1
|
Identification of the Talaromyces cellulolyticus Gene Encoding an Extracellular Enzyme with β-galactosidase Activity and Testing it as a Reporter for Gene Expression Assays. Mol Biotechnol 2022; 64:637-649. [PMID: 35059977 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Talaromyces cellulolyticus (formerly Acremonium cellulolyticus) is currently being intensively studied as a promising industrial producer of a number of secreted cellulolytic enzymes. In this study, the T. cellulolyticus gene lacA, which encodes a protein orthologous to the fungal extracellular β-galactosidases of family 35, was identified. The substitution of the lacA upstream region with a constitutive promoter demonstrated that the product of this gene is effectively secreted and possesses β-galactosidase activity. The optimal pH and temperature values for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside by this enzyme were determined to be pH 4.5-5.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The negligible production of β-galactosidase activity by strains expressing lacA under native regulation raises the possibility of using lacA as a reporter gene. To test this hypothesis, the native promoter of lacA was replaced with the strong inducible promoter of the T. cellulolyticus cellobiohydrolase I gene. The cultivation of the resulting strain in various media showed that the β-galactosidase activity depends on cultivation conditions similar to the cellobiohydrolase activity. Thus, the suitability of lacA as a reporter for evaluating promoters with a wide range of expression profiles was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
2
|
Dao TMA, Cuong NT, Nguyen TT, Nguyen NPD, Tuyen DT. Purification, Identification, and Characterization of a Glycoside Hydrolase Family 11-Xylanase with High Activity from Aspergillus niger VTCC 017. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:187-198. [PMID: 34580814 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) have been considered as a potential green solution for the sustainable development of a wide range of industries including pulp and paper, food and beverages, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels because they are the key enzymes that degrade the xylosidic linkages of xylan, the major component of the second most abundant raw material worldwide. Therefore, there is a critical need for the industrialized xylanases which must have high specific activity, be tolerant to organic solvent or detergent and be active during a wide range of conditions, such as high temperature and pH. In this study, an extracellular xylanase was purified from the culture broth of Aspergillus niger VTCC 017 for primary structure determination and properties characterization. The successive steps of purification comprised centrifugation, Sephadex G-100 filtration, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The purified xylanase (specific activity reached 6596.79 UI/mg protein) was a monomer with a molecular weight of 37 kDa estimating from SDS electrophoresis. The results of LC/MS suggested that the purified protein is indeed an endo-1,4-β-D-xylanase. The purified xylanase showed the optimal temperature of 55 °C, and pH 6.5 with a stable xylanolytic activity within the temperature range of 45-50 °C, and within the pH range of 5.0-8.0. Most divalent metal cations including Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ showed some inhibition of xylanase activity while the monovalent metal cations such as K+ and Ag+ exhibited slight stimulating effects on the enzyme activity. The introduction of 10-30% different organic solvents (n-butanol, acetone, isopropanol) and several detergents (Triton X-100, Tween 20, and SDS) slightly reduced the enzyme activity. Moreover, the purified xylanase seemed to be tolerant to methanol and ethanol and was even stimulated by Tween 80. Overall, with these distinctive properties, the putative xylanase could be a successful candidate for numerous industrial uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Anh Dao
- Department of Biochemistry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Cuong
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Caugiay District, 10600, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Trung Nguyen
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Do Thi Tuyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Caugiay District, 10600, Hanoi, Vietnam. .,Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paecilomyces variotii xylanase production, purification and characterization with antioxidant xylo-oligosaccharides production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16468. [PMID: 34389757 PMCID: PMC8363652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces variotii xylanase was, produced in stirred tank bioreactor with yield of 760 U/mL and purified using 70% ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultra-filtration causing 3.29-fold purification with 34.47% activity recovery. The enzyme purity was analyzed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirming its monomeric nature as single band at 32 KDa. Zymography showed xylan hydrolysis activity at the same band. The purified enzyme had optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 5.0. The pH stability range was 5-9 and the temperature stability was up 70 °C. Fe2+and Fe3+ exhibited inhibition of xylanase enzyme while Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ stimulated its activity. Mercaptoethanol stimulated its activity; however, Na2-EDTA and SDS inhibited its activity. The purified xylanase could hydrolyze beechwood xylan but not carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), avicel or soluble starch. Paecilomyces variotii xylanase Km and Vmax for beechwood were determined to be 3.33 mg/mL and 5555 U/mg, respectively. The produced xylanase enzyme applied on beech xylan resulted in different types of XOS. The antioxidant activity of xylo-oligosaccharides increased from 15.22 to 70.57% when the extract concentration was increased from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/mL. The enzyme characteristics and kinetic parameters indicated its high efficiency in the hydrolysis of xylan and its potential effectiveness in lignocellulosic hydrolysis and other industrial application. It also suggests the potential of xylanase enzyme for production of XOS from biomass which are useful in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dar FM, Dar PM. Fungal Xylanases for Different Industrial Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Fu LH, Jiang N, Li CX, Luo XM, Zhao S, Feng JX. Purification and characterization of an endo-xylanase from Trichoderma sp., with xylobiose as the main product from xylan hydrolysis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:171. [PMID: 31673786 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2747-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal endo-β-1,4-xylanases (endo-xylanases) can hydrolyze xylan into xylooligosaccharides (XOS), and have potential biotechnological applications for the exploitation of natural renewable polysaccharides. In the current study, we aimed to screen and characterize an efficient fungal endo-xylanase from 100 natural humus-rich soil samples collected in Guizhou Province, China, using extracted sugarcane bagasse xylan (SBX) as the sole carbon source. Initially, 182 fungal isolates producing xylanases were selected, among which Trichoderma sp. strain TP3-36 was identified as showing the highest xylanase activity of 295 U/mL with xylobiose (X2) as the main product when beechwood xylan was used as substrate. Subsequently, a glycoside hydrolase family 11 endo-xylanase, TXyn11A, was purified from strain TP3-36, and its optimal pH and temperature for activity against beechwood xylan were identified to be 5.0 and 55 °C, respectively. TXyn11A was stable across a broad pH range (3.0-10.0), and exhibited strict substrate specificity, including xylan from beechwood, wheat, rye, and sugarcane bagasse, with Km and Vmax values of 5 mg/mL and 1250 μmol/mg min, respectively, toward beechwood xylan. Intriguingly, the main product obtained from hydrolysis of beechwood xylan by TXyn11A was xylobiose, whereas SBX hydrolysis resulted in both X2 and xylotriose. Overall, these characteristics of the endo-xylanase TXyn11A indicate several potential industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Mei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia-Xun Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi Research Center for Microbial and Enzyme Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bandikari R, Katike U, Seelam NS, Obulam VSR. Valorization of de-oiled cakes for xylanase production and optimization using central composite design by Trichoderma koeningi isolate. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2016-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAimEvaluation of the medium components and conditions for the optimization of xylanase production in submerged fermentation byMethodswas identified by the 18s rRNA. NaOH pre-treated corn cobs were used in order to reduce the crystallinity of corn cobs. De-oiled cakes proximate composition was analyzed according to AOAC. Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was used to screen the 19 media variables that affect xylanase production and optimized the media by central composite design (CCD).ResultsThe isolate was identified asConclusionNaOH pre-treated corn cobs were used with mustard cake powder as fermentation medium constituent to induce the xylanase production. From the results we conclude that mustard cake induced the xylanase production.
Collapse
|
7
|
Maitan-Alfenas GP, Oliveira MB, Nagem RAP, de Vries RP, Guimarães VM. Characterization and biotechnological application of recombinant xylanases from Aspergillus nidulans. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:60-7. [PMID: 27235731 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two xylanases from Aspergillus nidulans, XlnB and XlnC, were expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and characterized. XlnB and XlnC achieved maximal activities at 60°C and pH 7.5 and at 50°C and pH 6.0, respectively. XlnB showed to be very thermostable by maintaining 50% of its original activity after 49h incubated at 50°C. XlnB had its highest activity against wheat arabinoxylan while XlnC had the best activity against beechwood xylan. Both enzymes were completely inhibited by SDS and HgCl2. Xylotriose at 1mg/ml also totally inibited XlnB activity. TLC analysis showed that the main product of beechwood xylan hydrolysis by XlnB and XlnC was xylotetraose. An additive effect was shown between XlnB and XlnC and the xylanases of two tested commercial cocktails. Sugarcane bagasse saccharification results showed that these two commercial enzymatic cocktails were able to release more glucose and xylose after supplementation with XlnB and XlnC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela P Maitan-Alfenas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A P Nagem
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valéria M Guimarães
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Deshmukh RA, Jagtap S, Mandal MK, Mandal SK. Purification, biochemical characterization and structural modelling of alkali-stable β-1,4-xylan xylanohydrolase from Aspergillus fumigatus R1 isolated from soil. BMC Biotechnol 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 26847222 PMCID: PMC4743132 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-016-0242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus fumigatus R1 produced xylanase under submerged fermentation which degrades the complex hemicelluloses contained in agricultural substrates. Xylanases have gained considerable attention because of their tremendous applications in industries. The purpose of our study was to purify xylanase and study its biochemical properties. We have predicted the secondary structure of purified xylanase and evaluated its active site residues and substrate binding sites based on the global and local structural similarity. Results Various microorganisms were isolated from Puducherry soil and screened by Congo-red test. The best isolate was identified to be Aspergillus fumigatus R1. The production kinetics showed the highest xylanase production (208 IU/ml) by this organism in 96 h using 1 % rice bran as the only carbon source. The purification of extracellular xylanase was carried out by fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation (30–55 %), followed by extensive dialysis and Bio-Gel P-60 Gel-filtration chromatography. The enzyme was purified 58.10 folds with a specific activity of 38196.22 IU/mg. The biochemical characterization of the pure enzyme was carried out for its optimum pH and temperature (5.0 and 500C), pH and temperature stability, molecular mass (Mr) (24.5 kDa) and pI (6.29). The complete sequence of protein was obtained by mass spectrometry analysis. Apparent Km and Vmax values of the xylanase for birchwood xylan were 11.66 mg/ml and 87.6 μmol min−1 mg−1 respectively. Conclusion Purified xylanase was analyzed by mass-spectrometry which revealed 2 unique peptides. Xylanase under current study showed significant production using agricultural residues and a broad range of pH stability in the alkaline region. Xylanase produced by Aspergillus fumigatus R1 could serve as the enzyme of choice in industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Ahmed Deshmukh
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Sharmili Jagtap
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Madan Kumar Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| | - Suraj Kumar Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, School Of Life-Sciences, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Identification of three important amino acid residues of xylanase AfxynA from Aspergillus fumigatus for enzyme activity and formation of xylobiose as the major product. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
10
|
Khosravi C, Benocci T, Battaglia E, Benoit I, de Vries RP. Sugar catabolism in Aspergillus and other fungi related to the utilization of plant biomass. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 90:1-28. [PMID: 25596028 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are found in all natural and artificial biotopes and can use highly diverse carbon sources. They play a major role in the global carbon cycle by decomposing plant biomass and this biomass is the main carbon source for many fungi. Plant biomass is composed of cell wall polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin) and lignin. To degrade cell wall polysaccharides to different monosaccharides, fungi produce a broad range of enzymes with a large variety in activities. Through a series of enzymatic reactions, sugar-specific and central metabolic pathways convert these monosaccharides into energy or metabolic precursors needed for the biosynthesis of biomolecules. This chapter describes the carbon catabolic pathways that are required to efficiently use plant biomass as a carbon source. It will give an overview of the known metabolic pathways in fungi, their interconnections, and the differences between fungal species.
Collapse
|
11
|
Garai D, Kumar V. Aqueous two phase extraction of alkaline fungal xylanase in PEG/phosphate system: Optimization by Box–Behnken design approach. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Cui F, Zhao L. Optimization of Xylanase production from Penicillium sp.WX-Z1 by a two-step statistical strategy: Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental design. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10630-10646. [PMID: 22949884 PMCID: PMC3431882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to optimize the nutrition sources in a culture medium for the production of xylanase from Penicillium sp.WX-Z1 using Plackett-Burman design and Box-Behnken design. The Plackett-Burman multifactorial design was first employed to screen the important nutrient sources in the medium for xylanase production by Penicillium sp.WX-Z1 and subsequent use of the response surface methodology (RSM) was further optimized for xylanase production by Box-Behnken design. The important nutrient sources in the culture medium, identified by the initial screening method of Placket-Burman, were wheat bran, yeast extract, NaNO(3), MgSO(4), and CaCl(2). The optimal amounts (in g/L) for maximum production of xylanase were: wheat bran, 32.8; yeast extract, 1.02; NaNO(3), 12.71; MgSO(4), 0.96; and CaCl(2), 1.04. Using this statistical experimental design, the xylanase production under optimal condition reached 46.50 U/mL and an increase in xylanase activity of 1.34-fold was obtained compared with the original medium for fermentation carried out in a 30-L bioreactor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; E-Mail:
| | - Liming Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdel-Monem OA, El-Baz AF, Shetaia YM, El-Sabbagh SM. Production and Application of Thermostable Cellulase-Free Xylanase by Aspergillus fumigatusfrom Agricultural Wastes. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omnia A. Abdel-Monem
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Minoufiya University, El-Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ashraf F. El-Baz
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Minoufiya University, El-Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Yousria M. Shetaia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu Y, Li X, Sun B, Song H, Li E, Song H. Properties of an Alkaline-Tolerant, Thermostable Xylanase from Streptomyces chartreusis L1105, Suitable for Xylooligosaccharide Production. J Food Sci 2012; 77:C506-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Colabardini AC, Humanes AC, Gouvea PF, Savoldi M, Goldman MHS, Kress MRVZ, Bayram Ö, Oliveira JVDC, Gomes MD, Braus GH, Goldman GH. Molecular characterization of the Aspergillus nidulans fbxA encoding an F-box protein involved in xylanase induction. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 49:130-40. [PMID: 22142781 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans has been used as a fungal model system to study the regulation of xylanase production. These genes are activated at transcriptional level by the master regulator the transcriptional factor XlnR and repressed by carbon catabolite repression (CCR) mediated by the wide-domain repressor CreA. Here, we screened a collection of 42 A. nidulans F-box deletion mutants grown either in xylose or xylan as the single carbon source in the presence of the glucose analog 2-deoxy-D-glucose, aiming to identify mutants that have deregulated xylanase induction. We were able to recognize a null mutant in a gene (fbxA) that has decreased xylanase activity and reduced xlnA and xlnD mRNA accumulation. The ΔfbxA mutant interacts genetically with creAd-30, creB15, and creC27 mutants. FbxA is a novel protein containing a functional F-box domain that binds to Skp1 from the SCF-type ligase. Blastp analysis suggested that FbxA is a protein exclusive from fungi, without any apparent homologs in higher eukaryotes. Our work emphasizes the importance of the ubiquitination in the A. nidulans xylanase induction and CCR. The identification of FbxA provides another layer of complexity to xylanase induction and CCR phenomena in filamentous fungi.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Li X, She Y, Sun B, Song H, Zhu Y, Lv Y, Song H. Purification and characterization of a cellulase-free, thermostable xylanase from Streptomyces rameus L2001 and its biobleaching effect on wheat straw pulp. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
18
|
D-Xylose as a repressor or inducer of xylanase expression in Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei). Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:1770-6. [PMID: 20097821 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02746-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei), a filamentous fungus used for hydrolase production in different industries, it has been a long-term practice to use d-xylose as an inducing substance. We demonstrate in this study that the degree of xylanase-encoding gene induction strictly depends on the concentration of d-xylose, which was found to be optimal from 0.5 to 1 mM for 3 h of cultivation. At higher concentrations of d-xylose, a reduced level of xylanase gene expression was observed. In the present study, we also provide evidence that the d-xylose concentration-dependent induction is antagonized by carbon catabolite repressor 1. This repressor mediates its influence on d-xylose indirectly, by reducing the expression of xylanase regulator 1, the main activator of most hydrolase-encoding genes. Additionally, a direct influence of the repressor on xylanase 1 expression in the presence of d-xylose was found. Furthermore, we show that d-xylose reductase 1 is needed to metabolize d-xylose to achieve full induction of xylanase expression. Finally, a strain which expresses xylanase regulator 1 at a constant level was used to partially overcome the negative influence exerted by carbon catabolite repressor 1 on d-xylose.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu F, Lu M, Lu Z, Bie X, Zhao H, Wang Y. Purification and characterization of xylanase from Aspergillus ficuum AF-98. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:5938-5941. [PMID: 18068974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purification and characterization of xylanase from Aspergillus ficuum AF-98 were investigated in this work. The extracellular xylanase from this fungal was purified 32.6-fold to homogeneity throughout the precipitation with 50-80% (NH(4))(2)SO(4), DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 chromatography. The purified xylanase (specific activity at 288.7 U/ mg protein) was a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 35.0 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The optimal temperature and pH for the action of the enzyme were at 45 degrees C and 5.0, respectively. The xylanase was activated by Cu(2+) up to 115.8% of activity, and was strongly inhibited by Hg(2+), Pb(2+) up to 52.8% and 89%, respectively. The xylanase exhibited K(m) and V(max) values of 3.267 mg/mL, 18.38 M/min/mg for beechwood xylan and 3.747 mg/mL, 11.1M/min/mg for birchwood xylan, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Lu
- Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Aachary AA, Prapulla SG. Corncob-induced endo-1,4-beta-d-xylanase of Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154: production and characterization of xylobiose from glucuronoxylan. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3981-3988. [PMID: 18489109 DOI: 10.1021/jf073430i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Eight different fungi were cultivated in a peptone-yeast extract medium containing 1% oat spelt xylan (OSX) to evaluate endo-1,4-beta-xylanase secretion for xylooligosaccharide (XOS) production. Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5154, Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , and Aspergillus ochraceus showed significant titers of endoxylanases, which were further used for the production of XOS from birch wood xylan (BWX). A. oryzae produced 89.5 +/- 1.13% XOS in the hydrolysate at 24 h of reaction. The effect of OSX, BWX, and raw corncob on the induction of endoxylanase in A. oryzae was studied, and the xylanase activity was maximum at 96 h of cultivation in 3% corncob containing medium. XOS produced at 36 h of reaction was 5.87 +/- 0.53 mg/mL (12 +/- 2% xylose, 48 +/- 2.43% xylobiose, and 40 +/- 3.6% higher oligomers) from 1% BWX . HPLC/refractive index detection and ESI/MS analysis of fractions obtained by GPC corresponded to neutral and 4- O-methyl-alpha- d-glucuronic acid substituted acidic oligosaccharides. The major fraction, beta- d-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)- d-xylanopyranose was characterized using (13)C NMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Appukuttan Aachary
- Fermentation Technology and Bioengineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tamayo EN, Villanueva A, Hasper AA, de Graaff LH, Ramón D, Orejas M. CreA mediates repression of the regulatory gene xlnR which controls the production of xylanolytic enzymes in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:984-93. [PMID: 18420433 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans xlnR gene encodes a Zn(2)Cys(6) transcription activator necessary for the synthesis of the main xylanolytic enzymes, i.e. endo-xylanases X(22), X(24) and X(34), and beta-xilosidase XlnD. Expression of xlnR is not sufficient for induction of genes encoding the xylanolytic complex, the presence of xylose is absolutely required. It has been established previously that the wide-domain carbon catabolite repressor CreA indirectly represses xlnA (encodes X(22)) and xlnB (encodes X(24)) genes as well as exerting direct repression on xlnA. This work provides evidence that CreA-mediated indirect repression occurs through repression of xlnR: (i) the xlnR gene promoter is repressed by glucose and this repression is abolished in creA(d)30 mutant strains and (ii) deregulated expression of xlnR completely relieves glucose repression of xlnA and xlnB. Thus, CreA and XlnR form a transcriptional cascade regulating A. nidulans xylanolytic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsy N Tamayo
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado de Correos 73, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Influence of crude xylanase from Aspergillus niger FAS128 on the in vitro digestibility and production performance of piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
23
|
Sriprang R, Asano K, Gobsuk J, Tanapongpipat S, Champreda V, Eurwilaichitr L. Improvement of thermostability of fungal xylanase by using site-directed mutagenesis. J Biotechnol 2006; 126:454-62. [PMID: 16757052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Replacing several serine and threonine residues on the Ser/Thr surface of the xylanase from Aspergillus niger BCC14405 with four and five arginines effectively increases the thermostability of the enzyme. The modified enzymes showed 80% of maximal activity after incubating in xylan substrate for 2h at 50 degrees C compared to only 15% activity for wild-type enzyme. The half-life of the mutated enzymes increased to 257+/-16 and 285+/-10 min for the four- and five-arginine mutants, respectively, compared to 14+/-1 min for the wild-type enzyme. Thus, the arginine substitutions effectively increase stability by 18-20-fold. Kinetic parameters of the four-arginine-substitution enzyme were maintained at the level of the wild-type enzyme with the K(m) and V(max) values of 8.3+/-0.1 mgml(-1) and 9556+/-66 (n=3) U mg(-1) protein, respectively. The five-arginine-substitution enzyme showed only slight alteration in K(m) and V(max) with K(m) of 11.7+/-1.7 mgml(-1) and V(max) of 8502+/-65 Umg(-1) protein, indicating lower substrate affinity and catalytic rate. Our study demonstrated that properly introduced arginine residues on the Ser/Thr surface of xylanase family 11 might be very effective in improvement of enzyme thermostability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutchadaporn Sriprang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Patumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Polizeli MLTM, Rizzatti ACS, Monti R, Terenzi HF, Jorge JA, Amorim DS. Xylanases from fungi: properties and industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 67:577-91. [PMID: 15944805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Xylan is the principal type of hemicellulose. It is a linear polymer of beta-D-xylopyranosyl units linked by (1-4) glycosidic bonds. In nature, the polysaccharide backbone may be added to 4-O-methyl-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl units, acetyl groups, alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl, etc., in variable proportions. An enzymatic complex is responsible for the hydrolysis of xylan, but the main enzymes involved are endo-1,4-beta-xylanase and beta-xylosidase. These enzymes are produced by fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, snails, crustaceans, insect, seeds, etc., but the principal commercial source is filamentous fungi. Recently, there has been much industrial interest in xylan and its hydrolytic enzymatic complex, as a supplement in animal feed, for the manufacture of bread, food and drinks, textiles, bleaching of cellulose pulp, ethanol and xylitol production. This review describes some properties of xylan and its metabolism, as well as the biochemical properties of xylanases and their commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L T M Polizeli
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Bairro Monte Alegre , 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fialho MB, Carmona EC. Purification and characterization of xylanases from Aspergillus giganteus. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 49:13-8. [PMID: 15114860 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A strain of Aspergillus giganteus cultivated in a medium with xylan produced two xylanases (xylanase I and II) which were purified to homogeneity. Their molar mass, estimated by SDS-PAGE, were 21 and 24 kDa, respectively. Both enzymes are glycoproteins with 50 degrees C temperature optimum; optimum pH was 6.0-6.5 for xylanase I and 6.0 for xylanase II. At 50 degrees C xylanase I exhibited higher thermostability than xylanase II. Hg2+, Cu2+ and SDS were strong inhibitors, 1,4-dithiothreitol stimulated the reaction of both enzymes. Both xylanases are xylan-specific; kinetic parameters indicated higher efficiency in the hydrolysis of oat spelts xylan. In hydrolysis of this substrate, xylotriose, xylotetraose and larger xylooligosaccharides were released and hence the enzymes were classified as endoxylanases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Fialho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Subramaniyan S, Prema P. Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2002; 22:33-64. [PMID: 11958335 DOI: 10.1080/07388550290789450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Xylanases are hydrolases depolymerizing the plant cell wall component xylan, the second most abundant polysaccharide. The molecular structure and hydrolytic pattern of xylanases have been reported extensively and the mechanism of hydrolysis has also been proposed. There are several models for the gene regulation of which this article could add to the wealth of knowledge. Future work on the application of these enzymes in the paper and pulp, food industry, in environmental science, that is, bio-fueling, effluent treatment, and agro-waste treatment, etc. require a complete understanding of the functional and genetic significance of the xylanases. However, the thrust area has been identified as the paper and pulp industry. The major problem in the field of paper bleaching is the removal of lignin and its derivatives, which are linked to cellulose and xylan. Xylanases are more suitable in the paper and pulp industry than lignin-degrading systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Subramaniyan
- Biochemical Processing Division, Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Trivandrum, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
MacCabe AP, Orejas M, Tamayo EN, Villanueva A, Ramón D. Improving extracellular production of food-use enzymes from Aspergillus nidulans. J Biotechnol 2002; 96:43-54. [PMID: 12142142 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, and particularly those of the genus Aspergillus, are major producers of enzymatic activities that have important applications in the food and beverage industries. Prior to the availability of transformation systems improvement of industrial production strains was largely restricted to the strategy of mutagenesis, screening and selection. Aspergillus nidulans is a genetically amenable filamentous fungus the ease of handling and analysis of which has led to its use as a model system for the investigation of eukaryotic gene regulation. Although not used industrially it is able to produce a wide variety of extracellular enzymatic activities. As a consequence of half a century of study a considerable resource of characterised mutants has been generated in conjunction with extensive genetic and molecular information on various gene regulatory systems in this micro-organism. Investigation of xylanase gene regulation in A. nidulans as a model for the production of food-use extracellular enzymes suggests strategies by which production of these enzymes in industrially useful species may be improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P MacCabe
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Apartado de Correos 73, 46100, Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Vries RP, Visser J. Aspergillus enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:497-522, table of contents. [PMID: 11729262 PMCID: PMC99039 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.4.497-522.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P de Vries
- Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gil JV, Vallés S. Effect of macerating enzymes on red wine aroma at laboratory scale: exogenous addition or expression by transgenic wine yeasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:5515-5523. [PMID: 11714353 DOI: 10.1021/jf0013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a Trichoderma longibrachiatum endoglucanase and an Aspergillus nidulans endoxylanase on the concentration of free and bound volatiles, color, and phenolics during maceration in red wine vinification has been studied. Two different approaches have been considered for the utilization of these enzymes: (i) direct addition of the enzymes to must and (ii) inoculation of must with recombinant wine yeasts overexpressing these activities. An experimental design based on a Taguchi orthogonal array was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of the enzymatic treatments. The data show that these fungal activities are able to increase the concentrations of free and glycosidically bound flavor compounds, color, and phenolics to similar or greater extents as compared to a commercial pectolytic enzyme preparation. The effects of the two different ways of addition of the enzymes were not always equivalent. These enzymes could be considered to be of potential application in the red wine maceration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Gil
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado Postal 73, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Orejas M, MacCabe AP, Pérez-González JA, Kumar S, Ramón D. The wide-domain carbon catabolite repressor CreA indirectly controls expression of the Aspergillus nidulans xlnB gene, encoding the acidic endo-beta-(1,4)-xylanase X(24). J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1517-23. [PMID: 11160081 PMCID: PMC95035 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.5.1517-1523.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2000] [Accepted: 11/30/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans xlnB gene, which encodes the acidic endo-beta-(1,4)-xylanase X(24), is expressed when xylose is present as the sole carbon source and repressed in the presence of glucose. That the mutation creA(d)30 results in considerably elevated levels of xlnB mRNA indicates a role for the wide-domain repressor CreA in the repression of xlnB promoter (xlnBp) activity. Functional analyses of xlnBp::goxC reporter constructs show that none of the four CreA consensus target sites identified in xlnBp are functional in vivo. The CreA repressor is thus likely to exert carbon catabolite repression via an indirect mechanism rather than to influence xlnB expression by acting directly on xlnB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Orejas
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gallego M, Pinaga F, Ramon D, Valles S. Purification and Characterization of an α-L-Rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus of Interest in Winemaking. J Food Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2001.tb11317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Aspergillus nidulans as a model organism for the study of the expression of genes encoding enzymes of relevance in the food industry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(01)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
33
|
Ganga MA, Piñaga F, Vallés S, Ramón D, Querol A. Aroma improving in microvinification processes by the use of a recombinant wine yeast strain expressing the Aspergillus nidulans xlnA gene. Int J Food Microbiol 1999; 47:171-8. [PMID: 10359487 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant wine yeast strain has been constructed expressing the gene coding for beta-(1,4)-endoxylanase from Aspergillus nidulans under the control of the yeast actin gene promoter. The resulting recombinant strain is able to secrete active xylanase enzyme into the culture medium. Wines obtained by microvinification with the control and the recombinant wine yeast strain did not differ in their physicochemical characteristics although an increase in fruity aroma was organoleptically detected in the wine produced by the recombinant yeast. Also, an increase in the concentration of some esters, higher alcohols and terpenes was observed in the case of the recombinant strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Ganga
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Carmona EC, Brochetto-braga MR, Pizzirani-kleiner AA, Jorge JA. Purification and biochemical characterization of an endoxylanase fromAspergillus versicolor. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13906.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
35
|
Pérez-González JA, van Peij NN, Bezoen A, MacCabe AP, Ramón D, de Graaff LH. Molecular cloning and transcriptional regulation of the Aspergillus nidulans xlnD gene encoding a beta-xylosidase. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1412-9. [PMID: 9546179 PMCID: PMC106163 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1412-1419.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1997] [Accepted: 01/25/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The xlnD gene encoding the 85-kDa beta-xylosidase was cloned from Aspergillus nidulans. The deduced primary structure of the protein exhibits considerable similarity to the primary structures of the Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei beta-xylosidases and some similarity to the primary structures of the class 3 beta-glucosidases. xlnD is regulated at the transcriptional level; it is induced by xylan and D-xylose and is repressed by D-glucose. Glucose repression is mediated by the product of the creA gene. Although several binding sites for the pH regulatory protein PacC were found in the upstream regulatory region, it was not clear from a Northern analysis whether PacC is involved in transcriptional regulation of xlnD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-González
- Departamento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
MacCabe AP, Orejas M, Pérez-González JA, Ramón D. Opposite patterns of expression of two Aspergillus nidulans xylanase genes with respect to ambient pH. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:1331-3. [PMID: 9495775 PMCID: PMC107024 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.5.1331-1333.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans xylanase genes xlnA and xlnB are subject to regulation by ambient pH via the zinc finger transcription factor PacC. In the presence of D-xylose, xlnA is expressed under conditions of alkaline ambient pH while xlnB is expressed at acidic ambient pH. These data have been confirmed for acidity- and alkalinity-mimicking A. nidulans mutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P MacCabe
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Many microorganisms prefer easily metabolizable carbon sources over alternative, less readily metabolized carbon sources. One of the mechanisms to achieve this is repression of the synthesis of enzymes related to catabolism of the alternative carbon sources, i.e. carbon repression. It is now clear that in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus niger the repressor protein CREA plays a major role in carbon repression. CREA inhibits transcription of many target genes by binding to specific sequences in the promoter of these genes. Unfortunately there is little information on other components of the signalling pathway that triggers repression by CREA. In this review we summarize the current understanding of carbon repression in Aspergilli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Ruijter
- Section Molecular Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The development of new analytical techniques and the commercial availability of new substrates have led to the purification and characterization of a large number of xylan-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, the introduction of recombinant DNA technology has resulted in the selection of xylanolytic enzymes that are more suitable for industrial applications. For a successful integration of xylanases in industrial processes, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of enzyme action is, however, required. This review gives an overview of various xylanolytic enzyme systems from bacteria and fungi that have been described recently in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sunna
- Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Department of Technical Microbiology, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
MacCabe AP, Fernández-Espinar MT, de Graaff LH, Visser J, Ramón D. Identification, isolation and sequence of the Aspergillus nidulans xlnC gene encoding the 34-kDa xylanase. Gene X 1996; 175:29-33. [PMID: 8917072 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The xlnC gene encoding the 34-kDa xylanase (X34) of Aspergillus nidulans (An) has been cloned and sequenced, as has its corresponding cDNA. xlnC contains nine introns and shows considerable similarity to the xynA and xylP xylanase-encoding genes of A. kawachii (Ak) and Penicillium chrysogenum (Pc), respectively. Analysis of xylanase production in An multicopy transformants showed elevated levels of X34 and increased total xylanase activity, but no elevated production of other xylanases. Northern analysis demonstrated transcriptional induction by xylan and repression by glucose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P MacCabe
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Monfort A, Blasco A, Prieto JA, Sanz P. Combined Expression of Aspergillus nidulans Endoxylanase X24 and Aspergillus oryzae (alpha)-Amylase in Industrial Baker's Yeasts and Their Use in Bread Making. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:3712-5. [PMID: 16535419 PMCID: PMC1388957 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.10.3712-3715.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus nidulans endoxylanase X24 and the Aspergillus oryzae (alpha)-amylase cDNAs were placed under the control of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae actin promoter (pACT1) and introduced into baker's yeast. Bread made with transformants expressing both enzymes (YEpACT-AMY-ACT-X24) showed a 30% increase in volume and reduced firmness in comparison with that produced with a commercial strain. Endoxylanase X24 and (alpha)-amylase seem to act synergistically to improve the quality of bread in terms of volume and density.
Collapse
|
41
|
Pérez-Gonzalez JA, De Graaff LH, Visser J, Ramón D. Molecular cloning and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of two Aspergillus nidulans xylanase genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2179-82. [PMID: 8787417 PMCID: PMC167998 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2179-2182.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Aspergillus nidulans genes, xlnA and xlnB, encoding the X22 and X24 xylanases from this fungus, respectively, have been cloned and sequenced. Their cDNAs have been expressed in a laboratory Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain under the control of a constitutive yeast promoter, resulting in the construction of recombinant xylanolytic yeast strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Pérez-Gonzalez
- Departmento de Biotecnología de los Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar S, Ramón D. Purification and regulation of the synthesis of a β-xylosidase fromAspergillus nidulans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
43
|
Matoub M, Rouland C. Purification and properties of the xylanases from the termite Macrotermes bellicosus and its symbiotic fungus Termitomyces sp. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 112:629-35. [PMID: 8590378 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)00103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four xylanases were purified, two from the termite Macrotermes bellicosus workers (XIT and X2T) and two from its symbiotic fungus Termitomyces sp. (X1Mc and X2Mc). The analysis of the step required for the purification of X1T and X1Mc and the comparison of their different properties suggested that xylanases X1T and X1Mc were the same enzyme, X1. The determination of the reducing sugars by TLC revealed that X1 was an endoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) and X2T and X2Mc were endoxylanases (EC 3.2.1.37). The apparent molecular weights of the three xylanases, determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, were 36 kDa for X1, 56 kDa for X2T and 22.5 kDa for X2Mc. The optimal pH of the three xylanases was approximately 5.5, and Km values determined with birchwood xylan as substrate were 0.2% for X1, 0.1% for X2T and 0.3% for X2Mc, showing a high affinity for this substrate. The three enzymes differed also by their thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Matoub
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Invertébrés, Université Paris XII-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | | |
Collapse
|