood, causing a lasting vulnerability to relapse. We will discuss how these neurobiological changes produced by drugs of abuse may provide novel targets for potential treatment strategies for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aile N van Huijstee
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Bailey CP, Husbands SM. Novel approaches for the treatment of psychostimulant and opioid abuse - focus on opioid receptor-based therapies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1333-44. [PMID: 25253272 PMCID: PMC4587358 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.964203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psychostimulant and opioid addiction are poorly treated. The majority of abstinent users relapse back to drug-taking within a year of abstinence, making 'anti-relapse' therapies the focus of much current research. There are two fundamental challenges to developing novel treatments for drug addiction. First, there are three key stimuli that precipitate relapse back to drug-taking: stress, presentation of drug-conditioned cue, taking a small dose of drug. The most successful novel treatment would be effective against all three stimuli. Second, a large number of drug users are poly-drug users: taking more than one drug of abuse at a time. The ideal anti-addiction treatment would, therefore, be effective against all classes of drugs of abuse. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the clinical need and animal models used to uncover potential novel treatments. There is a very broad range of potential treatment approaches and targets currently being examined as potential anti-relapse therapies. These broadly fit into two categories: 'memory-based' and 'receptor-based' and the authors discuss the key targets here within. EXPERT OPINION Opioid receptors and ligands have been widely studied, and research into how different opioid subtypes affect behaviours related to addiction (reward, dysphoria, motivation) suggests that they are tractable targets as anti-relapse treatments. Regarding opioid ligands as novel 'anti-relapse' medication targets, research suggests that a 'non-selective' approach to targeting opioid receptors will be the most effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P Bailey
- University of Bath, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY , UK +01225 384957 ;
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Lubbers BR, van Mourik Y, Schetters D, Smit AB, De Vries TJ, Spijker S. Prefrontal gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor insertion controls cue-induced relapse to nicotine seeking. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:750-8. [PMID: 24631130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current smoking cessation therapies offer limited success, as relapse rates remain high. Nicotine, which is the major component of tobacco smoke, is thought to be primarily responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying nicotine relapse, hampering development of more effective therapies. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic receptors in controlling relapse to nicotine seeking. METHODS Using an intravenous self-administration model, we studied glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor regulation in the synaptic membrane fraction of the rat mPFC following extinction and cue-induced relapse to nicotine seeking. Subsequently, we locally intervened at the level of GABAergic signaling by using a mimetic peptide of the GABA receptor associated protein-interacting domain of GABA type A (GABAA) receptor subunit γ2 (TAT-GABAγ2) and muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist. RESULTS Alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors were not regulated after the 30-min relapse test. However, GABAA receptor subunits α1 and γ2 were upregulated, and interference with GABAA receptor insertion in the cell membrane using the TAT-GABAγ2 peptide in the dorsal mPFC, but not the ventral mPFC, significantly increased responding during relapse. Increasing GABAA transmission with muscimol in the dorsal and ventral mPFC attenuated relapse. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that cue-induced relapse entails a GABAergic plasticity mechanism that limits nicotine seeking by restoring inhibitory control in the dorsal mPFC. GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the dorsal mPFC constitutes a possible future therapeutic target for maintaining smoking abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart R Lubbers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Yvar van Mourik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dustin Schetters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam
| | - Taco J De Vries
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam.
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15
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Karasawa T, Lombroso PJ. Disruption of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) function in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2014; 89:1-9. [PMID: 25218562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase that plays a major role in the development of synaptic plasticity. Recent findings have implicated STEP in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, stroke/ischemia, and stress-related psychiatric disorders. In these disorders, STEP protein expression levels and activity are dysregulated, contributing to the cognitive deficits that are present. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings on STEP, discuss how STEP expression and activity are maintained during normal cognitive function, and how disruptions in STEP activity contribute to a number of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Karasawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Henderson G. The μ-opioid receptor: an electrophysiologist's perspective from the sharp end. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:260-7. [PMID: 24640948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Morphine, the prototypical opioid analgesic drug, produces its behavioural effects primarily through activation of μ-opioid receptors expressed in neurones of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This perspective provides a historical view of how, over the past 40 years, the use of electrophysiological recording techniques has helped to reveal the molecular mechanisms by which acute and chronic activation of μ-opioid receptors by morphine and other opioid drugs modify neuronal function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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17
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Choi FY, Ahn S, Wang YT, Phillips AG. Interference with AMPA receptor endocytosis: effects on behavioural and neurochemical correlates of amphetamine sensitization in male rats. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2014; 39:189-99. [PMID: 24290077 PMCID: PMC3997604 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural sensitization has been linked to drug craving in both clinical and preclinical studies of addiction. Increased motor activity is accompanied by enhanced dopamine (DA) release, particularly in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). The neural bases of sensitization are linked to alterations in synaptic connections that also underlie learning and memory. The present study uses an "interference" peptide, Tat-GluA2(3Y), that blocks long-term depression (LTD) at glutamatergic synapses by disrupting the endocytosis of α- amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors (AMPARs), to explore the role of this form of synaptic plasticity in the induction and maintenance of sensitization. METHODS Rats were given 5 injections of d-amphetamine (d-AMPH, 1.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every second day. Tat-GluA2(3Y), was administered by 2 different routes (intravenously and intracerebrally to the ventral tegmental area [VTA] or to the NAcc) before each injection of d-AMPH. After a 14-day drug-free period, expression of behavioural sensitization was evoked by a challenge injection of d-AMPH (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Dopamine efflux in the NAcc was measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection analyses of brain dialysates on days 1, 9 and 24 of the intravenous peptide experiment. RESULTS Systemic administration of Tat-GluA2(3Y) during the induction phase blocked maintenance of behavioural sensitization and attenuated the maintenance of neurochemical sensitization. Intra-VTA infusion of Tat-GluA2(3Y) before each administration of d-AMPH did not affect induction, but inhibited maintenance and subsequent expression of sensitization, whereas intra-NAcc infusion of the peptide did not affect induction or maintenance of sensitization. LIMITATIONS The relevance of behavioural sensitization in rodents is related to the development of craving and does not provide direct measures of drug reinforcement. CONCLUSION These findings confirm that drug-induced neuroplasticity is labile and may be subject to disruption at a time when long-lasting associations between drug reward and contextual stimuli are formed. Furthermore, the unique ability of Tat-GluA2(3Y) to block maintenance of behavioural sensitization implicates LTD in the consolidation of essential associative memories. Tat-GluA2(3Y) has the unique ability to disrupt functional neuroadaptations triggered by repeated psychostimulant exposure and therefore may protect against the development of craving and drug seeking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anthony G. Phillips
- Correspondence to:A.G. Phillips, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 2A1;
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Ávila-Ruiz T, Carranza V, Gustavo LL, Limón DI, Martínez I, Flores G, Flores-Hernández J. Chronic administration of nicotine enhances NMDA-activated currents in the prefrontal cortex and core part of the nucleus accumbens of rats. Synapse 2014; 68:248-56. [PMID: 24549882 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is an addictive substance of tobacco. It has been suggested that nicotine acts on glutamatergic (N-methyl-d-aspartate, NMDA) neurotransmission affecting dopamine release in the mesocorticolimbic system. This effect is reflected in neuroadaptative changes that can modulate neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core (cNAcc) and shell (sNAcc) regions. We evaluated the effect of chronic administration of nicotine (4.23 mg/kg/day for 14 days) on NMDA activated currents in dissociated neurons from the PFC, and NAcc (from core and shell regions). We assessed nicotine blood levels by mass spectrophotometry and we confirmed that nicotine increases locomotor activity. An electrophysiological study showed an increase in NMDA currents in neurons from the PFC and core part of the NAcc in animals treated with nicotine compared to those of control rats. No change was observed in neurons from the shell part of the NAcc. The enhanced glutamatergic activity observed in the neurons of rats with chronic administration of nicotine may explain the increased locomotive activity also observed in such rats. To assess one of the possible causes of increased NMDA currents, we used magnesium, to block NMDA receptor that contains the NR2B subunit. If there is a change in percent block of NMDA currents, it means that there is a possible change in expression of NMDA receptor subunits. Our results showed that there is no difference in the blocking effect of magnesium on the NMDA currents. The magnesium lacks of effect after nicotinic treatment suggests that there is no change in expression of NR2B subunit of NMDA receptors, then, the effect of nicotine treatment on amplitude of NMDA currents may be due to an increase in the quantity of receptors or to a change in the unitary conductance, rather than a change in the expression of the subunits that constitute it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ávila-Ruiz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur 6301, CP 72570, Puebla, Puebla, México
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Ventromedial prefrontal cortex pyramidal cells have a temporal dynamic role in recall and extinction of cocaine-associated memory. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18225-33. [PMID: 24227731 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2412-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addicts, associative memories related to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse can evoke powerful craving and drug seeking urges, but effective treatment to suppress these memories is not available. Detailed insight into the neural circuitry that mediates expression of drug-associated memory is therefore of crucial importance. Substantial evidence from rodent models of addictive behavior points to the involvement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in conditioned drug seeking, but specific knowledge of the temporal role of vmPFC pyramidal cells is lacking. To this end, we used an optogenetics approach to probe the involvement of vmPFC pyramidal cells in expression of a recent and remote conditioned cocaine memory. In mice, we expressed Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or Halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in pyramidal cells of the vmPFC and studied the effect of activation or inhibition of these cells during expression of a cocaine-contextual memory on days 1-2 (recent) and ∼3 weeks (remote) after conditioning. Whereas optical activation of pyramidal cells facilitated extinction of remote memory, without affecting recent memory, inhibition of pyramidal cells acutely impaired recall of recent cocaine memory, without affecting recall of remote memory. In addition, we found that silencing pyramidal cells blocked extinction learning at the remote memory time-point. We provide causal evidence of a critical time-dependent switch in the contribution of vmPFC pyramidal cells to recall and extinction of cocaine-associated memory, indicating that the circuitry that controls expression of cocaine memories reorganizes over time.
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20
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a prominent role in brain development, maturation of neural circuits, and adult neuroplasticity. This multifactorial role of the ECM suggests that processes that affect composition or turnover of ECM in the brain could lead to altered brain function, possibly underlying conditions of impaired mental health, such as neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disease. In support of this, in the last two decades, clinical and preclinical research provided evidence of correlations and to some degree causal links, between aberrant ECM function and neuropsychiatric disorders, the most prominent being addiction and schizophrenia. Based on these initial observations of involvement of different classes of ECM molecules (laminin, reelin, and their integrin receptors, as well as tenascins and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans), ECM targets have been suggested as a novel entry point in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Hence, understanding how ECM molecules contribute to proper neuronal functioning and how this is dysregulated in conditions of mental illness is of pivotal importance. In this chapter, we will review available literature that implicates the different classes of brain ECM molecules in psychiatric disorders, with a primary focus on addiction (opiates, psychostimulants, and alcohol), and we will compare these ECM adaptations with those implicated in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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21
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Pettorruso M, De Risio L, Di Nicola M, Martinotti G, Conte G, Janiri L. Allostasis as a conceptual framework linking bipolar disorder and addiction. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:173. [PMID: 25520673 PMCID: PMC4253530 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorders (BDs) and addictions constitute reciprocal risk factors and are best considered under a unitary perspective. The concepts of allostasis and allostatic load (AL) may contribute to the understanding of the complex relationships between BD and addictive behaviors. Allostasis entails the safeguarding of reward function stability by recruitment of changes in the reward and stress system neurocircuitry and it may help to elucidate neurobiological underpinnings of vulnerability to addiction in BD patients. Conceptualizing BD as an illness involving the cumulative build-up of allostatic states, we hypothesize a progressive dysregulation of reward circuits clinically expressed as negative affective states (i.e., anhedonia). Such negative affective states may render BD patients more vulnerable to drug addiction, fostering a very rapid transition from occasional drug use to addiction, through mechanisms of negative reinforcement. The resulting addictive behavior-related ALs, in turn, may contribute to illness progression. This framework could have a heuristic value to enhance research on pathophysiology and treatment of BD and addiction comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Di Nicola
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute of Psychiatry, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy
| | - Gianluigi Conte
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
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22
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Navlakha S, Suhan J, Barth AL, Bar-Joseph Z. A high-throughput framework to detect synapses in electron microscopy images. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:i9-17. [PMID: 23813014 PMCID: PMC3694654 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Synaptic connections underlie learning and memory in the brain and are dynamically formed and eliminated during development and in response to stimuli. Quantifying changes in overall density and strength of synapses is an important pre-requisite for studying connectivity and plasticity in these cases or in diseased conditions. Unfortunately, most techniques to detect such changes are either low-throughput (e.g. electrophysiology), prone to error and difficult to automate (e.g. standard electron microscopy) or too coarse (e.g. magnetic resonance imaging) to provide accurate and large-scale measurements. Results: To facilitate high-throughput analyses, we used a 50-year-old experimental technique to selectively stain for synapses in electron microscopy images, and we developed a machine-learning framework to automatically detect synapses in these images. To validate our method, we experimentally imaged brain tissue of the somatosensory cortex in six mice. We detected thousands of synapses in these images and demonstrate the accuracy of our approach using cross-validation with manually labeled data and by comparing against existing algorithms and against tools that process standard electron microscopy images. We also used a semi-supervised algorithm that leverages unlabeled data to overcome sample heterogeneity and improve performance. Our algorithms are highly efficient and scalable and are freely available for others to use. Availability: Code is available at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/∼saketn/detect_synapses/ Contact:zivbj@cs.cmu.edu
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Navlakha
- Machine Learning Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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23
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Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1622-44. [PMID: 23806439 PMCID: PMC3788047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, and specifically exercise, has been suggested as a potential treatment for drug addiction. In this review, we discuss clinical and preclinical evidence for the efficacy of exercise at different phases of the addiction process. Potential neurobiological mechanisms are also discussed focusing on interactions with dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling and chromatin remodeling in the reward pathway. While exercise generally produces an efficacious response, certain exercise conditions may be either ineffective or lead to detrimental effects depending on the level/type/timing of exercise exposure, the stage of addiction, the drug involved, and the subject population. During drug use initiation and withdrawal, its efficacy may be related to its ability to facilitate dopaminergic transmission, and once addiction develops, its efficacy may be related to its ability to normalize glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling and reverse drug-induced changes in chromatin via epigenetic interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the reward pathway. We conclude with future directions, including the development of exercise-based interventions alone or as an adjunct to other strategies for treating drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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24
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Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF. The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2013; 4:29-43. [PMID: 24648786 PMCID: PMC3931688 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s39684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit psychostimulant addiction remains a significant problem worldwide, despite decades of research into the neural underpinnings and various treatment approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, as well as the acute and chronic effects of cocaine and amphetamines within this circuitry in humans. Investigational pharmacological treatments for illicit psychostimulant addiction are also reviewed. Our current knowledge base clearly demonstrates that illicit psychostimulants produce lasting adaptive neural and behavioral changes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of addiction. However, attempts at generating pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction have historically focused on intervening at the level of the acute effects of these drugs. The lack of approved pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction highlights the need for new treatment strategies, especially those that prevent or ameliorate the adaptive neural, cognitive, and behavioral changes caused by chronic use of this class of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Taylor
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Candace R Lewis
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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25
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Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF. The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2013. [PMID: 24648786 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s39684.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit psychostimulant addiction remains a significant problem worldwide, despite decades of research into the neural underpinnings and various treatment approaches. The purpose of this review is to provide a succinct overview of the neurocircuitry involved in drug addiction, as well as the acute and chronic effects of cocaine and amphetamines within this circuitry in humans. Investigational pharmacological treatments for illicit psychostimulant addiction are also reviewed. Our current knowledge base clearly demonstrates that illicit psychostimulants produce lasting adaptive neural and behavioral changes that contribute to the progression and maintenance of addiction. However, attempts at generating pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction have historically focused on intervening at the level of the acute effects of these drugs. The lack of approved pharmacological treatments for psychostimulant addiction highlights the need for new treatment strategies, especially those that prevent or ameliorate the adaptive neural, cognitive, and behavioral changes caused by chronic use of this class of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara B Taylor
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Candace R Lewis
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - M Foster Olive
- Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA ; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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26
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Abstract
Drug and alcohol addiction is a debilitating disorder characterized by persistent drug-seeking behaviors despite negative physiological, medical, or social consequences. Neurobiological models of addiction propose that the reinforcing effects of addictive drugs are associated with altered neurotransmission within the reward 'mesocorticolimbic' circuitry in the brain. Immense efforts are therefore designed to target the mesocorticolimbic circuitry in attenuating drug dependence and addiction-related behaviors. Yet, to date, most addiction treatments have demonstrated only limited success in reducing addiction-related behaviors. Accumulating and compelling evidence suggests that novel nonsurgical brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation, could serve as promising tools for indexing altered neurotransmission associated with repetitive drug use, and moreover, may hold therapeutic potential for the treatment of drug dependence and addiction-related behaviors. This chapter reviews and discusses the current and potential applications of such techniques in the study and treatment of addiction; we focus on a number of common drugs of abuse, including nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, cannabis, and ecstasy.
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Kelly TM, Daley DC. Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 28:388-406. [PMID: 23731427 PMCID: PMC3753025 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2013.774673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies find that psychiatric disorders, including mental disorders and substance use disorders, are common among adults and highly comorbid. Integrated treatment refers to the focus of treatment on two or more conditions and to the use of multiple treatments such as the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Integrated treatment for comorbidity has been found to be consistently superior compared to treatment of individual disorders with separate treatment plans. This article focuses on a review of the risks for developing comorbid disorders and the combinations of treatments that appear to be most effective for clients with particular comorbid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Kelly
- The Center for Psychiatric and Chemical Dependency Services, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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28
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Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 in the cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus contributes to morphine physical dependence in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:215-20. [PMID: 23143893 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid-contacting nucleus (CSF-CN) may influence actual composition of the CSF for non-synaptic signal transmission via releasing or absorbing bioactive substances, which distributes and localizes in the ventral periaqueductal central gray of the brainstem. Previous studies demonstrated that CSF-CN was involved in neuropathic pain and morphine dependence. Thus, to identify whether extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) distributed in the CSF-CN and its function on the formation and development of morphine physical dependence, morphine withdrawal-like behavioral test and immunofluorescent technique were used in this research. Morphine was subcutaneously injected by an intermittent and escalating procedure to induce physical dependence, which was measured by withdrawal symptoms. In this study, we found that horseradish peroxidase-conjugated toxin subunit B/p-ERK5 double-labeled neurons expressed in the CSF-CN of normal rats. ERK5 signaling pathway was remarkably activated by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in the CSF-CN. Moreover, selective attenuation of p-ERK5 expression in the CSF-CN by lateral ventricle injection of BIX02188 could significantly relieve morphine withdrawal symptom. These findings confirmed that the activation of p-ERK5 in the CSF-CN might contribute to morphine physical dependence.
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