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The Cerebellum in Niemann-Pick C1 Disease: Mouse Versus Man. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 22:102-119. [PMID: 35040097 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Selective neuronal vulnerability is common to most degenerative disorders, including Niemann-Pick C (NPC), a rare genetic disease with altered intracellular trafficking of cholesterol. Purkinje cell dysfunction and loss are responsible for cerebellar ataxia, which is among the prevailing neurological signs of the NPC disease. In this review, we focus on some questions that are still unresolved. First, we frame the cerebellar vulnerability in the context of the extended postnatal time length by which the development of this structure is completed in mammals. In line with this thought, the much later development of cerebellar symptoms in humans is due to the later development and/or maturation of the cerebellum. Hence, the occurrence of developmental events under a protracted condition of defective intracellular cholesterol mobilization hits the functional maturation of the various cell types generating the ground of increased vulnerability. This is particularly consistent with the high cholesterol demand required for cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synapse formation/remodeling. Other major questions we address are why the progression of Purkinje cells loss is always from the anterior to the posterior lobes and why cerebellar defects persist in the mouse model even when genetic manipulations can lead to nearly normal survival.
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Two-Photon Laser Ablation and In Vivo Wide-Field Imaging of Inferior Olive Neurons Revealed the Recovery of Olivocerebellar Circuits in Zebrafish. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168357. [PMID: 34444107 PMCID: PMC8391264 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, a brain region with a high degree of plasticity, is pivotal in motor control, learning, and cognition. The cerebellar reserve is the capacity of the cerebellum to respond and adapt to various disorders via resilience and reversibility. Although structural and functional recovery has been reported in mammals and has attracted attention regarding treatments for cerebellar dysfunction, such as spinocerebellar degeneration, the regulatory mechanisms of the cerebellar reserve are largely unidentified, particularly at the circuit level. Herein, we established an optical approach using zebrafish, an ideal vertebrate model in optical techniques, neuroscience, and developmental biology. By combining two-photon laser ablation of the inferior olive (IO) and long-term non-invasive imaging of "the whole brain" at a single-cell resolution, we succeeded in visualization of the morphological changes occurring in the IO neuron population and showed at a single-cell level that structural remodeling of the olivocerebellar circuit occurred in a relatively short period. This system, in combination with various functional analyses, represents a novel and powerful approach for uncovering the mechanisms of the cerebellar reserve, and highlights the potential of the zebrafish model to elucidate the organizing principles of neuronal circuits and their homeostasis in health and disease.
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3
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Beuriat PA, Cristofori I, Richard N, Bardi L, Loriette C, Szathmari A, Di Rocco F, Leblond P, Frappaz D, Faure-Conter C, Claude L, Mottolese C, Desmurget M. Cerebellar lesions at a young age predict poorer long-term functional recovery. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa027. [PMID: 32954287 PMCID: PMC7425375 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early studies on long-term functional recovery after motor and premotor lesions showed better outcomes in younger monkeys than in older monkeys. This finding led to the widespread belief that brain injuries cause less impairment in children than adults. However, this view has limitations and a large body of evidence now indicates that cerebral damages can be more harmful when inflicted at young age, during critical periods of neural development. To date, this issue has been mainly investigated in the context of focal and diffuse cortical lesions. Much less is known about the potential influence of early cerebellar damages. Several studies exist in survivor of posterior fossa tumours. However, in these studies, critical confounders were not always considered and contradictory conclusions were provided. We studied the impact or early cerebellar damage on long-term functional recovery in three groups of 15 posterior fossa survivors, comparable with respect to their tumour characteristics (type, size and location) but operated at different ages: young (≤7 years), middle (>7 and ≤13 years) and older (>13 years). Daily (health-related quality of life scale, performance status scale), motor (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Pegboard Purdue Test) and cognitive (full-scale intelligence quotient) functioning were assessed. A general linear model controlling for age at surgery, radiotherapy, preservation of deep cerebellar nuclei, tumour volume and delay between surgery and assessment was used to investigate significant variations in outcome measures. Early age at surgery, lesion of deep cerebellar nuclei and postoperative radiotherapy had a significant, independent negative influence on long-term recovery. Tumour volume and delay between surgery and assessment had no statistically detectable impact. The negative influence of early age at surgery was significant in all domains: daily functioning (health-related quality of life scale, performance status scale), motor functioning (International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, Pegboard Purdue Test) and cognitive functioning (full-scale intelligence quotient). These results support the existence of an early critical period of development during which the cerebellar ‘learning machine’ is of critical importance. Although the extent to which the early deficits here observed can be reversed needs now to be established, our data plead for the implementation of prompt and intense rehabilitation interventions in children operated before 7 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Irene Cristofori
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nathalie Richard
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lara Bardi
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Celia Loriette
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alexandru Szathmari
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Federico Di Rocco
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Pierre Leblond
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie Pédiatrique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Didier Frappaz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie Pédiatrique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Faure-Conter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Institut d'hématologie et d'oncologie Pédiatrique, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Line Claude
- Department of Radiotherapy, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Carmine Mottolese
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.,Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Michel Desmurget
- Institute of Cognitive Science Marc Jeannerod, CNRS/UMR 5229, 69500 Bron, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Mitoma H, Buffo A, Gelfo F, Guell X, Fucà E, Kakei S, Lee J, Manto M, Petrosini L, Shaikh AG, Schmahmann JD. Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:131-153. [PMID: 31879843 PMCID: PMC6978437 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar reserve refers to the capacity of the cerebellum to compensate for tissue damage or loss of function resulting from many different etiologies. When the inciting event produces acute focal damage (e.g., stroke, trauma), impaired cerebellar function may be compensated for by other cerebellar areas or by extracerebellar structures (i.e., structural cerebellar reserve). In contrast, when pathological changes compromise cerebellar neuronal integrity gradually leading to cell death (e.g., metabolic and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias, neurodegenerative ataxias), it is possible that the affected area itself can compensate for the slowly evolving cerebellar lesion (i.e., functional cerebellar reserve). Here, we examine cerebellar reserve from the perspective of the three cornerstones of clinical ataxiology: control of ocular movements, coordination of voluntary axial and appendicular movements, and cognitive functions. Current evidence indicates that cerebellar reserve is potentiated by environmental enrichment through the mechanisms of autophagy and synaptogenesis, suggesting that cerebellar reserve is not rigid or fixed, but exhibits plasticity potentiated by experience. These conclusions have therapeutic implications. During the period when cerebellar reserve is preserved, treatments should be directed at stopping disease progression and/or limiting the pathological process. Simultaneously, cerebellar reserve may be potentiated using multiple approaches. Potentiation of cerebellar reserve may lead to compensation and restoration of function in the setting of cerebellar diseases, and also in disorders primarily of the cerebral hemispheres by enhancing cerebellar mechanisms of action. It therefore appears that cerebellar reserve, and the underlying plasticity of cerebellar microcircuitry that enables it, may be of critical neurobiological importance to a wide range of neurological/neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - F Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - X Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - S Kakei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lee
- Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - M Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - L Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - A G Shaikh
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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5
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De Coninck M, Van Dam D, Van Ginneken C, De Deyn PP. Adapted Morris Water Maze protocol to prevent interference from confounding motor deficits on cognitive functioning. Somatosens Mot Res 2017; 34:172-178. [PMID: 28891404 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2017.1372740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/aim of the study: Cognitive functioning in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) is assumed to be reflected by path length. In this study, the interference of motor deficits, as a confounding factor on cognitive functioning, was assessed by means of a lateralization study with hemicerebellectomized (HCX) mice. This model is characterized by motor deficits restricted to the lesion side, allowing comparison within the model itself (left vs. right), rather than the effect of the manipulation on this measure (experimental vs. control). MATERIALS AND METHODS Spatial learning was assessed after left or right hemicerebellectomy in adult mice by means of two MWM designs in which the location of the starting positions was altered for one condition in the adapted (Adap) MWM experiment, hypothesizing that motor impairments ipsilateral to the lesion side result in a difference in path length. RESULTS When the starting positions were equal for both conditions in the traditional (Trad) MWM experiment, path length during the acquisition phase and spatial memory were more affected for the left HCX, while these effects disappeared after mirroring the starting positions in the Adap MWM, implying that motor phenotype and corresponding increase in task difficulty are responsible for the contradictory results in the Trad MWM experiment. CONCLUSION The differences found in the latter experiment were circumvented in the adapted MWM protocol, and therefore, excluding the motor deficit as a confounding factor on cognitive MWM parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias De Coninck
- a Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Behaviour , Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- a Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Behaviour , Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk , Belgium.,b Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- c Applied Veterinary Morphology , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk , Belgium
| | - Peter Paul De Deyn
- a Laboratory for Neurochemistry and Behaviour , Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk , Belgium.,b Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,d Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic , Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken , Antwerp , Belgium.,e Biobank , Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Wilrijk , Belgium
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6
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Laricchiuta D, Cavallucci V, Cutuli D, De Bartolo P, Caporali P, Foti F, Finke C, D'Amelio M, Manto M, Petrosini L. Effects of Anti-NMDA Antibodies on Functional Recovery and Synaptic Rearrangement Following Hemicerebellectomy. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:190-202. [PMID: 27027521 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The compensation that follows cerebellar lesions is based on synaptic modifications in many cortical and subcortical regions, although its cellular mechanisms are still unclear. Changes in glutamatergic receptor expression may represent the synaptic basis of the compensated state. We analyzed in rats the involvement of glutamatergic system of the cerebello-frontal network in the compensation following a right hemicerebellectomy. We evaluated motor performances, spatial competencies and molecular correlates in compensated hemicerebellectomized rats which in the frontal cortex contralateral to the hemicerebellectomy side received injections of anti-NMDA antibodies from patients affected by anti-NMDA encephalitis. In the compensated hemicerebellectomized rats, the frontal injections of anti-NMDA antibodies elicited a marked decompensation state characterized by slight worsening of the motor symptoms as well as severe impairment of spatial mnesic and procedural performances. Conversely, in the sham-operated group the frontal injections of anti-NMDA antibodies elicited slight motor and spatial impairment. The molecular analyses indicated that cerebellar compensatory processes were related to a relevant rearrangement of glutamatergic synapses (NMDA and AMPA receptors and other glutamatergic components) along the entire cortico-cerebellar network. The long-term maintenance of the rearranged glutamatergic activity plays a crucial role in the maintenance of recovered function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Cutuli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola De Bartolo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Sociological and Psychopedagogical Studies, University "Guglielmo Marconi" of Rome, Via Plinio 44, 00193, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Caporali
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, FNRS Neurologie, ULB Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura Petrosini
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University "Sapienza" of Rome, via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
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7
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Behavioral effects of neonatal lesions on the cerebellar system. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 43:58-65. [PMID: 25907855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several rodent models with spontaneous mutations causing cerebellar pathology are impaired in motor functions during the neonatal period, including Grid2(Lc), Rora(sg), Dab1(scm), Girk2(Wv), Lmx1a(dr-sst), Myo5a(dn), Inpp4a(wbl), and Cacna1a(rol) mice as well as shaker and dystonic rats. Deficits are also evident in murine null mutants such as Zic1, Fgfr1/FgFr2, and Xpa/Ercc8. Behavioral deficits are time-dependent following X-irradiated- or aspiration-induced lesions of the cerebellum in rats. In addition, motor functions are deficient after lesions in cerebellar-related pathways. As in animal subjects, sensorimotor disturbances have been described in children with cerebellar lesions. These results underline the importance of the cerebellum and its connections in the development of motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Université de Rouen, Département Psychologie, Laboratoire ICONES EA 4699, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire "Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes" EA 7300, and Service de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, 9 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, and CHU de Nancy, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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8
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Stanford JA, Shuler JM, Fowler SC, Stanford KG, Ma D, Bittel DC, Le Pichon JB, Shapiro SM. Hyperactivity in the Gunn rat model of neonatal jaundice: age-related attenuation and emergence of gait deficits. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:434-9. [PMID: 25518009 PMCID: PMC4346430 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal jaundice resulting from elevated unconjugated bilirubin occurs in 60-80% of newborn infants. Although mild jaundice is generally considered harmless, little is known about its long-term consequences. Recent studies have linked mild bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND) with a range of neurological syndromes, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The goal of this study was to measure BIND across the lifespan in the Gunn rat model of BIND. METHODS Using a sensitive force plate actometer, we measured locomotor activity and gait in jaundiced (jj) Gunn rats versus their nonjaundiced (Nj) littermates. Data were analyzed for young adult (3-4 mo), early middle-aged (9-10 mo), and late middle-aged (17-20 mo) male rats. RESULTS jj rats exhibited lower body weights at all ages and a hyperactivity that resolved at 17-20 mo of age. Increased propulsive force and gait velocity accompanied hyperactivity during locomotor bouts at 9-10 mo in jj rats. Stride length did not differ between the two groups at this age. Hyperactivity normalized, and gait deficits, including decreased stride length, propulsive force, and gait velocity, emerged in the 17-20-mo-old jj rats. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that, in aging, hyperactivity decreases with the onset of gait deficits in the Gunn rat model of BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Stanford
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Corresponding Author: John A. Stanford, Ph.D., Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, Mailstop 3051, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, phone: 913-588-7416, fax: 913-588-5677,
| | - Jeffrey M. Shuler
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Stephen C. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kimberly G. Stanford
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Delin Ma
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Douglas C. Bittel
- The Ward Family Heart Center, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Le Pichon
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Steven M. Shapiro
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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9
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Müller CC, Nguyen TH, Ahlemeyer B, Meshram M, Santrampurwala N, Cao S, Sharp P, Fietz PB, Baumgart-Vogt E, Crane DI. PEX13 deficiency in mouse brain as a model of Zellweger syndrome: abnormal cerebellum formation, reactive gliosis and oxidative stress. Dis Model Mech 2010; 4:104-19. [PMID: 20959636 PMCID: PMC3014351 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.004622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed cerebellar development is a hallmark of Zellweger syndrome (ZS), a severe neonatal neurodegenerative disorder. ZS is caused by mutations in PEX genes, such as PEX13, which encodes a protein required for import of proteins into the peroxisome. The molecular basis of ZS pathogenesis is not known. We have created a conditional mouse mutant with brain-restricted deficiency of PEX13 that exhibits cerebellar morphological defects. PEX13 brain mutants survive into the postnatal period, with the majority dying by 35 days, and with survival inversely related to litter size and weaning body weight. The impact on peroxisomal metabolism in the mutant brain is mixed: plasmalogen content is reduced, but very-long-chain fatty acids are normal. PEX13 brain mutants exhibit defects in reflex and motor development that correlate with impaired cerebellar fissure and cortical layer formation, granule cell migration and Purkinje cell layer development. Astrogliosis and microgliosis are prominent features of the mutant cerebellum. At the molecular level, cultured cerebellar neurons from E19 PEX13-null mice exhibit elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase-2 (MnSOD), and show enhanced apoptosis together with mitochondrial dysfunction. PEX13 brain mutants show increased levels of MnSOD in cerebellum. Our findings suggest that PEX13 deficiency leads to mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress, neuronal cell death and impairment of cerebellar development. Thus, PEX13-deficient mice provide a valuable animal model for investigating the molecular basis and treatment of ZS cerebellar pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Catharina Müller
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, and School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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10
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Foti F, Mandolesi L, Cutuli D, Laricchiuta D, De Bartolo P, Gelfo F, Petrosini L. Cerebellar Damage Loosens the Strategic Use of the Spatial Structure of the Search Space. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 9:29-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-009-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Christensson M, Broman J, Garwicz M. Time course of cerebellar morphological development in postnatal ferrets: ontogenetic and comparative perspectives. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:916-30. [PMID: 17311324 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We provide the first systematic description of the morphological ontogenesis of the ferret cerebellum and compare its relative time-course to that of the rat cerebellum. Overall cerebellar size, foliation, and thickness of cortical layers were quantified and Purkinje cell morphology was characterized at 24 timepoints in ferrets from postnatal day (P)1 to P63. The ferret cerebellum was substantially larger than that of the rat and had a much longer developmental period. In ferrets, Purkinje cells were dispersed into a monolayer by P9, the formation of folia declined abruptly around P20, and the external granular layer peaked in thickness around P22 and disappeared by P56. Timepoints of corresponding relative developmental maturity of the quantified architectural features of rat and ferret cerebella were determined and their relationship was analyzed by linear regression. The time-conversion equation derived, describing the relationship between cerebellar morphogenesis in the two species, had a determination coefficient (r2) of 0.95. Conspicuously, the equation predicted with high accuracy the timing of structural changes in individual Purkinje cells in the ferret cerebellum. The conversion equation should be useful for precise quantitative translation of data between studies of ferret and rat cerebellum and for comparisons between development of motor and sensory structures and functions in ferrets. The degree of similarity in the time-courses of cerebellar development in two distantly related mammals makes explicit in quantitative terms how remarkably conserved the cerebellum is in phylogenesis. Therefore, the methodology should be applicable to precise quantitative conversions of cerebellar developmental time-courses also between other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Division of Neuroscience, Lund University, BMC F10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Köster RW, Fraser SE. FGF signaling mediates regeneration of the differentiating cerebellum through repatterning of the anterior hindbrain and reinitiation of neuronal migration. J Neurosci 2006; 26:7293-304. [PMID: 16822987 PMCID: PMC6673949 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0095-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the regenerative capability of the differentiating hindbrain, we ablated the cerebellum in wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos. These larvae showed no obvious locomotive malfunction several days after the ablation. Expression analysis and in vivo time-lapse recording in GFP (green fluorescent protein)-transgenic embryos indicate that cerebellar neuronal cells can regenerate from the remaining anterior hindbrain. The onset of regeneration is accompanied by repatterning within the anterior hindbrain. Inhibition of FGF signaling immediately after cerebellar ablation results in the lack of regenerating cerebellar neuronal cells and the absence of cerebellar structures several days later. Moreover, impaired FGF signaling inhibits the repatterning of the anterior hindbrain and the reexpression of rhombic lip marker genes soon after cerebellar ablation. This demonstrates that the hindbrain is highly plastic in recapitulating early embryonic differentiation mechanisms during regeneration. Moreover, the regenerating system offers a means to uncouple cerebellar differentiation from complex morphogenetic tissue rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard W Köster
- Gesellschaft für Strahlenforschung-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Developmental Genetics, 85764 Neuherberg-Munich, Germany.
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Konczak J, Schoch B, Dimitrova A, Gizewski E, Timmann D. Functional recovery of children and adolescents after cerebellar tumour resection. Brain 2005; 128:1428-41. [PMID: 15659424 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether lesions to the cerebellum obtained in early childhood are better compensated than lesions in middle childhood or adolescence. Since cerebellar lesions might affect motor as well a cognitive performance, posture, upper limb and working memory function were assessed in 22 patients after resection of a cerebellar tumour (age at surgery 1-17 years, minimum 3 years post-surgery). Working memory was only impaired in those patients who had received chemo- or radiation therapy. Postural sway was enhanced in 64% of the patients during dynamic posturography conditions, which relied heavily on vestibular input for equilibrium control. Upper limb function was generally less impaired, but 54% of the patients revealed prolonged deceleration times in an arm pointing task, which probably does not reflect a genuine cerebellar deficit but rather the patients' adopted strategy to avoid overshooting. Age at surgery, time since surgery or lesion volume were poor predictors of motor or cognitive recovery. Brain imaging analysis revealed that lesions of all eight patients with abnormal posture who did not receive chemo- and/or radiation therapy included the fastigial and interposed nuclei (NF and NI). In patients with normal posture, NI and NF were spared. In 11 out of 12 patients with abnormal deceleration time, the region with the highest overlap included the NI and NF and dorsomedial portions of the dentate nuclei in 10 out of 12 patients. We conclude that cerebellar damage inflicted at a young age is not necessarily better compensated. The lesion site is critical for motor recovery, and lesions affecting the deep cerebellar nuclei are not fully compensated at any developmental age in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Mandolesi L, Leggio MG, Spirito F, Petrosini L. Cerebellar contribution to spatial event processing: do spatial procedures contribute to formation of spatial declarative knowledge? Eur J Neurosci 2004; 18:2618-26. [PMID: 14622164 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spatial knowledge of an environment involves two distinct competencies: declarative spatial knowledge, linked to where environmental cues are and where the subject is with respect to the cues, and, at the same time, procedural spatial knowledge, linked to how to move into the environment. It has been previously demonstrated that hemicerebellectomized (HCbed) rats are impaired in developing efficient exploration strategies, but not in building spatial maps or in utilizing localizing cues. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationships between spatial procedural and declarative knowledge by using the open field test. HCbed rats have been tested in two different protocols of the open field task. The results indicate that HCbed animals succeeded in moving inside the arena, in contacting the objects and in habituating to the new environment. However, HCbed animals did not react to environmental changes, when their impaired explorative pattern was inappropriate to the environment, suggesting that they were not able to represent a new environment because they were not able to explore it appropriately. Nevertheless, when their altered procedures were favoured by object arrangement, they detected environmental changes as efficiently as did normal rats. This finding suggests that no declarative spatial learning is possible without appropriate procedural spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mandolesi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy. IRCCS S. Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
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15
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Hoeger H, Bubna-Littitz H, Engelmann M, Schwerdtner I, Schmid D, Lahoda R, Seidl R, Lubec G, Lubec B. Perinatal Asphyxia in the Guinea Pig Leads to Morphologic but not Neurologic, Cognitive, or Behavioral Changes. J Investig Med 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/108155890305100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background In a recent publication, we described neurodegeneration along with neurotransmitter deficits and impaired differentiation in the guinea pig 3 months following severe perinatal asphyxia (PA). We were therefore interested in the clinical features in terms of neurology, cognitive functions, and behavior. Methods We tested the long-term effects of PA in an animal model, which in the rat are well documented and resemble the clinical situation. Examinations consisted of an observational battery for motor and reflex functions and the acoustic startle response setting. We tested cognitive functions in the multiple T-maze and evaluated behavior using the elevated plus maze and open field studies. Results No neurologic deficits were observed in the observational battery, including the acoustic startle response. Cognitive functions of memory and learning were not impaired in the multiple T-maze. In the open field and in the elevated plus maze, the system to test anxiety-related behavior, guinea pigs performed well. Conclusion Our findings of patent neurology, cognitive functions, and behavior do not reflect the prominent morphologic findings of neurodegeneration. This is in agreement with corresponding studies on PA in the rat at the identical time point. We learned from this study that both test systems, although representing the standard in neuroscience, are either not sensitive enough or central nervous system lesions are clinically fully compensated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hoeger
- Institute for Animal Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Diethard Schmid
- Institute for Physiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Lahoda
- Institute for Physiology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Seidl
- Department of Neonatology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neonatology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Lubec
- Department of Neonatology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Aversano M, Sacchi R, Memoli R, Graziano A, Petrosini L. Anterograde and retrograde influence of vestibular stimulation on spatial working memory. Physiol Behav 2002; 76:655-60. [PMID: 12127005 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rats were trained in an eight-arm radial maze to explore the apparatus in search of a food reward. After completion of the training phase, some animals were submitted to a hemicerebellectomy (HCbed group), while others were used as a control group. To study the effects of vestibular stimulation on the recall of ongoing working memory information, both groups were exposed to radial maze sessions: in the first session (no-rotation), animals were confined for 30 s to the fourth arm visited without being further manipulated; in the second session (rotation), the animals were again confined for 30 s to the fourth arm visited, while the apparatus was rotated five times around its vertical axis. The effects of these manipulations on successive visits to complete the task were assessed, as well as the solving time and kinds of errors made. Errors were significantly more frequent in the control animals during the rotation session; HCbed animals were unaffected by confinement alone or by vestibular stimulation, but showed a decreased search speed. It was concluded that vestibular input is required for an adequate functioning of the working memory system devoted to the formation and consolidation of spatial mnesic traces and that the amnesic effect due to vestibular stimulation is both anterograde and retrograde in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aversano
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185 Rome, Italy
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17
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Graziano A, Leggio MG, Mandolesi L, Neri P, Molinari M, Petrosini L. Learning power of single behavioral units in acquisition of a complex spatial behavior: An observational learning study in cerebellar-lesioned rats. Behav Neurosci 2002. [DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.116.1.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Cerebellum and organization of behavior: A comparative-physiological aspect. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02737037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Hoeger H, Engelmann M, Bernert G, Seidl R, Bubna-Littitz H, Mosgoeller W, Lubec B, Lubec G. Long term neurological and behavioral effects of graded perinatal asphyxia in the rat. Life Sci 2000; 66:947-62. [PMID: 10714895 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(99)00678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic states can cause irreversible damage to the brain, ranging from minimal brain dysfunction to death. Only few studies have been reported describing neurological, cognitive and behavioral deficits following perinatal asphyxia. We therefore decided to study long term effects of perinatal asphyxia in a well-documented animal model resembling the clinical situation. Caeserean section in rats was performed and the pups, still in the uterus horns, were placed into a water bath at 37 degrees C for periods of 5-20 min; pups were then given to surrogate mothers and examined at three month of age. Examinations consisted of a battery of motor and reflex tests, Morris water maze, multiple T-maze, elevated plus maze and open field studies. No abnormalities were found in rats even with long periods of perinatal asphyxia by neurological examination, in the open field and in mazes. Interestingly, in the elevated plus maze rats with long lasting exposure to hypoxia (15 and 20 min of asphyxia) showed reduced anxiety-related behavior. This finding may be relevant for the explanation of anxiety related disorders in adulthood with a tentative history in the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hoeger
- University of Vienna, Dpt. of Pediatrics, Austria
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20
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Leggio MG, Molinari M, Neri P, Graziano A, Mandolesi L, Petrosini L. Representation of actions in rats: the role of cerebellum in learning spatial performances by observation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2320-5. [PMID: 10681456 PMCID: PMC15799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040554297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence demonstrates that cerebellar networks are involved in spatial learning, controlling the acquisition of exploration strategies without blocking motor execution of the task. Action learning by observation has been considered somehow related to motor physiology, because it provides a way of learning performances that is almost as effective as the actual execution of actions. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate that observation of movements performed by others, imagination of actions, and actual execution of motor performances share common neural substrates and that the cerebellum is among these shared areas. The present paper analyzes the effects of observation in learning a spatial task, focusing on the cerebellar role in learning a spatial ability through observation. We allowed normal rats to observe 200 Morris water maze trials performed by companion rats. After this observation training, "observer" rats underwent a hemicerebellectomy and then were tested in the Morris water maze. In spite of the cerebellar lesion, they displayed no spatial defects, exhibiting exploration abilities comparable to controls. When the cerebellar lesion preceded observation training, a complete lack of spatial observational learning was observed. Thus, as demonstrated already for the acquisition of spatial procedures through actual execution, cerebellar circuits appear to play a key role in the acquisition of spatial procedures also through observation. In conclusion, the present results provide strong support for a common neural basis in the observation of actions that are to be reproduced as well as in the actual production of the same actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Leggio
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome "La Sapienza," 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
In 1891, Luigi Luciani published his famous monograph on the cerebellum and formulated his triad of the cerebellar symptoms: atonia, asthenia and astasia, which explained all troubles provoked by cerebellar lesions; later he added a fourth sign, dysmetria. In spite of the fact that it was advanced in a pre-electrophysiological period, Luciani's interpretation of the cerebellar role in many motor functions survives more than a century later and his terminology has entered the routine of the neurological examination. With the modern knowledge of cerebellar circuitries, we can state that Luciani rightly pointed out the role of the cerebellum in regulating postural tone and muscular force, and that conversely he was wrong in denying cerebellar influence in co-ordination of multi-joint movements and the somatotopic localizations in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. In spite of this, Luciani's work represents a milestone in cerebellar physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manni
- Institute of Human Physiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
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22
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Makii EA, Myakushko VA. Potentiation of spinal reflexes in rats after cerebellectomy. Bull Exp Biol Med 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Fetal ependyma is an active secretory structure for the programming of developmental events, including the arrest of neuronogenesis, the guidance of axonal growth cones, motor neuron differentiation, and probably also the maintenance and transformation of radial glial cells that guide migratory neuroblasts. The floor plate, induced by the notochord, is the first part of the neuroepithelium to differentiate. It establishes polarity and growth gradients of the neural tube and has immunohistochemical features that differ from all other regions of the ependyma. The dorsal and ventral median septa, formed by floor and roof plate ependymal processes, prevent aberrant decussations of developing long tracts, but permit the passage of commissural axons. Fetal ependyma synthesizes several intermediate filament proteins absent from mature ependymal cells, although some are also expressed in undifferentiated neuroepithelial cells. Fetal ependyma also produces diffusible molecules, such as neural cell adhesion molecule, proteoglycans, nerve growth factor, and S-100 protein, all in specific temporal and spatial distributions. Maturation of the ependyma is not complete until the postnatal period. An abnormal fetal ependyma may play a primary role in the pathogenesis of some cerebral malformations, such as lissencephaly/pachygyria and holoprosencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Canada
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Petrosini L, Molinari M, Gremoli T. Hemicerebellectomy and motor behaviour in rats. I. Development of motor function after neonatal lesion. Exp Brain Res 1990; 82:472-82. [PMID: 2292268 DOI: 10.1007/bf00228789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effect of a neonatal hemicerebellectomy (HCb) on the motor development of rats and to determine whether various aspects of motor behaviour were affected to a similar degree. Postnatal development of postural reflexes, locomotion and dynamic postural adjustments was examined during the first four months of life in normal and in neonatal HCbed rats. The results indicate that classes of motor responses are controlled by cerebellar networks to clearly different extents. Emergence of quadruped stance, placing reactions and swimming development were unaffected by neonatal cerebellar lesion. Righting reflexes, cliff avoidance and geotaxic reactions, pivoting and crawling all showed a delayed development although the subsequent recovery was almost complete. The complex postural adjustments required in crossing a narrow path or in suspending on a wire remained permanently impaired. Finally, some behaviours developed normally and only subsequently became defective. This "growing into a deficit" was displayed by the progressively reduced hindlimb grasping and the development of a vestibular drop response with a directional bias. An impressive finding was the shifting of postural asymmetries from the lesion side to the contralateral one occurring around the third postnatal week. These data providing a description of the effect of HCb on motor development are interpreted as indicating a progressive involvement of the archi- and neo-cerebellar structures in the motor function of the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petrosini
- Department of Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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