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Wu J, Zhang F, Yu H, Qi S, Wu Y, Xiao W. Anti-Melanogenic and Antioxidant Activity of Bifidobacterium longum Strain ZJ1 Extracts, Isolated from a Chinese Centenarian. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12810. [PMID: 37628988 PMCID: PMC10454566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin produced by melanocytes protects our skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced cell damage and oxidative stress. Melanin overproduction by hyperactivated melanocytes is the direct cause of skin hyperpigmentary disorders, such as freckles and melasma. Exploring natural whitening agents without the concern of toxicity has been highly desired. In this study, we focused on a Bifidobacterium longum strain, ZJ1, isolated from a Chinese centenarian, and we evaluated the anti-melanogenic activity of the distinctive extracts of ZJ1. Our results demonstrated that whole lysate (WL) and bacterial lysate (BL) of ZJ1 ferments efficiently reduce α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production in B16-F10 cells as well as the melanin content in zebrafish embryos. BL and WL downregulate melanogenesis-related gene expression and indirectly inhibit intracellular tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, they both showed antioxidant activity in a menadione-induced zebrafish embryo model. Our results suggest that ZJ1 fermentation lysates have application potential as therapeutic reagents for hyperpigmentary disorders and whitening agents for cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
| | - Funa Zhang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
| | - Haixia Yu
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
| | - Shimei Qi
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
| | - Yu Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230094, China
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2
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Ma B, Gavzy SJ, Saxena V, Song Y, Piao W, Lwin HW, Lakhan R, Iyyathurai J, Li L, France M, Paluskievicz C, Shirkey MW, Hittle L, Munawwar A, Mongodin EF, Bromberg JS. Strain-specific alterations in gut microbiome and host immune responses elicited by tolerogenic Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1023. [PMID: 36658194 PMCID: PMC9852428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effects attributed to Bifidobacterium are largely attributed to their immunomodulatory capabilities, which are likely to be species- and even strain-specific. However, their strain-specificity in direct and indirect immune modulation remain largely uncharacterized. We have shown that B. pseudolongum UMB-MBP-01, a murine isolate strain, is capable of suppressing inflammation and reducing fibrosis in vivo. To ascertain the mechanism driving this activity and to determine if it is specific to UMB-MBP-01, we compared it to a porcine tropic strain B. pseudolongum ATCC25526 using a combination of cell culture and in vivo experimentation and comparative genomics approaches. Despite many shared features, we demonstrate that these two strains possess distinct genetic repertoires in carbohydrate assimilation, differential activation signatures and cytokine responses signatures in innate immune cells, and differential effects on lymph node morphology with unique local and systemic leukocyte distribution. Importantly, the administration of each B. pseudolongum strain resulted in major divergence in the structure, composition, and function of gut microbiota. This was accompanied by markedly different changes in intestinal transcriptional activities, suggesting strain-specific modulation of the endogenous gut microbiota as a key to immune modulatory host responses. Our study demonstrated a single probiotic strain can influence local, regional, and systemic immunity through both innate and adaptive pathways in a strain-specific manner. It highlights the importance to investigate both the endogenous gut microbiome and the intestinal responses in response to probiotic supplementation, which underpins the mechanisms through which the probiotic strains drive the strain-specific effect to impact health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Ma
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Samuel J Gavzy
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yang Song
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Wenji Piao
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Hnin Wai Lwin
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael France
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marina W Shirkey
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Hittle
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Arshi Munawwar
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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3
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Pyclik M, Srutkova D, Schwarzer M, Górska S. Bifidobacteria cell wall-derived exo-polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, polar lipids and proteins - their chemical structure and biological attributes. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 147:333-349. [PMID: 31899242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A variety of health benefits has been documented to be associated with the consumption of probiotic bacteria, namely bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Thanks to the scientific advances in recent years we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria in general and probiotic bacteria in particular act as host physiology and immune system modulators. More recently, the focus has shifted from live bacteria towards bacteria-derived defined molecules, so called postbiotics. These molecules may represent safer alternative compared to the live bacteria while retaining the desired effects on the host. The excellent source of effector macromolecules is the bacterial envelope. It contains compounds that are pivotal in the adhesion phenomenon, provide direct bacteria-to-host signaling capacity and the associated physiological impact and immunomodulatory properties of bacteria. Here we comprehensively review the structure and biological role of Bifidobacterium surface and cell wall molecules: exopolysaccharides, cell wall polysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, polar lipids, peptidoglycans and proteins. We discuss their involvement in direct signaling to the host cells and their described immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Pyclik
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dagmar Srutkova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schwarzer
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
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4
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Liu T, Zhou K, Yin S, Liu S, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Wang C. Purification and characterization of an exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum HY isolated from home-made Sichuan Pickle. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:516-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Hidalgo-Cantabrana C, López P, Gueimonde M, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Suárez A, Margolles A, Ruas-Madiedo P. Immune Modulation Capability of Exopolysaccharides Synthesised by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 4:227-37. [PMID: 26782182 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-012-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During recent years, the exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by some strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria have attracted the attention of researchers, mainly due to their potential technological applications. However, more recently, it has been observed that some of these EPS present immunomodulatory properties, which suggest a potential effect on human health. Whereas EPS from lactic acid bacteria have been studied in some detail, those of bifidobacteria largely remain uncharacterized in spite of the ubiquity of EPS genes in Bifidobacterium genomes. In this review, we have analysed the data collected in the literature about the potential immune-modulating capability of EPS produced by lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. From this data analysis, as well as from results obtained in our group, a hypothesis relating the physicochemical characteristics of EPS with their immune modulation capability was highlighted. We propose that EPS having negative charge and/or small size (molecular weight) are able to act as mild stimulators of immune cells, whereas those polymers non-charged and with a large size present a suppressive profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hidalgo-Cantabrana
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia López
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Immunology Area, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Suárez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Immunology Area, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Abelardo Margolles
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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6
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Prasanna P, Grandison A, Charalampopoulos D. Bifidobacteria in milk products: An overview of physiological and biochemical properties, exopolysaccharide production, selection criteria of milk products and health benefits. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Kim JH, An HJ, Garrido D, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Proteomic analysis of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis reveals the metabolic insight on consumption of prebiotics and host glycans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57535. [PMID: 23469017 PMCID: PMC3582569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is a common member of the intestinal microbiota in breast-fed infants and capable of metabolizing human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). To investigate the bacterial response to different prebiotics, we analyzed both cell wall associated and whole cell proteins in B. infantis. Proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS followed by comparative proteomics to deduce the protein localization within the cell. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of lactose, glucose, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and HMO were constitutively expressed exhibiting less than two-fold change regardless of the sugar used. In contrast, enzymes in N-Acetylglucosamine and sucrose catabolism were induced by HMO and fructans, respectively. Galactose-metabolizing enzymes phosphoglucomutase, UDP-glucose 4-epimerase and UTP glucose-1-P uridylytransferase were expressed constitutively, while galactokinase and galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, increased their expression three fold when HMO and lactose were used as substrates for cell growth. Cell wall-associated proteomics also revealed ATP-dependent sugar transport systems associated with consumption of different prebiotics. In addition, the expression of 16 glycosyl hydrolases revealed the complete metabolic route for each substrate. Mucin, which possesses O-glycans that are structurally similar to HMO did not induced the expression of transport proteins, hydrolysis or sugar metabolic pathway indicating B. infantis do not utilize these glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Han Kim
- Department of Food Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Daniel Garrido
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Shang N, Xu R, Li P. Structure characterization of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bifidobacterium animalis RH. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 91:128-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Screening human intestinal Bifidobacterium strains for growth, acidification, EPS production and viscosity potential in low-fat milk. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Salazar N, Ruas-Madiedo P, Prieto A, Calle LP, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Characterization of exopolysaccharides produced by Bifidobacterium longum NB667 and its cholate-resistant derivative strain IPLA B667dCo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:1028-1035. [PMID: 22229884 DOI: 10.1021/jf204034n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are natural members of the human intestinal microbiota and some strains are being used as probiotics. Adaptation to bile can allow them to increase survival in gastrointestinal conditions, thus improving their viability. Bifidobacterium longum NB667 and the cholate-resistant strain B. longum IPLA B667dCo produced exopolysaccharides (EPS) that were partially characterized. Analysis by size exclusion chromatography-multiangle laser light scattering indicated that the EPS crude fractions of both strains contained two polymer peaks of different molar mass. On the basis of chromatographic techniques both peaks appeared to be heteropolysaccharides. The smaller peak was mainly composed of glucose, galactose and rhamnose whose molar ratios and linkage types showed slight variations between the EPS fractions of both strains. The bigger peak consisted of glucose and galactose; the monosaccharide composition was identical in the EPS fractions of the two microorganisms, but their infrared spectra presented some differences regarding compounds other than carbohydrates that seem to be associated to the polymer. Differences in the composition of EPS fractions did not affect the capability of crude EPS from B. longum to be fermented by the human intestinal microbiota in fecal batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Salazar
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología y Bioquímica de Productos Lácteos, Asturias, Spain
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11
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Jung IS, Oh MK, Cho YC, Kong IS. The viability to a wall shear stress and propagation of Bifidobacterium longum in the intensive membrane bioreactor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:939-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Cronin M, Ventura M, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Progress in genomics, metabolism and biotechnology of bifidobacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:4-18. [PMID: 21320731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Bifidobacterium were first described over a century ago and were quickly associated with a healthy intestinal tract due to their numerical dominance in breast-fed babies as compared to bottle-fed infants. Health benefits elicited by bifidobacteria to its host, as supported by clinical trials, have led to their wide application as probiotic components of health-promoting foods, especially in fermented dairy products. However, the relative paucity of genetic tools available for bifidobacteria has impeded development of a comprehensive molecular understanding of this genus. In this review we present a summary of current knowledge on bifidobacterial metabolism, classification, physiology and genetics and outline the currently available methods for genetically accessing and manipulating the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cronin
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jnr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Im SA, Wang W, Lee CK, Lee YN. Activation of Macrophages by Exopolysaccharide Produced by MK1 Bacterial Strain Isolated from Neungee Mushroom, Sarcodon aspratus. Immune Netw 2010; 10:230-8. [PMID: 21286384 PMCID: PMC3026943 DOI: 10.4110/in.2010.10.6.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MK1 strain, a novel bacterial isolate from soft-rotten tissue of the Neungee mushroom, produces copious amounts of exopolysaccharide (EPS) in a dextrose minimal medium. This study examined the molecular characteristics and immunomodulatory activity of MK1 EPS. Methods The EPS in the culture supernatant was purified by cold ethanol precipitation, and characterized by SDS-PAGE/silver staining and Bio-HPLC. The immunomodulatory activities of the EPS were examined using the mouse monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Results The molecular weights of the purified EPS were rather heterogeneous, ranging from 10.6 to 55 kDa. The EPS was composed of glucose, rhamnose, mannose, galactose, and glucosamine at an approximate molar ratio of 1.00:0.8:0.71:0.29:0.21. EPS activated the RAW cells to produce cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-1β, and nitric oxide (NO). EPS also induced the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, such as B7-1, B7-2 and ICAM-1, and increased the phagocytic activity. The macrophage-activating activity of EPS was not due to endotoxin contamination because the treatment of EPS with polymyin B did not reduce the macrophage-activating activity. Conclusion The EPS produced from the MK1 strain exerts macrophage-activating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Im
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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14
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Bifidobacterium animalis 01 Isolated from Centenarians. Curr Microbiol 2010; 62:1097-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-010-9827-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of an exopolysaccharide fraction isolated from Bifidobacterium animalis RH. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Audy J, Labrie S, Roy D, LaPointe G. Sugar source modulates exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CRC 002. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:653-664. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.033720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of four sugars (glucose, galactose, lactose and fructose) on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CRC 002 was evaluated. More EPS was produced when CRC 002 was grown on lactose in the absence of pH control, with a production of 1080±120 mg EPS l−1 (P<0.01) after 24 h of incubation. For fructose, galactose and glucose, EPS production was similar, at 512±63, 564±165 and 616±93 mg EPS l−1, respectively. The proposed repeating unit composition of the EPS is 2 galactose to 3 glucose. The effect of sugar and fermentation time on expression of genes involved in sugar nucleotide production (galK, galE1, galE2, galT1, galT2, galU, rmlA, rmlB1 and rmlCD) and the priming glycosyltransferase (wblE) was quantified using real-time reverse transcription PCR. A significantly higher transcription level of wblE (9.29-fold) and the genes involved in the Leloir pathway (galK, 4.10-fold; galT1, 2.78-fold; and galE2, 4.95-fold) during exponential growth was associated with enhanced EPS production on lactose compared to glucose. However, galU expression, linking glucose metabolism with the Leloir pathway, was not correlated with EPS production on different sugars. Genes coding for dTDP-rhamnose biosynthesis were also differentially expressed depending on sugar source and growth phase, although rhamnose was not present in the composition of the EPS. This precursor may be used in cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis. These results contribute to understanding the changes in gene expression when different sugar substrates are catabolized by B. longum subsp. longum CRC 002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Audy
- Institute for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steve Labrie
- Institute for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis Roy
- Institute for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gisèle LaPointe
- Institute for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Université Laval, 2440 Boul. Hochelaga, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Salazar N, Prieto A, Leal J, Mayo B, Bada-Gancedo J, de los Reyes-Gavilán C, Ruas-Madiedo P. Production of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains of human origin, and metabolic activity of the producing bacteria in milk. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:4158-68. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Structural characterization of the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Bifidobacterium longum JBL05. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Ninomiya K, Matsuda K, Kawahata T, Kanaya T, Kohno M, Katakura Y, Asada M, Shioya S. Effect of CO2 concentration on the growth and exopolysaccharide production of Bifidobacterium longum cultivated under anaerobic conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:535-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Delcenserie V, Lessard MH, LaPointe G, Roy D. Genome comparison of Bifidobacterium longum strains NCC2705 and CRC-002 using suppression subtractive hybridization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 280:50-6. [PMID: 18179580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01037.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Because probiotic effects are strain dependent, genomic explanations of these differences will contribute to understanding their mechanisms of action. The genomic sequence of the Bifidobacterium longum probiotic strain NCC2705 was determined, but little is known about the genetic diversity between strains of this species. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is a powerful method for generating a set of DNA fragments differing between two closely related bacterial strains. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic differences between genomes of B. longum strains NCC2705 and CRC-002 using PCR-based SSH. Strain CRC-002 produces exopolysaccharides whereas NCC2705 is not known for reliable exopolysaccharide production. Thirty-five and 30 different sequences were obtained from the SSH libraries of strains CRC-002 and NCC2705, respectively. Specific CRC-002 genes found were predicted to be involved in the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and metabolism of other carbohydrates, and these genes were not present in the genome of strain NCC2705. The identification of an endo-1,4-beta-xylanase gene in the CRC-002 SSH library is an important difference because xylanase genes have previously been proposed as a defining characteristic of the NCC2705 strain. The results demonstrate that the SSH technique was useful to highlight potential genes involved in complex sugar metabolism that differ between the two probiotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Delcenserie
- Institut des Nutraceutiques et des Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Quebéc, Canada
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Ruas-Madiedo P, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Salminen S. Exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus. J Food Prot 2006; 69:2011-5. [PMID: 16924934 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-69.8.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of EPS-encoding genes. However, the physiological role that EPSs play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. In this study, we have assessed the effect of EPSs produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium longum NB667, and Bifidobacterium animalis IPLA-R1 on the adhesion of probiotic and enteropathogen strains to human intestinal mucus. The EPS fraction GG had no significant effect on the adhesion of L. rhamnosus GG and B. animalis IPLA-R1. However, the EPS fractions NB667 and IPLA-R1 significantly reduced the adherence of both probiotic strains. In contrast, the three EPS fractions increased the adhesion of Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 and Escherichia coli NCTC 8603. Higher adherence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 29631 and Clostridium difficile ATCC 9689 was detected in the presence of the EPS fractions GG and NB667. In general, these effects were obtained at EPS concentrations of up to 5 mg/ml, and they were EPS dose dependent. The competitive exclusion of probiotics in the presence of EPS could suggest the involvement of these biopolymers in the adhesion to mucus. The increase in the adherence of enteropathogens could be explained if components of the pathogen surface are able to bind to specific EPSs and the bound EPSs are able to adhere to mucus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting the effect of EPSs from probiotics on bacterial adhesion properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, FIN 20014, Turku, Finland.
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Goh KK, Haisman RD, Singh H. Examination of Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Using Confocal Laser Scanning and Scanning Electron Microscopy Techniques. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Goh KK, Haisman DR, Archer RH, Singh H. Evaluation and modification of existing methods for the quantification of exopolysaccharides in milk-based media. Food Res Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Goh KKT, Hemar Y, Singh H. Viscometric and static light scattering studies on an exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus NCFB 2483. Biopolymers 2005; 77:98-106. [PMID: 15625727 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rheological properties and molecular parameters of a purified exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by a ropy strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483 were investigated. Using capillary viscometry, an intrinsic viscosity of 2,013 mL/g was obtained. The flow curves were fitted by both the Carreau and the Cross equations for shear-thinning fluids, with the Carreau equation giving a better fit. The Cross equation fitted fairly well the plot of reduced viscosity as a function of reduced shear rate with an exponent value (1 - n) of approximately 0.76, typical of random coil polymers. Furthermore, the concentration dependence of the viscosity plot showed a gradient of approximately 1.1 in the dilute regime and 3.3 in the semidilute regime. Molecular parameters were obtained using a multiangle laser light scattering technique. The 2483 EPS molecules had a weight-average molar mass of approximately 2 x 10(6) Da and a z-average root mean square radius (RMS) of approximately 151 nm. From the light scattering data, the bacterial EPS was also found to have a low polydispersity index (approximately 1.15) and adopt a random coil conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kim Tha Goh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ruas-Madiedo P, de los Reyes-Gavilán CG. Invited Review: Methods for the Screening, Isolation, and Characterization of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:843-56. [PMID: 15738217 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to produce exopolysaccharides (EPS) is widespread among lactic acid bacteria (LAB), although the physiological role of these molecules has not been clearly established yet. Some EPS confer on LAB a "ropy" character that can be detected in cultures that form long strands when extended with an inoculation loop. When EPS are produced in situ during milk fermentation they can act as natural biothickeners, giving the product a suitable consistency, improving viscosity, and reducing syneresis. In addition, some of these EPS may have beneficial effects on human health. The increasing demand by consumers of novel dairy products requires a better understanding of the effect of EPS on existing products and, at the same time, the search for new EPS-producing strains with desirable properties. The use of genetically modified organisms capable of producing high levels of EPS or newly designed biopolymers is still very limited. Therefore, exploration of the biodiversity of wild LAB strains from natural ecological environments is currently the most suitable approach to search for the desired EPS-phenotype. The screening of ropy strains and the isolation and characterization of EPS responsible for this characteristic have led to the application over the past years of a wide variety of techniques. This review summarizes the available information on methods and procedures used for research on this topic. The information provided deals with methods for screening of EPS-producing LAB, detection of the ropy phenotype, and the physicochemical and structural characterization of these molecules, including parameters related to their viscosifying properties. To our knowledge, this is the first compilation of methods available for the study of EPS produced by LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ruas-Madiedo
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias, CSIC, Carretera de Infiesto s/n, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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Goh KKT, Haisman DR, Singh H. Development of an improved procedure for isolation and purification of exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004; 67:202-8. [PMID: 15480631 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-004-1739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the isolation and purification of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2483 that can be adapted for industrial-scale operation. Hydrolyzed milk medium, which was ultrafiltered to remove molecular species larger than 2.5 x 10(5) Da, was found to be a suitable growth medium for the bacteria, which produced approximately 400 mg EPS/l . Optimal isolation of EPS was achieved using centrifugation, filtration and ethanol precipitation methods. Insoluble and soluble EPS fractions were obtained. The soluble fraction was purified using a series of ethanol precipitations to achieve approximately 98% (w/w) purity. This fraction consisted of galactose, glucose, rhamnose and mannose in the ratio of approximately 5:1:0.6:0.5, with traces of glucosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K T Goh
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Gorret N, Renard C, Famelart M, Maubois J, Doublier J. Rheological characterization of the EPS produced by P. acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pigeon RM, Cuesta EP, Gililliand SE. Binding of free bile acids by cells of yogurt starter culture bacteria. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:2705-10. [PMID: 12487437 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, which produced exocellular polysaccharides (EPS), varied in the amount produced. The streptococci tended to produce the most EPS per milliliter of culture; however, when compared on the basis of amounts per 10(7) cfu, the lactobacilli produced the most. Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains Lb-18 and Lb-10442 and S. thermophilus St-143 produced significantly larger amounts per 107 cfu than did other strains tested. These three cultures plus two strains of the streptococci that produced the greatest amounts of EPS per ml of culture were tested for the ability to bind bile acids from laboratory media. The two cultures of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (Lb-18 and Lb-10442) bound significantly higher amounts of cholic acid than did the three strains of streptococci. These two cultures of lactobacilli bound up to 15.3% of the cholic acid present in laboratory media, up to 452 microg/mg of EPS and 2.9 microg/10(7) cfu. None of the cultures tested in this study were able to bind the conjugated bile acid, glycocholic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pigeon
- Department of Animal Science & Food and Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is both a human pathogen and a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments. In the aquatic environment, microorganisms are found attached to surfaces in structures known as biofilms. We have identified a transcriptional repressor in V. cholerae that inhibits exopolysaccharide synthesis and biofilm development. Our studies show that this repressor is the V. cholerae homologue of Escherichia coli CytR, a protein that represses nucleoside uptake and catabolism when nucleosides are scarce. We propose that the role of CytR in V. cholerae biofilm development is to co-ordinate bacterial biofilm accumulation with the presence of nucleosides. Thus, nucleosides may be a signal to planktonic cells to join the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Haugo
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Box 041, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Paula I. Watnick
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St., Box 041, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- For correspondence at the first address. E-mail ; Tel. (+1) 617 636 2545; Fax (+1) 617 636 3216
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Gorret N, Maubois JL, Engasser JM, Ghoul M. Study of the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract on growth and exopolysaccharides production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici on milk microfiltrate using a response surface methodology. J Appl Microbiol 2001; 90:788-96. [PMID: 11348440 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the effects of temperature, pH and yeast extract (YE) concentration on growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Propionibacterium acidi-propionici DSM 4900 cultivated on milk microfiltrate. METHODS AND RESULTS A multifactorial approach using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was followed. The results indicated that both growth, and EPS and organic acids production, were influenced by pH, temperature and YE concentration. Biomass and organic acids production occurred in all the tested domains, whereas EPS production was only possible in a narrow pH range (5.3-6.5). The results clearly showed that the optimal conditions for EPS production were different to those for optimal growth. The effect of YE on EPS production was not only due to an increase in growth but also to a direct effect on the production of EPS. The temperature played a major role. A decrease of temperature induced a slowing down of both growth and organic acids production, making the essential factors of the medium and the precursors of EPS biosynthesis more available and hence, leading to an increase in EPS production. CONCLUSION The effects of pH, temperature and YE were determined, allowing the definition of favourable, though non-optimal, conditions for EPS production: 23 degrees C, pH 6 and 3 g l(-1) YE concentration. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of a multifactorial approach for investigating the effect of fermentation conditions on EPS production has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorret
- Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, Rennes, France.
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De Vuyst L, De Vin F, Vaningelgem F, Degeest B. Recent developments in the biosynthesis and applications of heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria. Int Dairy J 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0958-6946(01)00114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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CHARTERIS WILLIAMP, KELLY PHILLIPM, MORELLI LORENZO, COLLINS JKEVIN. Ingredient selection criteria for probiotic microorganisms in functional dairy foods. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.1998.tb02516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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