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Liao H, Sheridan T, Cosar E, Owens C, Zuo T, Wang X, Akalin A, Kandil D, Dresser K, Fogarty K, Bellve K, Baer C, Fischer A. Deconvolution Microscopy: A Platform for Rapid On-Site Evaluation (ROSE) of Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Specimens that Enables Recovery of the Sample. Cytopathology 2022; 33:312-320. [PMID: 35102620 PMCID: PMC9305921 DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) optimizes the performance of cytology, but requires skilled handling, and smearing can make the material unavailable for some ancillary tests. There is a need to facilitate ROSE without sacrificing part of the sample. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the image quality of inexpensive deconvolution fluorescence microscopy for optically sectioning non-smeared FNA tissue fragments. DESIGN A portion of residual material from 14 FNA samples was stained for 3 minutes in Hoechst 33342 and SyproTM Red to label DNA and protein respectively, transferred to an imaging chamber, and imaged at 200X or 400X magnification at 1 micron intervals using a GE DeltaVision inverted fluorescence microscope. A deconvolution algorithm was applied to remove out of plane signal, and resulting images were inverted and pseudocolored to resemble an H&E section. Five cytopathologists blindly diagnosed 2 to 4 representative image stacks per case (total 70 evaluations), and later compared them to conventional epifluorescent images. RESULTS Accurate definitive diagnoses were rendered in 45 of 70 (64%) total evaluations; equivocal diagnoses (atypical or suspicious) were made in 21 of 70 (30%). There were two false positive and two false negative "definite" diagnoses in three cases (4/70; 6%). Cytopathologists preferred deconvolved images compared to raw images (p< 0.01). The imaged fragments were recovered and prepared into a ThinPrep or cell block without discernable alteration. CONCLUSIONS Deconvolution improves image quality of FNA fragments compared to epifluorescence, often allowing definitive diagnosis while enabling the ROSE material to be subsequently triaged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ediz Cosar
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | - Tao Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | | | - Ali Akalin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School
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Qu M, Lu P, Bellve K, Fogarty K, Lifshitz L, Shi F, Zhuge R. Smooth muscle cell-specific TMEM16A deletion does not alter Ca2+ signaling, uterine contraction, gestation length, or litter size in mice†. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:318-327. [PMID: 31175367 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels in myometrial cells play critical roles in spontaneous and agonist-induced uterine contraction during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy maintenance, and parturition; thus, identifying the genes of ion channels in these cells and determining their roles are essential to understanding the biology of reproduction. Previous studies with in vitro functional and pharmacological approaches have produced controversial results regarding the presence and role of TMEM16A Ca2+-activated Cl- channels in myometrial cells. To unambiguously determine the function of this channel in these cells, we employed a genetic approach by using smooth muscle cell-specific TMEM16A deletion (i.e. TMEM16ASMKO) mice. We found that myometrial cells from TMEM16ASMKO mice generated the same pattern and magnitude in Ca2+ signals upon stimulation with KCl, oxytocin, and PGF2α compared to the isogenic control myometrial cells. At the uterine tissue level, TMEM16A deletion also did not cause detectable changes in either spontaneous or agonist (i.e. KCl, oxytocin, and PGF2α)-induced contractions. Moreover, in vivo the TMEM16ASMKO mice gave birth at full term with the same litter size as genetically identical control mice. Finally, TMEM16A immunostaining in both control and TMEM16ASMKO mice revealed that this protein was highly expressed in the endometrial stroma, but did not co-localize with a smooth muscle specific marker MYH11. Collectively, these results unequivocally demonstrate that TMEM16A does not serve as a pacemaking channel for spontaneous uterine contraction, neither does it function as a depolarizing channel for agonist-evoked uterine contraction. Yet these two functions could underlie the normal gestation length and litter size in the TMEM16ASMKO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzi Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karl Bellve
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ronghua Zhuge
- Department of Microbiology & Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Zheng K, Lu P, Delpapa E, Bellve K, Deng R, Condon JC, Fogarty K, Lifshitz LM, Simas TAM, Shi F, ZhuGe R. Bitter taste receptors as targets for tocolytics in preterm labor therapy. FASEB J 2017; 31:4037-4052. [PMID: 28559440 PMCID: PMC5572693 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601323rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity, with few prevention and treatment options. Uterine contraction is a central feature of PTB, so gaining new insights into the mechanisms of this contraction and consequently identifying novel targets for tocolytics are essential for more successful management of PTB. Here we report that myometrial cells from human and mouse express bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) and their canonical signaling components (i.e., G-protein gustducin and phospholipase C β2). Bitter tastants can completely relax myometrium precontracted by different uterotonics. In isolated single mouse myometrial cells, a phenotypical bitter tastant (chloroquine, ChQ) reverses the rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and cell shortening induced by uterotonics, and this reversal effect is inhibited by pertussis toxin and by genetic deletion of α-gustducin. In human myometrial cells, knockdown of TAS2R14 but not TAS2R10 inhibits ChQ's reversal effect on an oxytocin-induced rise in [Ca2+]i Finally, ChQ prevents mouse PTBs induced by bacterial endotoxin LPS or progesterone receptor antagonist mifepristone more often than current commonly used tocolytics, and this prevention is largely lost in α-gustducin-knockout mice. Collectively, our results reveal that activation of the canonical TAS2R signaling system in myometrial cells produces profound relaxation of myometrium precontracted by a broad spectrum of contractile agonists, and that targeting TAS2Rs is an attractive approach to developing effective tocolytics for PTB management.-Zheng, K., Lu, P., Delpapa, E., Bellve, K., Deng, R., Condon, J. C., Fogarty, K., Lifshitz, L. M., Simas, T. A. M., Shi, F., ZhuGe, R. Bitter taste receptors as targets for tocolytics in preterm labor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizhi Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen Delpapa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karl Bellve
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruitang Deng
- College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingstown, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jennifer C Condon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence M Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tiffany A Moore Simas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China;
| | - Ronghua ZhuGe
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA;
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Ly S, Navaroli DM, Didiot MC, Cardia J, Pandarinathan L, Alterman JF, Fogarty K, Standley C, Lifshitz LM, Bellve KD, Prot M, Echeverria D, Corvera S, Khvorova A. Visualization of self-delivering hydrophobically modified siRNA cellular internalization. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:15-25. [PMID: 27899655 PMCID: PMC5224471 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
siRNAs are a new class of therapeutic modalities with promising clinical efficacy that requires modification or formulation for delivery to the tissue and cell of interest. Conjugation of siRNAs to lipophilic groups supports efficient cellular uptake by a mechanism that is not well characterized. Here we study the mechanism of internalization of asymmetric, chemically stabilized, cholesterol-modified siRNAs (sd-rxRNAs®) that efficiently enter cells and tissues without the need for formulation. We demonstrate that uptake is rapid with significant membrane association within minutes of exposure followed by the formation of vesicular structures and internalization. Furthermore, sd-rxRNAs are internalized by a specific class of early endosomes and show preferential association with epidermal growth factor (EGF) but not transferrin (Tf) trafficking pathways as shown by live cell TIRF and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). In fixed cells, we observe ∼25% of sd-rxRNA co-localizing with EGF and <5% with Tf, which is indicative of selective endosomal sorting. Likewise, preferential sd-rxRNA co-localization was demonstrated with EEA1 but not RBSN-containing endosomes, consistent with preferential EGF-like trafficking through EEA1-containing endosomes. sd-rxRNA cellular uptake is a two-step process, with rapid membrane association followed by internalization through a selective, saturable subset of the endocytic process. However, the mechanistic role of EEA1 is not yet known. This method of visualization can be used to better understand the kinetics and mechanisms of hydrophobic siRNA cellular uptake and will assist in further optimization of these types of compounds for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socheata Ly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Deanna M Navaroli
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Marie-Cécile Didiot
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | | | - Julia F Alterman
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Clive Standley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Lawrence M Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Karl D Bellve
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Dimas Echeverria
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Silvia Corvera
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Zhang L, Bellve K, Fogarty K, Kobertz WR. Fluorescent Visualization of Cellular Proton Fluxes. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1449-1457. [PMID: 27916567 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells use plasma membrane proton fluxes to maintain cytoplasmic and extracellular pH and to mediate the co-transport of metabolites and ions. Because proton-coupled transport often involves movement of multiple substrates, traditional electrical measurements provide limited information about proton transport at the cell surface. Here we visualize voltage-dependent proton fluxes over the entire landscape of a cell by covalently attaching small-molecule fluorescent pH sensors to the cell's glycocalyx. We found that the extracellularly facing sensors enable real-time detection of proton accumulation and depletion at the plasma membrane, providing an indirect readout of channel and transporter activity that correlated with whole-cell proton current. Moreover, the proton wavefront emanating from one cell was readily visible as it crossed over nearby cells. Given that any small-molecule fluorescent sensor can be covalently attached to a cell's glycocalyx, our approach is readily adaptable to visualize most electrogenic and non-electrogenic transport events at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
| | - Karl Bellve
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA
| | - William R Kobertz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA; Programs in Neuroscience and Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-2324, USA.
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Kubo T, Brown JM, Bellve K, Craige B, Craft JM, Fogarty K, Lechtreck KF, Witman GB. Together, the IFT81 and IFT74 N-termini form the main module for intraflagellar transport of tubulin. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2106-19. [PMID: 27068536 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly and maintenance of most cilia and flagella rely on intraflagellar transport (IFT). Recent in vitro studies have suggested that, together, the calponin-homology domain within the IFT81 N-terminus and the highly basic N-terminus of IFT74 form a module for IFT of tubulin. By using Chlamydomonas mutants for IFT81 and IFT74, we tested this hypothesis in vivo. Modification of the predicted tubulin-binding residues in IFT81 did not significantly affect basic anterograde IFT and length of steady-state flagella but slowed down flagellar regeneration, a phenotype similar to that seen in a strain that lacks the IFT74 N-terminus. In both mutants, the frequency of tubulin transport by IFT was greatly reduced. A double mutant that combined the modifications to IFT81 and IFT74 was able to form only very short flagella. These results indicate that, together, the IFT81 and IFT74 N-termini are crucial for flagellar assembly, and are likely to function as the main module for IFT of tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jason M Brown
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA Biology Department, Salem State University, Salem, MA 01970, USA
| | - Karl Bellve
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Branch Craige
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Julie M Craft
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Biomedical Imaging Group, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - George B Witman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Blackwood J, Shubert T, Fogarty K, Chase C. The Impact of a Home-Based Computerized Cognitive Training Intervention on Fall Risk Measure Performance in Community Dwelling Older Adults, a Pilot Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2016; 20:138-45. [PMID: 26812509 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive intervention studies have reported improvements in various domains of cognition as well as a transfer effect of improved function post training. Despite the availability of web based cognitive training programs, most intervention studies have been performed under the supervision of researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to first, examine the feasibility of a six week home based computerized cognitive training (CCT) program in a group of community dwelling older adults and, second, to determine if a CCT program which focused on set shifting, attention, and visual spatial ability impacted fall risk measure performance. DESIGN This pilot study used a pretest/posttest experimental design with randomization by testing site to an intervention or control group. PARTICIPANTS Community dwelling older adults (mean age = 74.6 years) participated in either the control (N=25) or the intervention group (N=19). INTERVENTION Intervention group subjects participated in 6 weeks of home based CCT 3x/week for an average of 23 minutes/session, using an online CCT program. MEASUREMENTS Comparisons of mean scores on three measures of physical function (usual gait speed, five times sit to stand, timed up and go) were completed at baseline and week 7. RESULTS Following the completion of an average of 18 sessions of CCT at home with good adherence (86%) and retention (92%) rates, a statistically significant difference in gait speed was found between groups with an average improvement of 0.14 m/s in the intervention group. CONCLUSION A home based CCT program is a feasible approach to targeting cognitive impairments known to influence fall risk and changes in gait in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blackwood
- J. Blackwood, University of Michigan-Flint, Physical Therapy, 303 East Kearsley Street, Flint, MI 48502, USA, 8107623373, FAX: 8107666668,
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Madhavacheril M, Sehgal N, Allison R, Battaglia N, Bond JR, Calabrese E, Caligiuri J, Coughlin K, Crichton D, Datta R, Devlin MJ, Dunkley J, Dünner R, Fogarty K, Grace E, Hajian A, Hasselfield M, Hill JC, Hilton M, Hincks AD, Hlozek R, Hughes JP, Kosowsky A, Louis T, Lungu M, McMahon J, Moodley K, Munson C, Naess S, Nati F, Newburgh L, Niemack MD, Page LA, Partridge B, Schmitt B, Sherwin BD, Sievers J, Spergel DN, Staggs ST, Thornton R, Van Engelen A, Ward JT, Wollack EJ. Evidence of lensing of the cosmic microwave background by dark matter halos. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:151302. [PMID: 25933304 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.151302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence of the gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background by 10(13) solar mass dark matter halos. Lensing convergence maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarimeter (ACTPol) are stacked at the positions of around 12 000 optically selected CMASS galaxies from the SDSS-III/BOSS survey. The mean lensing signal is consistent with simulated dark matter halo profiles and is favored over a null signal at 3.2σ significance. This result demonstrates the potential of microwave background lensing to probe the dark matter distribution in galaxy group and galaxy cluster halos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Madhavacheril
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Neelima Sehgal
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Rupert Allison
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Battaglia
- McWilliams Center for Cosmology, Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Physics, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - J Richard Bond
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8
| | - Erminia Calabrese
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin Coughlin
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Devin Crichton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2686, USA
| | - Rahul Datta
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Mark J Devlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Joanna Dunkley
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - Rolando Dünner
- Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificía Universidad Católica, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
| | - Kevin Fogarty
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2686, USA
| | - Emily Grace
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Amir Hajian
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8
| | - Matthew Hasselfield
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J Colin Hill
- Department of Astronomy, Pupin Hall, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Matt Hilton
- Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Adam D Hincks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Renée Hlozek
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - John P Hughes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, USA
| | - Arthur Kosowsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Thibaut Louis
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Lungu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jeff McMahon
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Kavilan Moodley
- Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Charles Munson
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Sigurd Naess
- Sub-Department of Astrophysics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Nati
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università La Sapienza, P. le A. Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Newburgh
- Dunlap Institute, University of Toronto, 50 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H4
| | - Michael D Niemack
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Lyman A Page
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Bruce Partridge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Benjamin Schmitt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Blake D Sherwin
- Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, LBL and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jon Sievers
- Astrophysics and Cosmology Research Unit, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- National Institute for Theoretical Physics (NITheP), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - David N Spergel
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Suzanne T Staggs
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Robert Thornton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Physics, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, USA
| | - Alexander Van Engelen
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H8
| | - Jonathan T Ward
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Edward J Wollack
- NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
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Stockler S, Corvera S, Lambright D, Fogarty K, Nosova E, Leonard D, Steinfeld R, Ackerley C, Shyr C, Au N, Selby K, van Allen M, Vallance H, Wevers R, Watkins D, Rosenblatt D, Ross CJ, Conibear E, Wasserman W, van Karnebeek C. Single point mutation in Rabenosyn-5 in a female with intractable seizures and evidence of defective endocytotic trafficking. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:141. [PMID: 25233840 PMCID: PMC4177245 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We report a 6.5 year-old female with a homozygous missense mutation in ZFYVE20, encoding Rabenosyn-5 (Rbsn-5), a highly conserved multi-domain protein implicated in receptor-mediated endocytosis. The clinical presentation includes intractable seizures, developmental delay, microcephaly, dysostosis, osteopenia, craniofacial dysmorphism, macrocytosis and megaloblastoid erythropoiesis. Biochemical findings include transient cobalamin deficiency, severe hypertriglyceridemia upon ketogenic diet, microalbuminuria and partial cathepsin D deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Whole exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing confirmed a rare (frequency:0.003987) homozygous missense mutation, g.15,116,371 G > A (c.1273G > A), in ZFYVE20 resulting in an amino acid change from Glycine to Arginine at position 425 of the Rbsn protein (p.Gly425Arg), as the only mutation segregating with disease in the family. Studies in fibroblasts revealed expression and localization of Rbsn-5G425R in wild-type manner, but a 50% decrease in transferrin accumulation, which is corrected by wild-type allele transfection. Furthermore, the patient's fibroblasts displayed an impaired proliferation rate, cytoskeletal and lysosomal abnormalities. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with a functional defect in the early endocytic pathway resulting from mutation in Rbsn-5, which secondarily disrupts multiple cellular functions dependent on endocytosis, leading to a severe multi-organ disorder.
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11
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Guo D, Standley C, Bellve K, Fogarty K, Bao ZZ. Protein kinase Cα and integrin-linked kinase mediate the negative axon guidance effects of Sonic hedgehog. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 50:82-92. [PMID: 22521536 PMCID: PMC3383945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to its role as a morphogen, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has also been shown to function as a guidance factor that directly acts on the growth cones of various types of axons. However, the noncanonical signaling pathways that mediate the guidance effects of Shh protein remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that a novel signaling pathway consisting of protein kinase Cα (PKCα) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) mediates the negative guidance effects of high concentration of Shh on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. Shh rapidly increased Ca(2+) level and activated PKCα and ILK in the growth cones of RGC axons. By in vitro kinase assay, PKCα was found to directly phosphorylate ILK on threonine-173 and -181. Inhibition of PKCα or expression of a mutant ILK with the PKCα phosphorylation sites mutated (ILK-DM), abolished the Shh-induced macropinocytosis, growth cone collapse and repulsive axon turning. In vivo, expression of a dominant negative PKCα or ILK-DM disrupted RGC axon pathfinding at the optic chiasm but not the projection toward the optic disk, supporting that this signaling pathway plays a specific role in Shh-mediated negative guidance effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorong Guo
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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12
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Goel HL, Pursell B, Standley C, Fogarty K, Mercurio AM. Neuropilin-2 regulates α6β1 integrin in the formation of focal adhesions and signaling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:497-506. [PMID: 22302985 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropilins (NRPs) contribute to the function of cancer cells in their capacity as VEGF receptors. Given that NRP2 is induced in breast cancer and correlates with aggressive disease, we examined the role of NRP2 in regulating the interaction of breast cancer cells with the ECM. Using epithelial cells from breast tumors, we defined NRP2(high) and NRP2(low) populations that differed in integrin expression and adhesion to laminin. Specifically, the NRP2(high) population adhered more avidly to laminin and expressed high levels of the α6β1 integrin than the NRP2(low) population. The NRP2(high) population formed numerous focal adhesions on laminin that were not seen in the NRP2(low) population. These results were substantiated using breast carcinoma cell lines that express NRP2 and α6β1 integrin. Depletion experiments revealed that adhesive strength on laminin but not collagen is dependent on NRP2, and that VEGF is needed for adhesion on laminin. A specific interaction between NRP2 and α6β1 integrin was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. NRP2 is necessary for focal adhesion formation on laminin and for the association of α6β1 integrin with the cytoskeleton. NRP2 also facilitates α6β1-integrin-mediated activation of FAK and Src. Unexpectedly, we discovered that NRP2 is located in focal adhesions on laminin. The mechanism by which NRP2 regulates the interaction of α6β1 integrin with laminin to form focal adhesions involves PKC activation. Together, our data reveal a new VEGF-NRP2 signaling pathway that activates the α6β1 integrin and enables it to form focal adhesions and signal. This pathway is important in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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13
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Romics L, Dy EA, Coffey JC, Herlihy D, Aftab F, Chaudhry MZ, Fogarty K, O’Donnell JA, Redmond HP. Initial experiences with isolated limb perfusion for unresectable melanoma of the limb. Ir J Med Sci 2011; 180:517-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-010-0664-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jurczyk A, Pino SC, O'Sullivan-Murphy B, Addorio M, Lidstone EA, Diiorio P, Lipson KL, Standley C, Fogarty K, Lifshitz L, Urano F, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Bortell R. A novel role for the centrosomal protein, pericentrin, in regulation of insulin secretory vesicle docking in mouse pancreatic beta-cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11812. [PMID: 20676397 PMCID: PMC2910730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is important for microtubule organization and cell cycle progression in animal cells. Recently, mutations in the centrosomal protein, pericentrin, have been linked to human microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD II), a rare genetic disease characterized by severe growth retardation and early onset of type 2 diabetes among other clinical manifestations. While the link between centrosomal and cell cycle defects may account for growth deficiencies, the mechanism linking pericentrin mutations with dysregulated glucose homeostasis and pre-pubertal onset of diabetes is unknown. In this report we observed abundant expression of pericentrin in quiescent pancreatic β-cells of normal animals which led us to hypothesize that pericentrin may have a critical function in β-cells distinct from its known role in regulating cell cycle progression. In addition to the typical centrosome localization, pericentrin was also enriched with secretory vesicles in the cytoplasm. Pericentrin overexpression in β-cells resulted in aggregation of insulin-containing secretory vesicles with cytoplasmic, but not centrosomal, pericentriolar material and an increase in total levels of intracellular insulin. RNAi- mediated silencing of pericentrin in secretory β-cells caused dysregulated secretory vesicle hypersecretion of insulin into the media. Together, these data suggest that pericentrin may regulate the intracellular distribution and secretion of insulin. Mice transplanted with pericentrin-depleted islets exhibited abnormal fasting hypoglycemia and inability to regulate blood glucose normally during a glucose challenge, which is consistent with our in vitro data. This previously unrecognized function for a centrosomal protein to mediate vesicle docking in secretory endocrine cells emphasizes the adaptability of these scaffolding proteins to regulate diverse cellular processes and identifies a novel target for modulating regulated protein secretion in disorders such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jurczyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Fogarty K. Anthony John Fogarty. West J Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.a1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Bao ZZ, Chau M, Tuft R, Fogarty K. Diverse roles of Notch signaling in cardiac cell differentiation, migration and ventricular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Fogarty K, Chau M, Tuft R, Bao ZZ. WITHDRAWN: Diverse roles of Notch signaling in cardiac cell differentiation, migration and ventricular morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Hayakawa A, Leonard D, Murphy S, Hayes S, Soto M, Fogarty K, Standley C, Bellve K, Lambright D, Mello C, Corvera S. The WD40 and FYVE domain containing protein 2 defines a class of early endosomes necessary for endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:11928-33. [PMID: 16873553 PMCID: PMC1567675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0508832103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The FYVE domain binds with high specificity and avidity to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. It is present in approximately 30 proteins in humans, some of which have been implicated in functions ranging from early endosome fusion to signal transduction through the TGF-beta receptor. To develop a further understanding of the biological roles of this protein family, we turned to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, which contains only 12 genes predicted to encode for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate binding, FYVE domain-containing proteins, all of which have homologs in the human genome. Each of these proteins was targeted individually by RNA interference. One protein, WDFY2, produced a strong inhibition of endocytosis when silenced. WDFY2 contains WD40 motifs and a FYVE domain, is highly conserved between species, and localizes to a set of small endosomes that reside within 100 nm from the plasma membrane. These endosomes are involved in transferrin uptake but lack the classical endosomal markers Rab5 and EEA1. Silencing of WDFY2 by siRNA in mammalian cells impaired transferrin endocytosis. These studies reveal the important, conserved role of WDFY2 in endocytosis, and the existence of a subset of early endosomes, closely associated with the plasma membrane, that may constitute the first stage of endocytic processing of internalized cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Fogarty
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01615
| | - Clive Standley
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01615
| | - Karl Bellve
- Biomedical Imaging Group, Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01615
| | | | | | - Silvia Corvera
- *Program in Molecular Medicine and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chau MDL, Tuft R, Fogarty K, Bao ZZ. Notch signaling plays a key role in cardiac cell differentiation. Mech Dev 2006; 123:626-40. [PMID: 16843648 PMCID: PMC1567976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 05/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Results from lineage tracing studies indicate that precursor cells in the ventricles give rise to both cardiac muscle and conduction cells. Cardiac conduction cells are specialized cells responsible for orchestrating the rhythmic contractions of the heart. Here, we show that Notch signaling plays an important role in the differentiation of cardiac muscle and conduction cell lineages in the ventricles. Notch1 expression coincides with a conduction marker, HNK-1, at early stages. Misexpression of constitutively active Notch1 (NIC) in early heart tubes in chick exhibited multiple effects on cardiac cell differentiation. Cells expressing NIC had a significant decrease in expression of cardiac muscle markers, but an increase in expression of conduction cell markers, HNK-1, and SNAP-25. However, the expression of the conduction marker connexin 40 was inhibited. Loss-of-function study, using a dominant-negative form of Suppressor-of-Hairless, further supports that Notch1 signaling is important for the differentiation of these cardiac cell types. Functional studies show that the expression of constitutively active Notch1 resulted in abnormalities in ventricular conduction pathway patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D L Chau
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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20
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Huang S, Lifshitz L, Patki-Kamath V, Tuft R, Fogarty K, Czech MP. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate-rich plasma membrane patches organize active zones of endocytosis and ruffling in cultured adipocytes. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:9102-23. [PMID: 15456883 PMCID: PMC517906 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.20.9102-9123.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major regulator of endocytosis and cortical F-actin is thought to be phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] present in plasma membranes. Here we report that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, clathrin-coated membrane retrieval and dense concentrations of polymerized actin occur in restricted zones of high endocytic activity. Ultrafast-acquisition and superresolution deconvolution microscopy of cultured adipocytes expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein- or enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP)-tagged phospholipase Cdelta1 (PLCdelta1) pleckstrin homology (PH) domain reveals that these zones spatially coincide with large-scale PtdIns(4,5)P2-rich plasma membrane patches (PRMPs). PRMPs exhibit lateral dimensions exceeding several micrometers, are relatively stationary, and display extensive local membrane folding that concentrates PtdIns(4,5)P2 in three-dimensional space. In addition, a higher concentration of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the membranes of PRMPs than in other regions of the plasma membrane can be detected by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. Vesicular structures containing both clathrin heavy chains and PtdIns(4,5)P2 are revealed immediately beneath PRMPs, as is dense F actin. Blockade of PtdIns(4,5)P2 function in PRMPs by high expression of the ECFP-tagged PLCdelta1 PH domain inhibits transferrin endocytosis and reduces the abundance of cortical F-actin. Membrane ruffles induced by the expression of unconventional myosin 1c were also found to localize at PRMPs. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PRMPs organize active PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling zones in the adipocyte plasma membrane that in turn control regulators of endocytosis, actin dynamics, and membrane ruffling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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Bose A, Robida S, Furcinitti PS, Chawla A, Fogarty K, Corvera S, Czech MP. Unconventional myosin Myo1c promotes membrane fusion in a regulated exocytic pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5447-58. [PMID: 15169906 PMCID: PMC419880 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.12.5447-5458.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is controlled in part by regulation of glucose uptake into muscle and adipose tissue. Intracellular membrane vesicles containing the GLUT4 glucose transporter move towards the cell cortex in response to insulin and then fuse with the plasma membrane. Here we show that the fusion step is retarded by the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. Treatment of insulin-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 causes the accumulation of GLUT4-containing vesicles just beneath the cell surface. This accumulation of GLUT4-containing vesicles near the plasma membrane prior to fusion requires an intact cytoskeletal network and the unconventional myosin motor Myo1c. Remarkably, enhanced Myo1c expression under these conditions causes extensive membrane ruffling and overrides the block in membrane fusion caused by LY294002, restoring the display of GLUT4 on the cell exterior. Ultrafast microscopic analysis revealed that insulin treatment leads to the mobilization of GLUT4-containing vesicles to these regions of Myo1c-induced membrane ruffles. Thus, localized membrane remodeling driven by the Myo1c motor appears to facilitate the fusion of exocytic GLUT4-containing vesicles with the adipocyte plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avirup Bose
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, USA
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22
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Hayakawa A, Hayes SJ, Lawe DC, Sudharshan E, Tuft R, Fogarty K, Lambright D, Corvera S. Structural Basis for Endosomal Targeting by FYVE Domains. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:5958-66. [PMID: 14594806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310503200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FYVE domain is a conserved protein motif characterized by its ability to bind with high affinity and specificity to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), a phosphoinositide highly enriched in early endosomes. The PI3P polar head group contacts specific amino acid residues that are conserved among FYVE domains. Despite full conservation of these residues, the ability of different FYVE domains to bind to endosomes in cells is highly variable. Here we show that the endosomal localization in intact cells absolutely requires structural features intrinsic to the FYVE domain in addition to the PI3P binding pocket. These features are involved in FYVE domain dimerization and in interaction with the membrane bilayer. These interactions, which are determined by non-conserved residues, are likely to be essential for the temporal and spatial control of protein associations at the membrane-cytosol interface within the endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hayakawa
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester 01605, USA
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23
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Lawe DC, Sitouah N, Hayes S, Chawla A, Virbasius JV, Tuft R, Fogarty K, Lifshitz L, Lambright D, Corvera S. Essential role of Ca2+/calmodulin in Early Endosome Antigen-1 localization. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:2935-45. [PMID: 12857876 PMCID: PMC165688 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-09-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is an essential requirement in membrane fusion, acting through binding proteins such as calmodulin (CaM). Ca2+/CaM is required for early endosome fusion in vitro, however, the molecular basis for this requirement is unknown. An additional requirement for endosome fusion is the protein Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1), and its recruitment to the endosome depends on phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] and the Rab5 GTPase. Herein, we demonstrate that inhibition of Ca2+/CaM, by using either chemical inhibitors or specific antibodies directed to CaM, results in a profound inhibition of EEA1 binding to endosomal membranes both in live cells and in vitro. The concentration of Ca2+/CaM inhibitors required for a full dissociation of EEA1 from endosomal membranes had no effect on the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases or on endogenous levels of PI(3)P. However, the interaction of EEA1 with liposomes containing PI(3)P was decreased by Ca2+/CaM inhibitors. Thus, Ca2+/CaM seems to be required for the stable interaction of EEA1 with endosomal PI(3)P, perhaps by directly or indirectly stabilizing the quaternary organization of the C-terminal FYVE domain of EEA1. This requirement is likely to underlie at least in part the essential role of Ca2+/CaM in endosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Lawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 10615, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Femino
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Lawe DC, Chawla A, Merithew E, Dumas J, Carrington W, Fogarty K, Lifshitz L, Tuft R, Lambright D, Corvera S. Sequential roles for phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Rab5 in tethering and fusion of early endosomes via their interaction with EEA1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8611-7. [PMID: 11602609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109239200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) is a 170-kDa polypeptide required for endosome fusion in mammalian cells. The COOH terminus of EEA1 contains a FYVE domain that interacts specifically with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns-3-P) and a Rab5 GTPase binding region adjacent to the FYVE domain. The dual interaction of EEA1 with both PtdIns-3-P and Rab5 has been hypothesized to provide the specificity required to target EEA1 to early endosomes. To test this hypothesis, we generated truncated (amino acids 1277--1411) and full-length EEA1 constructs containing point mutations in the COOH terminus that impair Rab5 but not PtdIns-3-P binding. These constructs localized to endosomes in intact cells as efficiently as their wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, overexpression of the truncated constructs, both wild-type and mutated, impaired the function of endogenous EEA1 resulting in the accumulation of small, untethered endosomes. These results suggest that association with Rab5 is not necessary for the initial binding and tethering functions of EEA1. A role for Rab5 binding was revealed, however, upon comparison of endosomes in cells expressing full-length wild-type or mutated EEA1. The mutant full-length EEA1 caused the accumulation of endosome clusters and suppressed the enlargement of endosomes caused by a persistently active form of Rab5 (Rab5Q79L). In contrast, expression of wild-type EEA1 with Rab5Q79L enhanced this enlargement. Thus, endosome tethering depends on the interaction of EEA1 with PtdIns-3-P, and its interaction with Rab5 appears to regulate subsequent fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Lawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01615, USA
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Ballen KK, Hesketh AM, Heyes C, Becker PS, Emmons RV, Fogarty K, LaPointe J, Liu Q, Hsieh CC, Hesketh PJ. Prospective evaluation of antiemetic outcome following high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell support. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:1061-6. [PMID: 11781617 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2001] [Accepted: 07/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in improving the control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. The impact of available antiemetic options for patients receiving stem cell transplants is unclear, as few prospective data have been collected. We prospectively evaluated antiemetic outcome in patients receiving stem cell transplantation over a 7-day period following the initiation of chemotherapy. The primary endpoints were the number of emetic episodes and the extent of nausea measured on a four-point scale. Eighty-two patients were evaluated. Ninety-five percent of patients had nausea during the first week of treatment; 80% had at least one emetic episode. The percentage of patients with emesis was as follows: day 1: 13%, day 2: 21%, day 3: 30%, day 4: 38%, day 5: 44%, day 6: 39%, day 7: 18%. In multivariate analysis, gender, emesis with prior chemotherapy, history of morning or motion sickness, type of transplant (auto vs allo), use of total body irradiation, or use of dexamethasone did not effect emesis control. Most patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy experience incompletely controlled emesis. Control of nausea and emesis progressively worsened with each subsequent day following initiation of chemotherapy, reaching a nadir on day 5. New treatment approaches are needed to improve emesis control in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Ballen
- Department of Medicine, UMass Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Patki V, Buxton J, Chawla A, Lifshitz L, Fogarty K, Carrington W, Tuft R, Corvera S. Insulin action on GLUT4 traffic visualized in single 3T3-l1 adipocytes by using ultra-fast microscopy. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:129-41. [PMID: 11160828 PMCID: PMC30573 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel imaging technology, high-speed microscopy, has been used to visualize the process of GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin in single 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A key advantage of this technology is that it requires extremely low light exposure times, allowing the quasi-continuous capture of information over 20-30 min without photobleaching or photodamage. The half-time for the accumulation of GLUT4-eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) at the plasma membrane in a single cell was found to be of 5-7 min at 37 degrees C. This half-time is substantially longer than that of exocytic vesicle fusion in neuroendocrine cells, suggesting that additional regulatory mechanisms are involved in the stimulation of GLUT4 translocation by insulin. Analysis of four-dimensional images (3-D over time) revealed that, in response to insulin, GLUT4-eGFP-enriched vesicles rapidly travel from the juxtanuclear region to the plasma membrane. In nontransfected adipocytes, impairment of microtubule and actin filament function inhibited insulin-stimulated glucose transport by 70 and 50%, respectively. When both filament systems were impaired insulin-stimulated glucose transport was completely inhibited. Taken together, the data suggest that the regulation of long-range motility of GLUT4-containing vesicles through the interaction with microtubule- and actin-based cytoskeletal networks plays an important role in the overall effect of insulin on GLUT4 translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Patki
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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28
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Makoske T, Preletz R, Riley L, Fogarty K, Swank M, Cochrane P, Blisard D. Long-Term Outcomes of Stereotactic Breast Biopsies. Am Surg 2000. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480006601204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Stereotactic core needle biopsies (SCNBs) are accurate and relatively convenient for the patient; however, the long-term follow-up of benign results has not been reported. All patients between 1993 and 1998 undergoing SCNB at a community-based hospital were entered into a registry. Follow-up was obtained by a retrospective analysis of the charts. Biopsies were performed on 865 lesions. One hundred thirty-one (15%) were malignant, 42 (5%) were suspicious for malignancy, 687 (79%) were benign, and five (1%) were lobular carcinoma in situ. Of the 42 patients with suspicious findings 38 underwent biopsy. Ten were malignant and 28 benign. Of the 687 patients with benign pathology, 377 had follow-up available with a mean length of 1.7 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of SCNB for benign lesions in our study are all 100 per cent. Eight lesions were worrisome and await final analysis. Of 687 patients with benign lesions 310 were lost to follow-up. This study suggests that patients with a benign diagnosis should be returned to routine mammography. These data also extend the reported follow-up to 1.7 years and establish an acceptable level of accuracy for SCNB. The lost patients remind us that follow-up is essential despite a benign diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Makoske
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem
| | - Rudolph Preletz
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem
| | - Lee Riley
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem
| | | | - Mark Swank
- Department of Radiology, Pocono Medical Center, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Cochrane
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem
| | - Deanna Blisard
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem
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29
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Makoske T, Preletz R, Riley L, Fogarty K, Swank M, Cochrane P, Blisard D. Long-term outcomes of stereotactic breast biopsies. Am Surg 2000; 66:1104-8; discussion 1108-9. [PMID: 11149580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Stereotactic core needle biopsies (SCNBs) are accurate and relatively convenient for the patient; however, the long-term follow-up of benign results has not been reported. All patients between 1993 and 1998 undergoing SCNB at a community-based hospital were entered into a registry. Follow-up was obtained by a retrospective analysis of the charts. Biopsies were performed on 865 lesions. One hundred thirty-one (15%) were malignant, 42 (5%) were suspicious for malignancy, 687 (79%) were benign, and five (1%) were lobular carcinoma in situ. Of the 42 patients with suspicious findings 38 underwent biopsy. Ten were malignant and 28 benign. Of the 687 patients with benign pathology, 377 had follow-up available with a mean length of 1.7 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of SCNB for benign lesions in our study are all 100 per cent. Eight lesions were worrisome and await final analysis. Of 687 patients with benign lesions 310 were lost to follow-up. This study suggests that patients with a benign diagnosis should be returned to routine mammography. These data also extend the reported follow-up to 1.7 years and establish an acceptable level of accuracy for SCNB. The lost patients remind us that follow-up is essential despite a benign diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Makoske
- Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Hospital and Health Network, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015, USA
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30
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Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and digital imaging microscopy were modified to allow detection of single RNA molecules. Oligodeoxynucleotide probes were synthesized with five fluorochromes per molecule, and the light emitted by a single probe was calibrated. Points of light in exhaustively deconvolved images of hybridized cells gave fluorescent intensities and distances between probes consistent with single messenger RNA molecules. Analysis of beta-actin transcription sites after serum induction revealed synchronous and cyclical transcription from single genes. The rates of transcription initiation and termination and messenger RNA processing could be determined by positioning probes along the transcription unit. This approach extends the power of FISH to yield quantitative molecular information on a single cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Femino
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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31
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Lee C, Fogarty K, Jolley A. Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of suspected cornual pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 1995; 40:474-6. [PMID: 7650664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lee
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, St. Luke's Hospital, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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32
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Freeman JJ, Altieri RH, Baptiste HJ, Kuo T, Crittenden S, Fogarty K, Moultrie M, Coney E, Kanegis K. Evaluation and management of sialorrhea of pregnancy with concomitant hyperemesis. J Natl Med Assoc 1994; 86:704-8. [PMID: 7966435 PMCID: PMC2607586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This article describes two gravid patients who presented with first-trimester sialorrhea and hyperemesis. Although excessive salivation, especially when accompanied by protracted nausea and vomiting, is an unusual occurrence, it can have serious consequences for both the mother and fetus when left untreated. Initially, phenothiazine was prescribed and later belladonna alkaloid was added separately to the two treatment regimens. In order to successfully treat the excessive salivation, it was necessary to control the nausea and vomiting. Eradication of sialorrhea and hyperemesis were effected 10 days posttreatment. For both patients, pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum intervals proceeded uneventfully. Mothers and infants remain in good health 2 years posttreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Freeman
- Nassau County Department of Health, Hempstead, New York
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Carter KC, Bowman D, Carrington W, Fogarty K, McNeil JA, Fay FS, Lawrence JB. A three-dimensional view of precursor messenger RNA metabolism within the mammalian nucleus. Science 1993; 259:1330-5. [PMID: 8446902 DOI: 10.1126/science.8446902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative three-dimensional analysis of nuclear components involved in precursor messenger RNA metabolism was performed with a combination of fluorescence hybridization, immunofluorescence, and digital imaging microscopy. Polyadenylate [poly(A)] RNA-rich transcript domains were discrete, internal nuclear regions that formed a ventrally positioned horizontal array in monolayer cells. A dimmer, sometimes strand-like, poly(A) RNA signal was dispersed throughout the nucleoplasm. Spliceosome assembly factor SC-35 localized within the center of individual domains. These data support a nuclear model in which there is a specific topological arrangement of noncontiguous centers involved in precursor messenger RNA metabolism, from which RNA transport toward the nuclear envelope radiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Carter
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center,Worcester 01655
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Abstract
Thirteen elementary school age children with acute leukemia who had received cranial irradiation with dosages between 1,800 and 4,800 rads a mean of 6.3 years earlier were evaluated for the presence of learning disorders. The authors utilized both psychometric and educational tests. The results were analyzed according to a graduated regressed standard score procedure and yielded the following diagnoses: mental retardation, two (15%); learning disability in reading and mathematics, two (15%); learning disability in mathematics, five (39%); no psychoeducational diagnosis, four (31%). Of the nine children (69%) who qualified for a specific psychoeducational diagnosis, only three were receiving any special educational services. The failure of a previous assessment of this same group of children at our center and of other research reports to uncover a similarly high incidence of neurodevelopmental pathology may be due to the specific tests employed or to the later onset of measurable difficulties in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fogarty
- Section of Pediatric Oncology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Missouri
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