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Prodan N, Ershad F, Reyes-Alcaraz A, Li L, Mistretta B, Gonzalez L, Rao Z, Yu C, Gunaratne PH, Li N, Schwartz RJ, McConnell BK. Direct reprogramming of cardiomyocytes into cardiac Purkinje-like cells. iScience 2022; 25:105402. [PMID: 36388958 PMCID: PMC9646947 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no treatments that ameliorate cardiac cell death, the underlying basis of cardiovascular disease. An unexplored cell type in cardiac regeneration is cardiac Purkinje cells; specialized cells from the cardiac conduction system (CCS) responsible for propagating electrical signals. Purkinje cells have tremendous potential as a regenerative treatment because they may intrinsically integrate with the CCS of a recipient myocardium, resulting in more efficient electrical conduction in diseased hearts. This study is the first to demonstrate an effective protocol for the direct reprogramming of human cardiomyocytes into cardiac Purkinje-like cells using small molecules. The cells generated were genetically and functionally similar to native cardiac Purkinje cells, where expression of key cardiac Purkinje genes such as CNTN2, ETV1, PCP4, IRX3, SCN5a, HCN2 and the conduction of electrical signals with increased velocity was observed. This study may help to advance the quest to finding an optimized cell therapy for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prodan
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Health-2 (H2) Building, Room 5024, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Faheem Ershad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Arfaxad Reyes-Alcaraz
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Health-2 (H2) Building, Room 5024, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
| | - Luge Li
- Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Research), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brandon Mistretta
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, UH-Sequencing & Gene Editing Core, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Lei Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Zhoulyu Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Preethi H. Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, UH-Sequencing & Gene Editing Core, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medicine (Section of Cardiovascular Research), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert J. Schwartz
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Bradley K. McConnell
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4349 Martin Luther King Blvd, Health-2 (H2) Building, Room 5024, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Ganeshpurkar A, Singh R, Shivhare S, Divya, Kumar D, Gutti G, Singh R, Kumar A, Singh SK. Improved machine learning scoring functions for identification of Electrophorus electricus's acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1455-1479. [PMID: 34328603 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based drug design (SBDD) is an important in silico technique, used for the identification of enzyme inhibitors. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), obtained from Electrophorus electricus (ee), is widely used for the screening of AChE inhibitors. It shares structural homology with the AChE of human and other organisms. Till date, the three-dimensional crystal structure of enzyme from ee is not available that makes it challenging to use the SBDD approach for the identification of inhibitors. A homology model was developed for eeAChE in the present study, followed by its structural refinement through energy minimisation. The docking protocol was developed using a grid dimension of 84 × 66 × 72 and grid point spacing of 0.375 Å for eeAChE. The protocol was validated by redocking a set of co-crystallised inhibitors obtained from mouse AChE, and their interaction profiles were compared. The results indicated a poor performance of the Autodock scoring function. Hence, a batch of machine learning-based scoring functions were developed. The validation results displayed an accuracy of 81.68 ± 1.73% and 82.92 ± 3.05% for binary and multiclass classification scoring function, respectively. The regression-based scoring function produced [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] values of 0.94, 0.635 and 0.634, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravi Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shalini Shivhare
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Divya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Gopichand Gutti
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Chouryal YN, Nema S, Sharma RK, Kewat HL, Pandey A, Ghosh P, Bhargava Y. The nano-bio interactions of rare-earth doped BaF 2 nanophosphors shape the developmental processes of zebrafish. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6730-6740. [PMID: 33111724 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles with biomedical applications should be evaluated for their biocompatibility. Rare-earth doped nanoparticles with unique spectral properties are superior in vivo optical probes in comparison with quantum dots and organic dyes, however, studies describing their nano-bio interactions are still limited. Here, we have evaluated the nano-bio interactions of green-synthesized, phase-pure BaF2 nanoparticles doped with rare-earth (RE3+ = Ce3+/Tb3+) ions using larval zebrafish. We found that zebrafish can tolerate a wide concentration range of these nanoparticles, as the maximal lethality was observed at very high concentrations (more than 200 mg L-1) upon five days of continuous exposure. At a concentration of 10 mg L-1, at which Zn2+, Ti4+ and Ag+ nanoparticles are reported to be lethal to developing zebrafish, continuous exposure to our nanoparticles for four days produced no developmental anomalies, craniofacial defects, cardiac toxicity or behavioural abnormalities in the developing zebrafish larvae. We have also found that the doping of rare-earth ions has no major effect on these biomarkers. Interestingly, the function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and the cellular metabolic activity of whole zebrafish larvae remained unchanged, even during continuous exposure to these nanoparticles at 150 mg L-1 for four days; however, severe developmental toxicities were evident at this high concentration. Based on these results, we can conclude that the biocompatibility of rare-earth doped nanoparticles is concentration dependent. Not all biomarkers are sensitive to these nanoparticles. The high concentration-dependent toxicity occurs through a mechanism distinct from changes in the metabolic or AChE activity. The significance of these findings lies in using these nanoparticles for bioimaging applications and biomarker studies, especially for prolonged exposure times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Nath Chouryal
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar-470003, M.P., India.
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Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Aggrecan, the Primary Weight-Bearing Cartilage Proteoglycan, Has Context-Dependent, Cell-Directive Properties in Embryonic Development and Neurogenesis: Aggrecan Glycan Side Chain Modifications Convey Interactive Biodiversity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1244. [PMID: 32867198 PMCID: PMC7564073 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines aggrecan's roles in developmental embryonic tissues, in tissues undergoing morphogenetic transition and in mature weight-bearing tissues. Aggrecan is a remarkably versatile and capable proteoglycan (PG) with diverse tissue context-dependent functional attributes beyond its established role as a weight-bearing PG. The aggrecan core protein provides a template which can be variably decorated with a number of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains including keratan sulphate (KS), human natural killer trisaccharide (HNK-1) and chondroitin sulphate (CS). These convey unique tissue-specific functional properties in water imbibition, space-filling, matrix stabilisation or embryonic cellular regulation. Aggrecan also interacts with morphogens and growth factors directing tissue morphogenesis, remodelling and metaplasia. HNK-1 aggrecan glycoforms direct neural crest cell migration in embryonic development and is neuroprotective in perineuronal nets in the brain. The ability of the aggrecan core protein to assemble CS and KS chains at high density equips cartilage aggrecan with its well-known water-imbibing and weight-bearing properties. The importance of specific arrangements of GAG chains on aggrecan in all its forms is also a primary morphogenetic functional determinant providing aggrecan with unique tissue context dependent regulatory properties. The versatility displayed by aggrecan in biodiverse contexts is a function of its GAG side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards 2065, NSW, Australia
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Bhattacharyya S, Duan J, Wang L, Li B, Bhakta M, Fernandez-Perez A, Hon GC, Munshi NV. Using Gjd3-CreEGFP mice to examine atrioventricular node morphology and composition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2106. [PMID: 30765799 PMCID: PMC6375990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The atrioventricular node (AVN) coordinates the timing of atrial and ventricular contraction to optimize cardiac performance. To study this critical function using mouse genetics, however, new reagents are needed that allow AVN-specific manipulation. Here we describe a novel Gjd3-CreEGFP mouse line that successfully recombines floxed alleles within the AVN beginning at E12.5. These mice have been engineered to express CreEGFP under the control of endogenous Gjd3 regulatory elements without perturbing native protein expression. Detailed histological analysis of Gjd3-CreEGFP mice reveals specific labeling of AVN cardiomyocytes and a subset of cardiac endothelial cells. Importantly, we show that Gjd3-CreEGFP mice have preserved cardiac mechanical and electrical function. In one application of our newly described mouse line, we provide a three-dimensional (3D) view of the AVN using tissue clearing combined with confocal microscopy. With this 3D model as a reference, we identify specific AVN sub-structures based on marker staining characteristics. In addition, we use our Gjd3-CreEGFP mice to guide microdissection of the AVN and construction of a single-cell atlas. Thus, our results establish a new transgenic tool for AVN-specific recombination, provide an updated model of AVN morphology, and describe a roadmap for exploring AVN cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samadrita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jialei Duan
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Boxun Li
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Minoti Bhakta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Antonio Fernandez-Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Gary C Hon
- Laboratory of Regulatory Genomics, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, Division of Basic Reproductive Biology Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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Chowdhury R, Ashraf H, Melanson M, Tanada Y, Nguyen M, Silberbach M, Wakimoto H, Benson DW, Anderson RH, Kasahara H. Mouse Model of Human Congenital Heart Disease: Progressive Atrioventricular Block Induced by a Heterozygous Nkx2-5 Homeodomain Missense Mutation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015; 8:1255-64. [PMID: 26226998 DOI: 10.1161/circep.115.002720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous human NKX2-5 homeodomain (DNA-binding domain) missense mutations are highly penetrant for varied congenital heart defects, including progressive atrioventricular (AV) block requiring pacemaker implantation. We recently replicated this genetic defect in a murine knockin model, in which we demonstrated highly penetrant, pleiotropic cardiac anomalies. In this study, we examined postnatal AV conduction in the knockin mice. METHODS AND RESULTS A murine knockin model (Arg52Gly, Nkx2-5(+/R52G)) in a 129/Sv background was analyzed by histopathology, surface, and telemetry ECG, and in vivo electrophysiology studies, comparing with control Nkx2-5(+/+) mice at diverse postnatal stages, ranging from postnatal day 1 (P1) to 17 months. PR prolongation (first degree AV block) was present at 4 weeks, 7 months, and 17 months of age, but not at P1 in the mutant mice. Advanced AV block was also occasionally demonstrated in the mutant mice. Electrophysiology studies showed that AV nodal function and right ventricular effective refractory period were impaired in the mutant mice, whereas sinus nodal function was not affected. AV nodal size was significantly smaller in the mutant mice than their controls at 4 weeks of age, corresponding to the presence of PR prolongation, but not P1, suggesting, at least in part, that the conduction abnormalities are the result of a morphologically atrophic AV node. CONCLUSIONS The highly penetrant and progressive AV block phenotype seen in human heterozygous missense mutations in NKX2-5 homeodomain was replicated in mice by knocking in a comparable missense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chowdhury
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hassan Ashraf
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Michelle Melanson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Yohei Tanada
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Minh Nguyen
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Michael Silberbach
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hiroko Wakimoto
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - D Woodrow Benson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Robert H Anderson
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.)
| | - Hideko Kasahara
- From the Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville (R.C., H.A., M.M., Y.T., M.N., H.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science School, Portland (M.S.); Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.W.); Department of Pediatrics, Herma Heart Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (D.W.B.); and Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom (R.H.A.).
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Terada R, Warren S, Lu JT, Chien KR, Wessels A, Kasahara H. Ablation of Nkx2-5 at mid-embryonic stage results in premature lethality and cardiac malformation. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:289-99. [PMID: 21285290 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Human congenital heart disease linked to mutations in the homeobox transcription factor, NKX2-5, is characterized by cardiac anomalies, including atrial and ventricular septal defects as well as conduction and occasional defects in contractility. In the mouse, homozygous germline deletion of Nkx2-5 gene results in death around E10.5. It is, however, not established whether Nkx2-5 is necessary for cardiac development beyond this embryonic stage. Because human NKX2-5 mutations are related to septum secundum type atrial septal defects (ASD), we hypothesized that Nkx2-5 deficiency during the processes of septum secundum formation may cause cardiac anomalies; thus, we analysed mice with tamoxifen-inducible Nkx2-5 ablation beginning at E12.5 when the septum secundum starts to develop. METHODS AND RESULTS Using tamoxifen-inducible Nkx2-5 gene-targeted mice, this study demonstrates that Nkx2-5 ablation beginning at E12.5 results in embryonic death by E17.5. Analysis of mutant embryos at E16.5 shows arrhythmias, contraction defects, and cardiac malformations, including ASD. Quantitative measurements using serial section histology and three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrate growth retardation of the septum secundum and enlarged foramen ovale in Nkx2-5-ablated embryos. Functional cardiac defects may be attributed to abnormal expression of transcripts critical for conduction and contraction, including cardiac voltage-gated Na(+) channel pore-forming α-subunit (Na(v)1.5-α), gap junction protein connexin40, cardiac myosin light chain kinase, and sarcolipin within 4 days after tamoxifen injection. CONCLUSION Nkx2-5 is necessary for survival after the mid-embryonic stage for cardiac function and formation by regulating the expression of its downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Terada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0274, USA
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McMullen NM, Zhang F, Hotchkiss A, Bretzner F, Wilson JM, Ma H, Wafa K, Brownstone RM, Pasumarthi KBS. Functional characterization of cardiac progenitor cells and their derivatives in the embryonic heart post-chamber formation. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2787-99. [PMID: 19842178 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is scant information on the fate of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) in the embryonic heart after chamber specification. Here we simultaneously tracked three lineage-specific markers (Nkx2.5, MLC2v, and ANF) and confirmed that CPCs with an Nkx2.5+MLC2v-ANF- phenotype are present in the embryonic (E) day 11.5 mouse ventricular myocardium. We demonstrated that these CPCs could give rise to working cardiomyocytes and conduction system cells. Using a two-photon imaging analysis, we found that the majority of CPCs are not capable of developing Ca2+ transients in response to beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation. In contrast, Nkx2.5+ cells expressing MLC2v but not ANF are capable of developing functional Ca2+ transients. We showed that Ca2+ transients could be invoked in Nkx2.5+MLC2v+ANF+ cells only upon inhibition of Gi, muscarinic receptors, or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) signaling pathways. Our data suggest that these inhibitory pathways may delay functional specification in a subset of developing ventricular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole M McMullen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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10
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Chau MDL, Tuft R, Fogarty K, Bao ZZ. Notch signaling plays a key role in cardiac cell differentiation. Mech Dev 2006; 123:626-40. [PMID: 16843648 PMCID: PMC1567976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results from lineage tracing studies indicate that precursor cells in the ventricles give rise to both cardiac muscle and conduction cells. Cardiac conduction cells are specialized cells responsible for orchestrating the rhythmic contractions of the heart. Here, we show that Notch signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of cardiac muscle and conduction cell lineages in the ventricles. Notch1 expression coincides with a conduction marker, HNK-1, at early stages. Misexpression of constitutively active Notch1 (NIC) in early heart tubes in chick exhibited multiple effects on cardiac cell differentiation. Cells expressing NIC had a significant decrease in expression of cardiac muscle markers, but an increase in expression of conduction cell markers, HNK-1, and SNAP-25. However, the expression of the conduction marker connexin 40 was inhibited. Loss-of-function study, using a dominant-negative form of Suppressor-of-Hairless, further supports that Notch1 signaling is important for the differentiation of these cardiac cell types. Functional studies show that the expression of constitutively active Notch1 resulted in abnormalities in ventricular conduction pathway patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D L Chau
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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11
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Downes GB, Granato M. Acetylcholinesterase function is dispensable for sensory neurite growth but is critical for neuromuscular synapse stability. Dev Biol 2004; 270:232-45. [PMID: 15136152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) terminates synaptic transmission at cholinergic synapses by hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. In addition, AChE is thought to play several 'non-classical' roles that do not require catalytic function. Most prominent among these is facilitation of neurite growth. Here, we report that the zebrafish zieharmonika (zim) locus encodes AChE. We show that one mutant zim allele is caused by a pre-mature stop codon, resulting in a truncated protein that lacks both the catalytic site and the carboxy-terminal neuritogenic domain. To explore the 'non-classical' role of AChE, we examined embryos mutant for this allele. In contrast to previous results using a catalytic-inactive allele, our analysis demonstrates that AChE is dispensable for muscle fiber development and Rohon-Beard sensory neuron growth and survival. Moreover, we show that in the absence of AChE, acetylcholine receptor clusters at neuromuscular junctions initially assemble, but that these clusters are not maintained. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AChE is dispensable for its proposed non-classical roles in muscle fiber formation and sensory neuron development, but is crucial for regulating the stability of neuromuscular synapses.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Acetylcholinesterase/genetics
- Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism
- Animals
- Bungarotoxins/metabolism
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Death
- Cholinergic Agonists/pharmacology
- Codon, Terminator
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Motor Activity
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Neuromuscular Junction/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/enzymology
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Receptors, Cholinergic/metabolism
- Zebrafish/anatomy & histology
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald B Downes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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12
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El Sharaby AA, Egerbacher M, Hammoda AK, Böck P. Immunohistochemical demonstration of Leu-7 (HNK-1), Neurone-specific Enolase (NSE) and Protein-Gene Peptide (PGP) 9.5 in the developing camel (Camelus dromedarius) heart. Anat Histol Embryol 2001; 30:321-5. [PMID: 11820399 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of the heart-conducting system has been controversially discussed. The common opinion that these specialized myocytes originate from mesodermal precursors has been challenged when nerve-specific antigens (Leu-7, NF, GIN2) were demonstrated in embryonic hearts of various species, suggesting a neural crest contribution to the embryonic conducting tissue. Anti-Leu-7 (HNK-1) antibodies were reported to reliably mark the conducting system in developing rat, chicken and human hearts. The present investigation was carried out on the hearts of 15 camel fetuses at 35, 45, 60, 75 and 100 cm crown-rump length (three specimens for each stage), in addition to three adult hearts. We investigated the antigenicity of cardiac structures for Leu-7, NSE (Neurone specific Enolase) and PGP (Protein Gene Peptide) 9.5. In all specimens investigated, both NSE and PGP 9.5 were expressed by cardiac nerves and conducting system components. The sinuatrial and atrioventricular nodes, the atrioventricular bundle as well as subendocardial and intramyocardial Purkinje fibers were stained. In contrast, the developing conducting system did not react with anti-Leu-7 antibody, although Leu-7 antigenicity was strongly expressed by the developing cardiac nerves. In adult camel hearts, the same pattern of immunoreactivity for the markers studied was still retained. Our results show that the expression of marker proteins for the developing conducting system is species-specific. Therefore, these markers are of little significance in discussions on the possible neurogenic nature of the heart conducting tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A El Sharaby
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
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13
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Hertig CM, Kubalak SW, Wang Y, Chien KR. Synergistic roles of neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I in activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway and cardiac chamber morphogenesis. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:37362-9. [PMID: 10601306 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.52.37362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac chamber morphogenesis requires the coordinated growth of both cardiac muscle and endocardial cell lineages. Paracrine growth factors may modulate the coordinated cellular specification and differentiation during cardiac chamber morphogenesis, as suggested by the essential role of endothelial-derived growth factors, neuregulin-1, and insulin-like growth factor-I. Using the whole mouse embryo culture system for delivery of diffusible factors into the cardiac chamber, neuregulin-1 was shown to promote trabeculation of the ventricular wall. Another factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, had no apparent effect by itself. Combined treatment with neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I strongly induced DNA synthesis of cardiomyocytes and expansion of both the ventricular compact zone and the atrioventricular cushions leading to chamber growth and maturation. In cultured cardiomyocytes, combined neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I also had a synergistic effect to promote DNA synthesis and cellular growth, which were prevented by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Adenoviral delivery of dominant negative Rac1, which acts downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, blocked the effect of combined neuregulin-1/insulin-like growth factor-I treatment. These studies support the concept that the interaction of neuregulin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I pathways plays an important role in coordinating cardiac chamber morphogenesis and may occur through convergent activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hertig
- University of California, San Diego/Salk Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
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14
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Gómez JL, Moral-Naranjo MT, Campoy FJ, Vidal CJ. Characterization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase forms in normal and dystrophic Lama2dy mouse heart. J Neurosci Res 1999; 56:295-306. [PMID: 10336259 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19990501)56:3<295::aid-jnr9>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In searching for possible differences in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) forms of dystrophic heart, the properties of ChE species in normal (NH) and dystrophic Lama2dy mouse heart (DH) were investigated. BuChE predominated over AChE. Loosely- and tightly-bound ChEs were released with saline (extract S1) and saline-Triton X-100 buffers (S2). About 50% of AChE, and 25% of BuChE, in NH or DH was measured in S1, and the rest in S2. Asymmetric AChE forms A12 (15%) and A8 (11%), globular hydrophilic G(H)4 (8%), amphiphilic G(A)4 (15%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (51%) AChE species, and BuChE forms G(H)4 (13%), G(A)4 (3%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (84%) were identified in NH and DH. Most of the asymmetric and G(A)4 AChE species were bound to Triticum vulgaris (WGA) or Ricinus communis (RCA) agglutinins. About half of G(H)4 and G(A)2+G(A)1 AChE were bound to WGA, and less (10%) to RCA. Variable amounts of G(H)4+G(A)4 (60%), and G(A)2+G(A)1 (75%) BuChE bound to WGA, and 50 and 10% to RCA. The lack of structural differences between ChE species in NH and DH indicates that, in contrast to the ChE forms in mouse skeletal muscle, the biosynthesis of ChE components in heart is not disturbed by dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular-A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Moorman
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Franco D, Moorman AF, Lamers WH. Expression of the cholinergic signal-transduction pathway components during embryonic rat heart development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1997; 248:110-20. [PMID: 9143674 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199705)248:1<110::aid-ar13>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity is present in the downstream (arterial) part of the embryonic chick and rat heart, but its functional significance was unclear. To establish whether other components of a cholinergic signal-transduction pathway are present in the embryonic heart, we localised the mRNAs encoding choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the muscarinic receptor isoforms (mAChRs; m1-m5). METHODS Messenger RNA detection and localisation by in situ hybridisation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were employed. RESULTS Expression of ChAT and AChE mRNAs was observed from 15 embryonic days onward in the neural tissue covering the dorsocranial wall of the atria. Muscarinic receptors (m1, m2, m4) were observed at the same localisation as AChE and ChAT mRNAs, both during embryogenesis and after birth. In addition, m1 and m4 mAChRs showed a low level of expression in the atrial myocardium during the fetal period. No expression of the m3 or the m5 mAChRs was observed in or near the embryonic hearts. ChAT, AChE, and mAChRs (m1, m2, m4) mRNAs always colocalised in the cardiac ganglia. However, none of these mRNAs was found at a detectable level in the outflow tract and/or the ventricular trabeculations. CONCLUSIONS The AChE activity in the arterial part of the embryonic heart is probably synthesised elsewhere and subserves a function different from the hydrolysis of locally produced acetylcholine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Franco
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hiltunen JO, Arumäe U, Moshnyakov M, Saarma M. Expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their receptors in developing rat heart. Circ Res 1996; 79:930-9. [PMID: 8888685 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.79.5.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Because the neurotrophic system has not been systematically studied in developing heart, we studied the expression of mRNAs for neurotrophins and their high- and low-affinity receptors by radioactive in situ hybridization in the rat heart from embryonic day 9 (E9) to parturition. The neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) transcripts were seen in the group of Leu-7 immunoreactive cells in the ventricular region from E11 to parturition, suggesting that NT-3 is expressed in the part of the developing conduction system, mRNAs for truncated trk receptors, trkC.TK- and trkB.T1, were expressed in the outflow tract at E12 and in the walls of developing aorta and pulmonary trunk from E13 to parturition, whereas the mRNA for catalytic trkC.TK+ was revealed in the walls of aorta and pulmonary trunk from E13 to parturition and in the cardiac ganglion neurons from E14 to adult stage. Transcripts for low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) were transiently seen in the distal outflow tract from E11 to E13, declining by E14. At E18, p75 transcripts were also seen in the cardiac ganglia. Transcripts for nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-4/5, trkA, or trkB.TK+ were not detected. Expression of NT-3 mRNA in the developing conduction system and of trkC.TK + mRNA in the cardiac neurons suggests a role for NT-3 in the innervation of the conduction system. Expression of trkC.TK+ in the wall of aorta and pulmonary trunk suggests that NT-3 also may affect the development of the smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Hiltunen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Helsinki (Finland).
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