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Gorbunov A, Bardin A, Ilyushonok S, Kovach J, Petrenko A, Sukhodolov N, Krasnov K, Krasnov N, Zorin I, Obornev A, Babakov V, Radilov A, Podolskaya E. Multiwell photocatalytic microreactor device integrating drug biotransformation modeling and sample preparation on a MALDI target. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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2
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Transformation Products of Emerging Pollutants Explored Using Non-Target Screening: Perspective in the Transformation Pathway and Toxicity Mechanism—A Review. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020054. [PMID: 35202240 PMCID: PMC8874687 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has increasingly focused on forming transformation products (TPs) from environmental organic pollutants. However, there is still a lot of discussion over how these TPs are generated and how harmful they are to living terrestrial or aquatic organisms. Potential transformation pathways, TP toxicity, and their mechanisms require more investigation. Non-target screening (NTS) via high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) in model organisms to identify TPs and the formation mechanism on various organisms is the focus of this review. Furthermore, uptake, accumulation process, and potential toxicity with their detrimental consequences are summarized in various organisms. Finally, challenges and future research initiatives, such as performing NTS in a model organism, characterizing and quantifying TPs, and evaluating future toxicity studies on TPs, are also included in this review.
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Ahern TP, Collin LJ, Baurley JW, Kjærsgaard A, Nash R, Maliniak ML, Damkier P, Zwick ME, Isett RB, Christiansen PM, Ejlertsen B, Lauridsen KL, Christensen KB, Silliman RA, Sørensen HT, Tramm T, Hamilton-Dutoit S, Lash TL, Cronin-Fenton D. Metabolic Pathway Analysis and Effectiveness of Tamoxifen in Danish Breast Cancer Patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:582-590. [PMID: 31932415 PMCID: PMC7060091 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen and its metabolites compete with estrogen to occupy the estrogen receptor. The conventional dose of adjuvant tamoxifen overwhelms estrogen in this competition, reducing breast cancer recurrence risk by nearly half. Phase I metabolism generates active tamoxifen metabolites, and phase II metabolism deactivates them. No earlier pharmacogenetic study has comprehensively evaluated the metabolism and transport pathways, and no earlier study has included a large population of premenopausal women. METHODS We completed a cohort study of 5,959 Danish nonmetastatic premenopausal breast cancer patients, in whom 938 recurrences occurred, and a case-control study of 541 recurrent cases in a cohort of Danish predominantly postmenopausal breast cancer patients, all followed for 10 years. We collected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor blocks and genotyped 32 variants in 15 genes involved in tamoxifen metabolism or transport. We estimated conventional associations for each variant and used prior information about the tamoxifen metabolic path to evaluate the importance of metabolic and transporter pathways. RESULTS No individual variant was notably associated with risk of recurrence in either study population. Both studies showed weak evidence of the importance of phase I metabolism in the clinical response to adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with prior knowledge, our results support the role of phase I metabolic capacity in clinical response to tamoxifen. Nonetheless, no individual variant substantially explained the modest phase I effect on tamoxifen response. IMPACT These results are consistent with guidelines recommending against genotype-guided prescribing of tamoxifen, and for the first time provide evidence supporting these guidelines in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Ahern
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine at The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Lindsay J Collin
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Anders Kjærsgaard
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Nash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maret L Maliniak
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Per Damkier
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael E Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Integrated Genomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - R Benjamin Isett
- Emory Integrated Genomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peer M Christiansen
- Breast Unit, Aarhus University Hospital/Randers Regional Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Breast Cancer Group, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Ejlertsen
- Danish Breast Cancer Group, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rebecca A Silliman
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henrik T Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Timothy L Lash
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Rajendran J, Pachaiappan P, Subramaniyan S. Dose-dependent chemopreventive effects of citronellol in DMBA-induced breast cancer among rats. Drug Dev Res 2019; 80:867-876. [PMID: 31313341 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women world wide and its incidence is on tremendous increase. The present study is aimed to analyze the dose-dependent chemopreventive efficacy of citronellol on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. The mammary tumor was induced through a single dose of DMBA (25 mg/rat) injected subcutaneously near the mammary gland of rats. In DMBA-injected rats, 100% tumor incidence, increased tumor volume, and tumor burden along with loss of body weight were observed. Biochemical analysis revealed the increased levels of phase I detoxification proteins (cytochrome P450 and b5) and decreased activities of phase II detoxification enzymes (glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase) in hepatic and mammary tissues. The levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and (GPx) and reduced glutathione) were decreased and lipid peroxidation by-products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and lipid hydroperoxide) got increased in plasma and mammary tissues. Oral administration of different doses of citronellol (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) to DMBA-treated rats for 16 weeks absolutely inhibited the tumor incidence and restored the biochemical parameters near to normal level in 50 and 100 mg doses whereas the histopathological studies also supported the biochemical findings. Hence, the result suggests that the citronellol of 50 mg/kg body weight exerted significant chemopreventive effects and can be considered as a minimum optimum dose in the prevention of mammary carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
- Acyclic Monoterpenes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaganesh Rajendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pugalendhi Pachaiappan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suganthi Subramaniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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5
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Swart E, de Boer TE, Chen G, Vooijs R, van Gestel CAM, van Straalen NM, Roelofs D. Species-specific transcriptomic responses in Daphnia magna exposed to a bio-plastic production intermediate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:399-408. [PMID: 31158668 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a plant-based chemical building block that could potentially substitute petroleum-based equivalents, yet ecotoxicological data of this compound is currently limited. In this study, the effects of HMF on the reproduction and survival of Daphnia magna were assessed through validated ecotoxicological tests. The mechanism of toxicity was determined by analysis of transcriptomic responses induced by exposure to different concentrations of HMF using RNA sequencing. HMF exerted toxicity to D. magna with an EC50 for effects on reproduction of 17.2 mg/l. HMF exposure affected molecular pathways including sugar and polysaccharide metabolism, lipid metabolism, general stress metabolism and red blood cell metabolism, although most molecular pathways affected by HMF exposure were dose specific. Hemoglobin genes, however, responded in a sensitive and dose-related manner. No induction of genes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism or oxidative stress metabolism pathway could be observed, which contrasted earlier observations on transcriptional responses of the terrestrial model Folsomia candida exposed to the same compound in a similar dose. We found 4189 orthologue genes between D. magna and F. candida, yet only twenty-one genes of those orthologues were co-regulated in both species. The contrasting transcriptional responses to the same compound exposed at a similar dose between D. magna and F. candida indicates limited overlap in stress responses among soil and aquatic invertebrates. The dose-related expression of hemoglobin provides further support for using hemoglobin expression as a biomarker for general stress responses in daphnids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Swart
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Tjalf E de Boer
- MicroLife Solutions B.V., Science Park 406, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guangquan Chen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riet Vooijs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nico M van Straalen
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tóth Z, Kurali A, Móricz ÁM, Hettyey A. Changes in Toxin Quantities Following Experimental Manipulation of Toxin Reserves in Bufo bufo Tadpoles. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:253-263. [PMID: 30684072 PMCID: PMC6477007 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Possessing toxins can contribute to an efficient defence against various threats in nature. However, we generally know little about the energy- and time-demands of developing toxicity in animals, which determines the efficiency of chemical defence and its trade-off with other risk-induced phenotypic responses. In this study we examined how immersion into norepinephrine solution inducing the release of stored toxins, administration of mild stress mimicking predator attack or simple handling during experimental procedure affected the quantity and number of toxin compounds present in common toad (Bufo bufo) tadpoles as compared to undisturbed control individuals, and investigated how fast toxin reserves were restored. We found that total bufadienolide quantity (TBQ) significantly decreased only in the norepinephrine treatment group immediately after treatment compared to the control, but this difference disappeared after 12 h; there were no consistent differences in TBQ between treatments at later samplings. Interestingly, in the norepinephrine treatment approximately half of the compounds characterized by >700 m/z values showed the same changes in time as TBQ, but several bufadienolides characterized by <600 m/z values showed the opposite pattern: they were present in higher quantities immediately after treatment. The number of bufadienolide compounds was not affected by any treatments, but was positively related to TBQ. Our study represents the first experimental evidence that toxin quantities returned to the original level following induced toxin release within a very short period of time in common toad tadpoles and provide additional insights into the physiological background of chemical defence in this model vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Tóth
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Kurali
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Ágnes M Móricz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Attila Hettyey
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó Str. 15, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
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7
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Fabian E, Gomes C, Birk B, Williford T, Hernandez TR, Haase C, Zbranek R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) by PBTK modeling for animal-free risk assessment approaches of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:401-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Kibet JK, Mosonik BC, Nyamori VO, Ngari SM. Free radicals and ultrafine particulate emissions from the co-pyrolysis of Croton megalocarpus biodiesel and fossil diesel. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:89. [PMID: 30088167 PMCID: PMC6081488 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The atmosphere has become a major transport corridor for free radicals and particulate matter from combustion events. The motivation behind this study was to determine the nature of particulate emissions and surface bound radicals formed during the thermal degradation of diesel blends in order to assess the health and environmental hazards of binary transport fuels. METHODOLOGY Accordingly, this contribution explored the interactions that occur when Croton megalocarpus biodiesel and fossil diesel in the ratio of 1:1 by weight were co-pyrolyzed in a quartz reactor at a residence time of 0.5 s under an inert flow of nitrogen at 600 °C. The surface morphology of the thermal char formed were imaged using a Feld emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG SEM) while Electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the surface of thermal char. Molecular functional groups adsorbed on the surface of thermal char were explored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). RESULTS FTIR spectrum showed that the major functional groups on the surface of the char were basically aromatic and some methylene groups. The particulate emissions detected in this work were ultrafine (~ 32 nm). The particulates are consistent with the SEM images observed in this study. Electron paramagnetic resonance results gave a g-value of 2.0027 characteristic of carbon-based radicals of aromatic nature. Spectral peak-to-peak width (∆Hp-p) obtained was narrow (4.42 G). CONCLUSIONS The free radicals identified as carbon-based are medically notorious and may be transported by various sizes of particulate matter on to the surface of the human lung which may trigger cancer and pulmonary diseases. The nanoparticulates determined in this work can precipitate severe biological health problems among humans and other natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K. Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
| | - Bornes C. Mosonik
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
- Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Kabaraka University, Private Bag, Kabarak, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
| | - Silas M. Ngari
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, PO Box 536, Egerton, 20115 Kenya
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9
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Jühlen R, Peitzsch M, Gärtner S, Landgraf D, Eisenhofer G, Huebner A, Koehler K. Compensation for chronic oxidative stress in ALADIN null mice. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.030742. [PMID: 29362278 PMCID: PMC5829508 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the AAAS gene coding for the nuclear pore complex protein ALADIN lead to the autosomal recessive disorder triple A syndrome. Triple A patients present with a characteristic phenotype including alacrima, achalasia and adrenal insufficiency. Patient fibroblasts show increased levels of oxidative stress, and several in vitro studies have demonstrated that the nucleoporin ALADIN is involved in both the cellular oxidative stress response and adrenal steroidogenesis. It is known that ALADIN knock-out mice lack a phenotype resembling human triple A syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine whether the application of chronic oxidative stress by ingestion of paraquat would generate a triple A-like phenotype in ALADIN null mice. Adult male mice were fed either a paraquat (0.25 g/kg diet) or control diet for 11 days. After application of chronic oxidative stress, ALADIN knock-out mice presented with an unexpected compensated glutathione metabolism, but lacked a phenotype resembling human triple A syndrome. We did not observe increased levels of oxidative stress and alterations in adrenal steroidogenesis in mice depleted for ALADIN. This study stresses the species-specific role of the nucleoporin ALADIN, which in mice involves a novel compensatory mechanism for regulating the cellular glutathione redox response. Summary: ALADIN knock-out mice present with an unexpected compensated metabolism of glutathione after application of chronic oxidative stress, whilst lacking a phenotype resembling human triple A syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Jühlen
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gärtner
- Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - Dana Landgraf
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Angela Huebner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Katrin Koehler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
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11
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Sowada J, Lemoine L, Schön K, Hutzler C, Luch A, Tralau T. Toxification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by commensal bacteria from human skin. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2331-2341. [PMID: 28378121 PMCID: PMC5429354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leads to constant human exposure at low levels. Toxicologically relevant are especially the high-molecular weight substances due to their (pro-)carcinogenic potential. Following ingestion or uptake, the eukaryotic phase I metabolism often activates these substances to become potent DNA binders, and unsurprisingly metabolism and DNA-adduct formation of model substances such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are well studied. However, apart from being subjected to eukaryotic transformations PAHs are also carbon and energy sources for the myriads of commensal microbes inhabiting man's every surface. Yet, we know little about the microbiome's PAH-metabolism capacity and its potentially adverse impact on the human host. This study now shows that readily isolable skin commensals transform B[a]P into a range of highly cyto- and genotoxic metabolites that are excreted in toxicologically relevant concentrations during growth. The respective bacterial supernatants contain a mixture of established eukaryotic as well as hitherto unknown prokaryotic metabolites, the combination of which leads to an increased toxicity. Altogether we show that PAH metabolism of the microbiome has to be considered a potential hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Sowada
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Lemoine
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Schön
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
What are the advantages of bioactivation in optimizing drugs and pesticides? Why are there so many prodrugs and propesticides? These questions are examined here by considering compounds selected on the basis of economic value or market success in 2015. The 100 major drugs and 90 major pesticides are divided into ones acting directly and those definitely or possibly requiring bioactivation. Established or candidate prodrugs accounted for 19% of the total drug sales, with corresponding values of 20, 37, and 17% for proinsecticides, proherbicides, and profungicides. The 19 prodrugs acting in humans generally had better pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties for target enzyme, receptor, tissue, or organ specificity due to their physical properties (lipophilicity and stabilization). Bioactivation usually involved hydrolases or cytochrome P450 oxidation or reduction. Prodrugs considered are neuroactive aripiprazole, eletriptan, desvenlafaxin, lisdexamfetamine, quetiapine, and fesoterodine; cholesterol-lowering atorvastatin, ezetimibe, and fenofibrate; various prodrugs activated by esterases or sulfatases, ciclesonide, oseltamivir, dabigatran; omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters and esterone sulfate; and five others with various targets (sofosbuvir, fingolimod, clopidogrel, dapsone, and sildenafil). The proinsecticides are the neuroactive chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb, two spiro enol ester inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase), and the bacterial protein delta-endotoxin. The proherbicides considered are five ACCase inhibitors including pinoxaden and clethodim, three protox inhibitors (saflufenacil, flumioxazin, and canfentrazone-ethyl), and three with various targets (fluroxypyr, isoxaflutole, and clomazone). The profungicides are prothioconazole, mancozeb, thiophanate-methyl, dazomet, and fosetyl-aluminum. The prodrug and propesticide concept is broadly applicable and has created some of the most selective pharmaceutical and pest control agents, illustrated here by major compounds that partially overcome pharmacokinetic limitations of potency and selectivity in the corresponding direct-acting compounds. The challenges of molecular design extend beyond the target site fit to the bioactivatable precursor and the fascinating chemistry and biology matched against the complexity of life processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Baxter A, Minet E. Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448041 PMCID: PMC5564436 DOI: 10.3791/55502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes play a key function in the biotransformation of medicines and toxicants by adding functional groups that increase solubility and facilitate excretion. On some occasions those structural modifications lead to the formation of new toxic products. In order to reduce animal testing, chemical risk can be assessed using metabolically competent cells. The expression of metabolic enzymes, however, is not stable over time in many in vitro primary culture systems and is often partial or absent in cell lines. Therefore, the study of medicines, additives, and environmental pollutants metabolism in vitro should ideally be conducted in cell systems where metabolic activity has been characterized. We explain here an approach to measure the activity of a class of metabolic enzymes (Human Phase I) in 2D cell lines and primary 3D cultures using chemical probes and their metabolic products quantifiable by UPLC mass spectrometry and luminometry. The method can be implemented to test the metabolic activity in cell lines and primary cells derived from a variety of tissues.
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Lehmann GM, Verner MA, Luukinen B, Henning C, Assimon SA, LaKind JS, McLanahan ED, Phillips LJ, Davis MH, Powers CM, Hines EP, Haddad S, Longnecker MP, Poulsen MT, Farrer DG, Marchitti SA, Tan YM, Swartout JC, Sagiv SK, Welsh C, Campbell JL, Foster WG, Yang RS, Fenton SE, Tornero-Velez R, Francis BM, Barnett JB, El-Masri HA, Simmons JE. Improving the risk assessment of lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals in breast milk. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44:600-17. [PMID: 25068490 PMCID: PMC4115797 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.926306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilic persistent environmental chemicals (LPECs) have the potential to accumulate within a woman's body lipids over the course of many years prior to pregnancy, to partition into human milk, and to transfer to infants upon breastfeeding. As a result of this accumulation and partitioning, a breastfeeding infant's intake of these LPECs may be much greater than his/her mother's average daily exposure. Because the developmental period sets the stage for lifelong health, it is important to be able to accurately assess chemical exposures in early life. In many cases, current human health risk assessment methods do not account for differences between maternal and infant exposures to LPECs or for lifestage-specific effects of exposure to these chemicals. Because of their persistence and accumulation in body lipids and partitioning into breast milk, LPECs present unique challenges for each component of the human health risk assessment process, including hazard identification, dose-response assessment, and exposure assessment. Specific biological modeling approaches are available to support both dose-response and exposure assessment for lactational exposures to LPECs. Yet, lack of data limits the application of these approaches. The goal of this review is to outline the available approaches and to identify key issues that, if addressed, could improve efforts to apply these approaches to risk assessment of lactational exposure to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geniece M. Lehmann
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, US
| | | | - Cara Henning
- ICF International, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Sue Anne Assimon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, US
| | - Judy S. LaKind
- LaKind Associates, LLC, Catonsville, MD, US
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, US
| | - Eva D. McLanahan
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Linda J. Phillips
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, US
| | - Matthew H. Davis
- Office of Children’s Health Protection, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, US
| | - Christina M. Powers
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Erin P. Hines
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Sami Haddad
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, IRSPUM (Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew P. Longnecker
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | | | | | - Satori A. Marchitti
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, US
| | - Yu-Mei Tan
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Jeffrey C. Swartout
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, US
| | - Sharon K. Sagiv
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, US
| | - Clement Welsh
- Division of Toxicology and Human Health Sciences, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, US
| | - Jerry L. Campbell
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Warren G. Foster
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond S.H. Yang
- Quantitative and Computational Toxicology Group, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, US
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Rogelio Tornero-Velez
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | | | - John B. Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, US
| | - Hisham A. El-Masri
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
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Dahal UP, Obach RS, Gilbert AM. Benchmarking in vitro covalent binding burden as a tool to assess potential toxicity caused by nonspecific covalent binding of covalent drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1739-45. [PMID: 24164572 DOI: 10.1021/tx400301q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite several advantages of covalent inhibitors (such as increased biochemical efficiency, longer duration of action on the target, and lower efficacious doses) over their reversible binding counterparts, there is a reluctance to use covalent inhibitors as a drug design strategy in pharmaceutical research. This reluctance is due to their anticipated reactions with nontargeted macromolecules. We hypothesized that there may be a threshold limit for nonspecific covalent binding, below which a covalent binding drug may be less likely to cause toxicity due to irreversible binding to off-target macromolecules. Estimation of in vivo covalent binding burden from in vitro data has previously been used as an approach to distinguish those agents more likely to cause toxicity (e.g., hepatotoxicity) via metabolic activation to reactive metabolites. We have extended this approach to nine covalent binding drugs to determine in vitro covalent binding burden. In vitro covalent binding burden was determined by incubating radiolabeled drugs with pooled human hepatocytes. These data were scaled to an estimate of in vivo covalent binding burden by combining the in vitro data with daily dose. Scaled in vivo daily covalent binding burden of marketed covalent drugs was found to be under 10 mg/day, which is in agreement with previously reported threshold value for metabolically activated reversible drugs. Covalent binding was also compared to the intrinsic reactivities of the covalent inhibitors assessed using nucleophiles glutathione and N-α-acetyl lysine. The intrinsic reactivity did not correlate with observed in vitro covalent binding, which demonstrated that the intrinsic reactivity of the electrophilic groups of covalent drugs does not exclusively account for the extent of covalent binding. The ramifications of these findings for consideration of using a covalent strategy in drug design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra P Dahal
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism and ‡Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Rao MS, Sasikala M, Reddy DN. Thinking outside the liver: induced pluripotent stem cells for hepatic applications. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:3385-96. [PMID: 23801830 PMCID: PMC3683676 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i22.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) unraveled a mystery in stem cell research, after identification of four re-programming factors for generating pluripotent stem cells without the need of embryos. This breakthrough in generating iPSCs from somatic cells has overcome the ethical issues and immune rejection involved in the use of human embryonic stem cells. Hence, iPSCs form a great potential source for developing disease models, drug toxicity screening and cell-based therapies. These cells have the potential to differentiate into desired cell types, including hepatocytes, under in vitro as well as under in vivo conditions given the proper microenvironment. iPSC-derived hepatocytes could be useful as an unlimited source, which can be utilized in disease modeling, drug toxicity testing and producing autologous cell therapies that would avoid immune rejection and enable correction of gene defects prior to cell transplantation. In this review, we discuss the induction methods, role of reprogramming factors, and characterization of iPSCs, along with hepatocyte differentiation from iPSCs and potential applications. Further, we discuss the location and detection of liver stem cells and their role in liver regeneration. Although tumor formation and genetic mutations are a cause of concern, iPSCs still form a promising source for clinical applications.
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17
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Tan YM, Clewell H, Campbell J, Andersen M. Evaluating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with computational models in supporting cumulative risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1613-30. [PMID: 21655141 PMCID: PMC3108131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8051613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous or sequential exposure to multiple chemicals may cause interactions in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or pharmacodynamics (PD) of the individual chemicals. Such interactions can cause modification of the internal or target dose/response of one chemical in the mixture by other chemical(s), resulting in a change in the toxicity from that predicted from the summation of the effects of the single chemicals using dose additivity. In such cases, conducting quantitative cumulative risk assessment for chemicals present as a mixture is difficult. The uncertainties that arise from PK interactions can be addressed by developing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to describe the disposition of chemical mixtures. Further, PK models can be developed to describe mechanisms of action and tissue responses. In this article, PBPK/PD modeling efforts conducted to investigate chemical interactions at the PK and PD levels are reviewed to demonstrate the use of this predictive modeling framework in assessing health risks associated with exposures to complex chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mei Tan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Harvey Clewell
- Center for Human Health Assessment, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Jerry Campbell
- Center for Human Health Assessment, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Melvin Andersen
- Center for Human Health Assessment, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; E-Mails: (H.C.); (J.C.); (M.A.)
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18
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Landsiedel R, Fabian E, Tralau T, Luch A. Chemical toxicity testing in vitro using cytochrome P450–expressing cell lines, such as human CYP1B1. Nat Protoc 2011; 6:677-87. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Hughes CC, Yang YL, Liu WT, Dorrestein PC, La Clair JJ, Fenical W. Marinopyrrole A target elucidation by acyl dye transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:12094-6. [PMID: 19673475 PMCID: PMC2769490 DOI: 10.1021/ja903149u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The targeting of marinopyrrole A to actin was identified using a fluorescent dye transfer strategy. The process began by appending a carboxylic acid terminal tag to a phenol in the natural product. The resulting probe was then studied in live cells to verify that it maintained activity comparable to marinopyrrole A. Two-color fluorescence microscopy confirmed that both unlabeled and labeled materials share comparable uptake and subcellular localization in HCT-116 cells. Subsequent immunoprecipitation studies identified actin as a putative target in HCT-116 cells, a result that was validated by mass spectral, affinity, and activity analyses on purified samples of actin. Further data analyses indicated that the dye in the marinopyrrole probe was selectively transferred to a single residue K(115), an event that did not occur with related acyl phenols and reactive labels. In this study, the combination of cell, protein, and amino acid analysis arose from a single sample of material, thereby, suggesting a means to streamline and reduce material requirements involved in mode of action studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chambers C. Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Yu-Liang Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
| | - James J. La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, 3371 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA 92164-4073
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
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