1
|
Wei Y, Wang M, Wang M, Yu D, Wei X. Elevated CO 2 concentration enhance carbon and nitrogen metabolism and biomass accumulation of Ormosiahosiei. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 212:108725. [PMID: 38772164 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 concentrations may inhibit photosynthesis due to nitrogen deficiency, but legumes may be able to overcome this limitation and continue to grow. Our study confirms this conjecture well. First, we placed the two-year-old potted saplings of Ormosia hosiei (O. hosiei) (a leguminous tree species) in the open-top chamber (OTC) with three CO2 concentrations of 400 (CK), 600 (E1), and 800 μmol·mol-1 (E2) to simulate the elevated CO2 concentration environment. After 146 days, the light saturation point (LSP), light compensation point (LCP), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), and dark respiration rate (Rd) of O. hosiei were increased under increasing CO2 concentration and obtain the maximum ribulose diphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation rate (Vc max) and RuBP regenerated photosynthetic electron transfer rate (Jmax) were also significantly increased under E2 treatment (P < 0.05). This results in a significant increase of the maximum assimilation rate (Amax) under elevated CO2 concentrations. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity in sucrose metabolism increased in the leaves, more soluble sugars, starches, and sucrose was produced, but sucrose content only in leaves increased at E2, and more carbon flows to the roots. The activity of the NH4+ assimilating enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the leaves of O. hosiei increases under elevated CO2 concentrations to promote nitrogen synthesis that reduces the content of ammonium nitrogen and increases the content of nitrate nitrogen. In addition, under E1 conditions, sucrose synthase (SS), direction of synthesis activity was highest and sucrose invertase (INV) activity was lowest, this means that the balance of C and N metabolism is maintained. While under E2 conditions SS activity decreased and INV activity increased, this increased C/N and nitrogen use efficiency. So, the elevated CO2 concentration promotes the accumulation of O. hosiei biomass, especially in the aboveground part, but did not have a significant effect on the accumulation of root biomass. This means that O. hosiei is able to cope under the elevated CO2 concentration without showing photosynthetic adaptation during the experimental period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingbin Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Man Wang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dalong Yu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Institute for Forest Resources and the Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Poorter H, Knopf O, Wright IJ, Temme AA, Hogewoning SW, Graf A, Cernusak LA, Pons TL. A meta-analysis of responses of C 3 plants to atmospheric CO 2 : dose-response curves for 85 traits ranging from the molecular to the whole-plant level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1560-1596. [PMID: 34657301 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Generalised dose-response curves are essential to understand how plants acclimate to atmospheric CO2 . We carried out a meta-analysis of 630 experiments in which C3 plants were experimentally grown at different [CO2 ] under relatively benign conditions, and derived dose-response curves for 85 phenotypic traits. These curves were characterised by form, plasticity, consistency and reliability. Considered over a range of 200-1200 µmol mol-1 CO2 , some traits more than doubled (e.g. area-based photosynthesis; intrinsic water-use efficiency), whereas others more than halved (area-based transpiration). At current atmospheric [CO2 ], 64% of the total stimulation in biomass over the 200-1200 µmol mol-1 range has already been realised. We also mapped the trait responses of plants to [CO2 ] against those we have quantified before for light intensity. For most traits, CO2 and light responses were of similar direction. However, some traits (such as reproductive effort) only responded to light, others (such as plant height) only to [CO2 ], and some traits (such as area-based transpiration) responded in opposite directions. This synthesis provides a comprehensive picture of plant responses to [CO2 ] at different integration levels and offers the quantitative dose-response curves that can be used to improve global change simulation models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Oliver Knopf
- Plant Sciences (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Andries A Temme
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Graf
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4879, Australia
| | - Thijs L Pons
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, 3512 PN, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maharajan T, Ceasar SA, Krishna TPA, Ignacimuthu S. Management of phosphorus nutrient amid climate change for sustainable agriculture. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:1303-1324. [PMID: 34559407 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients are essential for plant growth and development and influence overall agricultural production. Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient required for many physiological and biochemical functions of a plant. Phosphate rock is the major source of phosphate fertilizer but is becoming increasingly limited in both developing and developed countries. The resources of phosphate rock need to be conserved, and import dependency on phosphate fertilizer needs to be minimized; this will help increase the availability of phosphate fertilizer over the next 300 yr. Climate change creates new challenges in the management of nutrients including P, affecting the overall production of crops. The availability, acquisition, and translocation of P are influenced by the fluctuation of temperatures, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 . Both lower and higher soil temperatures reduce uptake and translocation of P. High soil pH affects P concentration and decreases the rate of plant P uptake. Low soil pH decreases the activity of soil microorganisms, the rate of transpiration, and P uptake and utilization. Elevated CO2 decreases P uptake from soil by the plants. Future research is needed on chemical, molecular, microbiological, and physiological aspects to improve the understanding on how temperature, pH, drought, and elevated CO2 affect the availability, acquisition, and transport of P by plants. Better P management strategies are required to secure the P supply to ensure long-term protection of soil fertility and to avoid environmental impacts such as eutrophication and water pollution, ensuring sustainable food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theivanayagam Maharajan
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | - Stanislaus Antony Ceasar
- Dep. of Biosciences, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences, Cochin - 683104, Kalamassery, Kerala, India
| | | | - Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu
- Xavier Research Foundation, St. Xavier's College, Tirunelveli- 620002, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Potkay A, Trugman AT, Wang Y, Venturas MD, Anderegg WRL, Mattos CRC, Fan Y. Coupled whole-tree optimality and xylem hydraulics explain dynamic biomass partitioning. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2226-2245. [PMID: 33521942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trees partition biomass in response to resource limitation and physiological activity. It is presumed that these strategies evolved to optimize some measure of fitness. If the optimization criterion can be specified, then allometry can be modeled from first principles without prescribed parameterization. We present the Tree Hydraulics and Optimal Resource Partitioning (THORP) model, which optimizes allometry by estimating allocation fractions to organs as proportional to their ratio of marginal gain to marginal cost, where gain is net canopy photosynthesis rate, and costs are senescence rates. Root total biomass and profile shape are predicted simultaneously by a unified optimization. Optimal partitioning is solved by a numerically efficient analytical solution. THORP's predictions agree with reported tree biomass partitioning in response to size, water limitations, elevated CO2 and pruning. Roots were sensitive to soil moisture profiles and grew down to the groundwater table when present. Groundwater buffered against water stress regardless of meteorology, stabilizing allometry and root profiles as deep as c. 30 m. Much of plant allometry can be explained by hydraulic considerations. However, nutrient limitations cannot be fully ignored. Rooting mass and profiles were synchronized with hydrological conditions and groundwater even at considerable depths, illustrating that the below ground shapes whole-tree allometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Martin D Venturas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - William R L Anderegg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Caio R C Mattos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inoue S, Dang QL, Man R, Tedla B. Photoperiod and CO2 elevation influence morphological and physiological responses to drought in trembling aspen: implications for climate change-induced migration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:917-927. [PMID: 32310277 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Past research suggests climate change will cause the climate envelopes of various tree species to shift to higher latitudes and can lead to a northward migration of trees. However, the success and scope of the migration are likely affected by factors that are not contained in the climate envelope, such as photoperiod and interactive effects of multiple environmental factors, and these effects are currently not well understood. In this study, we investigated the interactive effects of CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), photoperiod and soil moisture on the morphological and physiological traits of Populus tremuloides Michx. We grew seedlings under two levels of [CO2] (ambient [CO2] (AC) 400 vs elevated [CO2] (EC) 1000 μmol mol-1), four photoperiod regimes (growing season photoperiods at 48 (seed origin), 52, 55 and 58°N latitude) and two soil moisture regimes (high soil moisture (HSM) vs low soil moisture (LSM), -2 MPa) for two growing seasons in greenhouses. Both morphological and physiological responses were observed. Low soil moisture reduced leaf size, total leaf area and height growth by 33, 46 and 12%, respectively, and increased root/shoot ratio by 20%. The smaller leaf area and increased root/shoot ratio allowed the seedlings in LSM to maintain higher the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and the maximum rate of electron transport for RuBP regeneration (Jmax) than control seedlings (55 and 83% higher in July, 52 and 70% in August, respectively). Photoperiod and [CO2] modified responses to LSM and LSM altered responses to photoperiod and [CO2], e.g., the August photosynthetic rate was 44% higher in LSM than in HSM under EC but no such a difference existed under AC. The increase in Vcmax and Jmax in response to LSM varied with photoperiod (Vcmax: 36% at 52°N, 22% at 55°N, 47% at 58°N; Jmax: 29% at 52°N, 21% at 55°N, 45% at 58°N). Stomatal conductance and its reduction in response to LSM declined with increasing photoperiod, which can have significant implications for soil moisture effect on northward migration. This study highlights the need to consider the complex interactions of [CO2], photoperiod and soil moisture when planning assisted migration or predicting the natural migration of boreal forests in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahari Inoue
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Centre for Boreal Research, Peace River, Alberta T8S 1R2, Canada
| | - Qing-Lai Dang
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Rongzhou Man
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Ontario Forest Research Institute, 1235 Queen Street East, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Binyam Tedla
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B 5E1, Canada
- Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Centre for Boreal Research, Peace River, Alberta T8S 1R2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Interactive Effects of the CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Supply on the Biomass Accumulation, Gas Exchange Properties, and Mineral Elements Concentrations in Cucumber Plants at Different Growth Stages. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The concentration changes of mineral elements in plants at different CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) and nitrogen (N) supplies and the mechanisms which control such changes are not clear. Hydroponic trials on cucumber plants with three [CO2] (400, 625, and 1200 μmol mol−1) and five N supply levels (2, 4, 7, 14, and 21 mmol L−1) were conducted. When plants were in high N supply, the increase in total biomass by elevated [CO2] was 51.7% and 70.1% at the seedling and initial fruiting stages, respectively. An increase in net photosynthetic rate (Pn) by more than 60%, a decrease in stomatal conductance (Gs) by 21.2–27.7%, and a decrease in transpiration rate (Tr) by 22.9–31.9% under elevated [CO2] were also observed. High N supplies could further improve the Pn and offset the decrease of Gs and Tr by elevated [CO2]. According to the mineral concentrations and the correlation results, we concluded the main factors affecting these changes. The dilution effect was the main factor driving the reduction of all mineral elements, whereas Tr also had a great impact on the decrease of [N], [K], [Ca], and [Mg] except [P]. In addition, the demand changes of N, Ca, and Mg influenced the corresponding element concentrations in cucumber plants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Cohen I, Halpern M, Yermiyahu U, Bar-Tal A, Gendler T, Rachmilevitch S. CO 2 and nitrogen interaction alters root anatomy, morphology, nitrogen partitioning and photosynthetic acclimation of tomato plants. PLANTA 2019; 250:1423-1432. [PMID: 31290031 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen and CO2 supply interactively regulate whole plant nitrogen partitioning and root anatomical and morphological development in tomato plants. Nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) are the key elements in plant growth and constitute the majority of plant dry matter. Growing at CO2 enrichment has the potential to stimulate the growth of C3 plants, however, growth is often limited by N availability. Thus, the interactive effects of CO2 under different N fertilization rates can affect growth, acclimation to elevated CO2, and yield. However, the majority of research in this field has focused on shoot traits, while neglecting plants' hidden half-the roots. We hypothesize that elevated CO2 and low N effects on transpiration will interactively affect root vascular development and plant N partitioning. Here we studied the effects of elevated CO2 and N concentrations on greenhouse-grown tomato plants, a C3 crop. Our main objective was to determine in what manner the N fertilization rate and elevated CO2 affected root development and nitrogen partitioning among plant organs. Our results indicate that N interacting with the CO2 level affects the development of the root system in terms of the length, anatomy, and partitioning of the N concentration between the roots and shoot. Both CO2 and N concentrations were found to affect xylem size in an opposite manner, elevated CO2 found to repressed, whereas ample N stimulated xylem development. We found that under limiting N and eCO2, the N% increase in the root, while it decreased in the shoot. Under eCO2, the root system size increased with a coordinated decrease in root xylem area. We suggest that tomato root response to elevated CO2 depends on N fertilization rates, and that a decrease in xylem size is a possible underlying response that limits nitrogen allocation from the root into the shoot. Additionally, the greater abundance of root amino acids suggests increased root nitrogen metabolism at eCO2 conditions with ample N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itay Cohen
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Beersheba, Israel.
| | - Moshe Halpern
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev 2, 85280, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Mobile Post Negev 2, 85280, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Asher Bar-Tal
- Department of Soil Chemistry, Plant Nutrition and Microbiology, Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), 75359, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Tanya Gendler
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84990, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma R, Singh H, Kaushik M, Nautiyal R, Singh O. Adaptive physiological response, carbon partitioning, and biomass production of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal grown under elevated CO 2 regimes. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:267. [PMID: 29868305 PMCID: PMC5970103 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter cherry or Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is an important medicinal plant used in traditional and herbal medicine system. Yet, there is no information available on response of this plant to changing climatic conditions particularly elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to examine the effect of elevated CO2 concentrations (ECs) on Withania somnifera. The variations in traits of physiological adaptation, net primary productivity, carbon partitioning, morphology, and biomass in response to elevated CO2 concentrations (ambient, 600 and 800 µmol mol-1) during one growth cycle were investigated within the open top chamber (OTC) facility in the foothill of the Himalayas, Dehardun, India. ECs significantly increased photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, soil respiration, net primary productivity and the carbon content of plant tissues (leaf, stem, and root), and soil carbon. Furthermore, ECs significantly enhanced biomass production (root and shoot), although declined night leaf respiration. Overall, it was summarized that photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, leaf, and soil carbon and biomass increased under ECs rendering the physiological adaptation to the plant. Increased net primary productivity might facilitate mitigation effects by sequestering elevated levels of carbon dioxide. We advocate further studies to investigate the effects of ECs on the accumulation of secondary metabolites and health-promoting substances of this as well as other medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Sharma
- Ecology, Climate Change and Forest Influence Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006 India
| | - Hukum Singh
- Ecology, Climate Change and Forest Influence Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006 India
| | - Monica Kaushik
- Ecology, Climate Change and Forest Influence Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006 India
| | - Raman Nautiyal
- Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, P. O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006 India
| | - Ombir Singh
- Ecology, Climate Change and Forest Influence Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248006 India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Georgiou K, Abramoff RZ, Harte J, Riley WJ, Torn MS. Microbial community-level regulation explains soil carbon responses to long-term litter manipulations. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1223. [PMID: 29089496 PMCID: PMC5663850 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic, atmospheric, and land-use changes all have the potential to alter soil microbial activity, mediated by changes in plant inputs. Many microbial models of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition have been proposed recently to advance prediction of climate and carbon (C) feedbacks. Most of these models, however, exhibit unrealistic oscillatory behavior and SOC insensitivity to long-term changes in C inputs. Here we diagnose the source of these problems in four archetypal models and propose a density-dependent formulation of microbial turnover, motivated by community-level interactions, that limits population sizes and reduces oscillations. We compare model predictions to 24 long-term C-input field manipulations and identify key benchmarks. The proposed formulation reproduces soil C responses to long-term C-input changes and implies greater SOC storage associated with CO2-fertilization-driven increases in C inputs over the coming century compared to recent microbial models. This study provides a simple modification to improve microbial models for inclusion in Earth System Models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Rose Z Abramoff
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John Harte
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - William J Riley
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Jiang D, Liu F. Soil warming enhances the hidden shift of elemental stoichiometry by elevated CO2 in wheat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23313. [PMID: 27001555 PMCID: PMC4802340 DOI: 10.1038/srep23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and associated soil warming along with global climate change are expected to have large impacts on grain mineral nutrition in wheat. The effects of CO2 elevation (700 μmol l(-1)) and soil warming (+2.4 °C) on K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem sap and their partitioning in different organs of wheat plant during grain filling were investigated. Results showed that the combination of elevated [CO2] and soil warming improved wheat grain yield, but decreased plant K, Ca and Mg accumulation and their concentrations in the leaves, stems, roots and grains. The reduced grain mineral concentration was attributed to the lowered mineral uptake as exemplified by both the decreased stomatal conductance and mineral concentration in the xylem sap. These findings suggest that future higher atmospheric [CO2] and warmer soil conditions may decrease the dietary availability of minerals from wheat crops. Breeding wheat cultivars possessing higher ability of mineral uptake at reduced xylem flux in exposure to climate change should be a target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Li
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, 2630 Tåstrup, Denmark
| | - Dong Jiang
- National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fulai Liu
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Højbakkegaard Allé 13, 2630 Tåstrup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niu Y, Ahammed GJ, Tang C, Guo L, Yu J. Physiological and Transcriptome Responses to Combinations of Elevated CO2 and Magnesium in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149301. [PMID: 26881808 PMCID: PMC4755599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The unprecedented rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration and injudicious fertilization or heterogeneous distribution of Mg in the soil warrant further research to understand the synergistic and holistic mechanisms involved in the plant growth regulation. This study investigated the influence of elevated CO2 (800 μL L(-1)) on physiological and transcriptomic profiles in Arabidopsis cultured in hydroponic media treated with 1 μM (low), 1000 μM (normal) and 10,000 μM (high) Mg2+. Following 7-d treatment, elevated CO2 increased the shoot growth and chlorophyll content under both low and normal Mg supply, whereas root growth was improved exclusively under normal Mg nutrition. Notably, the effect of elevated CO2 on mineral homeostasis in both shoots and roots was less than that of Mg supply. Irrespective of CO2 treatment, high Mg increased number of young leaf but decreased root growth and absorption of P, K, Ca, Fe and Mn whereas low Mg increased the concentration of P, K, Ca and Fe in leaves. Transcriptomics results showed that elevated CO2 decreased the expression of genes related to cell redox homeostasis, cadmium response, and lipid localization, but enhanced signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins and subsequently programmed cell death in low-Mg shoots. By comparison, elevated CO2 enhanced the response of lipid localization (mainly LTP transfer protein/protease inhibitor), endomembrane system, heme binding and cell wall modification in high-Mg roots. Some of these transcriptomic results are substantially in accordance with our physiological and/or biochemical analysis. The present findings broaden our current understanding on the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and Mg levels in the Arabidopsis, which may help to design the novel metabolic engineering strategies to cope with Mg deficiency/excess in crops under elevated CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Chin
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hachiya T, Sugiura D, Kojima M, Sato S, Yanagisawa S, Sakakibara H, Terashima I, Noguchi K. High CO2 triggers preferential root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana via two distinct systems under low pH and low N stresses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:269-80. [PMID: 24401956 PMCID: PMC3913443 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomass allocation between shoots and roots is an important strategy used by plants to optimize growth in various environments. Root to shoot mass ratios typically increase in response to high CO2, a trend particularly evident under abiotic stress. We investigated this preferential root growth (PRG) in Arabidopsis thaliana plants cultivated under low pH/high CO2 or low nitrogen (N)/high CO2 conditions. Previous studies have suggested that changes in plant hormone, carbon (C) and N status may be related to PRG. We therefore examined the mechanisms underlying PRG by genetically modifying cytokinin (CK) levels, C and N status, and sugar signaling, performing sugar application experiments and determining primary metabolites, plant hormones and expression of related genes. Both low pH/high CO2 and low N/high CO2 stresses induced increases in lateral root (LR) number and led to high C/N ratios; however, under low pH/high CO2 conditions, large quantities of C were accumulated, whereas under low N/high CO2 conditions, N was severely depleted. Analyses of a CK-deficient mutant and a starchless mutant, in conjunction with sugar application experiments, revealed that these stresses induce PRG via different mechanisms. Metabolite and hormone profile analysis indicated that under low pH/high CO2 conditions, excess C accumulation may enhance LR number through the dual actions of increased auxin and decreased CKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Hachiya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugiura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shigeru Sato
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ichiro Terashima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ko Noguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hungate BA, Dijkstra P, Wu Z, Duval BD, Day FP, Johnson DW, Megonigal JP, Brown ALP, Garland JL. Cumulative response of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks to chronic CO₂ exposure in a subtropical oak woodland. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:753-766. [PMID: 23718224 PMCID: PMC4282374 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) could alter the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of ecosystems, yet the magnitude of these effects are not well known. We examined C and N budgets of a subtropical woodland after 11 yr of exposure to elevated CO₂. We used open-top chambers to manipulate CO₂ during regrowth after fire, and measured C, N and tracer (15) N in ecosystem components throughout the experiment. Elevated CO₂ increased plant C and tended to increase plant N but did not significantly increase whole-system C or N. Elevated CO₂ increased soil microbial activity and labile soil C, but more slowly cycling soil C pools tended to decline. Recovery of a long-term (15) N tracer indicated that CO₂ exposure increased N losses and altered N distribution, with no effect on N inputs. Increased plant C accrual was accompanied by higher soil microbial activity and increased C losses from soil, yielding no statistically detectable effect of elevated CO₂ on net ecosystem C uptake. These findings challenge the treatment of terrestrial ecosystems responses to elevated CO₂ in current biogeochemical models, where the effect of elevated CO₂ on ecosystem C balance is described as enhanced photosynthesis and plant growth with decomposition as a first-order response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Zhuoting Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- US Geological SurveyFlagstaff, AZ, 86001, USA
| | - Benjamin D Duval
- Department of Biological Sciences and The Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA-ARSMadison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Frank P Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Dale W Johnson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of NevadaReno, NV, 89557, USA
| | | | - Alisha L P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Jay L Garland
- Environmental Protection Agency, Microbiological and Chemical Exposure Assessment Research DivisionCincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Day FP, Schroeder RE, Stover DB, Brown ALP, Butnor JR, Dilustro J, Hungate BA, Dijkstra P, Duval BD, Seiler TJ, Drake BG, Hinkle CR. The effects of 11 yr of CO₂ enrichment on roots in a Florida scrub-oak ecosystem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:778-787. [PMID: 23528147 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainty surrounds belowground plant responses to rising atmospheric CO₂ because roots are difficult to measure, requiring frequent monitoring as a result of fine root dynamics and long-term monitoring as a result of sensitivity to resource availability. We report belowground plant responses of a scrub-oak ecosystem in Florida exposed to 11 yr of elevated atmospheric CO₂ using open-top chambers. We measured fine root production, turnover and biomass using minirhizotrons, coarse root biomass using ground-penetrating radar and total root biomass using soil cores. Total root biomass was greater in elevated than in ambient plots, and the absolute difference was larger than the difference aboveground. Fine root biomass fluctuated by more than a factor of two, with no unidirectional temporal trend, whereas leaf biomass accumulated monotonically. Strong increases in fine root biomass with elevated CO₂ occurred after fire and hurricane disturbance. Leaf biomass also exhibited stronger responses following hurricanes. Responses after fire and hurricanes suggest that disturbance promotes the growth responses of plants to elevated CO₂. Increased resource availability associated with disturbance (nutrients, water, space) may facilitate greater responses of roots to elevated CO₂. The disappearance of responses in fine roots suggests limits on the capacity of root systems to respond to CO₂ enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P Day
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Rachel E Schroeder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Daniel B Stover
- Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 20585, USA
| | - Alisha L P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - John R Butnor
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - John Dilustro
- Department of Biology, Chowan University, Murfreesboro, NC, 27855, USA
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Benjamin D Duval
- Global Change Solutions, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Bert G Drake
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - C Ross Hinkle
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Siegenthaler A, Buttler A, Grosvernier P, Gobat JM, Nilsson MB, Mitchell EAD. Factors modulating cottongrass seedling growth stimulation to enhanced nitrogen and carbon dioxide: compensatory tradeoffs in leaf dynamics and allocation to meet potassium-limited growth. Oecologia 2012; 171:557-70. [PMID: 22903550 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eriophorum vaginatum is a characteristic species of northern peatlands and a keystone plant for cutover bog restoration. Understanding the factors affecting E. vaginatum seedling establishment (i.e. growth dynamics and allocation) under global change has practical implications for the management of abandoned mined bogs and restoration of their C-sequestration function. We studied the responses of leaf dynamics, above- and belowground biomass production of establishing seedlings to elevated CO(2) and N. We hypothesised that nutrient factors such as limitation shifts or dilutions would modulate growth stimulation. Elevated CO(2) did not affect biomass, but increased the number of young leaves in spring (+400 %), and the plant vitality (i.e. number of green leaves/total number of leaves) (+3 %), both of which were negatively correlated to [K(+)] in surface porewater, suggesting a K-limited production of young leaves. Nutrient ratios in green leaves indicated either N and K co-limitation or K limitation. N addition enhanced the number of tillers (+38 %), green leaves (+18 %), aboveground and belowground biomass (+99, +61 %), leaf mass-to-length ratio (+28 %), and reduced the leaf turnover (-32 %). N addition enhanced N availability and decreased [K(+)] in spring surface porewater. Increased tiller and leaf production in July were associated with a doubling in [K(+)] in surface porewater suggesting that under enhanced N production is K driven. Both experiments illustrate the importance of tradeoffs in E. vaginatum growth between: (1) producing tillers and generating new leaves, (2) maintaining adult leaves and initiating new ones, and (3) investing in basal parts (corms) for storage or in root growth for greater K uptake. The K concentration in surface porewater is thus the single most important factor controlling the growth of E. vaginatum seedlings in the regeneration of selected cutover bogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Siegenthaler
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Interactive effects of elevated carbon dioxide and environmental stresses on root mass fraction in plants: a meta-analytical synthesis using pairwise techniques. Oecologia 2010; 163:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-010-1572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Baronti S, Tognetti R, Lanini G, Tonon G, Raschi A. Soil respiration and microbial activity in a Mediterranean grassland exposed to Free Air CO2Enrichment (FACE). COMMUNITY ECOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.9.2008.s.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Hikosaka K, Onoda Y, Kinugasa T, Nagashima H, Anten NPR, Hirose T. Plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration at different scales: leaf, whole plant, canopy, and population. Ecol Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-005-0041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
21
|
Obrist D, Arnone Iii JA. Increasing CO 2 accelerates root growth and enhances water acquisition during early stages of development in Larrea tridentata. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 159:175-184. [PMID: 33873687 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Stimulation of root growth under elevated CO2 has been hypothesized to enhance soil water uptake under water-limiting conditions. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of rising CO2 on root development and soil water uptake in Larrea tridentata and to quantify root proliferation into small water patches. • Seedling communities of L. tridentata were grown in rhizotrons under controlled environmental conditions at three CO2 concentrations (280, 360, and 600 µl l-1 ). Patches of water were applied to small areas of the root systems in the rhizotrons and to L. tridentata shrubs in the field. • Rising CO2 significantly stimulated root length production, but only in the lower half of the soil profile. Stimulation of root production led to faster depletion of soil water. Neither mature shrubs nor seedlings responded to water-enriched soil patches via root proliferation. • The results of our study indicate that rising CO2 may accelerate seedling root growth in L. tridentata, could lead to proportionally greater investment of roots in deeper soil layers and may enhance water acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Obrist
- Environmental and Resource Sciences, Mail Stop 370, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557
| | - J A Arnone Iii
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, 2215, Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Poorter H, Navas ML. Plant growth and competition at elevated CO 2 : on winners, losers and functional groups. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 157:175-198. [PMID: 33873640 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on vegetative growth and competitive performance were evaluated, using five meta-analyses. Paying special attention to functional groups, we analysed responses at three integration levels: carbon economy parameters, vegetative biomass of isolated plants, and growth in competition. CO2 effects on seed biomass and plant-to-plant variability were also studied. Underlying the growth stimulation is an increased unit leaf rate (ULR), especially for herbaceous dicots. This is mainly caused by an increase in the whole-plant rate of photosynthesis. The increased ULR is accompanied by a decrease in specific leaf area. The net result of these and other changes is that relative growth rate is only marginally stimulated. The biomass enhancement ratio (BER) of individually grown plants varies substantially across experiments/species, and size variability in the experimental populations is a vital factor in this. Fast-growing herbaceous C3 species respond more strongly than slow-growing C3 herbs or C4 plants. CAM species and woody plants show intermediate responses. When grown in competition, C4 species show lowest responses to elevated CO2 at high nutrient conditions, whereas at low nutrient levels N2 -fixing dicots respond relatively strongly. No systematic differences were found between slow- and fast-growing species. BER values obtained for isolated plants cannot be used to estimate BER of the same species grown in interspecific competition - the CO2 response of monocultures may be a better predictor. Contents Summary 175 I. Introduction 176 II. Materials and Methods 177 III. Factors underlying the growth response 178 IV. Variation in biomass enhancement ratio 181 V. Functional groups of species 184 VI. The response in a more natural environment 188 VII. An outlook 192 VIII. Conclusions 193 Acknowledgements 193 References 193 Appendices 196.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Laure Navas
- Department 'Science for the Protection of Plants and Ecology', Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
STADDON PL, GRAVES JD, FITTER AH. Effect of enhanced atmospheric CO2on mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus inflow in 10 herbaceous species of contrasting growth strategies. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. L. STADDON
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - J. D. GRAVES
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - A. H. FITTER
- Department of Biology, The University of York, PO Box 373, York YO1 5YW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gunn S, Bailey SJ, Farrar JF. Partitioning of dry mass and leaf area within plants of three species grown at elevated CO2. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
25
|
Wullschleger SD, Tschaplinski TJ, Norby RJ. Plant water relations at elevated CO2 -- implications for water-limited environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2002; 25:319-331. [PMID: 11841673 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure of plants to elevated [CO2] leads to a number of growth and physiological effects, many of which are interpreted in the context of ameliorating the negative impacts of drought. However, despite considerable study, a clear picture in terms of the influence of elevated [CO2] on plant water relations and the role that these effects play in determining the response of plants to elevated [CO2] under water-limited conditions has been slow to emerge. In this paper, four areas of research are examined that represent critical, yet uncertain, themes related to the response of plants to elevated [CO2] and drought. These include (1) fine-root proliferation and implications for whole-plant water uptake; (2) enhanced water-use efficiency and consequences for drought tolerance; (3) reductions in stomatal conductance and impacts on leaf water potential; and (4) solute accumulation, osmotic adjustment and dehydration tolerance of leaves. A survey of the literature indicates that the growth of plants at elevated [CO2] can lead to conditions whereby plants maintain higher (less negative) leaf water potentials. The mechanisms that contribute to this effect are not fully known, although CO2-induced reductions in stomatal conductance, increases in whole-plant hydraulic conductance and osmotic adjustment may be important. Less understood are the interactive effects of elevated [CO2] and drought on fine-root production and water-use efficiency, and the contribution of these processes to plant growth in water-limited environments. Increases in water-use efficiency and reductions in water use can contribute to enhanced soil water content under elevated [CO2]. Herbaceous crops and grasslands are most responsive in this regard. The conservation of soil water at elevated [CO2] in other systems has been less studied, but in terms of maintaining growth or carbon gain during drought, the benefits of CO2-induced improvements in soil water content appear relatively minor. Nonetheless, because even small effects of elevated [CO2] on plant and soil water relations can have important implications for ecosystems, we conclude that this area of research deserves continued investigation. Future studies that focus on cellular mechanisms of plant response to elevated [CO2] and drought are needed, as are whole-plant investigations that emphasize the integration of processes throughout the soil--plant--atmosphere continuum. We suggest that the hydraulic principles that govern water transport provide an integrating framework that would allow CO2-induced changes in stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, root growth and other processes to be uniquely evaluated within the context of whole-plant hydraulic conductance and water transport efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6422, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Niklaus PA, Leadley PW, Schmid B, Körner C. A LONG-TERM FIELD STUDY ON BIODIVERSITY × ELEVATED CO2INTERACTIONS IN GRASSLAND. ECOL MONOGR 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0341:altfso]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Idso SB, Idso KE. Effects of atmospheric CO(2) enrichment on plant constituents related to animal and human health. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2001; 45:179-199. [PMID: 11275225 DOI: 10.1016/s0098-8472(00)00091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO(2) enrichment is known to significantly enhance the growth and development of nearly all plants, implying a potential for elevated levels of CO(2) to alter the concentrations of plant constituents related to animal and human health. Our review of this subject indicates that increases in the air's CO(2) content typically lead to reductions in the nitrogen and protein concentrations of animal-sustaining forage and human-sustaining cereal grains when soil nitrogen levels are sub-optimal. When plants are supplied with all the nitrogen they can use, however, no such reductions are observed. CO(2)-enriched plants growing in the natural environment also tend to overcome initial reductions in plant mineral concentrations as time progresses, possibly due to development of larger root systems and consequent enhanced abilities to locate and absorb mineral nutrients. Atmospheric CO(2) enrichment additionally appears to reduce oxidative stresses in plants; and it has been shown to increase the concentration of vitamin C in certain fruits and vegetables. Elevated CO(2) has also been demonstrated to increase the biomass of plants grown for medicinal purposes while simultaneously increasing the concentrations of the disease-fighting substances produced within them. It is likely, therefore, that the ongoing rise in the air's CO(2) content will continue to increase food production around the world, while maintaining the nutritive quality of that food and enhancing the production of certain disease-inhibiting plant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B. Idso
- U.S. Water Conservation Laboratory, 4331 E. Broadway, 85040, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Finzi AC, Allen AS, DeLucia EH, Ellsworth DS, Schlesinger WH. FOREST LITTER PRODUCTION, CHEMISTRY, AND DECOMPOSITION FOLLOWING TWO YEARS OF FREE-AIR CO2ENRICHMENT. Ecology 2001. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0470:flpcad]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
Godbold DL, Berntson GM, Bazzaz FA. Growth and mycorrhizal colonization of three North American tree species under elevated atmospheric CO 2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1997; 137:433-440. [PMID: 33863073 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of elevated CO2 on the growth and mycorrhizal colonization of three tree species native to north-eastern American forests (Betula papyrifera Marsh., Pinus strobus L. and Tsuga Canadensis L. Carr). Saplings of the tree species were collected from Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, and grown in forest soil under ambient (c. 375 ppm) and elevated (700 ppm) atmospheric CO., concentrations for 27-35 wk. In all three species there was a trend to increasing whole-plant, total-root and fine-root biomass in elevated CO2 , and a significant increase in the degree of ectomycorrhizal colonization in B. papyrifera and P. strobus, but not in T. Canadensis. However, in T, Canadensis the degree of colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizas increased significantly. In both the ambient and elevated environments, on the roots of B. papyrifera and P. strobus 12 distinct ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were identified. Distinct changes in the ectomycorrhizal morphotype assemblage of B. papvrifera were observed under CO2 enrichment. This change resulted in an increase in the frequency of ectomycorrhizas with a higher incidence of emanating hyphae and rhizomorphs, and resulted in a higher density of fungal hyphae in a root exclusion chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Godbold
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Glenn M Berntson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - F A Bazzaz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fitter AH, Graves JD, Wolfenden J, Self GK, Brown TK, Bogie D, Mansfield TA. Root production and turnover and carbon budgets of two contrasting grasslands under ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1997; 137:247-255. [PMID: 33863180 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoliths of two contrasting vegetation types, a species-rich grassland on a brown earth soil over limestone and species-poor community on a peaty gley, were transferred to solardomes and grown under ambient (350 μ 1-1 ) and elevated (600 μ11-1 ) CO2 for 2 yr. Shoot biomass was unaltered but root biomass increased by 40-50% under elevated CO2 . Root production was increased by elevated CO2 in the peat soil, measured both as instantaneous and cumulative rates, but only the latter measure was increased in the limestone soil. Root growth was stimulated more at 6 cm depth than at 10 cm in the limestone soil. Turnover was faster under elevated CO2 in the peat soil, but there was only a small effect on turnover in the limestone soil. Elevated CO2 reduced nitrogen concentration in roots and might have increased mycorrhizal colonization. Respiration rate was correlated with N concentration, and was therefore lower in roots grown at elevated CO2 . Estimates of the C budget of the two communities, based upon root production and on net C uptake, suggest that C sequestration in the peat soil increases by c. 0.2 kg C m -2 yr-1 (= 2 t ha yr-1 ) under elevated CO2 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H Fitter
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - J D Graves
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - J Wolfenden
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LAI 4YO, UK
| | - G K Self
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - T K Brown
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - D Bogie
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5YW, UK
| | - T A Mansfield
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LAI 4YO, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Arnone JA. Temporal responses of community fine root populations to long-term elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil nutrient patches in model tropicalecosystems. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80027-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Hebeisen T, Lüscher A, Nösberger J. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen fertilisation on yield of Trifolium repens and Lolium perenne. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(97)80015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
35
|
Newbery RM, Wolfenden J. Effects of elevated CO2 and nutrient supply on the seasonal growth and morphology of Agrostis capillaris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1996; 132:403-411. [PMID: 26763636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Responses to elevated CO2 have been studied using an upland grass species, Agrostis capillaris L. The plants were grown in sand culture with a range of N, P and K concentrations, in 'Solardome' growth chambers with either ambient air or a CO2 concentration of 250μmol CO2 mol(-1) above ambient The interactive effects of high CO2 and nutrient supply (in plant growth and morphology were monitored throughout the growing season. A. capillaris exhibited positive growth responses to enhanced CO2 even at limiting supplies of N and P. Moreover, greater shoot mass at elevated CO2 was attributed to disproportionate increases in leaf and tiller number, resulting in an increase in the average leaf number per tiller. However, total leaf area remained unaffected, indicating that leaf size was reduced. There was no evidence of any acclimation in the growth response of A. capillaris to additional CO2 , even in N and P-stressed plants. On the contrary, a stimulation in leaf production was observed later in the growing season. A consistent interaction was observed between N and P concentrations, whereby the response to one element was greater at higher concentrations of the other. In addition, there were indications of competition among the three elements for uptake at the root. These findings indicate the importance of multifactorial nutrient experiments in developing an understanding of the complex relationships during CO2 enrichment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Newbery
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LAI 4YQ, UK
| | - J Wolfenden
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LAI 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ferris R, Taylor G. Contrasting effects of elevated CO 2 and water deficit on two native herbs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1995; 131:491-501. [PMID: 33863115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of carbon dioxide (CO)2 enrichment and soil water deficit on the water use efficiency (WUE) and growth of Sanguisorba minor Scop, (salad burnet I and Anthyllis vulneraria L. (kidney vetch), growing in controlled environments. Instantaneous WL E (IWUE) increased in both species in elevated CO2 , with a higher average increase in unwatered (UW) A. vulneraria over the drying cycle. Total plant WUE of A. vulneraria increased in elevated CO, and under water deficit: the UW plants in elevated CO., had higher WUE and reduced water loss. By contrast, thee was only an effect of water supply on S. minor: total plant WUE increased and water loss decreased in the UV plants in both CO2 , treatments. Total apparent root length (ARL) of both species increased with CO2 , enrichment and in UW S. minor total ARL was increased. By contrast, for A. vulneraria, total ARL of UV plants increased in ambient CO2 , but decreased in elevated CO2 as compared with well-watered (WW) plants. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight increased in both species (WW and UW) with CO2 . enrichment. For UW S. minor, SDW decreased relative to WW plants in both CO2 treatments. By contrast, ANOVA showed no significant effect of water supply on SDW of A. vulneraria. Leafier length increased in both species in elevated CO2 , and decreased following drought. Cell wall tensiometric extensibility (%P) increased in expanding leaves of S. minor in elevated CO., and for both species %P decreased in the UW plants as compared with those WW. Leaf water potential (f) of both species was lower in growing leaves of WAV plants in elevated CO2 Water deficit reduced the Ψ of growing leaves in both CO2 , treatments. The different responses of these species suggest that in a drier, enriched CO2 , environment survival in a community might depend on their ability to maintain growth at the same time as conserving water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ferris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Manning WJ, V Tiedemann A. Climate change: potential effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on plant diseases. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1995; 88:219-45. [PMID: 15091562 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(95)91446-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1994] [Accepted: 08/25/1994] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Continued world population growth results in increased emission of gases from agriculture, combustion of fossil fuels, and industrial processes. This causes changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Evidence is emerging that increased solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is reaching the earth's atmosphere, due to stratospheric ozone depletion. Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), ozone (O(3)) and UV-B are individual climate change factors that have direct biological effects on plants. Such effects may directly or indirectly affect the incidence and severity of plant diseases, caused by biotic agents. Carbon dioxide may increase plant canopy size and density, resulting in a greater biomass of high nutritional quality, combined with a much higher microclimate relative humidity. This would be likely to promote plant diseases such as rusts, powdery mildews, leaf spots and blights. Inoculum potential from greater overwintering crop debris would also be increased. Ozone is likely to have adverse effects on plant growth. Necrotrophic pathogens may colonize plants weakened by O(3) at an accelerated rate, while obligate biotroph infections may be lessened. Ozone is unlikely to have direct adverse effects on fungal pathogens. Ozone effects on plant diseases are host plant mediated. The principal effects of increased UV-B on plant diseases would be via alterations in host plants. Increased flavonoids could lead to increased diseased resistance. Reduced net photosynthesis and premature ripening and senescence could result in a decrease in diseases caused by biotrophs and an increase in those caused by necrotrophs. Microbial plant pathogens are less likely to be adversely affected by CO(2), O(3) and UV-B than are their corresponding host plants. Changes in host plants may result in expectable alterations of disease incidence, depending on host plant growth stages and type of pathogen. Given the importance of plant diseases in world food and fiber production, it is essential to begin studying the effects of increased CO(2), O(3) and UV-B (and other climate change factors) on plant diseases. We know very little about the actual impacts of climate change factors on disease epidemiology. Epidemiologists should be encouraged to consider CO(2), O(3) and UV-B as factors in their field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Manning
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-2420, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rogers HH, Runion GB, Krupa SV. Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment with emphasis on roots and the rhizosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1994; 83:155-89. [PMID: 15091762 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Empirical records provide incontestable evidence of global changes: foremost among these changes is the rising concentration of CO(2) in the earth's atmosphere. Plant growth is nearly always stimulated by elevation of CO(2). Photosynthesis increases, more plant biomass accumulates per unit of water consumed, and economic yield is enhanced. The profitable use of supplemental CO(2) over years of greenhouse practice points to the value of CO(2) for plant production. Plant responses to CO(2) are known to interact with other environmental factors, e.g. light, temperature, soil water, and humidity. Important stresses including drought, temperature, salinity, and air pollution have been shown to be ameliorated when CO(2) levels are elevated. In the agricultural context, the growing season has been shortened for some crops with the application of more CO(2); less water use has generally, but not always, been observed and is under further study; experimental studies have shown that economic yield for most crops increases by about 33% for a doubling of ambient CO(2) concentration. However, there are some reports of negligible or negative effects. Plant species respond differently to CO(2) enrichment, therefore, clearly competitive shifts within natural communities could occur. Though of less importance in managed agro-ecosystems, competition between crops and weeds could also be altered. Tissue composition can vary as CO(2) increases (e.g. higher C: N ratios) leading to changes in herbivory, but tests of crop products (consumed by man) from elevated CO(2) experiments have generally not revealed significant differences in their quality. However, any CO(2)-induced change in plant chemical or structural make-up could lead to alterations in the plant's interaction with any number of environmental factors-physicochemical or biological. Host-pathogen relationships, defense against physical stressors, and the capacity to overcome resource shortages could be impacted by rises in CO(2). Root biomass is known to increase but, with few exceptions, detailed studies of root growth and function are lacking. Potential enhancement of root growth could translate into greater rhizodeposition, which, in turn, could lead to shifts in the rhizosphere itself. Some of the direct effects of CO(2) on vegetation have been reasonably well-studied, but for others work has been inadequate. Among these neglected areas are plant roots and the rhizosphere. Therefore, experiments on root and rhizosphere response in plants grown in CO(2)-enriched atmospheres will be reviewed and, where possible, collectively integrated. To this will be added data which have recently been collected by us. Having looked at the available data base, we will offer a series of hypotheses which we consider as priority targets for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Rogers
- National Soil Dynamics Laboratory, ARS-USDA, PO Box 3439, Auburn, Alabama 36831, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ferris R, Taylor G. Contrasting effects of elevated CO 2 on the root and shoot growth of four native herbs commonly found in chalk grassland. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1993; 125:855-866. [PMID: 33874452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ambient (345 μl l-1 ) and elevated (590 μl l-1 ) CO2 on the root and shoot growth of four native chalk grassland herbs: Sanguisorba minor Scop, (salad burnet), Lotus carniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil), Anthyllis vulneraria L. (kidney vetch) and Plantago media L. (hoary plantain). Elevated CO2 had contrasting effects on both shoot and root growth of the four species studied. Both leaf expansion and production were stimulated by elevated CO2 for S. minor, L. corniculatus and P. media, whilst for A. vulneraria, only leaflet shape appeared to be altered by elevated CO2 , with the production of broader leaflets, compared with those produced in ambient CO2 . After 100 d shoot biomass was enhanced in elevated CO2 for S. minor and L. corniculatus, whilst there was no effect of elevated CO2 on shoot biomass for A. vulneraria or P. media. Contrasting effects of CO2 were also apparent for measurements of specific leaf area (SLA), which increased for L. corniculatus, decreased for A. vulneraria and remained unaltered for S. minor and P. media in elevated compared with ambient CO2 . Elevated CO2 also had contrasting effects on both the growth and morphology of roots. The accumulation of root biomass was stimulated following exposure to elevated CO2 for S. minor and L. corniculatus whilst there was no effect on root biomass for A. vulneraria or P. media. Root length was measured on three occasions during the 100 d and revealed that exposure to elevated CO2 promoted root extension in S. minor, L. corniculatus and P. media, but not in A. vulneraria. Specific root length (SRL, length per unit dry weight) was increased in elevated CO2 for one species, P. media, whilst the root to shoot ratio of all four species remained unchanged by CO2 . These results show that four native herbs differ in their response to CO2 , suggesting that the structure of this plant community may be altered in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Ferris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Gail Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Plant responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment: interactions with some soil and atmospheric conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00048152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|