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Nandy S, Pathak B, Zhao S, Srivastava V. Heat-shock-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system generates heritable mutations in rice. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00145. [PMID: 31404128 PMCID: PMC6603394 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transient expression of CRISPR/Cas9 is an effective approach for limiting its activities and improving its precision in genome editing. Here, we describe the heat-shock-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 for controlled genome editing, and demonstrate its efficiency in the model crop, rice. Using the soybean heat-shock protein gene promoter and the rice U3 promoter to express Cas9 and sgRNA, respectively, we developed the heat-shock (HS)-inducible CRISPR/Cas9 system, and tested its efficacy in targeted mutagenesis. Two loci were targeted in rice, and the presence of targeted mutations was determined before and after the HS treatment. Only a low rate of targeted mutagenesis was detected before HS (~16%), but an increased rate of mutagenesis was observed after the HS treatment among the transgenic lines (50-63%). Analysis of regenerated plants harboring HS-CRISPR/Cas9 revealed that targeted mutagenesis was suppressed in the plants but induced by HS, which was detectable by Sanger sequencing after a few weeks of HS treatments. Most importantly, the HS-induced mutations were transmitted to the progeny at a high rate, generating monoallelic and biallelic mutations that independently segregated from the Cas9 gene. Additionally, off-target mutations were either undetectable or found at a lower rate in HS-CRISPR/Cas9 lines as compared to the constitutive-overexpression CRISPR/Cas9 lines. Taken together, this work shows that HS-CRISPR/Cas9 is a controlled and reasonably efficient platform for genome editing, and therefore, a promising tool for limiting genome-wide off-target effects and improving the precision of genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Nandy
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Bhuvan Pathak
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
- Department of Horticulture University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas
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Ding F, Zhang S, Chen H, Su Z, Zhang R, Xiao Q, Li H. Promoter difference of LcFT1 is a leading cause of natural variation of flowering timing in different litchi cultivars (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:128-37. [PMID: 26706065 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is an important subtropical evergreen fruit crop with high commercial value due to its high nutritional values and favorable tastes. However, irregular bearing attributed to unstable flowering is a major ongoing problem for litchi producers. There is a need to better understand the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive process in litchi. In a previous study, our laboratory had analyzed the transcriptome of litchi leaves before and after low-temperature treatment with RNA-seq technology. Herein, we demonstrated that litchi flowering was induced by low-temperature and identified two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologue genes named LcFT1 and LcFT2, respectively. We found that low-temperature could only induce LcFT1 expression in leaves, but could not induce LcFT2 expression. Heterologous expression of LcFT1 in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants induced their precocious flowering. These results indicate that LcFT1 plays a pivotal role in litchi floral induction by low-temperature. In addition, we found that two types of LcFT1 promoter existed in different litchi cultivars. The LcFT1 promoters in the early-flowering cultivars belonged to one type whereas LcFT1 promoters in the late-flowering belonged to another one. LcFT1 promoter in the early-flowering cultivars was more sensitive to low-temperature than that of the late-flowering cultivars was, which may be caused by the different cis-acting elements, including MYC, MYB, ABRE, and WRKY cis-acting elements, which were found to be present in the LcFT1 promoter sequences of the early-flowering cultivars. This difference may be responsible for the different requirements of low-temperature for floral induction in the early- and late-flowering cultivars of litchi. Taken together, the difference in LcFT1 promoter sequences may be one of the leading cause for the natural variation of flowering timing in different litchi cultivars. Our study has provided valuable genetic basis for cross-breeding of litchi cultivars to generate new litchi cultivars for overcoming the problem of unstable flowering for litchi producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China; Agricultural College of Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zuanxian Su
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiusheng Xiao
- Horticulture College, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
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Nandy S, Zhao S, Pathak BP, Manoharan M, Srivastava V. Gene stacking in plant cell using recombinases for gene integration and nucleases for marker gene deletion. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:93. [PMID: 26452472 PMCID: PMC4600305 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Practical approaches for multigene transformation and gene stacking are extremely important for engineering complex traits and adding new traits in transgenic crops. Trait deployment by gene stacking would greatly simplify downstream plant breeding and trait introgression into cultivars. Gene stacking into pre-determined genomic sites depends on mechanisms of targeted DNA integration and recycling of selectable marker genes. Targeted integrations into chromosomal breaks, created by nucleases, require large transformation efforts. Recombinases such as Cre-lox, on the other hand, efficiently drive site-specific integrations in plants. However, the reversibility of Cre-lox recombination, due to the incorporation of two cis-positioned lox sites, presents a major bottleneck in its application in gene stacking. Here, we describe a strategy of resolving this bottleneck through excision of one of the cis-positioned lox, embedded in the marker gene, by nuclease activity. METHODS All transgenic lines were developed by particle bombardment of rice callus with plasmid constructs. Standard molecular approach was used for building the constructs. Transgene loci were analyzed by PCR, Southern hybridization, and DNA sequencing. RESULTS We developed a highly efficient gene stacking method by utilizing powerful recombinases such as Cre-lox and FLP-FRT, for site-specific gene integrations, and nucleases for marker gene excisions. We generated Cre-mediated site-specific integration locus in rice and showed excision of marker gene by I-SceI at ~20 % efficiency, seamlessly connecting genes in the locus. Next, we showed ZFN could be used for marker excision, and the locus can be targeted again by recombinases. Hence, we extended the power of recombinases to gene stacking application in plants. Finally, we show that heat-inducible I-SceI is also suitable for marker excision, and therefore could serve as an important tool in streamlining this gene stacking platform. CONCLUSIONS A practical approach for gene stacking in plant cell was developed that allows targeted gene insertions through rounds of transformation, a method needed for introducing new traits into transgenic lines for their rapid deployment in the field. By using Cre-lox, a powerful site-specific recombination system, this method greatly improves gene stacking efficiency, and through the application of nucleases develops marker-free, seamless stack of genes at pre-determined chromosomal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Nandy
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Bhuvan P Pathak
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Muthusamy Manoharan
- Department of Agriculture, 144 Woodard Hall, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, 71601, USA.
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, 115 Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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Yan G, Li D, Cai M, Gao G, Chen B, Xu K, Li J, Li F, Wang N, Qiao J, Li H, Zhang T, Wu X. Characterization of FAE1 in the zero erucic acid germplasm of Brassica rapa L. BREEDING SCIENCE 2015; 65:257-64. [PMID: 26175623 PMCID: PMC4482176 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.65.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The modification of erucic acid content in seeds is one of the major goals for quality breeding in oil-yielding Brassica species. However, few low erucic acid (LEA) resources are available, and novel LEA genetic resources are being sought. Fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) is the key gene that controls erucic acid synthesis. However, the mechanism for erucic acid synthesis in B. rapa lacks systematic study. Here, we isolated zero erucic acid lines from 1981 Chinese landraces of B. rapa and found that the formation of LEA is not attributable to variations in FAE1 coding sequences, as reported for B. napus, but may be attributable to the decrease in FAE1 expression. Moreover, the FAE1 promoter sequences of LEA and high erucic acid materials shared 95% similarity. Twenty-eight bases deletions (containing a 24-base AT-rich region) were identified approximately 1300 bp upstream from the FAE1 start codon in the LEA accessions. The genotype with the deletions co-segregated with the LEA trait in the segregating population. This study isolated an LEA B. rapa resource that can be exploited in Brassica cultivation. The promoter variations might modify the expression level of FAE1, and the results shed light on novel regulation mechanisms for erucic acid synthesis.
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Abstract
Transgene silencing is often associated with multicopy integrations, which occur frequently during plant transformation. Transgene expression can be restored in a number of multicopy loci by converting them to single copy. This chapter describes a plant transformation protocol based on use of the Cre-lox system, which allows conversion of a multicopy transgene locus into single copy. The strategy is based on designing a transformation vector with lox sites, developing transgenic lines, and introducing Cre activity to initiate Cre-lox recombination, which leads to the simplification of a multicopy locus to a single- or low-copy state. This method is compatible with both gene gun and Agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery and should be particularly useful for crops that are difficult to transform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA,
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Nandy S, Srivastava V. Marker-free site-specific gene integration in rice based on the use of two recombination systems. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:904-12. [PMID: 22686401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Transgene integration mediated by heterologous site-specific recombination (SSR) systems into the dedicated genomic sites has been demonstrated in a few different plant species. This approach of plant transformation generates a precise site-specific integration (SSI) structure consisting of a single copy of the transgene construct. As a result, stable transgene expression correlated with promoter strength and gene copy number is observed among independent transgenic lines and faithfully transmitted through subsequent generations. Site-specific integration approaches use selectable marker genes, removal of which is necessary for the implementation of this approach as a biotechnology application. As SSR systems are also excellent tools for excising marker genes from transgene locus, a molecular strategy involving gene integration followed by marker excision, each mediated by a distinct recombination system, was earlier proposed. Experimental validation of this approach is the focus of this work. Using FLPe-FRT system for site-specific gene integration and heat-inducible Cre-lox for marker gene excision, marker-free SSI lines were developed in the first generation itself. More importantly, progeny derived from these lines inherited the marker-free locus, indicating efficient germinal transmission. Finally, as the transgene expression from SSI locus was not altered upon marker excision, this method is suitable for streamlining the production of marker-free SSI lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Nandy
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Juhász A, Makai S, Sebestyén E, Tamás L, Balázs E. Role of conserved non-coding regulatory elements in LMW glutenin gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29501. [PMID: 22242127 PMCID: PMC3248431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of LMW glutenin genes were investigated in-silico, using publicly available gene sequences and expression data. Genes were grouped into different LMW glutenin types and their promoter profiles were determined using cis-acting regulatory elements databases and published results. The various cis-acting elements belong to some conserved non-coding regulatory regions (CREs) and might act in two different ways. There are elements, such as GCN4 motifs found in the long endosperm box that could serve as key factors in tissue-specific expression. Some other elements, such as the AACA/TA motifs or the individual prolamin box variants, might modulate the level of expression. Based on the promoter sequences and expression characteristic LMW glutenin genes might be transcribed following two different mechanisms. Most of the s- and i-type genes show a continuously increasing expression pattern. The m-type genes, however, demonstrate normal distribution in their expression profiles. Differences observed in their expression could be related to the differences found in their promoter sequences. Polymorphisms in the number and combination of cis-acting elements in their promoter regions can be of crucial importance in the diverse levels of production of single LMW glutenin gene types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéla Juhász
- Applied Genomics Department, Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, Hungary.
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Abstract
The present study assessed the efficacy of a heat-inducible cre gene for conditional removal of the marker gene from a rice genome via Cre-lox recombination. A cre gene controlled by the soybean heat-shock promoter was introduced into the rice genome along with the recombination target (lox) construct. Cre-mediated recombination was expected to remove the marker gene and activate the promoter-less GUS gene. Six transgenic lines displayed well-regulated heat-inducible Cre activity in the callus. However, only one line that contained a single copy of the cre gene maintained this property in the regenerated plants and their progeny. Marker-free progeny were obtained from the plant that was heat-treated at the seedling stage, indicating the inheritance of the recombination 'footprint'. The presence of the 'footprint' was verified by polymerase chain reaction and Southern analysis. Therefore, the cre gene controlled by the soybean heat-shock promoter is an effective tool for conditional removal of the marker gene in rice.
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Rampino P, Mita G, Assab E, De Pascali M, Giangrande E, Treglia AS, Perrotta C. Two sunflower 17.6HSP genes, arranged in tandem and highly homologous, are induced differently by various elicitors. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2010; 12:13-22. [PMID: 20653884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to environmental stimuli, such as heat shock, by re-programming cellular activity through differential gene expression, mainly controlled at the transcription level. The current study refers to two sunflower small heat shock protein (sHSP) genes arranged in tandem in head-to-head orientation and linked by a 3809 bp region. These genes exhibit only slight structural differences in the coding portion. They code for cytosolic class I sHSPs and are named HaHSP17.6a and HaHSP17.6b according to the molecular weight of the putative proteins. The genomic organization of these genes is consistent with the idea that many HSP genes originate from duplication events; in this case, probably an inversion and duplication occurred. The HaHSP17.6a and HaHSP17.6b genes are characterized by different expression levels under various heat stress conditions; moreover, their expression is differently induced by various elicitors. The differential regulation observed for HaHSP17.6a and HaHSP17.6b genes differs from previous observations on duplicated sHSP genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rampino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Lai C, Xiong J, Li X, Qin X. A 43-bp A/T-rich element upstream of the kinesin gene AtKP1 promoter functions as a silencer in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:851-860. [PMID: 19306002 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-009-0689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana kinesin-like protein 1 (AtKP1) gene is restricted to tender tissues. We used a 5'-deletion assay to identify and characterize the regulatory regions controlling tissue-specific AtKP1 expression. Multiple enhancer regions, located 470- and 2,808-bp upstream of the translational start codon, were critical for activation, while a silencer region located at -2,987 to -2,808 (A + T = 71%) was required for repression. Within this 180-bp fragment, a 43-bp element (termed KPRE, A + T = 58%) mediated repression of the CaMV35S promoter by using a gain-of-function approach that was orientation-dependent in leaves and orientation-independent in roots. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that the GAGAAATT octamer (corresponding to neucleotides -2,908 - -2,900) in KPRE was the core negative regulatory motif for interacting with DNA-binding proteins in leaves and roots. However, using a second gain-of-function experiment with KPRE fused to CaMV35S, we found that the mutant negatively affected transcription in transgenic leaves and positively affected transcription in transgenic roots. This indicated that these two modes mediate repressive regulation in leaves and roots, respectively. The EMSA experiment using different mutant KPRE as probes confirmed that two distinct sets of proteins bound to KPRE at an overlapping site AGAAAT in the leaf. Taken together, these data suggest that two different modes control the negatively transcriptional regulation of KPRE in leaves and roots, and provide new insight into the mechanism of transcriptional repression of A/T-rich sequences in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxia Lai
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Luo K, Deng W, Xu S, Pei Y. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana poly(A) binding protein PAB5 gene promoter in Nicotiana tabacum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:1811-9. [PMID: 18779966 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Poly(A) binding (PAB) proteins play an important role in posttranscriptional regulation by stabilizing mRNA and initiating translation in eukaryotes. Previous studies have shown that the expression of PAB5 gene encoding one of the poly(A) binding proteins (PABPs) in Arabidopsis thaliana is restricted to pollen, ovule and early embryogenesis. To investigate the tissue-specific expression of the PAB5 promoter, a series of promoter deletions (from -1,804, -1,653, -1,334, -1,014, -715, -424 and -175 to +185) were fused to the uidA reporter gene (GUS) and transformed into tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The results showed that GUS expression driven by the full-length PAB5 promoter was detected in floral organs (pollen, ovule, anther, stigma) and immature seeds, but not in vegetative tissues (root, stem, leaf) and mature seeds. Deletion analysis of the PAB5 promoter region revealed that promoters longer than -1,334 had the similar GUS expression level in pollen, ovule and immature seeds, whereas further 5' deletions resulted in a considerable reduction in GUS activity. These results indicated that the region between -1,653 and -1,014 was necessary to direct the tissue-specific expression of PAB5 promoter during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
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Delaney SK, Orford SJ, Martin-Harris M, Timmis JN. The fiber specificity of the cotton FSltp4 gene promoter is regulated by an AT-rich promoter region and the AT-hook transcription factor GhAT1. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 48:1426-37. [PMID: 17715150 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcm111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-specific genes are expressed preferentially or exclusively in cotton (Gossypium spp.) fiber and are thought to have important functions in fiber development. The promoters of these genes are of interest because they control transcription in the fiber cell and may be used in the genetic manipulation of fiber quality. The promoter of a cotton lipid transfer protein gene, FSltp4, was isolated and shown to direct fiber-specific transcription of an abundant mRNA in cotton. In transgenic tobacco, this promoter was strongly active in leaf trichomes. Deletion analysis of the promoter identified an AT-rich 84 bp fiber specificity region (FSR) necessary for activity exclusively in the fiber cells. Cotton fiber proteins that bind the FSR were isolated using a yeast one-hybrid assay. One of these was a putative AT-hook transcription factor (GhAT1) containing two AT-hook motifs. GhAT1 was shown to be nuclear localized, and GhAT1 transcripts were found to be preferentially expressed in ovules and non-fiber tissues. Overexpression of GhAT1 strongly repressed the activity of the FSltp4 promoter in the trichomes of transgenic tobacco. These results suggest that GhAT1 assists in the specification of fiber cells by repressing FSltp4 in the non-fiber tissues of the cotton plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K Delaney
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Pimentel C, Van Der Straeten D, Pires E, Faro C, Rodrigues-Pousada C. Characterization and expression analysis of the aspartic protease gene family of Cynara cardunculus L. FEBS J 2007; 274:2523-39. [PMID: 17433048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardosin A and cardosin B are two aspartic proteases mainly found in the pistils of cardoon Cynara cardunculus L., whose flowers are traditionally used in several Mediterranean countries in the manufacture of ewe's cheese. We have been characterizing cardosins at the biochemical, structural and molecular levels. In this study, we show that the cardoon aspartic proteases are encoded by a multigene family. The genes for cardosin A and cardosin B, as well as those for two new cardoon aspartic proteases, designated cardosin C and cardosin D, were characterized, and their expression in C. cardunculus L. was analyzed by RT-PCR. Together with cardosins, a partial clone of the cyprosin B gene was isolated, revealing that cardosin and cyprosin genes coexist in the genome of the same plant. As a first approach to understanding what dictates the flower-specific pattern of cardosin genes, the respective gene 5' regulatory sequences were fused with the reporter beta-glucuronidase and introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana. A subsequent deletion analysis of the promoter region of the cardosin A gene allowed the identification of a region of approximately 500 bp essential for gene expression in transgenic flowers. Additionally, the relevance of the leader intron of the cardosin A and B genes for gene expression was evaluated. Our data showed that the leader intron is essential for cardosin B gene expression in A. thaliana. In silico analysis revealed the presence of potential regulatory motifs that lay within the aforementioned regions and therefore might be important in the regulation of cardosin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Pimentel
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia do Centro de Neurociências de Coimbra, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Yi SY, Sun AQ, Sun Y, Yang JY, Zhao CM, Liu J. Differential regulation of Lehsp23.8 in tomato plants: Analysis of a multiple stress-inducible promoter. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 171:398-407. [PMID: 22980210 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are the major family of HSP induced by heat stress in plants. In this report, an approximately 1.9kb of Lehsp23.8 5'-flanking sequence was isolated from tomato genome. By using the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene system, the developmental and tissue specific expression of the gus gene controlled by the Lehsp23.8 promoter was characterized in transgenic tomato plants. Strong GUS staining was detected in the roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and germinated seeds after heat shock. The heat-induced GUS activity was different in the floral tissues at various developmental stages. Fluorometric GUS assay showed that the heat-induced GUS activity was higher in the pericarp than in the placenta, and it was the lowest in the locular gel. The heat-shock induction of the Lehsp23.8 promoter depended on the different stages of fruit development. The optimal heat-shock temperatures leading to the maximal GUS activity in the pericarp of green, breaker, pink and red fruits were 42, 36, 39 and 39°C, respectively. The heat-induced GUS activity in tomato fruits increased gradually within 48h of treatment and weakened during tomato fruit ripening. Obvious GUS activities under cold, exogenous ABA and heavy metal (Cd(2+), Cu(2+), Pb(2+) or Zn(2+)) stress conditions were also detected. These results show that the Lehsp23.8 promoter is characterized as strongly heat-inducible and multiple-stress responsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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Komarnytsky S, Borisjuk N. Functional analysis of promoter elements in plants. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2004; 25:113-41. [PMID: 15260236 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0073-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Komarnytsky
- Biotech Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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Klosterman SJ, Choi JJ, Hadwiger LA. Analysis of pea HMG-I/Y expression suggests a role in defence gene regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2003; 4:249-58. [PMID: 20569385 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY HMG-I/Y proteins are characterized by the presence of AT-hook motifs, DNA binding domains that recognize AT-rich tracts of DNA. By facilitating protein:protein and protein:DNA interactions in the vicinity of these AT-rich binding sites, HMG-I/Y positively or negatively regulates gene expression. Several pea defence gene promoters have AT-rich tracts of DNA that are potential targets for modulation via HMG-I/Y. In this study, a comparison of the expression of a pea defence gene (DRR206) mRNA relative to the expression of HMG-I/Y mRNA was monitored by Northern analysis following the inoculation of a fungal pathogen, Fusarium solani or treatment with chitosan and a F. solani DNase (Fsph DNase). In pea pod endocarp tissue, HMG-I/Y expression was observed at high levels in untreated tissue and at lower levels 6 h following inoculation or wounding of the tissue. Western blots with an antipea HMG-I/Y polyclonal antibody also revealed that pea HMG-I/Y is expressed at decreased levels 6 h following inoculation or elicitor treatment. HMG-I/Y extracted from pea caused alterations in the gel migration of radio-labelled AT-rich sequences from the pea DRR206 promoter, suggesting that similar interactions could exist in vivo. Agroinfiltration was utilized to express the pea HMG-I/Y gene in tobacco containing a chimeric gene fusion of a promoter from the PR gene, DRR206, and the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Transient expression of pea HMG-I/Y led to a decrease in GUS reporter gene activity in the heterologous tobacco system. These data implicate pea HMG-I/Y abundance in the down-regulation of DRR206 gene expression, and possibly HMG-I/Y depletion in the expression of defence genes in pea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Klosterman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA
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17
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Reisdorf-Cren M, Carrayol E, Tercé-Laforgue T, Hirel B. A novel HMG A-like protein binds differentially to the AT-rich regions located in the far distal and proximal parts of a soybean glutamine synthetase gene (GS15) promoter. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1006-16. [PMID: 12354918 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In soybean (Glycine max L.) ammonium provided externally or as the result of symbiotic nitrogen fixation stimulates the transcription of GS15, a gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase. Strong constitutive positive expression (SCPE), silencer-like and organ-specific elements, located respectively in the distal, the central and the proximal region of the promoter are required to control the ammonium responsiveness of the gene expression [Tercé-Laforgue et al. (1999) Plant Mol. Biol. 39: 551]. It was hypothesized that the correct spatial conformation of the promoter permitted the cooperative action of these three cis-acting elements. Further investigations were therefore required to ascertain this hypothesis. A nodule nuclear protein, binding to a 66 bp AT-rich DNA fragment containing a 13 bp AT-rich repeated sequence (AT-1) and located just downstream of the SCPE element, was identified using a gel retardation assay. A cDNA clone likely to code for this protein was isolated using the yeast one-hybrid system. It encodes a novel DNA binding protein (AT-1SNBP) similar to HMG A proteins but exhibiting a higher molecular weight. AT-1SNBP appears to be encoded by a single gene that is expressed in roots, root nodules and leaves of soybean. Since two other 13 bp AT-rich repeated sequences (AT-2 and AT-3) were localized in the organ-specific element, we have quantified the binding affinity of AT-1SNBP to these sequences. We demonstrate that AT-1SNBP binds differentially to DNA fragments containing AT-1, AT-2 and AT-3 and that its binding affinity depends on the presence of adjacent sequences. This result suggests that AT-1SNBP may be an architectural protein involved in maintaining the spatial conformation of the GS15 promoter, thus facilitating the interaction between the distal and proximal regulatory elements.
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MESH Headings
- AT Rich Sequence/genetics
- AT-Hook Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Bradyrhizobium/growth & development
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cytosol/enzymology
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/genetics
- Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase/metabolism
- HMGA Proteins/genetics
- HMGA Proteins/metabolism
- Lotus/enzymology
- Lotus/genetics
- Lotus/microbiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- Rhizobium/growth & development
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Deletion
- Soybean Proteins/genetics
- Soybean Proteins/metabolism
- Glycine max/enzymology
- Glycine max/genetics
- Glycine max/microbiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Reisdorf-Cren
- Laboratoire de la Nutrition Azotée des Plantes, INRA, centre de Versailles, Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
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18
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Reeves R, Beckerbauer L. HMGI/Y proteins: flexible regulators of transcription and chromatin structure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1519:13-29. [PMID: 11406267 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian HMGI/Y (HMGA) non-histone proteins participate in a wide variety of cellular processes including regulation of inducible gene transcription, integration of retroviruses into chromosomes and the induction of neoplastic transformation and promotion of metastatic progression of cancer cells. Recent advances have contributed greatly to our understanding of how the HMGI/Y proteins participate in the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological events. All members of the HMGI/Y family of 'high mobility group' proteins are characterized by the presence of multiple copies of a conserved DNA-binding peptide motif called the 'AT hook' that preferentially binds to the narrow minor groove of stretches of AT-rich sequence. The mammalian HMGI/Y proteins have little, if any, secondary structure in solution but assume distinct conformations when bound to substrates such as DNA or other proteins. Their intrinsic flexibility allows the HMGI/Y proteins to participate in specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions that induce both structural changes in chromatin substrates and the formation of stereospecific complexes called 'enhanceosomes' on the promoter/enhancer regions of genes whose transcription they regulate. The formation of such regulatory complexes is characterized by reciprocal inductions of conformational changes in both the HMGI/Y proteins themselves and in their interacting substrates. It may well be that the inherent flexibility of the HMGI/Y proteins, combined with their ability to undergo reversible disordered-to-ordered structural transitions, has been a significant factor in the evolutionary selection of these proteins for their functional role(s) in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reeves
- Department of Biochemistry/Biophysics, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4660, USA.
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19
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Rydz SK, Prieto JL, Rychter AM, Vidal J. A DNA-binding activity for the promoter of the gene encoding C(4) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is modulated by phosphorylation during greening of the Sorghum leaf. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 159:65-73. [PMID: 11011094 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) identified nuclear proteins with binding activity to a 430 bp promoter fragment of the Sorghum C(4) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (SvC4). The DNA binding activities (two main retarded bands; PC1 and PC2) were high in nuclear extracts from etiolated leaves, decreased during greening and became very low or null in nuclear extracts from green leaves. This process was found to be mediated by phytochrome and was apparently irreversible since the DNA-binding activities were not restored in green plants kept in continuous darkness. The AT-rich region of the promoter fragment was identified to be the interaction domain of PC2. The detection of PC2 with EMSA was markedly reduced by preincubation of nuclear protein extracts with Mg-ATP or Mg-GTP and restored in the presence of a general protein serine/threonine-kinase inhibitor, K252a. The results suggested that the PC2 binding activity was modulated by phosphorylation during the greening process of the Sorghum leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Rydz
- Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris-Sud, bâtiment 630, 91405 Cedex, Orsay, France
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20
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Seki H, Ichinose Y, Kato H, Shiraishi T, Yamada T. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements involved in the activation of a member of chalcone synthase gene family (PsChs1) in pea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 31:479-91. [PMID: 8790282 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements involved in the activation of the plant defense-related gene encoding chalcone synthase 1 (PsChs1) in pea (Pisum sativum L.) were examined by transient transfection, gel mobility shift assay and in vitro DNase I-footprinting analysis. Transient transfection assay revealed that a 61 bp DNA fragment spanning from -242 to -182 of PsChs1 was required for the maximal promoter activity and possibly involved in the enhancement of elicitor-mediated activation. Nuclear isolate from elicitor-treated pea epicotyl tissues contained some factor(s) that specifically bound to this DNA fragment to form a complex with low mobility (LMC, low mobility complex) in gel mobility shift assay. DNase I-footprinting analysis of LMC revealed that among three protected regions detected in a 61 bp DNA fragment, two regions contained identical AT-rich sequence, TAAAATACT. Site directed mutation in either or both identical sequences, TAAAATACT to TGGAATACT, resulted in the reduction or loss in the ability to form LMC. Detailed analysis of 61 bp DNA fragment demonstrated that the region from -242 to -226 containing promoter-distal TAAAATACT motif was imperative for the maximal elicitor-mediated activation of PsChs1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seki
- Làboratory of Plant Pathology & Genetic Engineering, College of Agriculture, Okayama University, Japan
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21
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Czarnecka-Verner E, Yuan CX, Fox PC, Gurley WB. Isolation and characterization of six heat shock transcription factor cDNA clones from soybean. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:37-51. [PMID: 7579166 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stress in soybean seedlings causes the activation of pre-existing heat shock transcription factor proteins (HSFs). Activation results in the induction of DNA binding activity which leads to the transcription of heat shock genes. From a soybean cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to six HSF genes. Two HSF genes are expressed constitutively at the transcriptional level, and the remaining four are heat-inducible. Two of the heat inducible genes are also responsive to cadmium stress. Comparative analysis of HSF sequences indicated higher conservation of the DNA binding domain among plant HSFs than those from yeast or other higher eukaryotes. The putative plant HSF oligomerization domain contains hydrophobic heptapeptide repeats characteristic of coiled coils and seems to exist in two structural variants. The carboxy-terminal domains are reduced in size and the C-terminal heptad repeat is degenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Czarnecka-Verner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0700, USA
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22
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O'Grady K, Gurley WB. Site-directed mutagenesis of the enhancer region of the 780 gene promoter of T-DNA. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 29:99-108. [PMID: 7579171 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Potential regulatory sequences within the enhancer-like region of the 780 gene promoter (Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA) were identified by site-directed mutagenesis. Transcriptional activity of the mutated promoter was analyzed by S1 nuclease mapping of RNA from crown gall tumors of sunflower incited using a T-DNA-based vector. Variability in expression levels were minimized by the use of an internal reference gene and the pooling of at least 200 tumors per construct tested. This approach identified numerous sequences that influence transcriptional activity in either a positive or negative manner. Eight regions of positive influence and three of negative were identified from analysis of those mutations that exhibited low variability in expression (P < 0.005) and affected activity by at least 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O'Grady
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0700, USA
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23
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Ponte I, Guillén P, Debón RM, Reina M, Aragay A, Espel E, Di Fonzo N, Palau J. Narrow A/T-rich zones present at the distal 5'-flanking sequences of the zein genes Zc1 and Zc2 bind a unique 30 kDa HMG-like protein. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1893-1906. [PMID: 7858225 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear extracts from maize endosperm were used to investigate protein-DNA interactions in the 5'-upstream region of the Zc1 and Zc2 genes. These genes encode for zeins of apparent molecular mass (MWapp) 16 and 28 kDa, respectively, which accumulate in the endosperm during seed maturation. Binding assays revealed specific binding of a nuclear protein to three A/T-rich elements, 0.9-1.0 kbp upstream from the initiation codon. One of these elements (41 bp, 88% A/T), present in Zc1, contained a 13 nucleotide duplication. The other two (28 bp, 86% A/T; 42 bp alternating A-T) are consecutive elements in Zc2. Competition experiments strongly suggest that the three elements bind to the same protein. Protein-DNA interaction was detected in endosperm nuclear extracts of 8 to 21 days after pollination (DAP), as well as in 25 DAP embryos and in different tissues from plantlets. The protein factor has an MWapp of ca. 30 kDa. This factor has properties suggesting it is an HMG-like protein. These results are consistent with a growing accumulation of data for a number of genes indicating that A/T-rich elements, located at distal and proximal zones of the 5'-flanking sequences, interact with HMG-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ponte
- Dept. de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat de Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Catalunya), Spain
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24
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Pwee KH, Webster CI, Gray JC. HMG protein binding to an A/T-rich positive regulatory region of the pea plastocyanin gene promoter. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 26:1907-20. [PMID: 7858226 DOI: 10.1007/bf00019502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Gel retardation assays using pea nuclear extracts have detected specific binding to regions of the promoter of the pea plastocyanin gene (petE). Several complexes which differ in sensitivity to competition with unlabelled promoter fragments and various DNA alternating copolymers, to heat treatment and to digestion with proteinase K have been detected. A protein factor, PCF1, forming one of these complexes was heat-stable and most sensitive to competition with poly(dAdT).poly(dAdT) compared to other alternating copolymers. DNase I footprinting assays showed that tracts of A/T-rich sequence within the -444 to -177 positive regulatory region of the petE promoter were protected in the presence of the pea nuclear extract. The factor PCF1 copurified with a high-mobility-group (HMG) protein preparation from pea chromatin. DNase I footprinting with the HMG protein preparation demonstrated that similar tracts of A/T-rich sequences within the promoter were protected. Southwestern-blot analysis of pea HMG proteins purified by gel filtration through Superose 12 detected a single DNA-binding species of 21 kDa. The properties of the factor PCF1 suggest that it is likely to be an HMG I protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Pwee
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
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25
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Grasser KD, Hetz W, Feix G. Stability of the maize chromosomal high-mobility-group proteins, HMGa and HMGb, in vivo. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 25:565-568. [PMID: 8049380 DOI: 10.1007/bf00043885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal non-histone high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins represent essential components of eukaryotic chromatin and have also been isolated from a variety of plants. In maize, studies on structure and function of the two larger of the four major HMG proteins have recently been performed and are now extended by analysis of their in vivo stability using pulse-chase experiments in a cell suspension culture. The half-life of the analyzed HMGa and HMGb proteins was found to be 65 h or more than 78 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Grasser
- Institut für Biologie III, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, FRG
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26
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Itoh Y, Kitamura Y, Fukazawa C. The glycinin box: a soybean embryo factor binding motif within the quantitative regulatory region of the 11S seed storage globulin promoter. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 243:353-7. [PMID: 8190088 DOI: 10.1007/bf00301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The soybean embryo factor binding sequence in the glycinin A2B1a gene promoter was delimited to an A/T-rich 9 bp sequence, 5'-TAATAATTT-3', designated as the glycinin box, by DNA footprinting and gel mobility shift assay using synthetic oligonucleotides. It was shown that the interaction with the factor takes place at a defined DNA sequence rather than at random A/T-rich sequence blocks in the glycinin 5' flanking region. There are four glycinin boxes in the quantitative regulatory region between positions -545 and -378 of the glycinin A2B1a promoter. Multiple nonamer motifs similar to the glycinin box were also found in the equivalent regions of other glycinin and legumin promoters, suggesting that they must be conserved as a binding site for the embryo factor that activates the differential and stage-specific expression of seed 11S globulin genes in leguminous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Itoh
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Forde BG. AT-rich elements (ATREs) in the promoter regions of nodulin and other higher plant genes: a novel class of cis-acting regulatory element? Results Probl Cell Differ 1994; 20:87-103. [PMID: 8036322 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-48037-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B G Forde
- Biochemistry and Physiology Department, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, Herts, UK
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28
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Boroń LJ, Legocki AB. Cloning and characterization of a nodule-enhanced glutamine synthetase-encoding gene from Lupinus luteus. Gene X 1993; 136:95-102. [PMID: 7904975 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90452-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS)-encoding genes in Lupinus luteus constitute a small family of genes showing different expression patterns [Boroń et al., Acta Biochim. Polon. 36 (1989) 295-301]. One member of this family, the LlNGS1 gene, is strongly induced in root nodules close to the onset of nitrogen fixation and is referred to as a nodule-enhanced GS gene. We present here the structure of the nodule-enhanced LlNGS1 gene, the first gene of this class which has been sequenced. LlNGS1 is composed of twelve exons and shows structural similarity to the GS gene from Medicago sativa, indicating structure conservation of GS genes in legumes. Comparison of protein coding regions, as well as 5'-untranslated regions derived from LlNGS1 and a Lupinus angustifolius pGS5 GS cDNA clone [Grant et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 13 (1989) 481-490], revealed a high degree of shared identity between both genes, indicating that they are orthologous. The sequence of the LlNGS1 5'-flanking region (2.3 kb) contains several elements implicated in regulation of nodulin genes, as well as other characteristic DNA motifs. RNA blot hybridization analysis carried out using a probe corresponding to the LlNGS1 3'-untranslated region revealed that this gene is also transcribed in leaves, but at a barely detectable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Boroń
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań
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29
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Habu Y, Sakata Y, Fukasawa K, Ohno T. Ubiquitous nuclear proteins bind to 5' upstream region of major Kunitz chymotrypsin inhibitor gene in winged bean. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 23:1139-1150. [PMID: 8292779 DOI: 10.1007/bf00042348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Winged bean Kunitz chymotrypsin inhibitor (WCI) accumulates abundantly in seeds and tuberous roots of winged bean plant. In seeds, the WCI mRNA is observed transiently during seed maturation period. The WCI is encoded by a multigene family and the major WCI (WCI-3) is encoded by two nearly identical genes (WCI-3a and WCI-3b genes), in which nucleotide sequences in the 1.1 kb 5' flanking regions are about 99% homologous to each other and the transcribed regions are completely identical. Here we report the detection of two types of nuclear proteins which bind to the multiple sites in the 5' upstream region of the WCI-3a gene. One of the proteins, band 1-forming protein, also bound to cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV35S) promoter, but another protein, band 3-forming protein, did not. DNaseI footprinting analysis showed that these proteins bound to AT-rich upstream regions in the WCI-3a gene. Addition of poly(dA-dT)-poly(dA-dT) to the binding reaction inhibited the formation of the retarded bands, while poly(dI-dC)-poly(dI-dC) did not. In various organs and throughout seed maturation period, proteins with invariable binding specificities were detected, and these binding proteins met some operational criteria for high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins. These results suggest that leguminous seed AT-binding proteins reported on several seed storage protein genes may be HMG-like proteins which are present ubiquitously in plant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Habu
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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30
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Grasser KD, Hetz W, Griess EA, Feix G. Stimulatory effect of the maize HMGa protein on reporter gene expression in maize protoplasts. FEBS Lett 1993; 327:141-4. [PMID: 8335103 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80158-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The high mobility group (HMG) proteins represent a class of chromosomal non-histone proteins with an assumed influence on transcription. In this context, the effect of the maize HMGa protein on reporter gene expression was examined. Transient co-transformation experiments in maize protoplasts with plasmid constructs directing the synthesis of the maize HMGa protein and with a luciferase reporter plasmid demonstrated a stimulatory effect of the HMGa protein on the reporter gene expression. Additional experiments with HMGa deletion constructs indicated that the HMG-Box DNA-binding motif is important for the observed effect, while the acidic carboxy-terminal domain of the HMGa protein appears to be dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Grasser
- Institut für Biologie III, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany
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