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Hansson M, Youssef HM, Zakhrabekova S, Stuart D, Svensson JT, Dockter C, Stein N, Waugh R, Lundqvist U, Franckowiak J. A guide to barley mutants. Hereditas 2024; 161:11. [PMID: 38454479 PMCID: PMC10921644 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-023-00304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutants have had a fundamental impact upon scientific and applied genetics. They have paved the way for the molecular and genomic era, and most of today's crop plants are derived from breeding programs involving mutagenic treatments. RESULTS Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most widely grown cereals in the world and has a long history as a crop plant. Barley breeding started more than 100 years ago and large breeding programs have collected and generated a wide range of natural and induced mutants, which often were deposited in genebanks around the world. In recent years, an increased interest in genetic diversity has brought many historic mutants into focus because the collections are regarded as valuable resources for understanding the genetic control of barley biology and barley breeding. The increased interest has been fueled also by recent advances in genomic research, which provided new tools and possibilities to analyze and reveal the genetic diversity of mutant collections. CONCLUSION Since detailed knowledge about phenotypic characters of the mutants is the key to success of genetic and genomic studies, we here provide a comprehensive description of mostly morphological barley mutants. The review is closely linked to the International Database for Barley Genes and Barley Genetic Stocks ( bgs.nordgen.org ) where further details and additional images of each mutant described in this review can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Helmy M Youssef
- Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, 06120, Germany
| | | | - David Stuart
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan T Svensson
- Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), Växthusvägen 12, 23456, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Christoph Dockter
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J. C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, E06466, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Agriculture Food and Wine, Waite Campus, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
| | - Udda Lundqvist
- Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen), Växthusvägen 12, 23456, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Jerome Franckowiak
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, 411 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Gerasimova SV, Kolosovskaya EV, Vikhorev AV, Korotkova AM, Hertig CW, Genaev MA, Domrachev DV, Morozov SV, Chernyak EI, Shmakov NA, Vasiliev GV, Kochetov AV, Kumlehn J, Khlestkina EK. WAX INDUCER 1 Regulates β-Diketone Biosynthesis by Mediating Expression of the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster in Barley. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076762. [PMID: 37047735 PMCID: PMC10095013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant surface properties are crucial determinants of resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses. The outer layer of the plant cuticle consists of chemically diverse epicuticular waxes. The WAX INDUCER1/SHINE subfamily of APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORS regulates cuticle properties in plants. In this study, four barley genes homologous to the Arabidopsis thaliana AtWIN1 gene were mutated using RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease. Mutations in one of them, the HvWIN1 gene, caused a recessive glossy sheath phenotype associated with β-diketone deficiency. A complementation test for win1 knockout (KO) and cer-x mutants showed that Cer-X and WIN1 are allelic variants of the same genomic locus. A comparison of the transcriptome from leaf sheaths of win1 KO and wild-type plants revealed a specific and strong downregulation of a large gene cluster residing at the previously known Cer-cqu locus. Our findings allowed us to postulate that the WIN1 transcription factor in barley is a master mediator of the β-diketone biosynthesis pathway acting through developmental stage- and organ-specific transactivation of the Cer-cqu gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia V Gerasimova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander V Vikhorev
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna M Korotkova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Christian W Hertig
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mikhail A Genaev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Domrachev
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Morozov
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena I Chernyak
- N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Shmakov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Gennady V Vasiliev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Elena K Khlestkina
- Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), 190000 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Góralska M, Bińkowski J, Lenarczyk N, Bienias A, Grądzielewska A, Czyczyło-Mysza I, Kapłoniak K, Stojałowski S, Myśków B. How Machine Learning Methods Helped Find Putative Rye Wax Genes Among GBS Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7501. [PMID: 33053706 PMCID: PMC7593958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard approach to genetic mapping was supplemented by machine learning (ML) to establish the location of the rye gene associated with epicuticular wax formation (glaucous phenotype). Over 180 plants of the biparental F2 population were genotyped with the DArTseq (sequencing-based diversity array technology). A maximum likelihood (MLH) algorithm (JoinMap 5.0) and three ML algorithms: logistic regression (LR), random forest and extreme gradient boosted trees (XGBoost), were used to select markers closely linked to the gene encoding wax layer. The allele conditioning the nonglaucous appearance of plants, derived from the cultivar Karlikovaja Zelenostebelnaja, was mapped at the chromosome 2R, which is the first report on this localization. The DNA sequence of DArT-Silico 3585843, closely linked to wax segregation detected by using ML methods, was indicated as one of the candidates controlling the studied trait. The putative gene encodes the ABCG11 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Góralska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Jan Bińkowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Natalia Lenarczyk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Bienias
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Grądzielewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka, 20–950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ilona Czyczyło-Mysza
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamila Kapłoniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefan Stojałowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Beata Myśków
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. Ecophysiology with barley eceriferum (cer) mutants: the effects of humidity and wax crystal structure on yield and vegetative parameters. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:301-313. [PMID: 32361758 PMCID: PMC7380459 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In addition to preventing water loss, plant cuticles must also regulate nutrient loss via leaching. The eceriferum mutants in Hordeum vulgare (barley) potentially influence these functions by altering epicuticular wax structure and composition. METHODS Cultivar 'Bonus' and five of its cer mutants were grown under optimal conditions for vegetative growth and maturation, and nine traits were measured. Nutrient and water amounts going through the soil and the amount of simulated rain as deionized water, affecting phyllosphere humidity, delivered during either the vegetative or maturation phase, were varied. Cer leaf genes and three wilty (wlt) mutations were characterized for reaction to toluidine blue and the rate of non-stomatal water loss. KEY RESULTS Vegetative phase rain on 'Bonus' significantly decreased kernel weight and numbers by 15-30 %, while in cer.j59 and .c36 decreases of up to 42 % occurred. Maturation phase findings corroborated those from the vegetative phase. Significant pleiotropic effects were identified: cer.j59 decreased culm and spike length and 1000-kernel weight, .c36 decreased kernel number and weight, .i16 decreased spike length and .e8 increased culm height. Excepting Cer.zv and .ym mutations, none of the other 27 Cer leaf genes or wlt mutations played significant roles, if any, in preventing water loss. Cer.zv and .ym mutants lost non-stomatal water 13.5 times faster than those of Cer.j, .yi, .ys and .zp and 18.3 times faster than those of four cultivars and the mutants tested here. CONCLUSIONS Using yield to measure the net effect of phyllosphere humidity and wax crystal structure revealed that the former is far more important than the latter. The amenable experimental setup described here can be used to delve deeper. Significant pleiotropic effects were identified for mutations in four Cer genes, of which one is known to participate in wax biosynthesis. Twenty-seven Cer leaf genes and three wlt mutations have little if any effect on water loss.
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Würschum T, Langer SM, Longin CFH, Tucker MR, Leiser WL. Refining the genetic architecture of flag leaf glaucousness in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:981-991. [PMID: 31953547 PMCID: PMC7021748 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is the plant's barrier against abiotic and biotic stresses, and the deposition of epicuticular wax crystals results in the scattering of light, an effect termed glaucousness. Here, we dissect the genetic architecture of flag leaf glaucousness in wheat toward a future targeted design of the cuticle. The cuticle serves as a barrier that protects plants against abiotic and biotic stresses. Differences in cuticle composition can be detected by the scattering of light on epicuticular wax crystals, which causes a phenotype termed glaucousness. In this study, we dissected the genetic architecture of flag leaf glaucousness in a panel of 1106 wheat cultivars of global origin. We observed a large genotypic variation, but the geographic pattern suggests that other wax layer characteristics besides glaucousness may be important in conferring tolerance to abiotic stresses such as heat and drought. Genome-wide association mapping identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 3A and 2B. The latter corresponds to the W1 locus, but further characterization revealed that it is likely to contain additional QTL. The same holds true for the major QTL on 3A, which was also found to show an epistatic interaction with another locus located a few centiMorgan distal to it. Genome-wide prediction and the identification of a few additional putative QTL revealed that small-effect QTL also contribute to the trait. Collectively, our results illustrate the complexity of the genetic control of flag leaf glaucousness, with additive effects and epistasis, and lay the foundation for the cloning of the underlying genes toward a more targeted design of the cuticle by plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Würschum
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Simon M Langer
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
- BASF Agricultural Solutions GmbH, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - C Friedrich H Longin
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Willmar L Leiser
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. The Polyketide Components of Waxes and the Cer-cqu Gene Cluster Encoding a Novel Polyketide Synthase, the β-Diketone Synthase, DKS. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6030028. [PMID: 28698520 PMCID: PMC5620584 DOI: 10.3390/plants6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the outermost, lipophilic layer of plant aerial surfaces, called the cuticle, is preventing non-stomatal water loss. Its exterior surface is often decorated with wax crystals, imparting a blue–grey color. Identification of the barley Cer-c, -q and -u genes forming the 101 kb Cer-cqu gene cluster encoding a novel polyketide synthase—the β-diketone synthase (DKS), a lipase/carboxyl transferase, and a P450 hydroxylase, respectively, establishes a new, major pathway for the synthesis of plant waxes. The major product is a β-diketone (14,16-hentriacontane) aliphatic that forms long, thin crystalline tubes. A pathway branch leads to the formation of esterified alkan-2-ols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny von Wettstein-Knowles
- Section for Biomolecular Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloees Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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7
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Racovita RC, Hen-Avivi S, Fernandez-Moreno JP, Granell A, Aharoni A, Jetter R. Composition of cuticular waxes coating flag leaf blades and peduncles of Triticum aestivum cv. Bethlehem. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 130:182-92. [PMID: 27264640 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The work herein presents comprehensive analyses of the cuticular wax mixtures covering the flag leaf blade and peduncle of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Bethlehem. Overall, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Flame Ionization Detection revealed a wax coverage of flag leaf blades (16 μg/cm(2)) a third that of peduncles (49 μg/cm(2)). Flag leaf blade wax was dominated by 1-alkanols, while peduncle wax contained primarily β-diketone and hydroxy-β-diketones, thus suggesting differential regulation of the acyl reduction and β-diketone biosynthetic pathways in the two analyzed organs. The characteristic chain length distributions of the various wax compound classes are discussed in light of their individual biosynthetic pathways and biosynthetic relationships between classes. Along with previously reported wheat wax compound classes (fatty acids, 1-alkanols, 1-alkanol esters, aldehydes, alkanes, β-diketone, hydroxy-β-diketones, alkylresorcinols and methyl alkylresorcinols), esters of 2-alkanols and three types of aromatic esters (benzyl, phenethyl and p-hydroxyphenethyl) are also reported. In particular, 2-heptanol esters were identified. Detailed analyses of the isomer distributions within 1-alkanol and 2-alkanol ester homologs revealed distinct patterns of esterified acids and alcohols, suggesting several wax ester synthases with very different substrate preferences in both wheat organs. Terpenoids, including two terpenoid esters, were present only in peduncle wax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Shelly Hen-Avivi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Schneider LM, Adamski NM, Christensen CE, Stuart DB, Vautrin S, Hansson M, Uauy C, von Wettstein-Knowles P. The Cer-cqu gene cluster determines three key players in a β-diketone synthase polyketide pathway synthesizing aliphatics in epicuticular waxes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2715-2730. [PMID: 26962211 PMCID: PMC4861019 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic compounds on plant surfaces, called epicuticular waxes, are the first line of defense against pathogens and pests, contribute to reducing water loss and determine other important phenotypes. Aliphatics can form crystals affecting light refraction, resulting in a color change and allowing identification of mutants in their synthesis or transport. The present study discloses three such Eceriferum (cer) genes in barley - Cer-c, Cer-q and Cer-u - known to be tightly linked and functioning in a biochemical pathway forming dominating amounts of β-diketone and hydroxy-β-diketones plus some esterified alkan-2-ols. These aliphatics are present in many Triticeae as well as dicotyledons such as Eucalyptus and Dianthus. Recently developed genomic resources and mapping populations in barley defined these genes to a small region on chromosome arm 2HS. Exploiting Cer-c and -u potential functions pinpointed five candidates, of which three were missing in apparent cer-cqu triple mutants. Sequencing more than 50 independent mutants for each gene confirmed their identification. Cer-c is a chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthase, designated diketone synthase (DKS), Cer-q is a lipase/carboxyl transferase and Cer-u is a P450 enzyme. All were highly expressed in pertinent leaf sheath tissue of wild type. A physical map revealed the order Cer-c, Cer-u, Cer-q with the flanking genes 101kb apart, confirming they are a gene cluster, Cer-cqu. Homology-based modeling suggests that many of the mutant alleles affect overall protein structure or specific active site residues. The rich diversity of identified mutations will facilitate future studies of three key enzymes involved in synthesis of plant apoplast waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette M Schneider
- Biology Department, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark Biology Department, Lund University, SW-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - David B Stuart
- Biology Department, Lund University, SW-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sonia Vautrin
- INRA-Centre National de Ressources Génomiques Végétales, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Mats Hansson
- Biology Department, Lund University, SW-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristobal Uauy
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Racovita RC, Peng C, Awakawa T, Abe I, Jetter R. Very-long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, 3-hydroxy fatty acid methyl esters and 2-alkanols from cuticular waxes of Aloe arborescens leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:183-94. [PMID: 25200334 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed at a comprehensive chemical characterization of the cuticular wax mixtures covering leaves of the monocot species Aloe arborescens. The wax mixtures were found to contain typical aliphatic compound classes in characteristic chain length distributions, including alkanes (predominantly C31), primary alcohols (predominantly C28), aldehydes (predominantly C32), fatty acid methyl esters (predominantly C28) and fatty acids (bimodal distribution around C32 and C28). Alkyl esters ranging from C42 to C52 were identified, and found to mainly contain C28 alcohol linked to C16-C20 acids. Three other homologous series were identified as 3-hydroxy fatty acids (predominantly C28), their methyl esters (predominantly C28), and 2-alkanols (predominantly C31). Based on structural similarities and homolog distributions, the biosynthetic pathways leading to these novel wax constituents can be hypothesized. Further detailed analyses showed that the A. arborescens leaf was covered with 15 μg/cm(2) wax on its adaxial side and 36 μg/cm(2) on the abaxial side, with 3:2 and 1:1 ratios between epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on each side, respectively. Terpenoids were found mainly in the intracuticular waxes, whereas very-long-chain alkanes and fatty acids accumulated to relatively high concentrations in the epicuticular wax, hence near the true surface of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu C Racovita
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chen Peng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada; Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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10
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Adamski NM, Bush MS, Simmonds J, Turner AS, Mugford SG, Jones A, Findlay K, Pedentchouk N, von Wettstein-Knowles P, Uauy C. The inhibitor of wax 1 locus (Iw1) prevents formation of β- and OH-β-diketones in wheat cuticular waxes and maps to a sub-cM interval on chromosome arm 2BS. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:989-1002. [PMID: 23551421 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glaucousness is described as the scattering effect of visible light from wax deposited on the cuticle of plant aerial organs. In wheat, two dominant genes lead to non-glaucous phenotypes: Inhibitor of wax 1 (Iw1) and Iw2. The molecular mechanisms and the exact extent (beyond visual assessment) by which these genes affect the composition and quantity of cuticular wax is unclear. To describe the Iw1 locus we used a genetic approach with detailed biochemical characterization of wax compounds. Using synteny and a large number of F2 gametes, Iw1 was fine-mapped to a sub-cM genetic interval on wheat chromosome arm 2BS, which includes a single collinear gene from the corresponding Brachypodium and rice physical maps. The major components of flag leaf and peduncle cuticular waxes included primary alcohols, β-diketones and n-alkanes. Small amounts of C19-C27 alkyl and methylalkylresorcinols that have not previously been described in wheat waxes were identified. Using six pairs of BC2 F3 near-isogenic lines, we show that Iw1 inhibits the formation of β- and hydroxy-β-diketones in the peduncle and flag leaf blade cuticles. This inhibitory effect is independent of genetic background or tissue, and is accompanied by minor but consistent increases in n-alkanes and C24 primary alcohols. No differences were found in cuticle thickness and carbon isotope discrimination in near-isogenic lines differing at Iw1.
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Vermeer CP, Nastold P, Jetter R. Homologous very-long-chain 1,3-alkanediols and 3-hydroxyaldehydes in leaf cuticular waxes of Ricinus communis L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 62:433-8. [PMID: 12620356 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface extracts from primary leaves of Castor bean were found to contain 1.8 microg cm(-2) of cuticular waxes. The mixture comprised alkanes (C(26)-C(29)), primary alcohols (C(22)-C(38)), aldehydes (C(26) and C(28)), fatty acids (C(20)-C(34)) and triterpenoids (lupeol, beta- and alpha-amyrin). Besides, a series of n-alkane-1,3-diols was detected, with chain lengths ranging from C(22) to C(28), a strong predominance of even-numbered homologs, and a maximum for hexacosane-1,3-diol. Seven other compounds were assigned to a novel class of wax constituents and identified as homologous unbranched 3-hydroxyaldehydes ranging from C(22) to C(28). As the chain length distribution of this series closely paralleled the homolog pattern of 1,3-diols, it seems likely that both compound classes are biosynthetically related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia P Vermeer
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut, Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 3, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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Jetter R, Riederer M. Cuticular waxes from the leaves and fruit capsules of eight Papaveraceae species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/b96-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes from leaves and fruit capsules of Papaver alpinum sensu Markgr., P. bracteatum Lindl., P. dubium L., P. nudicaule L., P. orientale L., P. rhoeas L., P. somniferum L., and Eschscholtzia californica Cham. were investigated. They consisted of n-alkanes (< 19%), alk-1-ylesters (< 18%), alk-2-ylesters (< 6%), alkanals (< 19%), secondary alkanols (21–71%, mainly nonacosan-10-ol), triglycerides (< 6%), primary alkanols (2–33%), alkanediols (2–23%, mainly isomeric nonacosanediols), alkanoic acids (< 8%), and alkaloids (< 12%). In addition, minor amounts of iso- and anteiso-alkanes, alkanoic acid methyl esters, esters of alkan-10-ols, benzyl- and phenyl-ethylalcohol, triterpenols and phytosterols, ketols, and ketones were detectable. The isomer composition of the secondary alkanols and their alkanediol, ketol, and ketone derivatives is used to deduce the probable sequence of steps in the respective biosynthetic pathways. Keywords: Papaver, Eschscholtzia, Papaveraceae, cuticular wax, secondary alkanols, biosynthesis.
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Biosynthesis of esterified alkan-2-ols and β-diketones in barley spike epicuticular wax: Synthesis of radioactive intermediates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nonan-2-ol esters in sorghum leaf epicuticular wax and their collection by preparative gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02907493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Phenotypic diversity of barley spike waxes resulting from mutations at locuscer-n. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02911915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bianchi G, Lupotto E, Borghi B, Corbellini M. Cuticular wax of wheat : The effects of chromosomal deficiencies on the biosynthesis of wax components. PLANTA 1980; 148:328-31. [PMID: 24310134 DOI: 10.1007/bf00388119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/1979] [Accepted: 11/08/1979] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
n-Alkanes, esters, aldehydes, free alcohols, β-diketones and hydroxy-β-diketones were found to be the lipid components of the cuticular waxes of common wheat Chinese Spring (Triticum aestivum L.). The ditelosomic lines 7A-L and 7D-S showed a dramatic decrease in the amount of β-diketones and hydroxy β-diketones which are reduced to traces. The homologue composition within each class of compounds has also been determined for all three of the lines of wheat. The effects of chromosomal deficiencies have been demonstrated. Chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry have been used for the separation and identification of the substances which compose the waxes. This study has provided further evidence of the role of genes situated on well defined chromosomes in determining the nature of classes of compounds composing wax and governing the homologous composition within each class of substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bianchi
- Istituto di Chimica Organica, Viale Taramelli, 10, I-27100, Pavia
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von Wettstein-Knowles P, Søgaard B. Thecer-cqu region in barley: Gene cluster or multifunctional gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mikkelsen JD, von Wettstein-Knowles P. Biosynthesis of beta-diketones and hydrocarbons in barley spike epicuticular wax. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 188:172-81. [PMID: 677890 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The effects of inhibitors on the biosynthesis of the long chain lipids with even carbon numbers in barley spike epicuticular wax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wettstein-Knowles P, Netting AG. Composition of epicuticular waxes on barley spikes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02906259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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