1
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Kim HJ, Hong JH. Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:78. [PMID: 38258089 PMCID: PMC10820580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bicarbonate transporters are responsible for the appropriate flux of bicarbonate across the plasma membrane to perform various fundamental cellular functions. The functions of bicarbonate transporters, including pH regulation, cell migration, and inflammation, are highlighted in various cellular systems, encompassing their participation in both physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on recently identified modulatory signaling components that regulate the expression and activity of bicarbonate transporters. Moreover, we addressed recent advances in our understanding of cooperative systems of bicarbonate transporters and channelopathies. This current review aims to provide a new, in-depth understanding of numerous human diseases associated with the dysfunction of bicarbonate transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeolro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Fiorentino F, Nocentini A, Rotili D, Supuran CT, Mai A. Antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants potently activate pharmacologically relevant human carbonic anhydrase isoforms II and VII. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2188147. [PMID: 36912265 PMCID: PMC10013323 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2188147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are important regulators of pH homeostasis and participate in many physiological and pathological processes. CA activators (CAAs) are becoming increasingly important in the biomedical field since enhancing CA activity may have beneficial effects at neurological level. Here, we investigate selected antihistamines, phenothiazine-based antipsychotics, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as potential activators of human CAs I, II, IV, and VII. Our findings indicate that these compounds are more effective at activating hCA II and VII compared to hCA I and IV. Overall, hCA VII was the most efficiently activated isoform, particularly by phenothiazines and TCAs. This is especially relevant since hCA VII is the most abundant isoform in the central nervous system (CNS) and is implicated in neuronal signalling and bicarbonate balance regulation. This study offers additional insights into the pharmacological profiles of clinically employed drugs and sets the ground for the development of novel optimised CAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Fiorentino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Dante Rotili
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Shay TF, Sullivan EE, Ding X, Chen X, Ravindra Kumar S, Goertsen D, Brown D, Crosby A, Vielmetter J, Borsos M, Wolfe DA, Lam AW, Gradinaru V. Primate-conserved carbonic anhydrase IV and murine-restricted LY6C1 enable blood-brain barrier crossing by engineered viral vectors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg6618. [PMID: 37075114 PMCID: PMC10115422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a major challenge for delivering large molecules to study and treat the central nervous system. This is due in part to the scarcity of targets known to mediate BBB crossing. To identify novel targets, we leverage a panel of adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) previously identified through mechanism-agnostic directed evolution for improved BBB transcytosis. Screening potential cognate receptors for enhanced BBB crossing, we identify two targets: murine-restricted LY6C1 and widely conserved carbonic anhydrase IV (CA-IV). We apply AlphaFold-based in silico methods to generate capsid-receptor binding models to predict the affinity of AAVs for these identified receptors. Demonstrating how these tools can unlock target-focused engineering strategies, we create an enhanced LY6C1-binding vector, AAV-PHP.eC, that, unlike our prior PHP.eB, also works in Ly6a-deficient mouse strains such as BALB/cJ. Combined with structural insights from computational modeling, the identification of primate-conserved CA-IV enables the design of more specific and potent human brain-penetrant chemicals and biologicals, including gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy F. Shay
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
| | - Erin E. Sullivan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Ding
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xinhong Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Sripriya Ravindra Kumar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Goertsen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Brown
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Anaya Crosby
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Máté Borsos
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Damien A. Wolfe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Annie W. Lam
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.S.); (V.G.)
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4
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Zhang Z, Zhou B. Generation of Plvap-CreER and Car4-CreER for genetic targeting of distinct lung capillary populations. J Genet Genomics 2022; 49:1093-1100. [PMID: 36028133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported recently that there are two distinct subpopulations of capillary endothelial cells in the mammalian lungs: gCap (general capillary) and aCap (aerocyte). They are identified by two unique markers, respectively: plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein (PLVAP) and carbonic anhydrase IV (CAR4). Here, we report two novel knock-in mouse lines Plvap-CreER and Car4-CreER, which genetically target gCap and aCap, respectively. Induced by tamoxifen, the Plvap-CreER and Car4-CreER alleles mediate specific and efficient Cre-loxP recombinations in PLVAP+ gCap and CAR4+ aCap, respectively, in the lungs. These two mouse lines are useful genetic tools to investigate cell fates and functions of PLVAP+ and CAR4+ cells in lung homeostasis, injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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5
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Aspatwar A, Tolvanen MEE, Barker H, Syrjänen L, Valanne S, Purmonen S, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S. Carbonic Anhydrases in Metazoan Model Organisms: Molecules, Mechanisms, and Physiology. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1327-1383. [PMID: 35166161 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past three decades, mice, zebrafish, fruit flies, and Caenorhabditis elegans have been the primary model organisms used for the study of various biological phenomena. These models have also been adopted and developed to investigate the physiological roles of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase-related proteins (CARPs). These proteins belong to eight CA families and are identified by Greek letters: α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, and ι. Studies using model organisms have focused on two CA families, α-CAs and β-CAs, which are expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms with species-specific distribution patterns and unique functions. This review covers the biological roles of CAs and CARPs in light of investigations performed in model organisms. Functional studies demonstrate that CAs are not only linked to the regulation of pH homeostasis, the classical role of CAs but also contribute to a plethora of previously undescribed functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Leo Syrjänen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Susanna Valanne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William S Sly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd and TAYS Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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6
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Nava VE, Khosla R, Shin S, Mordini FE, Bandyopadhyay BC. Enhanced carbonic anhydrase expression with calcification and fibrosis in bronchial cartilage during COPD. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151834. [PMID: 34954529 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary cartilage plays a crucial structural role determining the physiologic airway compressibility and distensibility, necessary for proper mechanical function. This functionality deteriorates with aging due to increased stiffness of both airway muscle and cartilage, as well as, decreased renewal capacity. Altered airway remodeling has been suggested as a pathogenic driver of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through mechanisms still incompletely understood. Using paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections from archived autopsy material from COPD with non-COPD age matched controls a histopathologic analysis focused on inflammation, fibrosis and calcification was performed with special stains (Masson's trichrome and Von Kossa) and immunohistochemistry for carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) and Ki-67. COPD lung tissues showed increased peribronchial inflammation compared to the non-COPD. Coarse amphophilic crystalline deposits in bronchial cartilage were more frequently observed in COPD sections, which were compatible with early dystrophic calcification of the extracellular matrix and chondrocytes. Moreover, Von Kossa staining revealed a significant calcium deposition in the cartilages from COPD in comparison to the controls. Interestingly, Ki-67 immunostains demonstrated a higher overall proliferative rate, including epithelial cells, in COPD. Furthermore, Masson's trichrome staining revealed relatively increased peribronchial collagen deposition associated with a fibrotic stromal response, which may be secondary to the inflammatory milieu in COPD. To further characterize the tissue microenvironment associated with dystrophic calcification, immunohistochemistry for CA IV was used, revealing significantly increased expression in chondrocytes and peribronchial tissue in COPD. Our findings demonstrate that dystrophic calcification of the extracellular matrix and chondrocytes can be linked to CA IV expression in COPD and suggest that pH changes in pulmonary tissue associated with inflammation and calcification may play an active role in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor E Nava
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Rahul Khosla
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Samuel Shin
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Federico E Mordini
- Cardiology Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA
| | - Bidhan C Bandyopadhyay
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
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7
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Barhwal KK, Biswal S, Chandra Nag T, Chaurasia OP, Hota SK. Class switching of carbonic anhydrase isoforms mediates remyelination in CA3 hippocampal neurons during chronic hypoxia. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:102-114. [PMID: 33035636 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to hypoxia results in cerebral white matter hyperintensities, increased P300 latency, delayed response and impairment in working memory. Despite burgeoning evidence on role of myelination in nerve conduction, the effect of chronic hypoxia on myelination of hippocampal neurons has been less studied. The present study provides novel evidence on alterations in myelination of hippocampal CA3 neurons following chronic hypoxic exposure. Sprague Dawley rats exposed to global hypobaric hypoxia simulating altitude of 25,000 ft showed progressive demyelination in CA3 hippocampal neurons on 14 days followed by remyelination on 21 and 28 days. The demyelination of CA3 neurons was associated with increased apoptosis of both oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), peroxidation of myelin lipids, and nitration induced reduced expression of Carbonic Anhydrase II (CAII). Prolonged hypoxic exposure of 21 and 28 days on the other hand resulted in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) induced upregulation of Carbonic Anhydrase IV (CAIV) expression in mature oligodendrocytes through iNOS mediated mechanisms along with reduction in lipid peroxidation and remyelination. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase activity on the other hand prevented remyelination of CA3 neurons. Based on these findings we propose a novel iNOS mediated mechanism for regulation of myelination in hypoxic hippocampal neurons through class switching of carbonic anhydrases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Kumari Barhwal
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India.
| | - Suryanarayan Biswal
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India; Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, DRDO, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, 901205, India
| | - Tapas Chandra Nag
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Om Prakash Chaurasia
- Defence Institute of High Altitude Research, DRDO, C/o 56 APO, Leh-Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, 901205, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Hota
- O/o Director General (Life Sciences), DRDO Head Quarters, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi, 110011, India
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8
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Narasimhan I, Murali A, Subramanian K, Ramalingam S, Parameswaran S. Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa with toxic gain of function: Mechanisms and therapeutics. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 31:304-320. [PMID: 32962414 DOI: 10.1177/1120672120957605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa is a form of retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited retinal degenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of photoreceptors eventually leading to irreversible loss of vision. Mutations in genes involved in the basic functions of the visual system give rise to this condition. These mutations can either lead to loss of function or toxic gain of function phenotypes. While autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by loss of function can be ideally treated by gene supplementation with a single vector to address a different spectrum of mutations in a gene, the same strategy cannot be applied to toxic gain of function phenotypes. In toxic gain of function phenotypes, the mutation in the gene results in the acquisition of a new function that can interrupt the functioning of the wildtype protein by various mechanisms leading to cell toxicity, thus making a single approach impractical. This review focuses on the genes and mechanisms that cause toxic gain of function phenotypes associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and provide a bird's eye view on current therapeutic strategies and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarya Narasimhan
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aishwarya Murali
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnakumar Subramanian
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sivaprakash Ramalingam
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Wang B, Jiang H, Wan X, Wang Y, Zheng X, Li P, Guo J, Ding X, Song H. Carbonic anhydrase IV inhibits cell proliferation in gastric cancer by regulating the cell cycle. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:4. [PMID: 32774478 PMCID: PMC7405342 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA4) is silenced in colorectal cancer. However, the effect of CA4 on the development of gastric cancer (GC) is poorly understood. The present study aimed to determine the role of CA4 in GC tumorigenesis and its underlying molecular mechanism. The levels of CA4 in GC cells and tissues were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. CA4 expression was suppressed in GC cells and tissues compared with adjacent healthy tissues and normal human gastric epithelial cells, respectively. This reduced expression was significantly associated with tumor size, invasion and differentiation. Analyses with a real-time cell analyzer and clonogenic assays were conducted to validate the impact of CA4 on GC cell lines (AGS and HGC-27) and normal human gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) proliferation. The effects of CA4 on the cell cycle in GC cells were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of CA4 and cell cycle-associated proteins were confirmed by western blotting. CA4 overexpression inhibited GC cell proliferation and reduced colony-forming ability, arrested the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, inhibited cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression and induced p21 expression. These results indicate that CA4 may serve an important role in GC tumorigenesis by inhibiting cellular proliferation via regulating the expression of cell cycle-associated proteins. CA4 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bujiang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Haizhong Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxiang Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocao Zheng
- Department of Histopathology, Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Peifei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Junming Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Ningbo University School of Medicine, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Haojun Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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10
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Yu DH, Huang JY, Liu XP, Ruan XL, Chen C, Hu WD, Li S. Effects of hub genes on the clinicopathological and prognostic features of lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:1203-1214. [PMID: 31966050 PMCID: PMC6956410 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common malignancy; however, the majority of its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was applied to construct gene co-expression networks for the GSE19804 dataset, in order to screen hub genes associated with the pathogenesis of LUAD. In addition, with the aid of the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the genes in the selected module. Using the GSE40791 dataset and The Cancer Genome Atlas database, the hub genes were identified. It was discovered that the turquoise module was the most significant module associated with the tumor stage of LUAD. After performing functional enrichment analyses, it was indicated that the turquoise module was mainly enriched in signal transduction. Additionally, at the transcriptional and translational level, nine hub genes were identified and validated: Carbonic anhydrase 4 (CA4), platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM1), DnaJ member B4 (DNAJB4), advanced glycosylation end-product specific receptor (AGER), GTPase, IMAP family member 6 (GIMAP6), chromosome 10 open reading frame 54 (C10orf54), dedicator of cytokinesis 4 (DOCK4), Golgi membrane protein 1 (GOLM1) and platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase 1b catalytic subunit 3 (PAFAH1B3). CA4, PECAM1, DNAJB4, AGER, GIMAP6, C10orf54 and DOCK4 were expressed at lower levels in the tumor samples, whereas GOLM1 and PAFAH1B3 were highly expressed in tumor samples. In addition, all hub genes were associated with prognosis. In conclusion, one module and nine genes were recognized to be associated with the tumor stage of LUAD. These findings may enhance the understanding of the progression and prognosis of LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hu Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Yu Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Ruan
- Department of Hematology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
- Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
- Human Genetics Resource Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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11
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Grove JCR, Hirano AA, de los Santos J, McHugh CF, Purohit S, Field GD, Brecha NC, Barnes S. Novel hybrid action of GABA mediates inhibitory feedback in the mammalian retina. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000200. [PMID: 30933967 PMCID: PMC6459543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The stream of visual information sent from photoreceptors to second-order bipolar cells is intercepted by laterally interacting horizontal cells that generate feedback to optimize and improve the efficiency of signal transmission. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of graded photoreceptor synaptic output in this nonspiking network have remained elusive. Here, we analyze with patch clamp recording the novel mechanisms by which horizontal cells control pH in the synaptic cleft to modulate photoreceptor neurotransmitter release. First, we show that mammalian horizontal cells respond to their own GABA release and that the results of this autaptic action affect cone voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV channel) gating through changes in pH. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that chemogenetic manipulation of horizontal cells with exogenous anion channel expression mimics GABA-mediated cone CaV channel inhibition. Activation of these GABA receptor anion channels can depolarize horizontal cells and increase cleft acidity via Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) proton extrusion, which results in inhibition of cone CaV channels. This action is effectively counteracted when horizontal cells are sufficiently hyperpolarized by increased GABA receptor (GABAR)-mediated HCO3- efflux, alkalinizing the cleft and disinhibiting cone CaV channels. This demonstrates how hybrid actions of GABA operate in parallel to effect voltage-dependent pH changes, a novel mechanism for regulating synaptic output.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C. R. Grove
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arlene A. Hirano
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Janira de los Santos
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cyrus F. McHugh
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shashvat Purohit
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Greg D. Field
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas C. Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven Barnes
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Bradwell AR, Ashdown K, Rue C, Delamere J, Thomas OD, Lucas SJE, Wright AD, Harris SJ, Myers SD. Acetazolamide reduces exercise capacity following a 5-day ascent to 4559 m in a randomised study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000302. [PMID: 29387446 PMCID: PMC5783038 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess whether acetazolamide (Az), used prophylactically for acute mountain sickness (AMS), alters exercise capacity at high altitude. Methods Az (500 mg daily) or placebo was administered to 20 healthy adults (aged 36±20 years, range 21–77), who were paired for age, sex, AMS susceptibility and weight, in a double-blind, randomised manner. Participants ascended over 5 days to 4559 m, then exercised to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer, while recording breath-by-breath gas measurements. Comparisons between groups and matched pairs were done via Mann-Whitney U and Pearson’s χ2 tests, respectively. Results Comparing paired individuals at altitude, those on Az had greater reductions in maximum power output (Pmax) as a percentage of sea-level values (65±14.1 vs 76.6±7.4 (placebo); P=0.007), lower VO2max (20.7±5.2 vs 24.6±5.1 mL/kg/min; P<0.01), smaller changes from rest to Pmax for VO2 (9.8±6.2 vs 13.8±4.9 mL/kg/min; P=0.04) and lower heart rate at Pmax (154±25 vs 167±16, P<0.01) compared with their placebo-treated partners. Correlational analysis (Pearson’s) indicated that with increasing age Pmax (r=−0.83: P<0.005) and heart rate at Pmax (r=−0.71, P=0.01) reduced more in those taking Az. Conclusion Maximum exercise performance at altitude was reduced more in subjects taking Az compared with placebo, particularly in older individuals. The age-related effect may reflect higher tissue concentrations of Az due to reduced renal excretion. Future studies should explore the effectiveness of smaller Az doses (eg, 250 mg daily or less) in older individuals to optimise the altitude–Az–exercise relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur R Bradwell
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kimberley Ashdown
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Carla Rue
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - John Delamere
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Owen D Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex D Wright
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Stephen D Myers
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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13
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Chen J, Hu L, Zhang F, Wang J, Chen J, Wang Y. Downregulation of carbonic anhydrase IV contributes to promotion of cell proliferation and is associated with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5046-5050. [PMID: 29085519 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to unveil the biological role of carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) and its association with clinical pathological characteristics and prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The relative expression level of CA IV was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 114 resected NSCLC tumors and matched adjacent normal tissues and NSCLC cell lines. Overexpression and cell proliferation were assessed in human NSCLC cell lines transfected with CA IV mRNA by lentivirus-mediated technology. The association of CA IV expression with clinical pathological features and overall survival in 114 cases of NSCLC patients was analyzed. It was demonstrated that CA IV expression was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tumors and six cell lines. Reduced expression of CA IV was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. The overall survival of NSCLC patients with low CA IV expression was significantly shorter compared with the high expression group. Overexpression of CA IV suppressed cell proliferation in A549 and NCI-H1299 cells. The results indicate that low expression of CA IV promotes cell proliferation and serves as an indicator for poor prognosis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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14
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Role of carbonic anhydrases in skin wound healing. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e334. [PMID: 28524177 PMCID: PMC5454449 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wound closure occurs when keratinocytes migrate from the edge of the wound and re-epithelialize the epidermis. Their migration takes place primarily before any vascularization is established, that is, under hypoxia, but relatively little is known regarding the factors that stimulate this migration. Hypoxia and an acidic environment are well-established stimuli for cancer cell migration. The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) contribute to tumor cell migration by generating an acidic environment through the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and a proton. On this basis, we explored the possible role of CAs in tissue regeneration using mouse skin wound models. We show that the expression of mRNAs encoding CA isoforms IV and IX are increased (~25 × and 4 ×, respectively) during the wound hypoxic period (days 2-5) and that cells expressing CAs form a band-like structure beneath the migrating epidermis. RNA-Seq analysis suggested that the CA IV-specific signal in the wound is mainly derived from neutrophils. Due to the high level of induction of CA IV in the wound, we treated skin wounds locally with recombinant human CA IV enzyme. Recombinant CA IV significantly accelerated wound re-epithelialization. Thus, CA IV could contribute to wound healing by providing an acidic environment in which the migrating epidermis and neutrophils can survive and may offer novel opportunities to accelerate wound healing under compromised conditions.
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15
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Espinal-Enríquez J, Fresno C, Anda-Jáuregui G, Hernández-Lemus E. RNA-Seq based genome-wide analysis reveals loss of inter-chromosomal regulation in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1760. [PMID: 28496157 PMCID: PMC5431987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease. Common hallmark features of cancer can be found. Their origin may be traced back to their intricate relationships governing regulatory programs during the development of this disease. To unveil distinctive features of the transcriptional regulation program in breast cancer, a pipeline for RNA-seq analysis in 780 breast cancer and 101 healthy breast samples, at gene expression and network level, was implemented. Inter-chromosomal relationships between genes resulted strikingly scarce in a cancer network, in comparison to its healthy counterpart. We suggest that inter-chromosomal regulation loss may be a novel feature in breast cancer. Additional evidence was obtained by independent validation in microarray and Hi-C data as well as supplementary computational analyses. Functional analysis showed upregulation in processes related to cell cycle and division; while migration, adhesion and cell-to-cell communication, were downregulated. Both the BRCA1 DNA repairing signalling and the Estrogen-mediated G1/S phase entry pathways were found upregulated. In addition, a synergistic underexpression of the γ-protocadherin complex, located at Chr5q31 is also shown. This region has previously been reported to be hypermethylated in breast cancer. These findings altogether provide further evidence for the central role of transcriptional regulatory programs in shaping malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristóbal Fresno
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
- UA AREA CS. AGR. ING. BIO Y S, CONICET - Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Anda-Jáuregui
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia Rd Stop 9061, Grand Forks, ND, 58203, USA
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Division, National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN), 14610, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Chirco KR, Whitmore SS, Wang K, Potempa LA, Halder JA, Stone EM, Tucker BA, Mullins RF. Monomeric C-reactive protein and inflammation in age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 2016; 240:173-83. [PMID: 27376713 DOI: 10.1002/path.4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating disease characterized by central vision loss in elderly individuals. Previous studies have suggested a link between elevated levels of total C-reactive protein (CRP) in the choroid, CFH genotype, and AMD status; however, the structural form of CRP present in the choroid, its relationship to CFH genotype, and its functional consequences have not been assessed. In this report, we studied genotyped human donor eyes (n = 60) and found that eyes homozygous for the high-risk CFH (Y402H) allele had elevated monomeric CRP (mCRP) within the choriocapillaris and Bruch's membrane, compared to those with the low-risk genotype. Treatment of choroidal endothelial cells in vitro with mCRP increased migration rate and monolayer permeability compared to treatment with pentameric CRP (pCRP) or medium alone. Organ cultures treated with mCRP exhibited dramatically altered expression of inflammatory genes as assessed by RNA sequencing, including ICAM-1 and CA4, both of which were confirmed at the protein level. Our data indicate that mCRP is the more abundant form of CRP in human choroid, and that mCRP levels are elevated in individuals with the high-risk CFH genotype. Moreover, pro-inflammatory mCRP significantly affects endothelial cell phenotypes in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting a role for mCRP in choroidal vascular dysfunction in AMD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Chirco
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - S Scott Whitmore
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Halder
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Edwin M Stone
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- The Stephen A Wynn Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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17
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Wen T, Mingler MK, Wahl B, Khorki ME, Pabst O, Zimmermann N, Rothenberg ME. Carbonic anhydrase IV is expressed on IL-5-activated murine eosinophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5481-9. [PMID: 24808371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilia and its cellular activation are hallmark features of asthma, as well as other allergic/Th2 disorders, yet there are few, if any, reliable surface markers of eosinophil activation. We have used a FACS-based genome-wide screening system to identify transcriptional alterations in murine lung eosinophils recruited and activated by pulmonary allergen exposure. Using a relatively stringent screen with false-positive correction, we identified 82 candidate genes that could serve as eosinophil activation markers and/or pathogenic effector markers in asthma. Carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) was a top dysregulated gene with 36-fold induction in allergen-elicited pulmonary eosinophils, which was validated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Eosinophil CAR4 expression was kinetically regulated by IL-5, but not IL-13. IL-5 was both necessary and sufficient for induction of eosinophil CAR4. Although CAR4-deficient mice did not have a defect in eosinophil recruitment to the lung, nor a change in eosinophil pH-buffering capacity, allergen-challenged chimeric mice that contained Car4(-/-) hematopoietic cells aberrantly expressed a series of genes enriched in biological processes involved in epithelial differentiation, keratinization, and anion exchange. In conclusion, we have determined that eosinophils express CAR4 following IL-5 or allergen exposure, and that CAR4 is involved in regulating the lung transcriptome associated with allergic airway inflammation; therefore, CAR4 has potential value for diagnosing and monitoring eosinophilic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Melissa K Mingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Benjamin Wahl
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Eyad Khorki
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nives Zimmermann
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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