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Tan C, Liang M, Luo Q, Zhang T, Wang W, Li S, Men S. AUX1, PIN3, and TAA1 collectively maintain fertility in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2023; 258:68. [PMID: 37598130 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION We found that auxin synthesis gene TAA1 and auxin polar transport genes AUX1 and PIN3 collectively maintain fertility and seed size in Arabidopsis. Auxin plays a vital role in plant gametophyte development and embryogenesis. The auxin synthesis gene TAA1 and the auxin polar transport genes AUX1 and PIN3 are expressed during Arabidopsis gametophyte and seed development. However, aux1, pin3, and taa1 single mutants only exhibit mild reproductive defects. We, therefore, generated aux1-T pin3 taa1-k2 and aux1-T pin3-2 taa1-k1 triple mutants by crossing or CRISPR/Cas9 technique. These triple mutants displayed severe reproductive defects with approximately 70% and 77%, respectively, of the siliques failing to elongate after anthesis. Reciprocal crosses and microscopy analyses showed that the development of pollen and ovules in the aux1 pin3 taa1 mutants was normal, whereas the filaments were remarkably short, which might be the cause of the silique sterility. Further analyses indicated that the development and morphology of aux1 pin3 taa1 seeds were normal, but their size was smaller compared with that of the wild type. These results indicate that AUX1, PIN3, and TAA1 act in concert to maintain fertility and seed size in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Suxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Liao J, Zhang Z, Shang Y, Jiang Y, Su Z, Deng X, Pu X, Yang R, Zhang L. Anatomy and Comparative Transcriptome Reveal the Mechanism of Male Sterility in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10259. [PMID: 37373407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is an important traditional herb. Salvia miltiorrhiza is distributed in the Sichuan province of China (here called SC). Under natural conditions, it does not bear seeds and its sterility mechanism is still unclear. Through artificial cross, there was defective pistil and partial pollen abortion in these plants. Electron microscopy results showed that the defective pollen wall was caused by delayed degradation of the tapetum. Due to the lack of starch and organelle, the abortive pollen grains showed shrinkage. RNA-seq was performed to explore the molecular mechanisms of pollen abortion. KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that the pathways of phytohormone, starch, lipid, pectin, and phenylpropanoid affected the fertility of S. miltiorrhiza. Moreover, some differentially expressed genes involved in starch synthesis and plant hormone signaling were identified. These results contribute to the molecular mechanism of pollen sterility and provide a more theoretical foundation for molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhizhou Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yukun Shang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zixuan Su
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xuexue Deng
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiang Pu
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ruiwu Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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3
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Pollen Coat Proteomes of Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, and Brassica oleracea Reveal Remarkable Diversity of Small Cysteine-Rich Proteins at the Pollen-Stigma Interface. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13010157. [PMID: 36671543 PMCID: PMC9856046 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The pollen coat is the outermost domain of the pollen grain and is largely derived from the anther tapetum, which is a secretory tissue that degenerates late in pollen development. By being localised at the interface of the pollen-stigma interaction, the pollen coat plays a central role in mediating early pollination events, including molecular recognition. Amongst species of the Brassicaceae, a growing body of data has revealed that the pollen coat carries a range of proteins, with a number of small cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) being identified as important regulators of the pollen-stigma interaction. By utilising a state-of-the-art liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach, rich pollen coat proteomic profiles were obtained for Arabidopsis thaliana, Arabidopsis lyrata, and Brassica oleracea, which greatly extended previous datasets. All three proteomes revealed a strikingly large number of small CRPs that were not previously reported as pollen coat components. The profiling also uncovered a wide range of other protein families, many of which were enriched in the pollen coat proteomes and had functions associated with signal transduction, cell walls, lipid metabolism and defence. These proteomes provide an excellent source of molecular targets for future investigations into the pollen-stigma interaction and its potential evolutionary links to plant-pathogen interactions.
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4
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Liu C, Li Z, Tian D, Xu M, Pan J, Wu H, Wang C, Otegui MS. AP1/2β-mediated exocytosis of tapetum-specific transporters is required for pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3961-3982. [PMID: 35766888 PMCID: PMC9516047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AP-1 and AP-2 adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate clathrin-dependent trafficking at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane, respectively. Whereas AP-1 is required for trafficking to plasma membrane and vacuoles, AP-2 mediates endocytosis. These AP complexes consist of four subunits (adaptins): two large subunits (β1 and γ for AP-1 and β2 and α for AP-2), a medium subunit μ, and a small subunit σ. In general, adaptins are unique to each AP complex, with the exception of β subunits that are shared by AP-1 and AP-2 in some invertebrates. Here, we show that the two putative Arabidopsis thaliana AP1/2β adaptins co-assemble with both AP-1 and AP-2 subunits and regulate exocytosis and endocytosis in root cells, consistent with their dual localization at the TGN and plasma membrane. Deletion of both β adaptins is lethal in plants. We identified a critical role of β adaptins in pollen wall formation and reproduction, involving the regulation of membrane trafficking in the tapetum and pollen germination. In tapetal cells, β adaptins localize almost exclusively to the TGN and mediate exocytosis of the plasma membrane transporters such as ATP-binding cassette (ABC)G9 and ABCG16. This study highlights the essential role of AP1/2β adaptins in plants and their specialized roles in specific cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mei Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianwei Pan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haijun Wu
- Authors for correspondence: (M.S.O.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Authors for correspondence: (M.S.O.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
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Tidy AC, Ferjentsikova I, Vizcay-Barrena G, Liu B, Yin W, Higgins JD, Xu J, Zhang D, Geelen D, Wilson ZA. Sporophytic control of pollen meiotic progression is mediated by tapetum expression of ABORTED MICROSPORES. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5543-5558. [PMID: 35617147 PMCID: PMC9467646 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollen development is dependent on the tapetum, a sporophytic anther cell layer surrounding the microspores that functions in pollen wall formation but is also essential for meiosis-associated development. There is clear evidence of crosstalk and co-regulation between the tapetum and microspores, but how this is achieved is currently not characterized. ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS), a tapetum transcription factor, is important for pollen wall formation, but also has an undefined role in early pollen development. We conducted a detailed investigation of chromosome behaviour, cytokinesis, radial microtubule array (RMA) organization, and callose formation in the ams mutant. Early meiosis initiates normally in ams, shows delayed progression after the pachytene stage, and then fails during late meiosis, with disorganized RMA, defective cytokinesis, abnormal callose formation, and microspore degeneration, alongside abnormal tapetum development. Here, we show that selected meiosis-associated genes are directly repressed by AMS, and that AMS is essential for late meiosis progression. Our findings indicate that AMS has a dual function in tapetum-meiocyte crosstalk by playing an important regulatory role during late meiosis, in addition to its previously characterized role in pollen wall formation. AMS is critical for RMA organization, callose deposition, and therefore cytokinesis, and is involved in the crosstalk between the gametophyte and sporophytic tissues, which enables synchronous development of tapetum and microspores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Bing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenzhe Yin
- Division of Plant & Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - James D Higgins
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jie Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia, Australia
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, geb. A, Gent, Belgium
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6
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Zhang C, Ren MY, Han WJ, Zhang YF, Huang MJ, Wu SY, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang ZN. Slow development allows redundant genes to restore the fertility of rpg1, a TGMS line in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1375-1385. [PMID: 34905264 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Slow development has been shown to be a general mechanism to restore the fertility of thermo-sensitive and photoperiod-sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS and PGMS) lines in Arabidopsis. rpg1 is a TGMS line defective in primexine, which is essential for pollen wall pattern formation. Here, we showed that RPG1-GFP was highly expressed in microsporocytes, microspores, and pollen grains but not in the tapetum in the complemented transgenic line, suggesting that microsporocytes are the main sporophytic cells for primexine formation. Further cytological observations showed that primexine formation in rpg1 was partially restored under slow growth conditions, leading to its fertility restoration. RPG2 is the homolog of RPG1 in Arabidopsis. We revealed that the fertility recovery of rpg1 rpg2 was significantly reduced compared with that of rpg1 under low temperature. The RPG2-GFP protein was also expressed in microsporocytes in the RPG2-GFP (WT) transgenic line. These results suggest that RPG2 plays a redundant role in rpg1 fertility restoration. rpg1 plants were male sterile at the early growth stage, while their fertility was partially restored at the late developmental stage. The fertility of the rpg1 lateral branches was also partially restored. Further growth analysis showed that slow growth at the late reproductive stage or on the lateral branches led to fertility restoration. This work reveals the importance of gene redundancy in fertility restoration for TGMS lines and provides further insight into pollen wall pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Yi Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jian Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Jia Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Si-Yuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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7
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Wang R, Dobritsa AA. Loss of THIN EXINE2 disrupts multiple processes in the mechanism of pollen exine formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:133-157. [PMID: 34618131 PMCID: PMC8418410 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exine, the sporopollenin-based outer layer of the pollen wall, forms through an unusual mechanism involving interactions between two anther cell types: developing pollen and tapetum. How sporopollenin precursors and other components required for exine formation are delivered from tapetum to pollen and assemble on the pollen surface is still largely unclear. Here, we characterized an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant, thin exine2 (tex2), which develops pollen with abnormally thin exine. The TEX2 gene (also known as REPRESSOR OF CYTOKININ DEFICIENCY1 (ROCK1)) encodes a putative nucleotide-sugar transporter localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Tapetal expression of TEX2 is sufficient for proper exine development. Loss of TEX2 leads to the formation of abnormal primexine, lack of primary exine elements, and subsequent failure of sporopollenin to correctly assemble into exine structures. Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the carbohydrate composition of the tex2 primexine and found it accumulates increased amounts of arabinogalactans. Tapetum in tex2 accumulates prominent metabolic inclusions which depend on the sporopollenin polyketide biosynthesis and transport and likely correspond to a sporopollenin-like material. Even though such inclusions have not been previously reported, we show mutations in one of the known sporopollenin biosynthesis genes, LAP5/PKSB, but not in its paralog LAP6/PKSA, also lead to accumulation of similar inclusions, suggesting separate roles for the two paralogs. Finally, we show tex2 tapetal inclusions, as well as synthetic lethality in the double mutants of TEX2 and other exine genes, could be used as reporters when investigating genetic relationships between genes involved in exine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Anna A. Dobritsa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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8
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Long J, Walker J, She W, Aldridge B, Gao H, Deans S, Vickers M, Feng X. Nurse cell--derived small RNAs define paternal epigenetic inheritance in Arabidopsis. Science 2021; 373:373/6550/eabh0556. [PMID: 34210850 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The plant male germline undergoes DNA methylation reprogramming, which methylates genes de novo and thereby alters gene expression and regulates meiosis. Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism underlying this reprogramming. We demonstrate that genic methylation in the male germline, from meiocytes to sperm, is established by 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) transcribed from transposons with imperfect sequence homology. These siRNAs are synthesized by meiocyte nurse cells (tapetum) through activity of CLSY3, a chromatin remodeler absent in other anther cells. Tapetal siRNAs govern germline methylation throughout the genome, including the inherited methylation patterns in sperm. Tapetum-derived siRNAs also silence germline transposons, safeguarding genome integrity. Our results reveal that tapetal siRNAs are sufficient to reconstitute germline methylation patterns and drive functional methylation reprogramming throughout the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Long
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - James Walker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Wenjing She
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Billy Aldridge
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samuel Deans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Martin Vickers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Zaidi MA, O'Leary SJB, Gagnon C, Chabot D, Wu S, Hubbard K, Tran F, Sprott D, Hassan D, Vucurevich T, Sheedy C, Laroche A, Gleddie S, Robert LS. A triticale tapetal non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) is translocated to the pollen cell wall. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1185-1197. [PMID: 32638075 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A Triticeae type III non-specific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) was shown for the first time to be translocated from the anther tapetum to the pollen cell wall. Two anther-expressed non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) were identified in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). LTPc3a and LTPc3b contain a putative signal peptide sequence and eight cysteine residues in a C-Xn-C-Xn-CC-Xn-CXC-Xn-C-Xn-C pattern. These proteins belong to the type III class of nsLTPs which are expressed exclusively in the inflorescence of angiosperms. The level of LTPc3 transcript in the anther was highest at the tetrad and uninucleate microspore stages, and absent in mature pollen. In situ hybridization showed that LTPc3 was expressed in the tapetal layer of the developing triticale anther. The expression of the LTPc3 protein peaked at the uninucleate microspore stage, but was also found to be associated with the mature pollen. Accordingly, an LTPc3a::GFP translational fusion expressed in transgenic Brachypodium distachyon first showed activity in the tapetum, then in the anther locule, and later on the mature pollen grain. Altogether, these results represent the first detailed characterization of a Triticeae anther-expressed type III nsLTP with possible roles in pollen cell wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Abbas Zaidi
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Charlottetown Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE, C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Stephen J B O'Leary
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council, of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christine Gagnon
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Denise Chabot
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Shaobo Wu
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 26 Huacai Road, Chengdu, 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Keith Hubbard
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Frances Tran
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - Dave Sprott
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Dhuha Hassan
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tara Vucurevich
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Claudia Sheedy
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - André Laroche
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, PO Box 3000, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Steve Gleddie
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada.
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BES1 is activated by EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2-mediated signaling to control tapetum development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4164. [PMID: 31519953 PMCID: PMC6744560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BES1 and BZR1 were originally identified as two key transcription factors specifically regulating brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated gene expression. They belong to a family consisting of six members, BES1, BZR1, BEH1, BEH2, BEH3, and BEH4. bes1 and bzr1 single mutants do not exhibit any characteristic BR phenotypes, suggesting functional redundancy of these proteins. Here, by generating higher order mutants, we show that a quintuple mutant is male sterile due to defects in tapetum and microsporocyte development in anthers. Our genetic and biochemical analyses demonstrate that BES1 family members also act as downstream transcription factors in the EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2 pathway. Ectopic expression of both TPD1 and EMS1 in bri1-116, a BR receptor null mutant, leads to the accumulation of non-phosphorylated, active BES1, similar to activation of BES1 by BRI1-BR-BAK1 signaling. These data suggest that two distinctive receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling pathways share BES1 family members as downstream transcription factors to regulate different aspects of plant development. BES1 and BZR1 transcription factors are activated by the BRI1-BAK1 receptor complex during brassinosteroid signaling. Here the authors show that BES1-family members also act in anthers, downstream of another receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling pathway, EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2, to promote tapetum development.
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11
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Roque E, Gómez-Mena C, Hamza R, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. Engineered Male Sterility by Early Anther Ablation Using the Pea Anther-Specific Promoter PsEND1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:819. [PMID: 31293612 PMCID: PMC6603094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineered male sterility has different applications, ranging from hybrid seed production to bioconfinement of transgenes in genetic modified crops. The impact of this technology is currently patent in a wide range of crops, including legumes, which has helped to deal with the challenges of global food security. Production of engineered male sterile plants by expression of a ribonuclease gene under the control of an anther- or pollen-specific promoter has proven to be an efficient way to generate pollen-free elite cultivars. In the last years, we have been studying the genetic control of flower development in legumes and several genes that are specifically expressed in a determinate floral organ were identified. Pisum sativum ENDOTHECIUM 1 (PsEND1) is a pea anther-specific gene displaying very early expression in the anther primordium cells. This expression pattern has been assessed in both model plants and crops (tomato, tobacco, oilseed rape, rice, wheat) using genetic constructs carrying the PsEND1 promoter fused to the uidA reporter gene. This promoter fused to the barnase gene produces full anther ablation at early developmental stages, preventing the production of mature pollen grains in all plant species tested. Additional effects produced by the early anther ablation in the PsEND1::barnase-barstar plants, with interesting biotechnological applications, have also been described, such as redirection of resources to increase vegetative growth, reduction of the need for deadheading to extend the flowering period, or elimination of pollen allergens in ornamental plants (Kalanchoe, Pelargonium). Moreover, early anther ablation in transgenic PsEND1::barnase-barstar tomato plants promotes the developing of the ovaries into parthenocarpic fruits due to the absence of signals generated during the fertilization process and can be considered an efficient tool to promote fruit set and to produce seedless fruits. In legumes, the production of new hybrid cultivars will contribute to enhance yield and productivity by exploiting the hybrid vigor generated. The PsEND1::barnase-barstar construct could be also useful to generate parental lines in hybrid breeding approaches to produce new cultivars in different legume species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José Pío Beltrán
- Department of Plant Development and Hormone Action, Biology and Biotechnology of Reproductive Development, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A. Cañas
- Department of Plant Development and Hormone Action, Biology and Biotechnology of Reproductive Development, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
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Yao X, Tian L, Yang J, Zhao YN, Zhu YX, Dai X, Zhao Y, Yang ZN. Auxin production in diploid microsporocytes is necessary and sufficient for early stages of pollen development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007397. [PMID: 29813066 PMCID: PMC5993292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametophytic development in Arabidopsis depends on nutrients and cell wall materials from sporophytic cells. However, it is not clear whether hormones and signaling molecules from sporophytic tissues are also required for gametophytic development. Herein, we show that auxin produced by the flavin monooxygenases YUC2 and YUC6 in the sporophytic microsporocytes is essential for early stages of pollen development. The first asymmetric mitotic division (PMI) of haploid microspores is the earliest event in male gametophyte development. Microspore development in yuc2yuc6 double mutants arrests before PMI and consequently yuc2yuc6 fail to produce viable pollens. Our genetic analyses reveal that YUC2 and YUC6 act as sporophytic genes for pollen formation. We further show that ectopic production of auxin in tapetum, which provides nutrients for pollen development, fails to rescue the sterile phenotypes of yuc2yuc6. In contrast, production of auxin in either microsporocytes or microspores rescued the defects of pollen development in yuc2yuc6 double mutants. Our results demonstrate that local auxin biosynthesis in sporophytic microsporocytic cells and microspore controls male gametophyte development during the generation transition from sporophyte to male gametophyte. Plant life cycle alternates between the diploid sporophyte generation and the haploid gametophyte generation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the generation alternation impacts fundamental plant biology and plant breeding. It is known that the development of haploid generation in vascular plants requires the diploid tapetum cells to supply nutrients. Here we show that the male gametophyte (haploid) development in Arabidopsis requires auxin produced in the diploid microsporocytic cells. Moreover, we show that auxin produced in microsporocytic cells and microspore is also sufficient to support normal development of the haploid microspores. This work demonstrates that Arabidopsis uses two different diploid cell types to supply growth hormone and nutrients for the growth of the haploid generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Yao
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tian
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Na Zhao
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Xiu Zhu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZNY)
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZNY)
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13
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Verma N, Burma PK. Regulation of tapetum-specific A9 promoter by transcription factors AtMYB80, AtMYB1 and AtMYB4 in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:481-494. [PMID: 28849604 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tapetum-specific promoters have been successfully used for developing transgenic-based pollination control systems. Although several tapetum-specific promoters have been identified, in-depth studies on regulation of such promoters are scarce. The present study analyzes the regulation of the A9 promoter, one of the first tapetum-specific promoter identified in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcription factors (TFs) AtMYB80, AtMYB1 (positive regulators) identified by in silico analysis were found to upregulate A9 promoter activity following the over-expression of the TFs in transient and stable (transgenic) expression assays in both A. thaliana and tobacco. Furthermore, mutations of binding sites of these TFs in the A9 promoter led to loss of its activity. The role of a negative regulator AtMYB4 was also studied by analyzing the activity of A9 promoter following transient expression of RNAi against the TF and by mutating binding sites for AtMYB4 in the A9 promoter. While no changes were observed in case of A. thaliana, the A9 promoter was activated in the roots of transgenic tobacco plants, highlighting the role of these cis-elements in keeping the A9 promoter repressed in the roots of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Verma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Burma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
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14
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Carrizo García C, Nepi M, Pacini E. It is a matter of timing: asynchrony during pollen development and its consequences on pollen performance in angiosperms-a review. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:57-73. [PMID: 26872476 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Functional pollen is needed to successfully complete fertilization. Pollen is formed inside the anthers following a specific sequence of developmental stages, from microsporocyte meiosis to pollen release, that concerns microsporocytes/microspores and anther wall tissues. The processes involved may not be synchronous within a flower, an anther, and even a microsporangium. Asynchrony has been barely analyzed, and its biological consequences have not been yet assessed. In this review, different processes of pollen development and lifetime, stressing on the possible consequences of their differential timing on pollen performance, are summarized. Development is usually synchronized until microsporocyte meiosis I (occasionally until meiosis II). Afterwards, a period of mostly asynchronous events extends up to anther opening as regards: (1) meiosis II (sometimes); (2) microspore vacuolization and later reduction of vacuoles; (3) amylogenesis, amylolysis, and carbohydrate inter-conversion; (4) the first haploid mitosis; and (5) intine formation. Asynchrony would promote metabolic differences among developing microspores and therefore physiologically heterogeneous pollen grains within a single microsporangium. Asynchrony would increase the effect of competition for resources during development and pollen tube growth and also for water during (re)hydration on the stigma. The differences generated by developmental asynchronies may have an adaptive role since more efficient pollen grains would be selected with regard to homeostasis, desiccation tolerance, resilience, speed of (re)hydration, and germination. The performance of each pollen grain which landed onto the stigma will be the result of a series of selective steps determined by its development, physiological state at maturity, and successive environmental constrains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Nepi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Pacini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy
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15
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Wang L, Clarke LA, Eason RJ, Parker CC, Qi B, Scott RJ, Doughty J. PCP-B class pollen coat proteins are key regulators of the hydration checkpoint in Arabidopsis thaliana pollen-stigma interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:764-777. [PMID: 27596924 PMCID: PMC5215366 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of pollen-pistil compatibility is strictly regulated by factors derived from both male and female reproductive structures. Highly diverse small cysteine-rich proteins (CRPs) have been found to play multiple roles in plant reproduction, including the earliest stages of the pollen-stigma interaction. Secreted CRPs found in the pollen coat of members of the Brassicaceae, the pollen coat proteins (PCPs), are emerging as important signalling molecules that regulate the pollen-stigma interaction. Using a combination of protein characterization, expression and phylogenetic analyses we identified a novel class of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen-borne CRPs, the PCP-Bs (for pollen coat protein B-class) that are related to embryo surrounding factor (ESF1) developmental regulators. Single and multiple PCP-B mutant lines were utilized in bioassays to assess effects on pollen hydration, adhesion and pollen tube growth. Our results revealed that pollen hydration is severely impaired when multiple PCP-Bs are lost from the pollen coat. The hydration defect also resulted in reduced pollen adhesion and delayed pollen tube growth in all mutants studied. These results demonstrate that AtPCP-Bs are key regulators of the hydration 'checkpoint' in establishment of pollen-stigma compatibility. In addition, we propose that interspecies diversity of PCP-Bs may contribute to reproductive barriers in the Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludi Wang
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Lisa A. Clarke
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Russell J. Eason
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | | | - Baoxiu Qi
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Rod J. Scott
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - James Doughty
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUK
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16
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Song L, Zhou Z, Tang S, Zhang Z, Xia S, Qin M, Li B, Wen J, Yi B, Shen J, Ma C, Fu T, Tu J. Ectopic Expression of BnaC.CP20.1 Results in Premature Tapetal Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1972-84. [PMID: 27388342 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) is essential in pollen grain development, and cysteine proteases are ubiquitous enzymes participating in plant PCD. Although the major papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) have been investigated, the exact functions of many PLCPs are still poorly understood in PCD. Here, we identified a PLCP gene, BnaC.CP20.1, which was closely related to XP_013596648.1 from Brassica oleracea. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that BnaC.CP20.1 expression was down-regulated in male-sterile lines in oilseed rape, suggesting a connection between this gene and male sterility. BnaC.CP20.1 is especially active in the tapetum and microspores in Brassica napus from the uninucleate stage until formation of mature pollen grains during anther development. On expression of BnaC.CP20.1 prior to the tetrad stage, BnA9::BnaC.CP20.1 transgenic lines in Arabidopsis thaliana showed a male-sterile phenotype with shortened siliques containing fewer or no seeds by self-crossing. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the reticulate exine was defective in aborted microspores. Callose degradation was delayed and microspores were not released from the tetrad in a timely fashion. Additionally, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated that BnaC.CP20.1 ectopic expression led to premature tapetal PCD. Transmission electron microscopy analyses further demonstrated that the pollen abortion was due to the absence of tectum connections to the bacula in the transgenic anthers. These findings suggest that timely expression of BnaC.CP20.1 is necessary for tapetal degeneration and pollen wall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhengfu Zhou
- Wheat Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shan Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengqian Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Maomao Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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17
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Hou J, Jiang P, Qi S, Zhang K, He Q, Xu C, Ding Z, Zhang K, Li K. Isolation and Functional Validation of Salinity and Osmotic Stress Inducible Promoter from the Maize Type-II H+-Pyrophosphatase Gene by Deletion Analysis in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154041. [PMID: 27101137 PMCID: PMC4839719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity and drought severely affect both plant growth and productivity, making the isolation and characterization of salinity- or drought-inducible promoters suitable for genetic improvement of crop resistance highly desirable. In this study, a 1468-bp sequence upstream of the translation initiation codon ATG of the promoter for ZmGAPP (maize Type-II H+-pyrophosphatase gene) was cloned. Nine 5´ deletion fragments (D1-D9) of different lengths of the ZmGAPP promoter were fused with the GUS reporter and translocated into tobacco. The deletion analysis showed that fragments D1-D8 responded well to NaCl and PEG stresses, whereas fragment D9 and CaMV 35S did not. The D8 segment (219 bp; -219 to -1 bp) exhibited the highest promoter activity of all tissues, with the exception of petals among the D1-D9 transgenic tobacco, which corresponds to about 10% and 25% of CaMV 35S under normal and NaCl or PEG stress conditions, respectively. As such, the D8 segment may confer strong gene expression in a salinity and osmotic stress inducible manner. A 71-bp segment (-219 to -148 bp) was considered as the key region regulating ZmGAPP response to NaCl or PEG stress, as transient transformation assays demonstrated that the 71-bp sequence was sufficient for the salinity or osmotic stress response. These results enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating ZmGAPP expression, and that the D8 promoter would be an ideal candidate for moderating expression of drought and salinity response genes in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Shoumei Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Qiuxia He
- Biology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changzheng Xu
- RCBB, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei Dist., 400716, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaohua Ding
- Maize Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
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Jewell JB, Browse J. Epidermal jasmonate perception is sufficient for all aspects of jasmonate-mediated male fertility in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:634-47. [PMID: 26833563 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA) signaling is essential for several environmental responses and reproductive development in many plant species. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the most obvious phenotype of JA biosynthetic and perception mutants is profound sporophytic male sterility characterized by failure of stamen filament elongation, severe delay of anther dehiscence and pollen inviability. The site of action of JA in the context of reproductive development has been discussed, but the ideas have not been tested experimentally. To this end we used targeted expression of a COI1-YFP transgene in the coi1-1 mutant background. As COI1 is an essential component of the JA co-receptor complex, the null coi1-1 mutant is male sterile due to lack of JA perception. We show that expression of COI1-YFP in the epidermis of the stamen filament and anther in coi1 mutant plants is sufficient to rescue filament elongation, anther dehiscence and pollen viability. In contrast, filament expression alone or expression in the tapetum do not restore dehiscence and pollen viability. These results demonstrate that epidermal JA perception is sufficient for anther function and pollen viability, and suggest the presence of a JA-dependent non-autonomous signal produced in the anther epidermis to synchronize both anther dehiscence and pollen maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Jewell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
| | - John Browse
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6340, USA
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Huang J, Smith AR, Zhang T, Zhao D. Creating Completely Both Male and Female Sterile Plants by Specifically Ablating Microspore and Megaspore Mother Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:30. [PMID: 26870055 PMCID: PMC4740954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although genetically modified (GM) plants have improved commercially important traits, such as biomass and biofuel production, digestibility, bioremediation, ornamental value, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, there remain economic, political, or social concerns over potential ecological effects of transgene flow from GM plants. The current solution for preventing transgene flow from GM plants is genetically engineering sterility; however, approaches to generating both male and female sterility are limited. In addition, existing strategies for creating sterility lead to loss or modifications of entire flowers or floral organs. Here, we demonstrate that instead of the 1.5-kb promoter, the entire SOLO DANCERS (SDS) gene is required for its meiocyte-specific expression. We then developed an efficient method to specifically ablate microspore and megaspore mother cells using the SDS and BARNASE fusion gene, which resulted in complete sterility in both male and female reproductive organs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but did not affect plant growth or development, including the formation of all flower organs. Therefore, our research provides a general and effective tool to prevent transgene flow in GM plants.
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Yan S, Wang Z, Liu Y, Li W, Wu F, Lin X, Meng Z. Functional architecture of two exclusively late stage pollen-specific promoters in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:415-428. [PMID: 25991036 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Late stage pollen-specific promoters are important tools in crop molecular breeding. Several such promoters, and their functional motifs, have been well characterized in dicotyledonous plants such as tomato and tobacco. However, knowledge about the functional architecture of such promoters is limited in the monocotyledonous plant rice. Here, pollen-late-stage-promoter 1 (PLP1) and pollen-late-stage-promoter 2 (PLP2) were characterized using a stable transformation system in rice. Histochemical staining showed that the two promoters exclusively drive GUS expression in late-stage pollen grains in rice. 5' deletion analysis revealed that four regions, including the -1159 to -720 and the -352 to -156 regions of PLP1 and the -740 to -557 and the -557 to -339 regions of PLP2, are important in maintaining the activity and specificity of these promoters. Motif mutation analysis indicated that 'AGAAA' and 'CAAT' motifs in the -740 to -557 region of PLP2 act as enhancers in the promoter. Gain of function experiments indicated that the novel TA-rich motif 'TACATAA' and 'TATTCAT' in the core region of the PLP1 and PLP2 promoters is necessary, but not sufficient, for pollen-specific expression in rice. Our results provide evidence that the enhancer motif 'AGAAA' is conserved in the pollen-specific promoters of both monocots and eudicots, but that some functional architecture characteristics are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
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A novel male sterility-fertility restoration system in plants for hybrid seed production. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11274. [PMID: 26073981 PMCID: PMC4466886 DOI: 10.1038/srep11274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybrid seeds are used for stimulated crop production, as they harness heterosis. The achievement of complete male-sterility in the female-parent and the restored-fertility in F1-hybrids are the major bottlenecks in the commercial hybrid seed production. Here, we report a male sterility-fertility restoration system by engineering the in most nutritive anther wall layer tapetum of female and male parents. In the female parent, high-level, and stringent expression of Arabidopsis autophagy-related gene BECLIN1 was achieved in the tapetum, which altered the tapetal degeneration program, leading to male sterility. This works on our previously demonstrated expression cassette based on functional complementation of TATA-box mutant (TGTA) promoter and TATA-binding protein mutant3 (TBPm3), with modification by conjugating Long Hypocotyle in Far-Red1 fragment (HFR1(NT131)) with TBPm3 (HFR1(NT131)-TBPm3) to exercise regulatory control over it. In the male parent, tapetum-specific Constitutive photo-morphogenesis1 (COP1) was expressed. The F1 obtained by crossing these engineered parents showed decreased BECLIN1 expression, which was further completely abolished when COP1-mutant (COP1(L105A)) was used as a male parent, leading to normal tapetal development and restored fertility. The system works on COP1-HFR1 interaction and COP1-mediated degradation of TBPm3 pool (HFR1(NT131)-TBPm3). The system can be deployed for hybrid seed production in agricultural crops.
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Ma Y, Kang J, Wu J, Zhu Y, Wang X. Identification of tapetum-specific genes by comparing global gene expression of four different male sterile lines in Brassica oleracea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:541-54. [PMID: 25711971 PMCID: PMC4377141 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tapetum plays an important role in anther development by providing necessary enzymes and nutrients for pollen development. However, it is difficult to identify tapetum-specific genes on a large-scale because of the difficulty of separating tapetum cells from other anther tissues. Here, we reported the identification of tapetum-specific genes by comparing the gene expression patterns of four male sterile (MS) lines of Brassica oleracea. The abortive phenotypes of the four MS lines revealed different defects in tapetum and pollen development but normal anther wall development when observed by transmission electron microscopy. These tapetum displayed continuous defective characteristics throughout the anther developmental stages. The transcriptome from flower buds, covering all anther developmental stages, was analyzed and bioinformatics analyses exploring tapetum development-related genes were performed. We identified 1,005 genes differentially expressed in at least one of the MS lines and 104 were non-pollen expressed genes (NPGs). Most of the identified NPGs were tapetum-specific genes considering that anther walls were normally developed in all four MS lines. Among the 104 NPGs, 22 genes were previously reported as being involved in tapetum development. We further separated the expressed NPGs into different developmental stages based on the MS defects. The data obtained in this study are not only informative for research on tapetum development in B. oleracea, but are also useful for genetic pathway research in other related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing, 100087 China
| | - Jungen Kang
- Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Landianchang South Street 5, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Jian Wu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing, 100087 China
| | - Yingguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Plant Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing, 100087 China
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Burkart-Waco D, Ngo K, Lieberman M, Comai L. Perturbation of parentally biased gene expression during interspecific hybridization. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117293. [PMID: 25719202 PMCID: PMC4342222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization often induces epigenetic remodeling that leads to transposon activation, gene expression changes, and loss of imprinting. These genomic changes can be deleterious and contribute to postzygotic hybrid incompatibility. In Arabidopsis, loss of genomic imprinting of PHERES1 and presumed failure of Polycomb Repressive Complex contributes to seed inviability observed in A. thaliana X A. arenosa interspecific hybrids. We used this species pair to further analyze the relationship between parentally biased gene expression and postzygotic hybrid incompatibility using two A. thaliana accessions, Col-0 and C24, with differential seed survival. We found that parentally biased expression was perturbed to a similar degree in both A. thaliana hybrids for PHERES1, HDG3, and six other normally paternally expressed genes. We propose that early genome remodeling and loss of imprinting of seed development genes induces lethality in both compatible and incompatible hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Burkart-Waco
- The Genome Center and Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kathie Ngo
- The Genome Center and Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Meric Lieberman
- The Genome Center and Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Luca Comai
- The Genome Center and Section of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dutt M, Dhekney SA, Soriano L, Kandel R, Grosser JW. Temporal and spatial control of gene expression in horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2014; 1:14047. [PMID: 26504550 PMCID: PMC4596326 DOI: 10.1038/hortres.2014.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnology provides plant breeders an additional tool to improve various traits desired by growers and consumers of horticultural crops. It also provides genetic solutions to major problems affecting horticultural crops and can be a means for rapid improvement of a cultivar. With the availability of a number of horticultural genome sequences, it has become relatively easier to utilize these resources to identify DNA sequences for both basic and applied research. Promoters play a key role in plant gene expression and the regulation of gene expression. In recent years, rapid progress has been made on the isolation and evaluation of plant-derived promoters and their use in horticultural crops, as more and more species become amenable to genetic transformation. Our understanding of the tools and techniques of horticultural plant biotechnology has now evolved from a discovery phase to an implementation phase. The availability of a large number of promoters derived from horticultural plants opens up the field for utilization of native sequences and improving crops using precision breeding. In this review, we look at the temporal and spatial control of gene expression in horticultural crops and the usage of a variety of promoters either isolated from horticultural crops or used in horticultural crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Sadanand A Dhekney
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sheridan Research and Extension Center, University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA
| | - Leonardo Soriano
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Raju Kandel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Sheridan Research and Extension Center, University of Wyoming, Sheridan, WY 82801, USA
| | - Jude W Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Fu Z, Yu J, Cheng X, Zong X, Xu J, Chen M, Li Z, Zhang D, Liang W. The Rice Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor TDR INTERACTING PROTEIN2 Is a Central Switch in Early Anther Development. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1512-1524. [PMID: 24755456 PMCID: PMC4036568 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In male reproductive development in plants, meristemoid precursor cells possessing transient, stem cell-like features undergo cell divisions and differentiation to produce the anther, the male reproductive organ. The anther contains centrally positioned microsporocytes surrounded by four distinct layers of wall: the epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein TDR INTERACTING PROTEIN2 (TIP2) functions as a crucial switch in the meristemoid transition and differentiation during early anther development. The tip2 mutants display undifferentiated inner three anther wall layers and abort tapetal programmed cell death, causing complete male sterility. TIP2 has two paralogs in rice, TDR and EAT1, which are key regulators of tapetal programmed cell death. We revealed that TIP2 acts upstream of TDR and EAT1 and directly regulates the expression of TDR and EAT1. In addition, TIP2 can interact with TDR, indicating a role of TIP2 in later anther development. Our findings suggest that the bHLH proteins TIP2, TDR, and EAT1 play a central role in regulating differentiation, morphogenesis, and degradation of anther somatic cell layers, highlighting the role of paralogous bHLH proteins in regulating distinct steps of plant cell-type determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaowei Cheng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xu Zong
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zongyun Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wanqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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SCHRAUWEN JAM, METTENMEYER T, CROES AF, WULLEMS GJ. Tapetum-specific genes: what role do they play in male gametophyte development? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1996.tb00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu X, Shangguan Y, Zhu J, Lu Y, Han B. The rice OsLTP6 gene promoter directs anther-specific expression by a combination of positive and negative regulatory elements. PLANTA 2013; 238:845-57. [PMID: 23907515 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of tissue-specific plant gene promoters will benefit genetic improvement in crops. Here, we isolated a novel rice anther-specific plant lipid transfer protein (OsLTP6) gene through high through-put expressional profiling. The promoter of OsLTP6 was introduced to the upstream of the uidA gene, which encodes β-glucuronidase (GUS), and transformed into rice plants for functional analysis. Histochemical and fluorometric GUS assay showed that GUS was specifically expressed in the anthers and pollens in OsLTP6 promoter::uidA transgenic plants. Transverse section of the rice anther further indicated that the OsLTP6 promoter directed the reporter gene specifically expressed in anther tapetum. To identify regulatory elements within OsLTP6 promoter region, four progressive deletions of the OsLTP6 promoter were constructed. The results indicated that the OsLTP6 promoter achieved anther-specific expression through a combination of positive and negative regulatory elements. A 26-bp motif upstream of TATA box was a key transcriptional activator for OsLTP6 gene. CAAT box and GTGA box were the putative motifs to increase the transcription level to full expression. Two negative regulatory elements were also found in two distinct regions within this promoter. They repressed the expression in leaf and stem, respectively. These results revealed the regulating complexity of anther-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- National Center for Gene Research and Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Caobao Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China,
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Burkart-Waco D, Ngo K, Dilkes B, Josefsson C, Comai L. Early disruption of maternal-zygotic interaction and activation of defense-like responses in Arabidopsis interspecific crosses. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2037-55. [PMID: 23898028 PMCID: PMC3723611 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.108258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Seed death resulting from hybridization between Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis arenosa has complex genetic determination and involves deregulation 5 to 8 d after pollination (DAP) of agamous-like genes and retroelements. To identify causal mechanisms, we compared transcriptomes of compatible and incompatible hybrids and parents at 3 DAP. Hybrids misexpressed endosperm and seed coat regulators and hyperactivated genes encoding ribosomal, photosynthetic, stress-related, and immune response proteins. Regulatory disruption was more severe in Columbia-0 hybrids than in C24 hybrids, consistent with the degree of incompatibility. Maternal loss-of-function alleles for endosperm growth factor transparent testa glabra2 and HAIKU1 and defense response regulators non-expressor of pathogenesis related1 and salicylic acid induction-deficient2 increased hybrid seed survival. The activation of presumed polycomb repressive complex (PRC) targets, together with a 20-fold reduction in expression of fertilization independent seed2, indicated a PRC role. Proximity to transposable elements affected natural variation for gene regulation, but transposon activation did not differ from controls. Collectively, this investigation provides candidates for multigenic orchestration of the incompatibility response through disruption of endosperm development, a novel role for communication between endosperm and maternal tissues and for pathways previously connected to immunity, but, surprisingly, does not identify a role for transposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Burkart-Waco
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kathie Ngo
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Caroline Josefsson
- Department of Biology, Vancouver Island University, Vancouver, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Address correspondence to
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Wang H, Lu Y, Jiang T, Berg H, Li C, Xia Y. The Arabidopsis U-box/ARM repeat E3 ligase AtPUB4 influences growth and degeneration of tapetal cells, and its mutation leads to conditional male sterility. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:511-23. [PMID: 23398263 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pollen formation is a complex developmental process that has been extensively investigated to unravel underlying fundamental developmental mechanisms and for genetic manipulation of the male-sterility trait for hybrid crop production. Here we describe identification of AtPUB4, a U-box/ARM repeat-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel player in male fertility in Arabidopsis. Loss of AtPUB4 function causes hypertrophic growth of the tapetum layer. The Atpub4 mutation also leads to incomplete degeneration of the tapetal cells and strikingly abnormal exine structures of pollen grains. As a result, although the Atpub4 mutant produces viable pollen, the pollen grains adhere to each other and to the remnants of incompletely degenerated tapetal cells, and do not properly disperse from dehisced anthers for successful pollination. We found that the male-sterility phenotype caused by the Atpub4 mutation is temperature-dependent: the mutant plants are sterile when grown at 22°C but are partially fertile at 16°C. Our study also indicates that the AtPUB4-mediated pathway acts in parallel with the brassinosteroid pathway in controlling developmental fates of the tapetal cells to ensure male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Rd, Hong Kong, China
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Kurita M, Konagaya KI, Watanabe A, Kondo T, Ishii K, Taniguchi T. The promoter of an A9 homolog from the conifer Cryptomeria japonica imparts male strobilus-dominant expression in transgenic trees. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:319-28. [PMID: 23160637 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : GUS analysis in Cryptomeria japonica revealed that the CjMALE1 promoter is activated in the male strobilus of C. japonica. Toward the development of male sterile technology for Cryptomeria japonica, a male strobilus-dominant promoter of C. japonica was isolated. The CjMALE1 gene was isolated from a male strobilus-specific suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) library, and the promoter was isolated by the TAIL-PCR method. To characterize the CjMALE1 promoter, β-glucuronidase (GUS)-fused genes were constructed and introduced into C. japonica using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. GUS expression from CjMALE1-2.5 K (2,718 bp fragment)::GUS C. japonica and CjMALE1-1 K (1,029 bp fragment)::GUS C. japonica was detected in the tapetum and microspore mother cells. These promoter fragments were comparably active in the pre-meiotic stage of the male strobilus of C. japonica. Our analysis showed that the 1,029 bp promoter had all the cis-elements necessary for male strobilus-dominant expression of CjMALE1. When CjMALE1-1 K::GUS was introduced into Arabidopsis, GUS expression was detected in the same spatiotemporal pattern as in C. japonica. These results suggest that the CjMALE1 promoter is subject to transcriptional regulatory systems consisting of cis- and trans-elements that have been highly conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kurita
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Tree Breeding Center, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki 319-1301, Japan
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Song JH, Cao JS, Wang CG. BcMF11, a novel non-coding RNA gene from Brassica campestris, is required for pollen development and male fertility. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:21-30. [PMID: 23064614 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE : BcMF11 as a non-coding RNA gene has an essential role in pollen development, and might be useful for regulating the pollen fertility of crops by antisense RNA technology. We previously identified a 828-bp full-length cDNA of BcMF11, a novel pollen-specific non-coding mRNA-like gene from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino). However, little information is known about the function of BcMF11 in pollen development. To investigate its exact biological roles in pollen development, the BcMF11 cDNA was antisense inhibited in transgenic Chinese cabbage under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter BcA9 and a constitutive promoter CaMV 35S. Antisense RNA transgenic plants displayed decreasing expression of BcMF11 and showed distinct morphological defects. Pollen germination test in vitro and in vivo of the transgenic plants suggested that inhibition of BcMF11 decreased pollen germination efficiency and delayed the pollen tubes' extension in the style. Under scanning electron microscopy, many shrunken and collapsed pollen grains were detected in the antisense BcMF11 transgenic Chinese cabbage. Further cytological observation revealed abnormal pollen development process in transgenic plants, including delayed degradation of tapetum, asynchronous separation of microspore, and aborted development of pollen grain. These results suggest that BcMF11, as a non-coding RNA, plays an essential role in pollen development and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hua Song
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
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Burkart-Waco D, Josefsson C, Dilkes B, Kozloff N, Torjek O, Meyer R, Altmann T, Comai L. Hybrid incompatibility in Arabidopsis is determined by a multiple-locus genetic network. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:801-12. [PMID: 22135429 PMCID: PMC3271768 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.188706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The cross between Arabidopsis thaliana and the closely related species Arabidopsis arenosa results in postzygotic hybrid incompatibility, manifested as seed death. Ecotypes of A. thaliana were tested for their ability to produce live seed when crossed to A. arenosa. The identified genetic variation was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) encoded by the A. thaliana genome that affect the frequency of postzygotic lethality and the phenotypes of surviving seeds. Seven QTLs affecting the A. thaliana component of this hybrid incompatibility were identified by crossing a Columbia × C24 recombinant inbred line population to diploid A. arenosa pollen donors. Additional epistatic loci were identified based on their pairwise interaction with one or several of these QTLs. Epistatic interactions were detected for all seven QTLs. The two largest additive QTLs were subjected to fine-mapping, indicating the action of at least two genes in each. The topology of this network reveals a large set of minor-effect loci from the maternal genome controlling hybrid growth and viability at different developmental stages. Our study establishes a framework that will enable the identification and characterization of genes and pathways in A. thaliana responsible for hybrid lethality in the A. thaliana × A. arenosa interspecific cross.
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Chen C, Chen G, Hao X, Cao B, Chen Q, Liu S, Lei J. CaMF2, an anther-specific lipid transfer protein (LTP) gene, affects pollen development in Capsicum annuum L. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:439-448. [PMID: 21889050 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on the gene differential expression analysis performed by cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) in the genic male sterile-fertile line 114AB of Capsicum annuum L., a variety of differentially expressed cDNA fragments were detected in fertile or sterile lines. A transcript-derived fragment (TDF) specifically accumulated in the flower buds of fertile line was isolated, and the corresponding full-length cDNA and DNA were subsequently amplified. Bioinformatical analyses of this gene named CaMF2 showed that it encodes a lipid transfer protein with 94 amino acids. Spatial and temporal expression patterns analysis indicated that CaMF2 was an anther-specific gene and the expression of CaMF2 was detected only in flower buds at stage 3-7 of male fertile line with a peak expression at stage 4, but not detected in the roots, tender stems, fresh leaves, flower buds, open flowers, sepals, petals, anthers or pistils of male sterile line. Further, inhibition of the CaMF2 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method resulted in the low pollen germination ability and shriveled pollen grains. All these evidence showed that CaMF2 had a vital role in pollen development of C. annuum.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
- Antigens, Plant/chemistry
- Antigens, Plant/genetics
- Antigens, Plant/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Capsicum/anatomy & histology
- Capsicum/genetics
- Capsicum/growth & development
- Capsicum/ultrastructure
- Carrier Proteins/chemistry
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Plant Infertility/genetics
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Pollen/genetics
- Pollen/growth & development
- Pollen/ultrastructure
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Swapna L, Khurana R, Kumar SV, Tyagi AK, Rao KV. Pollen-specific expression of Oryza sativa indica pollen allergen gene (OSIPA) promoter in rice and Arabidopsis transgenic systems. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 48:49-59. [PMID: 21061188 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Earlier, a pollen-specific Oryza sativa indica pollen allergen gene (OSIPA), coding for expansins/pollen allergens, was isolated from rice, and its promoter--upon expression in tobacco and Arabidopsis--was found active during the late stages of pollen development. In this investigation, to analyze the effects of different putative regulatory motifs of OSIPA promoter, a series of 5' deletions were fused to β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) which were stably introduced into rice and Arabidopsis. Histochemical GUS analysis of the transgenic plants revealed that a 1631 bp promoter fragment mediates maximum GUS expression at different stages of anther/pollen development. Promoter deletions to -1272, -966, -617, and -199 bp did not change the expression profile of the pollen specificity. However, the activity of promoter was reduced as the length of promoter decreased. The region between -1567 and -199 bp was found adequate to confer pollen-specific expression in both rice and Arabidopsis systems. An approximate 4-fold increase in the GUS activity was observed in the pollen of rice when compared to that of Arabidopsis. As such, the OSIPA promoter seems promising for generation of stable male-sterile lines required for the production of hybrids in rice and other crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Swapna
- Centre for Plant Molecular Biology, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Busi MV, Gomez-Lobato ME, Rius SP, Turowski VR, Casati P, Zabaleta EJ, Gomez-Casati DF, Araya A. Effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on carbon metabolism and gene expression in flower tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT 2011; 4:127-43. [PMID: 20978083 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the transcriptomic response of transgenic plants carrying a mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the expression of the unedited form of the ATP synthase subunit 9. The u-ATP9 transgene driven by A9 and APETALA3 promoters induce mitochondrial dysfunction revealed by a decrease in both oxygen uptake and adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP) levels without changes in the ATP/ADP ratio. Furthermore, we measured an increase in ROS accumulation and a decrease in glutathione and ascorbate levels with a concomitant oxidative stress response. The transcriptome analysis of young Arabidopsis flowers, validated by qRT-PCR and enzymatic or functional tests, showed dramatic changes in u-ATP9 plants. Both lines display a modification in the expression of various genes involved in carbon, lipid, and cell wall metabolism, suggesting that an important metabolic readjustment occurs in plants with a mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, transcript levels involved in mitochondrial respiration, protein synthesis, and degradation are affected. Moreover, the levels of several mRNAs encoding for transcription factors and DNA binding proteins were also changed. Some of them are involved in stress and hormone responses, suggesting that several signaling pathways overlap. Indeed, the transcriptome data revealed that the mitochondrial dysfunction dramatically alters the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways, including those related to ethylene, absicic acid, and auxin signal transduction. Our data suggest that the mitochondrial dysfunction model used in this report may be useful to uncover the retrograde signaling mechanism between the nucleus and mitochondria in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Busi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH) CONICET/UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
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de Jong TJ, Hermans CM, van der Veen-van Wijk KCAM. Paternal effects on seed mass in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13 Suppl 1:71-7. [PMID: 21134089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Who is in control of seed size, and do some fathers sire bigger seeds than others? We used isogenic male-sterile genotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Col and Ler. By fertilising flowers side-by-side with either pollen from the same accession ('self-pollination') or pollen from another accession (outcrossing), we compared, on the same mother plant, seed set of flowers that were very similar in resource status. Some paternal genotypes had a significant effect on seed mass, with the most extreme father siring seeds 15.3% heavier than seeds resulting from 'self-pollination'. There was no correlation between seed mass of paternal parents and the seeds they sired. We discuss the evolution of seed size as a tug-of-war between parent and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J de Jong
- Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Feng X, Dickinson HG. Tapetal cell fate, lineage and proliferation in the Arabidopsis anther. Development 2010; 137:2409-16. [PMID: 20570940 DOI: 10.1242/dev.049320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The four microsporangia of the flowering plant anther develop from archesporial cells in the L2 of the primordium. Within each microsporangium, developing microsporocytes are surrounded by concentric monolayers of tapetal, middle layer and endothecial cells. How this intricate array of tissues, each containing relatively few cells, is established in an organ possessing no formal meristems is poorly understood. We describe here the pivotal role of the LRR receptor kinase EXCESS MICROSPOROCYTES 1 (EMS1) in forming the monolayer of tapetal nurse cells in Arabidopsis. Unusually for plants, tapetal cells are specified very early in development, and are subsequently stimulated to proliferate by a receptor-like kinase (RLK) complex that includes EMS1. Mutations in members of this EMS1 signalling complex and its putative ligand result in male-sterile plants in which tapetal initials fail to proliferate. Surprisingly, these cells continue to develop, isolated at the locular periphery. Mutant and wild-type microsporangia expand at similar rates and the 'tapetal' space at the periphery of mutant locules becomes occupied by microsporocytes. However, induction of late expression of EMS1 in the few tapetal initials in ems1 plants results in their proliferation to generate a functional tapetum, and this proliferation suppresses microsporocyte number. Our experiments also show that integrity of the tapetal monolayer is crucial for the maintenance of the polarity of divisions within it. This unexpected autonomy of the tapetal 'lineage' is discussed in the context of tissue development in complex plant organs, where constancy in size, shape and cell number is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Feng
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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39
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Peremarti A, Twyman RM, Gómez-Galera S, Naqvi S, Farré G, Sabalza M, Miralpeix B, Dashevskaya S, Yuan D, Ramessar K, Christou P, Zhu C, Bassie L, Capell T. Promoter diversity in multigene transformation. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 73:363-78. [PMID: 20354894 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multigene transformation (MGT) is becoming routine in plant biotechnology as researchers seek to generate more complex and ambitious phenotypes in transgenic plants. Every nuclear transgene requires its own promoter, so when coordinated expression is required, the introduction of multiple genes leads inevitably to two opposing strategies: different promoters may be used for each transgene, or the same promoter may be used over and over again. In the former case, there may be a shortage of different promoters with matching activities, but repetitious promoter use may in some cases have a negative impact on transgene stability and expression. Using illustrative case studies, we discuss promoter deployment strategies in transgenic plants that increase the likelihood of successful and stable multiple transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Peremarti
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Tiwari S, Spielman M, Schulz R, Oakey RJ, Kelsey G, Salazar A, Zhang K, Pennell R, Scott RJ. Transcriptional profiles underlying parent-of-origin effects in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:72. [PMID: 20406451 PMCID: PMC3095346 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crossing plants of the same species but different ploidies can have dramatic effects on seed growth, but little is known about the alterations to transcriptional programmes responsible for this. Parental genomic imbalance particularly affects proliferation of the endosperm, with an increased ratio of paternally to maternally contributed genomes ('paternal excess') associated with overproliferation, while maternal excess inhibits endosperm growth. One interpretation is that interploidy crosses disrupt the balance in the seed of active copies of parentally imprinted genes. This is supported by the observation that mutations in imprinted FIS-class genes of Arabidopsis thaliana share many features of the paternal excess phenotype. Here we investigated gene expression underlying parent-of-origin effects in Arabidopsis through transcriptional profiling of siliques generated by interploidy crosses and FIS-class mutants. RESULTS We found that fertilized fis1 mutant seeds have similar profiles to seeds with paternal excess, showing that the shared phenotypes are underpinned by similar patterns of gene expression. We identified genes strongly associated with enhanced or inhibited seed growth; this provided many candidates for further investigation including MADS-box transcription factors, cell cycle genes, and genes involved in hormone pathways. CONCLUSIONS The work presented here is a step towards understanding the effects on seed development of the related phenomena of parental genome balance and imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Tiwari
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Melissa Spielman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Reiner Schulz
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Rebecca J Oakey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics and Imprinting, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
| | - Andres Salazar
- Ceres Inc., 1535 Rancho Conejo Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Ceres Inc., 1535 Rancho Conejo Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Roger Pennell
- Ceres Inc., 1535 Rancho Conejo Boulevard, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Rod J Scott
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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41
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Wan L, Xia X, Hong D, Yang G. Molecular analysis and expression of a floral organ-specific polygalacturonase gene isolated from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Mol Biol Rep 2010; 37:3851-62. [PMID: 20213507 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High throughput screening of stage-specific differentially expressed genes in a Brassica napus two-line Rs1046A/B subtractive library was used to identify the BnQRT3 gene associated with cell wall metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis indicates the protein product of BnQRT3 is polygalacturonase. According to cytological comparisons of Rs1046 sterile and fertile anthers, RT-PCR studies and in situ hybridizations, BnQRT3 is expressed most strongly in floral organs and may play an essential role in pollen maturation. Analysis of the histological staining pattern of BnQRT3 promoter-GUS constructs in transgenic Arabidopsis and Brassica napus revealed that proximal part of 5'-flanking region directed expression in the vascular tissue of filaments, veins in sepal and petals, stigma, branch connective and the floral organ abscission zone during the open flower stage. In the meanwhile, Activity of BnQRT3 was detected in the anthers, which commences at the microsporocyte stage and persists as anther approaches dehiscence. Strong GUS expression also can be observed in the vascular tissue of leaves and stem by compression with forceps or excision, suggesting that the BnQRT3 promoter is responsive to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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42
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Ravi M, Chan SWL. Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination. Nature 2010; 464:615-8. [PMID: 20336146 DOI: 10.1038/nature08842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dilkes BP, Spielman M, Weizbauer R, Watson B, Burkart-Waco D, Scott RJ, Comai L. The maternally expressed WRKY transcription factor TTG2 controls lethality in interploidy crosses of Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:2707-20. [PMID: 19071961 PMCID: PMC2596861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying lethality of F1 hybrids between diverged parents are one target of speciation research. Crosses between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same genotype can result in F1 lethality, and this dosage-sensitive incompatibility plays a role in polyploid speciation. We have identified variation in F1 lethality in interploidy crosses of Arabidopsis thaliana and determined the genetic architecture of the maternally expressed variation via QTL mapping. A single large-effect QTL, DR. STRANGELOVE 1 (DSL1), was identified as well as two QTL with epistatic relationships to DSL1. DSL1 affects the rate of postzygotic lethality via expression in the maternal sporophyte. Fine mapping placed DSL1 in an interval encoding the maternal effect transcription factor TTG2. Maternal parents carrying loss-of-function mutations in TTG2 suppressed the F1 lethality caused by paternal excess interploidy crosses. The frequency of cellularization in the endosperm was similarly affected by both natural variation and ttg2 loss-of-function mutants. The simple genetic basis of the natural variation and effects of single-gene mutations suggests that F1 lethality in polyploids could evolve rapidly. Furthermore, the role of the sporophytically active TTG2 gene in interploidy crosses indicates that the developmental programming of the mother regulates the viability of interploidy hybrid offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Dilkes
- Section of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Melissa Spielman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Renate Weizbauer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian Watson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Diana Burkart-Waco
- Section of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rod J Scott
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Comai
- Section of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Konagaya KI, Ando S, Kamachi S, Tsuda M, Tabei Y. Efficient production of genetically engineered, male-sterile Arabidopsis thaliana using anther-specific promoters and genes derived from Brassica oleracea and B. rapa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1741-54. [PMID: 18758783 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of transgene flow from genetically modified crops to food crops and wild relatives is of concern in agricultural biotechnology. We used genes derived from food crops to produce complete male sterility as a strategy for gene confinement as well as to reduce the food purity concerns of consumers. Anther-specific promoters (A3, A6, A9, MS2, and MS5) were isolated from Brassica oleracea and B. rapa and fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and candidate genes for male sterility, including the cysteine proteases BoCysP1 and BoCP3, and negative regulatory components of phytohormonal responses involved in male development. These constructs were then introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. GUS analyses revealed that A3, A6, and A9 had tapetum-specific promoter activity from the anther meiocyte stage. Male sterility was confirmed in tested constructs with protease or gibberellin insensitive (gai) genes. In particular, constructs with BoCysP1 driven by the A3 or A9 promoter most efficiently produced plants with complete male sterility. The tapetum and middle layer cells of anthers expressing BoCysP1 were swollen and excessively vacuolated when observed in transverse section. This suggests that the ectopic expression of cysteine protease in the meiocyte stage may inhibit programmed cell death. The gai gene also induced male sterility, although at a low frequency. This is the first report to show that plant cysteine proteases and gai from food crops are available as a novel tool for the development of genetically engineered male-sterile plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Konagaya
- Division of Plant Science, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
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45
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46
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Kavita P, Burma PK. A comparative analysis of green fluorescent protein and beta-glucuronidase protein-encoding genes as a reporter system for studying the temporal expression profiles of promoters. J Biosci 2008; 33:337-43. [PMID: 19005233 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-008-0053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of activity of promoters has been greatly facilitated by the use of reporter genes. However, the activity as assessed by reporter gene is a reflection of not only promoter strength, but also that of the stability of the mRNA and the protein encoded by the reporter gene. While a stable reporter gene product is an advantage in analysing activities of weak promoters, it becomes a major limitation for understanding temporal expression patterns of a promoter, as the reporter product persists even after the activity of the promoter ceases. In the present study we undertook a comparative analysis of two reporter genes, beta-glucuronidase (gus) and green fluorescent protein (sgfp), for studying the temporal expression pattern of tapetum-specific promoters A9 (Arabidopsis thaliana) and TA29 (Nicotiana tabacum). The activity of A9 and TA29 promoters as assessed by transcript profiles of the reporter genes (gus or sgfp ) remained the same irrespective of the reporter gene used. However, while the deduced promoter activity using gus was extended temporally beyond the actual activity of the promoter, sgfp as recorded through its fluorescence correlated better with the transcription profile. Our results thus demonstrate that sgfp is a better reporter gene compared to gus for assessment of temporal activity of promoters. Although several earlier reports have commented on the possible errors in deducing temporal activities of promoters using GUS as a reporter protein, we experimentally demonstrate the advantage of using reporter genes such as gfp for analysis of temporal expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kavita
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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47
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Liu T, Yu X, Cao J. Functional analysis of a pollen-expressed polygalacturonase gene BcMF6 in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1207-1215. [PMID: 18415101 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In our earlier work, a pollen-expressed polygalacturonase gene BcMF6 was isolated from floral bud of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino) by cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) transcript profiling and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). To unravel the biological function of BcMF6 gene, the antisense fragment from the BcMF6 gene with A9 promoter and CaMV35S promoter was transferred into flowering Chinese cabbage (B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. parachinensis). Out of transgenic plants transformed with the antisense gene constructed from the BcMF6, transgenic line with A9 promoter have a similar appearance to that with CaMV35S promoter. Morphological investigations showed that the transgenic plants developed the smaller floral organ with thin anther and less pollen. Pollen germination test indicated that only near 50% the pollen from the transgenic line could normally germinate. Further scanning electron microspore analysis of transgenic plants confirmed that half of pollen was abnormal. Cytological comparisons of microspore development also demonstrated that process of microsporogenesis was held up, microspores maturation was disrupted and pollen grain fail to separate, finally. In a word, the present study revealed that BcMF6, as a polygalacturonase gene, has a role in pollen maturation and pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
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48
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Zhang Q, Cao J, Liu H, Huang L, Xiang X, Yu X. Characterization and functional analysis of a novel PCP gene BcMF5 from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:445-455. [PMID: 17945379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Brassica campestris Male Fertile 5 (BcMF5), a novel member of the pollen coat protein class A (PCP-A) gene family, was identified from Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino (Chinese cabbage-pak-choi). Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that BcMF5 is a late-expressed PCP gene related to the process of determining pollen fertility. Functional analysis by hairpin RNA (hpRNA)-mediated RNA interference also showed that the expression of BcMF5 is inhibited, which resulted in the low germination ability of the pollen and also in an abnormality of the pollen exemplified by a collapsed germination furrow. This demonstrates that the expression of BcMF5 is closely related to the tapetum. Further, the expression profile of the BcMF5 promoter in Arabidopsis was also analyzed. This analysis indicated that the BcMF5 promoter began expression in the early stage of anther development and drove high levels of glucuronidase (GUS) expression in anthers, pollen, and the pollen tube in the late stage of pollen development, but did not drive any expression in petals, sepals, or pistils. Together with the functional analysis, the hypothesis that BcMF5 may have a sporophytic or gametophytic expression pattern is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Science, Henan Academy of Agriculture Science, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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49
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Xing S, Zachgo S. ROXY1 and ROXY2, two Arabidopsis glutaredoxin genes, are required for anther development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:790-801. [PMID: 18036205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are small oxidoreductases that are involved in various cellular processes and play a crucial role in responses to oxidative stress. Three GRX subgroups exist in plants, and GRXs with active sites of the CPYC and CGFS types are common to pro- and eukaryotes. In contrast, GRXs with the CC type motif have so far only been identified in land plants. Here, we report that the two CC-type GRXs ROXY1 and ROXY2 together control anther development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Single roxy1 and roxy2 mutants are fertile and produce normal anthers. However, roxy1 roxy2 double mutants are sterile and do not produce pollen. Strikingly, abaxial and adaxial anther lobe differentiation are differently affected, with early lobe differentiation being defective in the adaxial lobes, whereas later steps during pollen mother cell differentiation are disrupted in the abaxial lobes. Expression studies show that ROXY1 and ROXY2 are expressed with overlapping patterns during anther development. Lack of ROXY1 and ROXY2 function affects a large number of anther genes at the transcriptional level. Genetic and RT-PCR data imply that ROXY1/2 function downstream of the early-acting anther gene SPOROCYTELESS/NOZZLE and upstream of DYSFUNCTIONAL TAPETUM1, controlling tapetum development. Mutagenesis of a conserved glutathione-binding glycine in the ROXY1 protein indicates that CC-type GRXs need to interact with glutathione to catalyze essential biosynthetic reactions. Analysis of these two novel anther genes indicates that redox regulation, as well as participating in plant stress defense mechanisms, might play a major role in the control of male gametogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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50
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de Jong TJ, Scott RJ. Parental conflict does not necessarily lead to the evolution of imprinting. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:439-43. [PMID: 17855155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
For some genes, the epigenetic state (whether they are expressed) depends on whether the gene is inherited through the mother or the father. Such imprinting, or parent-specific gene expression (PSGE), occurs in mammals, including humans, and higher plants. The theory that PSGE solves genetic conflict between mother and father is widely accepted. We argue, however, that the conditions for PSGE to evolve are restricted. With respect to seed size, PSGE can only evolve when the developing offspring has a strong effect on its own resource acquisition. When seed size is close to the optimum for the maternal parent, there is no internal conflict in the offspring because maternally and paternally derived genes both favour increased seed size. Although the literature generally suggests that the maternal parent controls seed size, a number of observations suggest an additional role for the paternal parent. Here, we critically evaluate these studies and suggest a rigorous methodology for establishing paternal effects on seed size, which can be applied to the model species Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J de Jong
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, PO Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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