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Sethi A, Bhandawat A, Pati PK. Engineering medicinal plant-derived CYPs: a promising strategy for production of high-valued secondary metabolites. PLANTA 2022; 256:119. [PMID: 36378350 PMCID: PMC9664027 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytochorme P450s (CYPs) play a critical role in the catalysis of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. For their commercial use, various strategies for metabolic pathway engineering using CYP as a potential target have been explored. Plants produce a vast diversity of secondary metabolites which are being used to treat various ailments and diseases. Some of these metabolites are difficult to obtain in large quantities limiting their industrial use. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are important catalysts in the biosynthesis of highly valued secondary metabolites, and are found in all domains of life. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry, new biosynthetic pathways and associated CYPs are being identified. In this review, we present CYPs identified from medicinal plants as a potential game changer in the metabolic engineering of secondary metabolic pathways. We present the achievements made so far in enhancing the production of important bioactivities through pathway engineering, giving some popular examples. At last, current challenges and possible strategies to overcome the limitations associated with CYP engineering to enhance the biosynthesis of target secondary metabolites are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Abhishek Bhandawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143 005, India.
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2
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Odgerel K, Jose J, Karsai-Rektenwald F, Ficzek G, Simon G, Végvári G, Bánfalvi Z. Effects of the repression of GIGANTEA gene StGI.04 on the potato leaf transcriptome and the anthocyanin content of tuber skin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:249. [PMID: 35596149 PMCID: PMC9121593 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GIGANTEA (GI) is a plant-specific, circadian clock-regulated, nuclear protein with pleiotropic functions found in many plant species. This protein is involved in flowering, circadian clock control, chloroplast biogenesis, carbohydrate metabolism, stress responses, and volatile compound synthesis. In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), its only role appears to be tuber initiation; however, based on findings in other plant species, we hypothesised that the function of GI in potatoes is not restricted only to tuberisation. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, the expression of a GI gene in the commercial potato cultivar 'Désirée' was repressed, and the effects of repression at morphological and transcriptome level were investigated. Previously, two copies of GI genes in potato were found. A construct to reduce the mRNA levels of one of these genes (StGI.04) was assembled, and the effects of antisense repression were studied in greenhouse-grown plants. The highest level of repression reached around 50%. However, this level did not influence tuber formation and yield but did cause a reduction in tuber colour. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), significant reductions in cyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3,5-di-O-glucoside contents of tuber peels were detected. Anthocyanins are synthesized through a branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. The transcriptome analysis indicated down-regulation in the expression of PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA LYASE (PAL), the LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN OXIDISING enzyme gene LDOX, and the MYB-RELATED PROTEIN Hv1 (MYB-Hv1), a transcription factor coding gene, which is presumably involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, in the leaves of a selected StGI.04-repressed line. Furthermore, alterations in expression of genes affecting the circadian clock, flowering, starch synthesis, and stress responses were detected in the leaves of the selected StGI.04-repressed line. CONCLUSIONS We tested the effects of antisense repression of StGI.04 expression in potatoes and found that as with GI in other plant species, it influences the expression of the key genes of the circadian clock, flowering, starch synthesis, and stress responses. Furthermore, we detected a novel function of a GI gene in influencing the anthocyanin synthesis and potato tuber skin colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khongorzul Odgerel
- Genetics and Biotechnology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Jeny Jose
- Genetics and Biotechnology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, H-2462, Hungary
| | - Flóra Karsai-Rektenwald
- Genetics and Biotechnology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Gitta Ficzek
- Department of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticulture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, H-1118, Hungary
| | - Gergely Simon
- Department of Fruit Growing, Institute of Horticulture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, H-1118, Hungary
| | - György Végvári
- Institute of Viticulture and Oenology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eszterházy tér 1, Eger, H-3300, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Institute, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary.
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Liu C, Yang X, Yan Z, Liu D, Feng G. Identification and Characterization of a Mutant PV-PUR Gene Responsible for the Purple Phenotype of Snap Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031265. [PMID: 35163188 PMCID: PMC8835993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pod color is a major economic trait of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), among which the pod with a purple stripe is more attractive to people. A stable purple mutant with purple stripes on the pods was obtained by artificial mutagenesis with the high generation snap bean inbred line ‘A18-1’. In order to reveal the genetic factors and pathways responsible for the purple appearance in snap bean, we performed transcriptome and metabolome analyses using the green stem and yellow pod cultivar ‘A18-1’ and its purple mutant ‘pv-pur’ via 60Co-γ radiation. Transcriptome analysis showed that three genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were differentially expressed, among which the expression level of F3′5′H (Phvul.006G018800) was increased in the mutant ‘pv-pur’, while expression of F3′H (Phvul.004G021200) and ANS (Phvul.002G152700) was downregulated. Anthocyanin-targeted metabonomics analysis showed significant differences in the contents of 10 metabolites between the wild type and mutant plants. Combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolomics showed that one differential metabolite, delphinidin, was related to the differential expression of Phvul.006G024700, Phvul.002G152700, and Phvul.006G018800. Based on the levels of six anthocyanins in wild type and mutant plants, we speculative that the purple appearance of the mutant ‘pv-pur’ is caused by the increased expression of F3′5′H (Phvul.006G018800), the key enzyme in the transformation from dihydroflavanol (DHK) to dihydromyricetone (DHM) in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. The results lay a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in snap bean, and provide a framework for breeding different colors of snap bean.
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Accumulation pattern of catechins and flavonol glycosides in different varieties and cultivars of tea plant in China. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Technologies and Extraction Methods of Polyphenolic Compounds Derived from Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peels. A Mini Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in using plant by-product extracts as functional ingredients is continuously rising due to environmental and financial prospects. The development of new technologies has led to the achievement of aqueous extracts with high bioactivity that is preferable due to organic solvents nonuse. Recently, widely applied and emerging technologies, such as Simple Stirring, Pressure-Applied Extraction, Enzymatic Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Pulsed Electric Fields, High Hydrostatic Pressure, Ohmic Heating, Microwave Assistant Extraction and the use of “green” solvents such as the deep eutectic solvents, have been investigated in order to contribute to the minimization of disadvantages on the extraction of bioactive compounds. This review is focused on bioactive compounds derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels and highlighted the most attractive extraction methods. It is believed that these findings could be a useful tool for the pomegranate juices industry to apply an effective and economically viable extraction process, transforming a by-product to a high added value functional product.
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Barba-Espín G, Chen ST, Agnolet S, Hegelund JN, Stanstrup J, Christensen JH, Müller R, Lütken H. Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7030-7045. [PMID: 32803264 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hairy root (HR) cultures are quickly evolving as a fundamental research tool and as a bio-based production system for secondary metabolites. In this study, an efficient protocol for establishment and elicitation of anthocyanin-producing HR cultures from black carrot was established. Taproot and hypocotyl explants of four carrot cultivars were transformed using wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes. HR growth performance on plates was monitored to identify three fast-growing HR lines, two originating from root explants (lines NB-R and 43-R) and one from a hypocotyl explant (line 43-H). The HR biomass accumulated 25- to 30-fold in liquid media over a 4 week period. Nine anthocyanins and 24 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified and monitored using UPLC-PDA-TOF during HR growth. Adding ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, to the HR culture substantially increased the anthocyanin content by up to 82% in line 43-R and hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations by >20% in line NB-R. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the HRs in response to ethephon, which could be related to the functionality and compartmentalization of anthocyanins. These findings present black carrot HR cultures as a platform for the in vitro production of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and provide new insight into the regulation of secondary metabolism in black carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Barba-Espín
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Fruit Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Shih-Ti Chen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Sara Agnolet
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Josefine Nymark Hegelund
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jan Stanstrup
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Renate Müller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lütken
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Nazir M, Asad Ullah M, Mumtaz S, Siddiquah A, Shah M, Drouet S, Hano C, Abbasi BH. Interactive Effect of Melatonin and UV-C on Phenylpropanoid Metabolite Production and Antioxidant Potential in Callus Cultures of Purple Basil ( Ocimum basilicum L. var.s purpurascens). Molecules 2020; 25:E1072. [PMID: 32121015 PMCID: PMC7179200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the interactive effect of melatonin and UV-C on phenylpropanoid metabolites profile and antioxidant potential of Ocimum basilicum L. Callus was treated with varying concentrations of melatonin and UV-C radiations for different time durations, either alone and/or in combination. Individual treatments of both UV-C and melatonin proved to be more effective than combine treatments. Results indicated that UV-C (10 min) exposure increased rosmarinic acid (134.5 mg/g dry weight (DW)), which was 2.3-fold greater than control. Chichoric acid (51.52 mg/g DW) and anthocyanin (cyanide 0.50 mg/g DW) were almost 4.1-fold, while peonidin was found 2.7-fold higher in UV-C (50 min) exposure. In the case of melatonin, 1.0 mg/L concentrations showed maximum rosmarinic acid (79.4 mg/g DW) accumulation; i.e., 1.4-fold more, as compared to the control. However, 2 mg/L melatonin accumulate chichoric acid (39.99 mg/g DW) and anthocyanin (cyanide: 0.45 mg/g DW and peonidin: 0.22 mg/g DW); i.e., 3.2, 3.7 and 2.0-fold increase, as compared to the control, respectively. On the other hand, melatonin-combined treatment (melatonin (Mel) (4 mg/L) + UV-C (20 min)) was proved to be effective in caffeic acid elicitation, which was 1.9-fold greater than the control. Furthermore, antioxidant potential was evaluated by both in vitro (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) and in cellulo methods. Maximum in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH: 90.6% and ABTS: 1909.5 µM) was observed for UV-C (50 min)-treated cultures. The highest in vitro antioxidant activity measured with the ABTS assay as compared to the FRAP assay, suggesting the main contribution of antioxidants from basil callus extracts acting through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) over an electron transfer (ET)-based mechanism. Cellular antioxidant assay was evaluated by production of ROS/RNS species using yeast cell cultures and further confirmed the protective action of the corresponding callus extracts against oxidative stress. Overall, both melatonin and UV-C are here proved to be effective elicitors since a positive correlation between the induced production of phenolic compounds, and in cellulo antioxidant action of basil callus extracts were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Nazir
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu &Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir 13230, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Sadia Mumtaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Women University of Azad Jammu &Kashmir Bagh, Azad Kashmir 12500, Pakistan;
| | - Aisha Siddiquah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Muzamil Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Samantha Drouet
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France or or (S.D.)
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France or or (S.D.)
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad-45320, Pakistan; (M.N.); (M.A.U.); (A.S.); (M.S.)
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Li W, Tan L, Zou Y, Tan X, Huang J, Chen W, Tang Q. The Effects of Ultraviolet A/B Treatments on Anthocyanin Accumulation and Gene Expression in Dark-Purple Tea Cultivar 'Ziyan' ( Camellia sinensis). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020354. [PMID: 31952238 PMCID: PMC7024295 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
‘Ziyan’ is a novel anthocyanin-rich tea cultivar with dark purple young shoots. However, how its anthocyanin accumulation is affected by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet (UV), remains unclear. In this study, we observed that UV light treatments stimulated anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Ziyan’ leaves, and we further analyzed the underlying mechanisms at gene expression and enzyme activity levels. In addition, the catechins and chlorophyll contents of young shoots under different light treatments were also changed. The results showed that the contents of total anthocyanins and three major anthocyanin molecules, i.e., delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin, were significantly higher in leaves under UV-A, UV-B, and UV-AB treatments than those under white light treatment alone. However, the total catechins and chlorophyll contents in these purple tea plant leaves displayed the opposite trends. The anthocyanin content was the highest under UV-A treatment, which was higher by about 66% than control. Compared with the white light treatment alone, the enzyme activities of chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) under UV treatments increased significantly, whereas the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) activities reduced. There was no significant difference in dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) activity under all treatments. Comparative transcriptome analyses unveiled that there were 565 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 29,648 genes in three pair-wise comparisons (white light versus UV-A, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-B, W vs. UV-A; white light versus UV-AB, W vs. UV-AB). The structural genes in anthocyanin pathway such as flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), F3′5′H, DFR, and ANS, and regulatory gene TT8 were upregulated under UV-A treatment; F3′5′H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT and regulatory genes EGL1 and TT2 were upregulated under UV-AB treatment. However, most structural genes involved in phenylpropanoid and flavonoid pathways were downregulated under UV-B treatment compared with control. The expression of LAR and ANR were repressed in all UV treatments. Our results indicated that UV-A and UV-B radiations can induce anthocyanin accumulation in tea plant ‘Ziyan’ by upregulating the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, UV radiation repressed the expression levels of LAR, ANR, and FLS, resulting in reduced ANR activity and a metabolic flux shift toward anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Tang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-1748
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Sun L, Yu D, Wu Z, Wang C, Yu L, Wei A, Wang D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis and Expression of Genes Reveal the Biosynthesis and Accumulation Patterns of Key Flavonoids in Different Varieties of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Leaves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13258-13268. [PMID: 31714769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Rutaceae), a popular food flavoring and traditional Chinese medicine ingredient, is an important cash crop. Its leaves are rich in flavonoids with multiple bioactivities. However, the transcriptional sequencing has not been investigated, and the molecular basis for the flavonoid biosynthesis remains unclear in this plant. This paper, the key flavonoids (epicatechin, rutin, hyperoside, trifolin, quercitrin, and afzelin) contents were determined in the leaves of 10 Z. bungeanum varieties from a common garden. Results show the leaves of Z. bungeanum mainly contained hyperoside (11.410-21.721 mg/g) and quercitrin (9.401-18.016 mg/g). The total content of these key components was the highest in Fengxian Dahongpao (66.012 mg/g) and the lowest in Fugu (32.223 mg/g). Three varieties (Hancheng stingless, Fugu, and Fengxian Dahongpao) with significant differences in the total content of key flavonoids were selected for transcriptome analysis to obtain flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. In total, 83 522 unigenes were obtained, 40 668 (48.69%) unigenes were annotated, and 6656 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Comparison of the other two varieties, Fugu had many differentially expressed genes indicating the particularity of its variety. Flavonoid-related DEGs of 22 structural genes, including three PALs, one CYP73A, three 4CLs, six CHSs, one CHI, one F3H, one DFR, two ANSs, one ANR, one FLS, and two CYP75B1s, as well as nine MYBs were obtained. These structural genes had different expression patterns in different Z. bungeanum varieties. It is worth noting that the genes expressing the flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase are absent in Z. bungeanum. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR experiment showed consistent results in transcriptome analysis. The RNA-Seq data set of this study sheds lights on the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis in Z. bungeanum, provides valuable information for the metabolic regulation of flavonoids, and may serve as a guide for future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiwen Sun
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Danmeng Yu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochen Wu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- College of Forestry , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
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Dong T, Han R, Yu J, Zhu M, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Li Z. Anthocyanins accumulation and molecular analysis of correlated genes by metabolome and transcriptome in green and purple asparaguses (Asparagus officinalis, L.). Food Chem 2018; 271:18-28. [PMID: 30236664 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Asparagus (A. officinalis L.) is a highly nutrition vegetable crop. Here, three purple asparagus cultivars, namely, Jing Zi-2, Purple Passion and Pacific Purple, and one green cultivar, namely, Jing Lv-1 were studied. At least 16 kinds of anthocyanins were identified in purple and green cultivars, and peonidin, cyanidin and their glycoside derivatives were found to be the major anthocyanins. Transcriptome data showed that most anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and at least 5 kinds of transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed significantly between the green and purple cultivars. Dark-treated experiments revealed that anthocyanins are not produced in the absence of light, and both the anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes were down-regulated greatly in the dark, implying that anthocyanins accumulation in asparagus is light-dependent. Overall, the results of this study provide useful information for understanding anthocyanin accumulation and the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in asparagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rongpeng Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Yan J, Wang M, Zhang L. Light induces petal color change in Quisqualis indica (Combretaceae). PLANT DIVERSITY 2018; 40:28-34. [PMID: 30159538 PMCID: PMC6091926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Petal color change, a common phenomenon in angiosperms, is induced by various environmental and endogenous factors. Interestingly, this phenomenon is important for attracting pollinators and further reproductive success. Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae) is a tropical Asian climber that undergoes sequential petal color change from white to pink to red. This color changing process is thought to be a good strategy to attract more pollinators. However, the underlying physiological and biochemical mechanisms driving this petal color change phenomenon is still underexplored. In this context, we investigated whether changes in pH, pollination, light, temperature or ethylene mediate petal color change. We found that the detected changes in petal pH were not significant enough to induce color alterations. Additionally, pollination and temperatures of 20-30 °C did not alter the rate of petal color change; however, flowers did not open when exposed to constant temperatures at 15 °C or 35 °C. Moreover, the application of ethylene inhibitor, i.e., silver thiosulphate, did not prevent color change. It is worth mentioning here that in our study we found light as a strong factor influencing the whole process of petal color change, as petals remained white under dark conditions. Altogether, the present study suggests that petal color change in Q. indica is induced by light and not by changes in petal pH, pollination, ethylene, or temperature, while extremely low or high temperatures affect flower anthesis. In summary, our findings represent the probable mechanism underlying the phenomenon of petal color change, which is important for understanding flower color evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
- Corresponding author.
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12
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Noda N. Recent advances in the research and development of blue flowers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:79-87. [PMID: 29681750 PMCID: PMC5903984 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the most important trait in the breeding of ornamental plants. In the floriculture industry, however, bluish colored flowers of desirable plants have proved difficult to breed. Many ornamental plants with a high production volume, such as rose and chrysanthemum, lack the key genes for producing the blue delphinidin pigment or do not have an intracellular environment suitable for developing blue color. Recently, it has become possible to incorporate a blue flower color trait through progress in molecular biological analysis of pigment biosynthesis genes and genetic engineering. For example, introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Furthermore, the world's first blue chrysanthemum was recently produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum. This review focuses on the biotechnological efforts to develop blue flowers, and describes future prospects for blue flower breeding and commercialization.
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Wu J, Liu W, Yuan L, Guan WQ, Brennan CS, Zhang YY, Zhang J, Wang ZD. The influence of postharvest UV-C treatment on anthocyanin biosynthesis in fresh-cut red cabbage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5232. [PMID: 28701702 PMCID: PMC5507880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra DC.) is a fresh edible vegetable consumed globally that contains high levels of antioxidant compounds including anthocyanins. In this study, fresh-cut red cabbage was treated with different Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) dosages. Fifteen cyanidin derivatives were observed in UV-C treated fresh-cut red cabbage; four of these were anthocyanins absent in control samples. The optimum dose of UV-C for enhancing total anthocyanin content in fresh-cut red cabbage was 3.0 kJ/m2. Different UV-C irradiation doses resulted in miscellaneous responses for each of the anthocyanin compounds, and these alterations appeared to be dose-dependent. The expression of genes relating to anthocyanin metabolism was altered by UV-C irradiation. For example, genes for biosynthetic enzymes including glycosyltransferase and acyltransferase, as well as R2R3 MYB transcription factors (production of anthocyanin pigment 1 and MYB114), had strongly increased expression following UV-C treatment. These results are in accord with the roles of these gene products in anthocyanin metabolism. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first report demonstrating that UV-C treatment can increase the antioxidant activity in fresh-cut red cabbage in storage. Moreover, our detailed phytochemical and gene expression analysis establish specific roles for both anthocyanins and metabolism genes in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Life Science, Lin Yi University, Linyi, 276000, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Guan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Charles S Brennan
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 85084, New Zealand
| | - Yang-Yong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Liu J, Hou J, Jiang C, Li G, Lu H, Meng F, Shi L. Deep Sequencing of the Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Transcriptome Reveals Flavonoid Biosynthetic Profiling and Organ-Specific Gene Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136397. [PMID: 26317778 PMCID: PMC4552754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various such widely varying diseases and has been listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia, the Japanese Pharmacopeia, the Korean Pharmacopoeia and the European Pharmacopoeia. Flavonoids, especially wogonin, wogonoside, baicalin, and baicalein, are its main functional ingredients with various pharmacological activities. Although pharmaological studies for these flavonoid components have been well conducted, the molecular mechanism of their biosynthesis remains unclear in S. baicalensis. In this study, Illumina/Solexa deep sequencing generated more than 91 million paired-end reads and 49,507 unigenes from S. baicalensis roots, stems, leaves and flowers. More than 70% unigenes were annotated in at least one of the five public databases and 13,627 unigenes were assigned to 3,810 KEGG genes involved in 579 different pathways. 54 unigenes that encode 12 key enzymes involved in the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis were discovered. One baicalinase and three baicalein 7-O-glucuronosyltransferases genes potentially involved in the transformation between baicalin/wogonoside and baicalein/wogonin were identified. Four candidate 6-hydroxylase genes for the formation of baicalin/baicalein and one candidate 8-O-methyltransferase gene for the biosynthesis of wogonoside/wogonin were also recognized. Our results further support the conclusion that, in S. baicalensis, 3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone was the precursor of the four above compounds. Then, the differential expression models and simple sequence repeats associated with these genes were carefully analyzed. All of these results not only enrich the gene resource but also benefit research into the molecular genetics and functional genomics in S. baicalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China; Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Jingyi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development of Hebei Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China; Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Geng Li
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Heng Lu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Fanyun Meng
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, 100700, China
| | - Linchun Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Xie Q, Hu Z, Zhang Y, Tian S, Wang Z, Zhao Z, Yang Y, Chen G. Accumulation and molecular regulation of anthocyanin in purple tumorous stem mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7813-21. [PMID: 25055052 DOI: 10.1021/jf501790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumorous stem mustard (Brassica juncea var. tumida Tsen et Lee) is an economically and nutritionally important dietary vegetable in Asian countries. Purple tumorous stem mustard contains inflated tumorous stem and abundant anthocyanin accumulation in leaves. Here, 20 anthocyanins were separated and identified from the purple tumorous stem mustard by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In order to investigate the regulatory anthocyanin production in purple tumorous stem mustard, the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes in leaves from purple and green cultivars were examined. Regulatory gene BjTT8 and all biosynthetic genes were dramatically upregulated in the purple variety. Moreover, the transcript level of BjTT8 and all structural genes, except BjPAL, were all significantly higher in light-treated sprouts than in the dark. These results indicate that transcriptional activation of BjTT8 is associated with upregulation of most anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, to produce anthocyanins in purple tumorous stem mustard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Xie
- Bioengineering College, Campus A, Chongqing University , 174 Shapingba Main Street, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China
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16
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Dáder B, Gwynn-Jones D, Moreno A, Winters A, Fereres A. Impact of UV-A radiation on the performance of aphids and whiteflies and on the leaf chemistry of their host plants. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:307-16. [PMID: 25022465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation directly regulates a multitude of herbivore life processes, in addition to indirectly affecting insect success via changes in plant chemistry and morphogenesis. Here we looked at plant and insect (aphid and whitefly) exposure to supplemental UV-A radiation in the glasshouse environment and investigated effects on insect population growth. Glasshouse grown peppers and eggplants were grown from seed inside cages covered by novel plastic filters, one transparent and the other opaque to UV-A radiation. At a 10-true leaf stage for peppers (53 days) and 4-true leaf stage for eggplants (34 days), plants were harvested for chemical analysis and infested by aphids and whiteflies, respectively. Clip-cages were used to introduce and monitor the insect fitness and populations of the pests studied. Insect pre-reproductive period, fecundity, fertility and intrinsic rate of natural increase were assessed. Crop growth was monitored weekly for 7 and 12 weeks throughout the crop cycle of peppers and eggplants, respectively. At the end of the insect fitness experiment, plants were harvested (68 days and 18-true leaf stage for peppers, and 104 days and 12-true leaf stage for eggplants) and leaves analysed for secondary metabolites, soluble carbohydrates, amino acids, total proteins and photosynthetic pigments. Our results demonstrate for the first time, that UV-A modulates plant chemistry with implications for insect pests. Both plant species responded directly to UV-A by producing shorter stems but this effect was only significant in pepper whilst UV-A did not affect the leaf area of either species. Importantly, in pepper, the UV-A treated plants contained higher contents of secondary metabolites, leaf soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids and total content of protein. Such changes in tissue chemistry may have indirectly promoted aphid performance. For eggplants, chlorophylls a and b, and carotenoid levels decreased with supplemental UV-A over the entire crop cycle but UV-A exposure did not affect leaf secondary metabolites. However, exposure to supplemental UV-A had a detrimental effect on whitefly development, fecundity and fertility presumably not mediated by plant cues as compounds implied in pest nutrition - proteins and sugars - were unaltered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dáder
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Calle Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dylan Gwynn-Jones
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Aránzazu Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Calle Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA-CSIC), Calle Serrano 115 dpdo., 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Erbay Z, Icier F. The Importance and Potential Uses of Olive Leaves. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.496021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Erbay Z, Icier F. The Importance and Potential Uses of Olive Leaves. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.496021 pii 925178733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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19
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Metzger BT, Robbins MG, Barnes DM. Longitudinal Expression of Antioxidant Phytochemicals in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentumMoench). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2010.504402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T. Metzger
- a Department of Research and Development , Standard Process Inc. , Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa G. Robbins
- a Department of Research and Development , Standard Process Inc. , Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David M. Barnes
- a Department of Research and Development , Standard Process Inc. , Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
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Abstract
Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are dispersed in large numbers within the genomes of eukaryotes although almost all are thought to be inactive. Plants have two major groups of such MITEs: Tourist and Stowaway. Mobile MITEs have been reported previously in rice but no active MITEs have been found in dicotyledons. Here, we provide evidence that Stowaway MITEs can be mobilized in the potato and that one of them causes a change of tuber skin color as an obvious phenotypic variation. In an original red-skinned potato clone, the gene encoding for a flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, which is involved in purple anthocyanin synthesis, has been inactivated by the insertion of a Stowaway MITE named dTstu1 within the first exon. However, dTstu1 is absent from this gene in a purple somaclonal variant that was obtained as a regenerated plant from a protoplast culture of the red-skinned potato. The color change was attributed to reversion of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase function by removal of dTstu1 from the gene. In this purple variant another specific transposition event has occurred involving a MITE closely related to dTstu1. Instead of being fossil elements, Stowaway MITEs, therefore, still have the ability to become active under particular conditions as represented by tissue culturing.
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21
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Dancs G, Kondrák M, Bánfalvi Z. The effects of enhanced methionine synthesis on amino acid and anthocyanin content of potato tubers. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:65. [PMID: 18549488 PMCID: PMC2438360 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato is a staple food in the diet of the world's population and also being used as animal feed. Compared to other crops, however, potato tubers are relatively poor in the essential amino acid, methionine. Our aim was to increase the methionine content of tubers by co-expressing a gene involved in methionine synthesis with a gene encoding a methionine-rich storage protein in potato plants. RESULTS In higher plants, cystathionine gamma-synthase (CgS) is the first enzyme specific to methionine biosynthesis. We attempted to increase the methionine content of tubers by expressing the deleted form of the Arabidopsis CgS (CgSDelta90), which is not regulated by methionine, in potato plants. To increase the incorporation of free methionine into a storage protein the CgSDelta90 was co-transformed with the methionine-rich 15-kD beta-zein. Results demonstrated a 2- to 6-fold increase in the free methionine content and in the methionine content of the zein-containing protein fraction of the transgenic tubers. In addition, in line with higher methionine content, the amounts of soluble isoleucine and serine were also increased. However, all of the lines with high level of CgSDelta90 expression were phenotypically abnormal showing severe growth retardation, changes in leaf architecture and 40- to 60% reduction in tuber yield. Furthermore, the colour of the transgenic tubers was altered due to the reduced amounts of anthocyanin pigments. The mRNA levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the enzyme catalysing the first step of anthocyanin synthesis, were decreased. CONCLUSION Ectopic expression of CgSDelta90 increases the methionine content of tubers, however, results in phenotypic aberrations in potato. Co-expression of the 15-kD beta-zein with CgSDelta90 results in elevation of protein-bound methionine content of tubers, but can not overcome the phenotypical changes caused by CgSDelta90 and can not significantly improve the nutritional value of tubers. The level of PAL mRNA and consequently the amount of anthocyanin pigments are reduced in the CgSDelta90 transgenic tubers suggesting that methionine synthesis and production of anthocyanins is linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Dancs
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 411, H-2101 Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kondrák
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 411, H-2101 Gödöllõ, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bánfalvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, P.O. Box 411, H-2101 Gödöllõ, Hungary
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22
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Zhou B, Li Y, Xu Z, Yan H, Homma S, Kawabata S. Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:1771-81. [PMID: 17426056 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet A (UV-A)-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was investigated in swollen hypocotyls of the red turnip 'Tsuda'. The shaded swollen hypocotyls which contained negligible anthocyanin were exposed to artificial light sources including low fluence UV-B, UV-A, blue, red, far-red, red plus UV-A, far-red plus UV-A, and blue plus red. Among these lights, only UV-A induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and co-irradiation of red or far-red with UV-A did not affect the extent of UV-A-induced anthocyanin accumulation. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H; EC 1.14.11.9), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR; EC 1.1.1.219), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS; EC 1.14.11.19) genes was increased with time during a 24 h exposure to UV-A. In contrast, irradiation with red, blue, UV-B, and a combination of blue with red failed to induce CHS expression. Microarray analysis showed that only a few genes, including CHS and F3H, were induced significantly by UV-A, while a separate set of many genes was induced by low fluence UV-B. The UV-A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the unique gene expression profile upon UV-A irradiation as compared with blue and UV-B demonstrated that the observed induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red turnips was mediated by a distinct UV-A-specific photoreceptor, but not by phytochromes, UV-A/blue photoreceptors, or UV-B photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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23
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Chang-Quan W, Tao L. Cryptochrome 2 is involved in betacyanin decomposition induced by blue light in Suaeda salsa. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2006; 33:697-702. [PMID: 32689278 DOI: 10.1071/fp06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of the halophyte Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were cultured in 24 h dark and 14 h blue light / 10 h dark to examine the role of blue light and the blue-light-absorbing photoreceptor cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) in betacyanin accumulation, hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon opening in S. salsa seedlings. Darkness significantly promoted betacyanin accumulation and hypocotyl elongation but inhibited cotyledon opening. Blue light suppressed betacyanin accumulation and hypocotyl elongation but stimulated cotyledon opening. Betacyanin in S. salsa seedlings decomposed with time in blue light. Western blot analysis showed that CRY2 protein accumulated both in hypocotyls and cotyledons of S. salsa seedlings grown in dark, but degraded with time in blue light, which was paralleled by a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylation activity of tyrosinase, a key enzyme involved in the betalain biosynthesis pathway. These results suggest that CRY2 protein mediates betacyanin decomposition via inactivation of tyrosinase in S. salsa seedlings, and the blue-light-dependent degradation of CRY2 protein is crucial to its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Chang-Quan
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo City, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Liu Tao
- College of Life Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo City, Shandong 255049, China
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24
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Nagira Y, Ozeki Y. A system in which anthocyanin synthesis is induced in regenerated torenia shoots. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2004; 117:377-83. [PMID: 15338427 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-004-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A system in which anthocyanin synthesis can be induced under defined conditions was established in regenerated torenia shoots. Leaf discs prepared from torenia plantlets grown under sterile conditions were placed on solidified half-strength MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 4.4x10(-6) M benzyladenine (BA) and cultured under 16 h light/8 h dark (standard light) conditions for 10 days, then in the dark for a further 10 days. The discs were transferred to medium containing 7% sucrose without BA and cultured under standard light conditions. Six days after transfer, anthocyanin synthesis started in the regenerated shoots, and thereafter, anthocyanin accumulation increased while chlorophyll content decreased. Experiments in which either the timing of illumination was altered or shoots were retransferred to medium containing 1.5% sucrose or other sugars as well as sucrose indicated that both osmotic stress and light are required to induce anthocyanin synthesis. Once anthocyanin synthesis was induced in the torenia shoots 6 days after transfer, the shoots were fated to the synthesis of anthocyanins and the degradation of chlorophylls, and could not revert to the developmental pathway of shoot regeneration. This system may provide a good model for the investigation of the mechanisms underlying the induction of anthocyanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yozo Nagira
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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25
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Briante R, Patumi M, Terenziani S, Bismuto E, Febbraio F, Nucci R. Olea europaea L. leaf extract and derivatives: antioxidant properties. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:4934-4940. [PMID: 12166985 DOI: 10.1021/jf025540p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a very simple and fast method to collect eluates with high amounts of hydroxytyrosol, biotransforming Olea europaea L. leaf extract by a thermophilic beta-glycosidase immobilized on chitosan. Some phenolic compounds in the leaf tissue and in the eluates obtained by biotransformation are identified. To propose the eluates as natural substances from a vegetal source, their antioxidant properties have been compared with those of the leaf extract from which they are originated. The eluates possess a higher concentration of simple phenols, characterized by a stronger antioxidant capacity, than those available in extra virgin olive oils and in many tablets of olive leaf extracts, commercially found as dietetic products and food integrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Briante
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine ed Enzimologia del CNR, Via Marconi 10, 80125 Napoli, Italy
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26
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Visioli F, Poli A, Gall C. Antioxidant and other biological activities of phenols from olives and olive oil. Med Res Rev 2002; 22:65-75. [PMID: 11746176 DOI: 10.1002/med.1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil is the principal source of fats in the Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with a lower incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers. Phenolic compounds, e.g., hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, in extra-virgin olive oil are responsible for its peculiar pungent taste and for its high stability. Recent findings demonstrate that olive oil phenolics are powerful antioxidants, both in vitro and in vivo, and possess other potent biological activities that could partially account for the observed healthful effects of the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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27
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Kitada C, Gong Z, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:1338-1344. [PMID: 11773526 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Perilla frutescens, there are two varietal forms of anthocyanin accumulation, i.e. red and green forms. The cDNA clones encoding flavone synthase II (FSII) and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), two cytochrome P450s that are involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins, were isolated from P. frutescens. The FSII cDNA encoded a 57.1 kDa protein designated as CYP93B6, and the F3'H cDNA encoded 57.5 kDa protein designated as CYP75B4. Recombinant CYP93B6 expressed in yeast converted flavanones to flavones with K(m) values of 8.8-11.9 microM. Recombinant CYP75B4 catalyzed 3'-hydroxylation of flavanones to the corresponding compounds with K(m) values of 18-20 microM. The CYP93B6 transcript accumulated to an equal level in leaves of both red and green forms of P. frutescens, in agreement with the accumulation pattern of flavones in the leaves. However, the CYP75B4 transcript was predominantly expressed in the red form of P. frutescens, and its expression was induced by light in conjunction with other transcripts of biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin. These results indicate that gene expression of a set of anthocyanin biosynthetic enzymes including F3'H is regulated coordinately only in the red form of P. frutescens but not in the green form, whilst FSII gene expression is controlled in a similar manner in red and green forms of P. frutescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kitada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
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Weiss D. Regulation of flower pigmentation and growth: Multiple signaling pathways control anthocyanin synthesis in expanding petals. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2000; 110:152-157. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.110202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Shimada Y, Nakano-Shimada R, Ohbayashi M, Okinaka Y, Kiyokawa S, Kikuchi Y. Expression of chimeric P450 genes encoding flavonoid-3', 5'-hydroxylase in transgenic tobacco and petunia plants(1). FEBS Lett 1999; 461:241-5. [PMID: 10567704 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)01425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H), a member of the cytochrome P450 family, is the key enzyme in the synthesis of 3', 5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins, which are generally required for blue or purple flowers. A full-length cDNA, TG1, was isolated from prairie gentian by heterologous hybridization with a petunia cDNA, AK14, which encodes F3'5'H. To investigate the in vivo function of TG1 and AK14, they were subcloned into a plant expression vector and expressed under the control of the CaMV35S promoter in transgenic tobacco or petunia, both of which originally lack the enzyme. Transgenic petunia plants had a dramatic change in flower color from pink to magenta with a high content of 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins. In contrast, transgenic tobacco plants had minimal color change with at most 35% 3',5'-hydroxylated anthocyanin content. These results indicate that the products of TG1 and AK14 have F3'5'H activity in planta and that interspecific gene transfer alters anthocyanin pigment synthesis. The difference in apparent F3'5'H activity between tobacco and petunia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shimada
- Plant Functions Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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Kaltenbach M, Schroder G, Schmelzer E, Lutz V, Schroder J. Flavonoid hydroxylase from Catharanthus roseus: cDNA, heterologous expression, enzyme properties and cell-type specific expression in plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL 1999; 19:183-93. [PMID: 10476065 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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Visioli F, Bellomo G, Galli C. Free radical-scavenging properties of olive oil polyphenols. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 247:60-4. [PMID: 9636654 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plants in the Mediterranean basin, such as vine and olive trees, have developed an array of antioxidant defences to protect themselves from environmental stress. Accordingly, the incidence of coronary heart disease and certain cancers is lower in the Mediterranean area, where olive oil is the dietary fat of choice. As opposed to other vegetable oils, extra virgin olive oil, which is obtained by physical pressure from a whole fruit, is rich in phenolic components that are responsible for the particular stability of the oil. We have investigated the scavenging actions of some olive oil phenolics, namely hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, with respect to superoxide anion generation, neutrophils respiratory burst, and hypochlorous acid. The low EC50S indicate that both compounds are potent scavengers of superoxide radicals and inhibitors of neutrophils respiratory burst: whenever demonstrated in vivo, these properties may partially explain the observed lower incidence of CHD and cancer associated with the Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Visioli
- Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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Chapple C. MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 49:311-343. [PMID: 15012237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases are a large group of heme-containing enzymes, most of which catalyze NADPH- and O2-dependent hydroxylation reactions. The cloning of plant P450s has been hampered because these membrane-localized proteins are typically present in low abundance and are often unstable to purification. Since the cloning of the first plant P450 gene in 1990, there has been an explosion in the rate at which genes encoding plant P450s have been identified. These successes have largely been the result of advances in purification techniques, as well as the application of alternative methods such as mutant- and PCR-based cloning strategies. The availability of these cloned genes has made possible the analysis of P450 gene regulation and may soon reveal aspects of the evolution of P450s in plants. This new knowledge will significantly improve our understanding of many metabolic pathways and may permit their manipulation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1153; e-mail:
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Umemoto N, Kakitani M, Iwamatsu A, Yoshikawa M, Yamaoka N, Ishida I. The structure and function of a soybean beta-glucan-elicitor-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:1029-34. [PMID: 9023377 PMCID: PMC19634 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.3.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/1996] [Accepted: 11/22/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
beta-Glucan elicitor (GE), released from the cell wall of the phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthora megasperma by soybean glucanases, causes defense reactions in soybean. A GE-binding protein (GEBP) was purified from the membrane fraction of soybean root cells, and its cDNA was isolated. Expression of the cDNA clone in tobacco suspension cultured cells and in Escherichia coli conferred GE-binding activity to both. An antibody against the recombinant protein was found to inhibit the GE binding with the soybean cotyledon membrane fraction as well as the resulting accumulation of phytoalexin. Immunolocalization assays indicated that the GEBPs are located in the plasma membrane of root cells. These results suggest that the cDNA encodes a GE receptor and may mediate the signaling of the elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Umemoto
- Central Laboratories for Key Technology, Kirin Brewery Co., Ltd., Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Sugiura M, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, Ohkawa H. Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a novel tobacco cytochrome P-450-like cDNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1308:231-40. [PMID: 8809115 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(96)00107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA library constructed from poly(A)+ RNA of tobacco BY2 cells treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was screened by using a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the heme binding region of avocado CYP71A1. A cloned 2-kb cDNA designated as cTBP contained an open reading frame of 1593 bp encoding a protein of molecular size of 58916. The deduced amino acid sequence included a cysteine residue corresponding to fifth ligand of heme-Fe at 497th. The coding sequence was expressed under the control of tac promoter and rrnB terminator in Escherichia coli to yield 7 to 10 nmol P450 equivalent per litre of the culture in the presence of delta-aminolevulinic acid. The modified coding sequences in which NH2-terminal residues 2-25 were replaced by the NH2-terminal 18 amino acid residues of microsomal bovine CYP17 were also expressed under the control of ADH promoter and terminator in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to yield 29 and 30 pmol of P450 equivalent/mg protein in the microsomal fraction, respectively. On co-expression of each of the modified coding sequences and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase gene, the yeast microsomes exhibited 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity. Based on these results, tobacco cTBP was found to encode a novel P450-like species with a monooxygenese activity related to xenobiotic metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sugiura
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Kobe University, Japan
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Suzuki G, Ohta H, Kato T, Igarashi T, Sakai F, Shibata D, Takano A, Masuda T, Shioi Y, Takamiya K. Induction of a novel cytochrome P450 (CYP93 family) by methyl jasmonate in soybean suspension-cultured cells. FEBS Lett 1996; 383:83-6. [PMID: 8612798 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We isolated a cDNA encoding a novel cytochrome P450 (CYP93A1) from soybean suspension-cultured cells that had been treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The amino acid sequence of the gene product had 30-40% identity with those of other plant P450s. The protein contained the heme-binding domain which is highly conserved among plant P450s. Transcription of the cytochrome P450 gene in soybean cells was induced by 30 microM MeJA even in the presence of cycloheximide, and reached maximum level 6 h after MeJA treatment. This is the first report of a plant cytochrome P450 gene whose transcription is induced by MeJA even without protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yokohama, Japan
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Kraus PF, Kutchan TM. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a cDNA encoding berbamunine synthase, a C--O phenol-coupling cytochrome P450 from the higher plant Berberis stolonifera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:2071-5. [PMID: 7892226 PMCID: PMC42425 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.6.2071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a cytochrome P450-dependent oxidase, berbamunine synthase (EC 1.1.3.34; CYP80), from cell suspension cultures of the higher plant Berberis stolonifera Koehne and Wolf (barberry) has been isolated and heterologously expressed in functional form in insect cell culture using a baculovirus-based expression system. This cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme is unusual in that it catalyzes the regio- and stereoselective formation of a C--O phenol couple in bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis without concomitant incorporation of activated oxygen into the product. Consistent with the function of an oxidase rather than a monooxygenase, an essential glycine residue in the distal helix, which forms the oxygen-binding pocket in the well-studied bacterial enzyme P-450cam, is replaced by proline at the equivalent position in berbamunine synthase. This oxidase was accumulated in an active form in insect cell microsomes and accepted electrons from the endogenous NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. The heterologously expressed enzyme oxidatively couples either two molecules of (R)-N-methylcoclaurine to form the (R,R) dimer guattegaumerine or one molecule each of (R)- and (S)-N-methylcoclaurine to form the (R,S) dimer berbamunine. The ratio of the two bisbenzylisoquinolines formed could be altered by reductase source or by varying the enantiomer composition of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Kraus
- Laboratorium für Molekulare Biologie, Universität München, Germany
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Frey M, Kliem R, Saedler H, Gierl A. Expression of a cytochrome P450 gene family in maize. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 246:100-9. [PMID: 7823905 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Maize seedlings, like seedlings of many other plants, are rich in cytochrome P450 (P450) enzyme activity. Four P450 genes (CYPzm1-4), isolated from a seedling-specific cDNA library, are characterized by a transient and seedling-specific expression pattern. The maximum steady state mRNA levels are reached at 3 days in root and at 7 days in shoot tissue, respectively. All four genes belong to one gene family and are closely related to the CYP71 family of plant P450 genes, which includes the enzymes of the ripening avocado fruit (CYP71A1) and eggplant hypocotyls (CYP71A2, A3, A4). The expression of these related P450 genes in monocot and dicot plants indicates that these enzymes play a significant role in plants; however, the in vivo enzyme functions are unknown. The divergence of the four members of the maize gene family is sufficiently high to account for different substrate and/or reaction specificity. Although the general expression pattern of the four genes is identical, the maximum steady-state mRNA levels vary in different maize lines. In situ hybridisation reveals the highest mRNA levels in the coleoptile, the first developed leaflets, the ground tissue of the nodular complex, and in the cortex and pith of the region of cell division in the root. The mapping of the maize CYPzm genes shows that, as in animals, P450 genes of the same family can be clustered. The presence of the CYPzm gene cluster in maize argues for generation of distinct plant P450 gene families by gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frey
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Abteilung Molekulare Pflanzengenetik, Köln, Germany
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Lupien S, Karp F, Ponnamperuma K, Wildung M, Croteau R. Cytochrome P450 limonene hydroxylases of Mentha species. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:245-60. [PMID: 8820855 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation pattern of the monoterpenoids of mint (Mentha) species is determined by regiospecific cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of the common olefinic precursor (-)-limonene. In peppermint, C3-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-isopiperitenol that ultimately is converted to (-)-menthol, whereas in spearmint, C6-allylic hydroxylation leads to (-)-trans-carveol that is oxidized to (-)-carvone. The limonene-6-hydroxylase and the cytochrome P450 reductase were purified from the oil glands of spearmint, and the system was reconstituted. Amino acid sequences from the purified hydroxylase were utilized to design primers with which a large, non-degenerate PCR product was prepared. This probe was employed to screen a spearmint oil gland cDNA library from which the corresponding full-length cDNA was isolated. This clone provides the tool for isolating the homologous cDNA species from peppermint and related Mentha species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lupien
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6340, USA
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Salaün JP, Helvig C. Cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation of fatty acids. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:261-83. [PMID: 8820856 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases from plants catalyse in-chain and omega hydroxylation as well as epoxidation of medium- and long-chain fatty acids. Recent research efforts have clarified that there are multiple forms of cytochrome P450 involved in these reactions, each of which possesses distinguishable substrate specificity. The biological roles of these distinct P450 forms are poorly understood. However, evidence suggests that some may play an important role in the biosynthesis of plant cuticles. We review current knowledge on the induction and inhibition of activities as well as the regio- and stereo-specificity of the distinct forms so far characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Salaün
- Département d'Enzymologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS-UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
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Werck-Reichhart D. Cytochromes P450 in phenylpropanoid metabolism. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:221-43. [PMID: 8820854 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropanoid pathway controls the synthesis of lignin, flower pigments, signalling molecules, and a large spectrum of compounds involved in plant defence against pathogens and UV light. More than 15 P450-dependent reactions have been characterised in this pathway. Several of these reactions constitute important regulatory branching points. Indirect and direct data indicate that distinct P450s catalyse the different reactions. The coding sequences of two enzymes have recently been determined. They belong to different P450 families, CYP73 and CYP75. The second enzyme of the main pathway, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), is the most extensively studied plant P450 and is suspected of playing an essential role in the regulation of the whole pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Werck-Reichhart
- Département d'Enzymologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
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Holton TA. Modification of flower colour via manipulation of P450 gene expression in transgenic plants. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 1995; 12:359-68. [PMID: 8820861 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.1995.12.3-4.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike animals, which synthesise cytochrome P450 enzymes mostly for the degradation of xenobiotics, plants have evolved a large number of different P450 enzymes for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Probably the most conspicuous of these secondary metabolites are anthocyanins, which are important flower pigments. The types of anthocyanins synthesised in plants are controlled by the cytochrome P450 enzymes flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase. Cloning of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase genes has enabled the manipulation of anthocyanin synthesis in transgenic plants and enabled the production of novel pigments and flower colours.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Holton
- Florigene Pty Ltd., Collingwood, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The present status of plant cytochrome P450 research is reviewed. A comparison of the properties of this group of cytochrome proteins with those of other microsomal b-type haem proteins is made. The range of reactions catalysed by P450s is discussed as well as recent progress in improving purification and reconstitution. Molecular cloning approaches that have overcome the earlier block to accessing this gene superfamily are discussed and future prospects highlighted. Expression of the gene family is discussed in relation to regulation in response to environmental and developmental cues and tissue and subcellular localization. The biotechnological importance of this gene family is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Bolwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, U.K
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