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Chang HP, Chiou JY, Chen JY, Su PH. Prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 30:2521-2528. [PMID: 27806654 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1255191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the status of advanced maternal age among criteria for provision of amniocentesis in pregnant women in Taiwan. MATERIALS AND METHOD Data of 315 670 second-trimester amniocenteses from 28 national certified cytogenetics laboratories were retrospectively analyzed from the Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis Declaring and Database System of the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan between 2006 and 2013. RESULTS The number of pregnant women undergoing amniocentesis in Taiwan between 2006 and 2013 increased, and the most common three indications for amniocentesis were advance maternal age (75.11%), abnormal second trimester maternal serum screening (13.22%) and abnormal sonographic finding (8.00%). Down syndrome was the most common autosomal abnormality identified (25.74%); Turner syndrome was the most common sex chromosome abnormality (7.04%). Of structural rearrangements, 26.93% were balanced translocations and 17.10% were unbalanced translocations. The greatest proportion of fetal chromosomal abnormalities was found in cases where parents were also affected (38.02%). CONCLUSIONS Clinical workers should provide detailed genetic diagnostic information to pregnant women, especially those with the common amniocentesis indications, which will enable them to determine a birth plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Pin Chang
- a Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Department of Critical Care Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan.,c Department of Nursing , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Yuan Chiou
- d School of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yuh Chen
- a Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,e School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , and.,f Department of Pediatrics , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Pen-Hua Su
- b Department of Critical Care Medicine , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan.,e School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan , and.,f Department of Pediatrics , Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
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2
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Abstract
Chromosomal fusion plays a recurring role in the evolution of adaptations and reproductive isolation among species, yet little is known of the evolutionary drivers of chromosomal fusions. Because sex chromosomes (X and Y in male heterogametic systems, Z and W in female heterogametic systems) differ in their selective, mutational, and demographic environments, those differences provide a unique opportunity to dissect the evolutionary forces that drive chromosomal fusions. We estimate the rate at which fusions between sex chromosomes and autosomes become established across the phylogenies of both fishes and squamate reptiles. Both the incidence among extant species and the establishment rate of Y-autosome fusions is much higher than for X-autosome, Z-autosome, or W-autosome fusions. Using population genetic models, we show that this pattern cannot be reconciled with many standard explanations for the spread of fusions. In particular, direct selection acting on fusions or sexually antagonistic selection cannot, on their own, account for the predominance of Y-autosome fusions. The most plausible explanation for the observed data seems to be (a) that fusions are slightly deleterious, and (b) that the mutation rate is male-biased or the reproductive sex ratio is female-biased. We identify other combinations of evolutionary forces that might in principle account for the data although they appear less likely. Our results shed light on the processes that drive structural changes throughout the genome.
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3
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Feuk L, Kalervo A, Lipsanen-Nyman M, Skaug J, Nakabayashi K, Finucane B, Hartung D, Innes M, Kerem B, Nowaczyk MJ, Rivlin J, Roberts W, Senman L, Summers A, Szatmari P, Wong V, Vincent JB, Zeesman S, Osborne LR, Cardy JO, Kere J, Scherer SW, Hannula-Jouppi K. Absence of a paternally inherited FOXP2 gene in developmental verbal dyspraxia. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:965-72. [PMID: 17033973 PMCID: PMC1698557 DOI: 10.1086/508902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in FOXP2 cause developmental verbal dyspraxia (DVD), but only a few cases have been described. We characterize 13 patients with DVD--5 with hemizygous paternal deletions spanning the FOXP2 gene, 1 with a translocation interrupting FOXP2, and the remaining 7 with maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 (UPD7), who were also given a diagnosis of Silver-Russell Syndrome (SRS). Of these individuals with DVD, all 12 for whom parental DNA was available showed absence of a paternal copy of FOXP2. Five other individuals with deletions of paternally inherited FOXP2 but with incomplete clinical information or phenotypes too complex to properly assess are also described. Four of the patients with DVD also meet criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Individuals with paternal UPD7 or with partial maternal UPD7 or deletion starting downstream of FOXP2 do not have DVD. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we show the maternally inherited FOXP2 to be comparatively underexpressed. Our results indicate that absence of paternal FOXP2 is the cause of DVD in patients with SRS with maternal UPD7. The data also point to a role for differential parent-of-origin expression of FOXP2 in human speech development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Feuk
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genomic Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Thomas NS, Durkie M, Van Zyl B, Sanford R, Potts G, Youings S, Dennis N, Jacobs P. Parental and chromosomal origin of unbalanced de novo structural chromosome abnormalities in man. Hum Genet 2006; 119:444-50. [PMID: 16493556 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the parental origin, and where possible the chromosomal origin of 115 de novo unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities detectable by light microscopy. These consisted of 39 terminal deletions, 35 interstitial deletions, 8 rings, 12 duplications and 21 unbalanced translocations. In all categories the majority of abnormalities were of paternal origin, although the proportions varied from a high of 84% in the interstitial deletions and rings to a low of 58% in the duplications. Among the interstitial deletions and duplications, there were approximately equal numbers of intra- and interchromosomal abnormalities, while the majority of unbalanced translocations were isodisomic for the duplicated chromosome. The examination of the parental ages in the four main classes of abnormality showed terminal deletions of maternal origin to be associated with a significantly reduced maternal age. Thus, there is a clear propensity for structural chromosome abnormalities to occur in male germ cells, although the chromosomal origin seems similar irrespective of the parental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, SP2 8BJ, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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5
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Buwe A, Guttenbach M, Schmid M. Effect of paternal age on the frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in human spermatozoa. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 111:213-28. [PMID: 16192697 DOI: 10.1159/000086892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many surveys have been performed to find etiological relationships between pregnancy outcome and specific risk factors, such as exposure to chemicals and radiation or parental age. Advanced maternal age is a strong risk factor for trisomic pregnancies, albeit there are considerable variations among the different chromosomes. The definite incidence of the various structural and numerical chromosome aberrations in spontaneous abortions and liveborns is well known, as well as the rate of maternally and paternally derived rearrangements. Nevertheless studies have failed to assert an age-dependent risk for men fathering chromosomally abnormal children. New techniques using fluorescence in situ hybridization render it possible to analyze spermatozoa directly for numerical and, to some extent, for structural aberrations. This article compiles the findings of studies on human spermatozoa over the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Buwe
- Department of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Aretz S, Uhlhaas S, Caspari R, Mangold E, Pagenstecher C, Propping P, Friedl W. Frequency and parental origin of de novo APC mutations in familial adenomatous polyposis. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12:52-8. [PMID: 14523376 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A predominance of de novo mutations in the paternal germ line has been reported for several disorders; however, in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), the parental origin of APC mutations has been scarcely analysed so far. Among 563 unrelated FAP families with known family history, we identified 58 patients with a suspected de novo mutation in the APC gene. A germline mutation was detected in 52 of them; in 38 patients, the mutation could be excluded in both parents. The five base pair deletion at codon 1309 (c.3927_3931delAAAGA) was over-represented in the group of patients with suspected de novo mutations (17/58=29%), when compared to the group of familial cases (26/505=5%); thus, the high frequency of this mutation is not due to a founder effect but rather due to de novo mutation events. Parental origin of de novo mutations could be traced in 16 families, including three families with large chromosomal deletions. Four mutations were of maternal and 12 of paternal origin, pointing to a moderate preponderance towards paternal origin. Sex-related differences of mutation types could be observed: large deletions and single-base substitutions were exclusively of paternal origin, whereas the small deletions were equally distributed (maternal/paternal ratio 4:4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Aretz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Genetic risks related to paternal age should be of interest to clinical andrologists counselling older men who wish to father a child. Theoretically, the number of (pre-meiotic) mitotic cell divisions during spermatogenesis and their remarkable increase with ageing compared with oogenesis would be in favour of genetic risks for the offspring of older men. But for numerical and structural chromosomal anomalies, such an influence of paternal age has not been found. However, in several autosomal dominant disorders affecting three specific genes (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and 3, RET proto-oncogene) the risk for a child to be affected increases with paternal age at time of birth. For other autosomal dominant -X chromosomal dominant or recessive disorders, the available data are sufficient to support the concept of a positive relationship between paternal age and de novo gene mutations. Studies analysing gene sequences of affected children and their parents would allow further evaluation of this topic. The impact of paternal age on disorders with a complex genetic background, however, is a matter of debate. A significant effect of paternal age could not be shown for nonfamilial Alzheimer's disease, congenital heart defects, nonfamilial schizophrenia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia or prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jung
- Centre of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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8
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Guissani U, Facchinetti B, Cassina G, Zuffardi O. Mitotic recombination among acrocentric chromosomes' short arms. Ann Hum Genet 1996; 60:91-7. [PMID: 8839124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1996.tb01180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Routine Q-banding chromosome analysis detected the jumping behaviour of bright fluorescent chromosome 22 satellites (22s+) in two unrelated males (case 1 ascertained for recurrent abortions and case 2 for infertility), and in the mother of one of them, all with a normal karyotype. The 22s+ was present in more than 90% of the cells. In a minority of the cells the polymorphism was present alternatively on another acrocentric, on one chromosome 22 and on another acrocentric, on both chromosomes 22 or it was absent. We take these findings as evidence of mitotic exchanges between the short arms of the acrocentric chromosomes. The presence of a stable 22s+ in the fibroblasts of case 1 and in the lymphocytes of his son indicates that acrocentric short arm exchanges depend both on the type of tissue and on the genetic content of all the other acrocentrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Guissani
- Centro Trasfusionale, OO.RR. di Bergamo, Italy
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9
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Rosenbusch BE. Cytogenetics of human spermatozoa: what about the reproductive relevance of structural chromosome aberrations? J Assist Reprod Genet 1995; 12:375-83. [PMID: 8589558 DOI: 10.1007/bf02215729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose was to review and appreciate data on structural sperm chromosome abnormalities obtained after fusion of human spermatozoa with zona-free hamster eggs. RESULTS Breaks and fragments are the predominant sperm chromosome aberrations. In contrast to stable alterations, e.g., translocations, inversions, and deletions that will be transmitted unchanged into following cell generations, breaks, fragments, and some rearrangements have a reduced stability. In proliferating cell systems they will soon be eliminated through formation of lagging chromatin and micronuclei. Their relevance lies in a loss of genetic material or disturbance of cell division that may cause cell death. It is reasonable to assume a responsibility of such aberrations for early unrecognized conception loss. However, this interpretation is subject to criticism because an artifactual origin of sperm chromosome breakage cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSIONS The incidence and relevance of structural sperm chromosome abnormalities will remain at issue unless additional and complementary information is provided. For this purpose, new strategies must be developed because further studies employing hamster eggs according to existing protocols will not help resolve the dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rosenbusch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Ulm, Germany
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- T Webb
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Maternity Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham
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11
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Tommerup N, Brandt CA, Pedersen S, Bolund L, Kamper J. Sex dependent transmission of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome associated with a reciprocal translocation t(9;11)(p11.2;p15.5). J Med Genet 1993; 30:958-61. [PMID: 8301654 PMCID: PMC1016608 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.11.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), a disorder associated with neonatal hypoglycaemia, increased growth potential, and predisposition to Wilms's tumour (WT) and other malignancies, has been mapped to 11p15. The association with 11p15 duplications of paternal origin, of balanced translocations and inversions with breakpoints within 11p15.4-p15.5 of maternal origin, and the demonstration of uniparental paternal 11p15 isodisomy in some sporadic cases point towards the involvement of genomic imprinting. In agreement with this, we show the paternal origin of a de novo 9;11 translocation in a phenotypically normal mother, whose carrier daughter developed BWS. This supports the fact that BWS associated with balanced chromosome mutations is transmitted in the same sex dependent pattern as non-cytogenetic forms of familial BWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tommerup
- Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup
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12
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Tommerup N. Mendelian cytogenetics. Chromosome rearrangements associated with mendelian disorders. J Med Genet 1993; 30:713-27. [PMID: 8411066 PMCID: PMC1016528 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.9.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tommerup
- Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Tommerup N, Tümer Z, Tønnesen T, Horn N. A cytogenetic survey in Menkes disease: implications for the detection of chromosomal rearrangements in X linked disorders. J Med Genet 1993; 30:314-5. [PMID: 8487278 PMCID: PMC1016341 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tommerup
- John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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14
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Thies U, Back E, Wolff G, Schroeder-Kurth T, Hager HD, Schröder K. Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular investigations in three patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Clin Genet 1992; 42:201-5. [PMID: 1424245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1992.tb03238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular studies were performed in three patients with Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS). In all cases the altered chromosome 4 appeared to be the result of a de novo deletion. Cytogenetic investigations located the breakpoint at 4p15.3 and 4p13. With cytogenetic methods it was not possible to decide whether these deletions were terminal or interstitial. DNA methods also failed to define a distal breakpoint within the 4p16.3 region which might have indicated an interstitial deletion. According to the literature, the paternal chromosome 4 is preferentially deleted in most patients with WHS. DNA analysis with polymorphic markers out of the 4p16.3 region revealed that in two of the cases reported here the deleted segment was of paternal and in one case of maternal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Thies
- Institut für Humangenetik der Universität, Göttingen, FRG
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15
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Shaffer LG, Jackson-Cook CK, Stasiowski BA, Spence JE, Brown JA. Parental origin determination in thirty de novo Robertsonian translocations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 43:957-63. [PMID: 1357969 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320430611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic heteromorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to assign the parental origins of 30 de novo non-homologous Robertsonian translocations. The balanced and unbalanced translocations studied included 20 rob(14q21q) four rob(13q14q)four rob(15q21q) one rob(13q15q), and one rob(13q21q). Significantly more maternally (26/30) than paternally (4/30) derived de novo translocations were noted and all rob(14q21q) ascertained through unbalanced probands (20/20) were maternal in origin. Interestingly, 12/13 probands who were trisomic and informative for proximal chromosome 21q loci were homozygous for the markers tested. Segregation (2:1) of the Robertsonian translocation into one daughter cell in meiosis I and subsequent failure of the chromosome 21 chromatids to separate in meiosis II may account for our observation of homozygosity for proximal chromosome 21 loci in the majority of de novo rearrangements tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Shaffer
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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16
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Tümer Z, Tommerup N, Tønnesen T, Kreuder J, Craig IW, Horn N. Mapping of the Menkes locus to Xq13.3 distal to the X-inactivation center by an intrachromosomal insertion of the segment Xq13.3-q21.2. Hum Genet 1992; 88:668-72. [PMID: 1348049 DOI: 10.1007/bf02265295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During a systematic chromosomal survey of 167 unrelated boys with the X-linked recessive Menkes disease (MIM 309400), a unique rearrangement of the X chromosome was detected, involving an insertion of the long arm segment Xq13.3-q21.2 into the short arm at band Xp11.4, giving the karyotype 46,XY,ins(X) (p11.4q13.3q21.2). The same rearranged X chromosome was present de novo in the subject's phenotypically normal mother, where it was preferentially inactivated. The restriction fragment length polymorphism and methylation patterns at DXS255 indicated that the rearrangement originated from the maternal grandfather. Together with a previously described X;autosomal translocation in a female Menkes patient, the present finding supports the localization of the Menkes locus (MNK) to Xq13, with a suggested fine mapping to sub-band Xq13.3. This localization is compatible with linkage data in both man and mouse. The chromosomal bend associated with the X-inactivation center (XIC) was present on the proximal long arm of the rearranged X chromosome, in line with a location of XIC proximal to MNK. Combined data suggest the following order: Xcen-XIST(XIC), DXS128-DXS171, DXS56-MNK-PGK1-Xqter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Tümer
- John F. Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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17
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Abstract
Studies tracing parental origins of human mutations by means of cytogenetic polymorphisms and RFLPs show that most trisomics arise out of maternal errors of segregation at the first meiotic division in oocytes. Temporal disturbance of meiotic progression seems likely to underly aneuploidy production in the female mouse, and this could equally be true in women, most especially as they approach the menopause when irregular cyclicity sets in. For human monosomy X, a high proportion of cases show loss of the paternal sex chromosome, and from experimental data giving similar findings in the mouse, it seems likely that the error could arise at the pronuclear stage after sperm entry into the egg, rather than at meiosis in the male. For human point mutations and structural rearrangements, a bias exists towards paternal origins. Errors arising during spermatogonial proliferation in men could contribute point mutations, these accumulating over a lifetime to give paternal age effects. For structural rearrangements, the hypersensitive stage is likely to be the post-meiotic differentiating spermatid, a stage not subject to germinal selection, and one which in Drosophila has been shown to combine high breakability with enhanced repair. Lack of a comparable cell type to the condensing spermatid of the male might be a reason why balanced structural rearrangements are produced rather rarely in females, at least in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chandley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
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18
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Abstract
During the past 6 years, 14 cytogenetic studies on human oocytes recovered during in vitro fertilization procedures have been published; they report contradictory results. The present survey has pooled the more than 1500 oocyte chromosome complements examined to date, in order to determine generalized trends in chromosomal abnormalities of female gametes. The overall frequency of abnormalities in mature oocytes is 24.0% with a large majority of aneuploidies (22.8%) over structural aberrations (1.2%), which could be explained by the difficulty in the detection of structural abnormalities in oocyte chromosome sets. An analysis of the distribution of non-disjunction among all chromosomes was also performed. In the A, C, D, and especially in the G groups, there is a significant difference between the observed non-disjunction and the frequencies expected from an equal partitioning of non-disjunction among all chromosomes. These data are discussed with reference to the differences obtained from cytogenetic studies on human sperm and from investigations on spontaneous abortion.
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19
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Roback EW, Barakat AJ, Dev VG, Mbikay M, Chrétien M, Butler MG. An infant with deletion of the distal long arm of chromosome 15 (q26.1----qter) and loss of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 38:74-9. [PMID: 1849352 PMCID: PMC5493390 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320380117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on an infant with a previously undescribed chromosome 15 deletion (q26.1----qter) and compare the clinical findings with those of 7 reported patients with deletions of distal 15q, as well as ring chromosome 15 syndrome patients. Most of the patients with deletions of distal 15q, including our patient, have intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), microcephaly, abnormal face and ears, micrognathia, highly arched palate, renal abnormalities, lung hypoplasia, failure to thrive, and developmental delay/mental retardation. Several genes have been assigned to the 15q25----qter region, including insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). DNA analysis from our patient documented the loss of one IGF1R gene copy. Our study further localizes the IGF1R gene distal to the 15q26.1 band. It is interesting to speculate that the severe IUGR and postnatal growth deficiency of our patient and other patients with similar chromosome 15 deletions are related to the loss of an IGF1R gene copy which may lead to an abnormal number and/or structure of the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Roback
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2578
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20
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Robinson DO, Boyd Y, Cockburn D, Collinson MN, Craig I, Jacobs PA. The parental origin of de novo X-autosome translocations in females with Duchenne muscular dystrophy revealed by M27 beta methylation analysis. Genet Res (Camb) 1990; 56:135-40. [PMID: 2272503 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300035217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The parental origin of 3 de novo X-autosome translocations in females with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) was studied by means of methylation analysis using the X-linked probe M27 beta. In all three the translocation was found to be paternal in origin. The parental origin of X-autosome translocations in females with and without DMD is compared with other structural abnormalities of the X and with autosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Robinson
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, General Hospital, Salisbury
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21
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Deng HX, Xia JH, Ishikawa M, Niikawa N. Parental origin and mechanism of formation of X chromosome structural abnormalities: four cases determined with RFLPs. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1990; 35:245-51. [PMID: 1979996 DOI: 10.1007/bf01876853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parental origin and mechanism of formation of X chromosome structural abnormalities were studied in one each case of dup(X)(pter----p11.4::p22.1----qter), del(X)(qter----p11:), i(X)(qter----cen----qter), and inv dup(X) (pter----q22::q22----pter) using various X-linked RFLPs as genetic markers. Segregation and densitometric analyses on polymorphic DNAs revealed that the dup(Xp) and the del(Xp) are both of paternal origin and the i(Xq) and i dic(X) are of maternal origin. The dup(Xp) had arisen by an unequal sister chromatid exchange and the del(Xp) had occurred through an intrachromosomal breakage-reunion mechanism, both in the paternal X chromosome. The i(Xq) had arisen either through centromere fission of a maternal X chromosome, followed by duplication of its long-arm, or through a translocation between two maternal X chromosomes after meiotic crossing-over. The inv dup(X) arose through sister chromatid breakage and reunion in a maternal X chromosome. These results, together with those of previous studies, suggest that the de novo abnormalities due to events involving centromere disruption arise predominantly during oogenesis, while those due to simple breakage-reunion events occur preferentially during spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Deng
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Zackowski JL, Raffel LJ, Blank CA, Schwartz S. Proximal interstitial deletion of 7q: a case report and review of the literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 36:328-32. [PMID: 2194394 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A male infant with multiple congenital anomalies was found to have a deletion of 7q [46,XY,del(7)(pter----q11.2::q22----qter)]. The father had a balanced rearrangement involving chromosomes 7 and 9, interpreted as 46,XY,dir ins(9;7), (9pter----9p12::7q22----7q11.2::9p12----++ +9qter;7pter---- 7q11.2::7q22----7qter). C-banding showed that the rearrangement occurred as a new event in the paternal grandfather's germ-line. Including the present patient, 16 cases of proximal 7q deletion (q11----q21/q22) have been described to date. This is a sufficient number of cases to permit comparison of manifestations to attempt delineation of karyotype-phenotype relationships in different proximal interstitial deletions of 7q.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Zackowski
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201
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23
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Jacobs PA, Betts PR, Cockwell AE, Crolla JA, Mackenzie MJ, Robinson DO, Youings SA. A cytogenetic and molecular reappraisal of a series of patients with Turner's syndrome. Ann Hum Genet 1990; 54:209-23. [PMID: 2221825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1990.tb00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The results of a cytogenetic and molecular reinvestigation of a series of 52 patients with Turner's syndrome are reported. No evidence of Y chromosome material was found among the patients with a 45,X constitution but two patients were found to have a cell line with a r(Y) chromosome which was previously thought to be a r(X). The parental origin of the single X in the 45,X patients was maternal in 69% and paternal in 31%, a similar ratio to that seen among spontaneously aborted 45,X conceptuses. This suggests that X-chromosome imprinting is not responsible for the two grossly different phenotypes associated with a 45,X chromosome constitution. Approximately half of the structurally abnormal X chromosomes were maternal in origin and half paternal. This observation is consistent with either a meiotic or post-zygotic mitotic origin and at variance with the predominantly paternal origin reported for autosome structural abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Jacobs
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury General Infirmary, Wiltshire
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24
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Fukushima Y, Wakui K, Nishida T, Nishimoto H. Craniosynostosis in an infant with an interstitial deletion of 15q [46,XY,del(15)(q15q22.1)]. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1990; 36:209-13. [PMID: 2368808 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320360214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An interstitial deletion of 15q [46,XY,del(15)(q15q22.1)] was found in a malformed infant with craniosynostosis. Although the parents had normal chromosomes, the study of heteromorphic markers of chromosome 15 showed that the deleted chromosome 15 was of paternal origin. The 2 previously reported cases with an interstitial deletion of the middle portion of 15q were not complicated with craniosynostosis, and their deleted region did not include 15q15 band. The deletion of chromosome band 15q15 might be responsible for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukushima
- Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Japan
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25
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Wenger SL, Rauch SD, Hanchett JM. Sister chromatid exchange analysis of the 15q11 region in Prader-Willi syndrome patients. Hum Genet 1989; 83:111-4. [PMID: 2777249 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a sporadic disorder in which about half of cases have a 15q12 deletion. Although a small number of cases have other rearrangements involving 15q12, the rest of the cases appear to have normal chromosomes. Clinical similarities among all these patients regardless of the karyotype strongly suggests a common etiology. To investigate the nature of this common etiology, we analyzed sister chromatid exchange (SCE) at the 15q11-13 region in 10 PWS patients with the chromosome deletion, 12 PWS patients with normal chromosomes, and 11 normal control individuals. While SCE at the q11-13 region was absent on the 15q12 deleted chromosome, the percentage of SCE on chromosome 15 at q11 was statistically higher for PWS with normal chromosomes (10.1%) compared to that for normal controls (1.9%) and the normal homologue (2.2%) in deleted patients (chi 2 = 7.7982, df = 2, P less than 0.025). The data suggest relative instability of DNA at the 15q11 region in PWS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wenger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583
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26
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Nicholls RD, Knoll JH, Glatt K, Hersh JH, Brewster TD, Graham JM, Wurster-Hill D, Wharton R, Latt SA. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms within proximal 15q and their use in molecular cytogenetics and the Prader-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 33:66-77. [PMID: 2568752 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320330109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are described in detail for 6 DNA probes (D15S9-13, D15S18) that localize to the proximal long arm of human chromosome 15 (15q11-15q13: this report and Tantravahi et al., Am. J. Med. Genet. 33:78-87. Multiple RFLPs are detected by the probe that identifies locus D15S13, and these RFLPs are shown by genomic mapping to result from a nearby insertion or deletion of 1.8 kilobases (kb) of DNA. This set of RFLPs detected by proximal 15q probes can be used for studies on the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and on mentally retarded individuals with a supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosome. Five of the polymorphic loci (D15S9-13) map to the region implicated in the cause of the PWS (15q11.2-15q12). Each of 4 families tested with these probes, as well as an additional "PWS-like" patient, was informative by RFLP analysis. The two PWS deletions studied, which occurred de novo, were inherited from the chromosome 15 provided by the father. By contrast, the 2 inv dup(15) chromosomes analyzed were of maternal origin. The use of RFLPs can also simplify the molecular determination of copy number in chromosomal aneuploidy, as exemplified by analysis of individuals with the PWS and a deletion, patients with an inv dup(15), and one patient with a more complex rearrangement involving chromosome 15. Our studies demonstrate the application of DNA probes for both molecular cytogenetic studies on this chromosome region and the development of diagnostic molecular markers to aid early clinical diagnosis of the PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Nicholls
- Genetics Division, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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27
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Sasaki MS. The Japan Society of Human Genetics award lecture. Cytogenetic aspects of cancer-predisposing genes. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1989; 34:1-16. [PMID: 2671450 DOI: 10.1007/bf01928202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Some human monogenic syndromes are characterized by a high cancer propensity, and provide a pathway to the understanding of genetic origin of human cancers. In this review, cytogenetic insights into the Fanconi's anemia (FA) and retinoblastoma (RB) genes have been presented as the model for recessively and dominantly transmitted cancer-predisposing genes, respectively. Some recessively transmitted genes are unequivocally associated with abnormalities in DNA metabolisms and homozygosity increases the genome instability, and some dominantly inherited genes are categorized into loss-of-function mutation of tumor suppressing genes. While the identified syndromes themselves are uncommon and constitute a minor fraction in population, the heterozygote expression of recessive genes is our major concern of genetic predisposition to cancer, and mutation of tumor suppressing genes, identified as somatic mutation, plays a crucial role in the development of a variety of common cancers. Moreover, their possible non-Mendelian inheritance of mutational susceptibility leads us to an even more rewarding area of cancer genetics.
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28
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Williams CA, Hendrickson JE, Cantú ES, Donlon TA. Angelman syndrome in a daughter with del(15) (q11q13) associated with brachycephaly, hearing loss, enlarged foramen magnum, and ataxia in the mother. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1989; 32:333-8. [PMID: 2729353 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320320312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 4-year-old girl with Angelman syndrome who has an apparent de-novo del(15) (q11q13) originating from a maternally derived chromosome. Her mother had severe brachycephaly, sensorineural hearing loss, speech impediment, and mild ataxia. CT brain scans showed an enlarged foramen magnum in the mother and daughter but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no brainstem abnormality in either. This family demonstrates that some Angelman syndrome cases may be dominantly transmitted with variable expression and associated with abnormal or cytogenetically apparently normal chromosome 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Williams
- Raymond C. Philips Research and Education Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville
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29
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Kamei T, Hamabe JI, Matsumoto T, Abe K, Harada N, Ishikiriyama S, Hasegawa T, Miyazaki K, Mizuno S, Narahara K. A molecular deletion study with southern hybridization on typical Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) patients with various chromosome abnormalities involving 15q11-12 and on an atypical PWS patient with apparently normal karyotype. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1988; 33:477-86. [PMID: 2907997 DOI: 10.1007/bf01897789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Ejima Y, Sasaki MS, Kaneko A, Tanooka H. Types, rates, origin and expressivity of chromosome mutations involving 13q14 in retinoblastoma patients. Hum Genet 1988; 79:118-23. [PMID: 3391612 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A cytogenetic survey of 200 retinoblastoma (Rb) patients revealed that approximately 8.5% of the fresh germinal mutations were microscopically detectable chromosome mutations, either interstitial deletions or rearrangements, involving 13q14. They showed a strong bias toward paternal origin, indicating a significant contribution of errors in paternal meiotic processes. The incidence of patients with Rb due to such chromosome mutations was estimated to be 1.9 x 10(-6) of live births. Age-specific incidence of Rb tumors suggested that the Rb mutations by such chromosomal mechanisms had a lower carcinogenic potential, as indicated by the later onset of disease, than other Rb mutations of germinal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ejima
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan
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31
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Brandriff BF, Gordon LA, Ashworth LK, Carrano AV. Chromosomal aberrations induced by in vitro irradiation: comparisons between human sperm and lymphocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1988; 12:167-77. [PMID: 3409873 DOI: 10.1002/em.2860120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Types and frequencies of structural aberrations in human sperm and lymphocyte chromosomes from one donor were compared after in vitro irradiation with 100, 200, and 400 rad in order to determine if cells with dramatically different chromatin configurations are similarly affected and to investigate the feasibility of using lymphocytes as surrogates for germ cells in risk estimation. Sperm chromosomes were analyzed after fusion with eggs from the golden hamster. Total frequencies of induced aberrations were similar in the two cell types. However, the relative frequencies of rejoined lesions (dicentrics), compared with unrejoined lesions (chromosome breaks and acentric fragments), were different. At the three doses tested, a constant ratio of 5 dicentrics in lymphocytes for every dicentric in sperm was induced. Conversely, for every chromosome break or acentric fragment induced in lymphocytes, 1.7 such events were induced in sperm at the three doses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Brandriff
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore 94550
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32
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Abstract
Chromosome heteromorphisms, restriction fragment length polymorphisms, or both were used to study the parental origin of 33 cases of simple trisomy 13 and eight cases of translocation trisomy 13. The most common origin for the simple trisomies was non-disjunction at maternal meiosis I, while for the translocations an equal number of paternally and maternally derived cases was observed. In seven of the simple trisomies, information was obtained from both the cytogenetic and molecular markers, making it possible to study recombination between the two non-disjoined chromosomes. Five of the seven cases involved errors at meiosis I, with crossing over being detected in two of three cases of maternal origin and in one of two cases of paternal origin. This indicates that absence of recombination because of pairing failure is unlikely to be of major importance in the genesis of trisomy 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hassold
- Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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33
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Jacobs PA, Hassold TJ, Henry A, Pettay D, Takaesu N. Trisomy 13 ascertained in a survey of spontaneous abortions. J Med Genet 1987; 24:721-4. [PMID: 3430552 PMCID: PMC1050400 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.24.12.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a series of 2922 karyotyped spontaneous abortions, 62 were found to be trisomic for chromosome 13, 46 having a simple trisomy and 16 a translocation trisomy. The epidemiology of this series of trisomy 13 conceptuses is presented and compared to that of trisomy 13 ascertained from other populations. In most compared parameters the trisomy 13 spontaneous abortions are very similar. However, there is no evidence in our material for the fall in proportion of trisomy 13 conceptuses at very advanced maternal ages that has been reported in three previous studies, one of spontaneous abortions and two of amniocentesis specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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34
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Yamamoto Y, Sawa R, Okamoto N, Matsui A, Yanagisawa M, Ikemoto S. Deletion 14q(q24.3 to q32.1) syndrome: significance of peculiar facial appearance in its diagnosis, and deletion mapping of Pi(alpha 1-antitrypsin). Hum Genet 1986; 74:190-2. [PMID: 3490426 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 10-month-old Japanese boy who had interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome No. 14; 46,XY, del(14)(pter----q24.3: :q32.1----qter) is reported. A peculiar facial appearance, including round face, frontal hypertrichosis with thick eyebrows, horizontal narrow palpebral fissures, a short bulbous nose with a flat nasal root, and mild micrognathia, appeared to be common with the two previously reported cases. We stress the significance of this peculiar facial appearance in the diagnosis of 14q-(q24.3 to q32.1) syndrome. The level of alpha 1-antitrypsin in the patient was only about half of that of his parents and controls, and the Pi locus was tentatively assigned to band 14q32.1.
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35
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Butler MG, Meaney FJ, Palmer CG. Clinical and cytogenetic survey of 39 individuals with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1986; 23:793-809. [PMID: 3953677 PMCID: PMC5494992 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320230307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In a clinical and cytogenetic survey of 39 individuals with Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome (PLWS) (23 males and 16 females ranging in age from 2 weeks to 39 years), an interstitial deletion of chromosome 15 (breakpoints q11 and q13) was identified in 21 cases and apparently normal chromosomes in the remainder. Studies of parental chromosome 15 variants showed that the del[15q] was paternal in origin, although chromosomes of both parents were normal. All chromosome deletions were de novo events. Possible causes for the chromosome deletion and the role of chromosome rearrangements in individuals with PLWS are discussed. Clinical characteristics of the deletion and nondeletion groups were recorded and compared with 124 individuals reported in the literature. Individuals with the chromosome deletion were found to have lighter hair, eye, and skin color, greater sun sensitivity, and higher intelligence scores than individuals with normal chromosomes. Correlation studies of metacarpophalangeal pattern profile variables and dermatoglyphic findings indicate apparent homogeneity of the deletion group and heterogeneity of individuals with PLWS and normal chromosomes.
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36
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37
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Harrison CJ, Jack EM, Allen TD, Harris R. Investigation of human chromosome polymorphisms by scanning electron microscopy. J Med Genet 1985; 22:16-23. [PMID: 4039005 PMCID: PMC1049371 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.22.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human chromosome polymorphisms were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Centromeric heterochromatin was of a constricted morphology. The extent of the C banded region was demarcated by a prominent circumferential groove in G banded chromosomes. Circumferential grooves were observed within the heterochromatin of chromosome 9, and the number of grooves present reflected the size of the region. Three dimensional viewing of satellites and short arms of acrocentric chromosomes, from different angles in the SEM, provided the opportunity for accurate assessment of the size of satellites to be made. Also, small morphological variations were defined in the SEM when definition was uncertain in the light microscope (LM).
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38
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Reiss JA, Weleber RG, Brown MG, Bangs CD, Lovrien EW, Magenis RE. Tandem duplication of proximal 22q: a cause of cat-eye syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1985; 20:165-71. [PMID: 3970068 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A boy with bilateral colobomas, preauricular pits, and developmental delay had a 46,XY,22q+ karyotype. His parents had normal chromosomes. The abnormality of 22q was interpreted as a de novo tandem duplication of 22q11.1----q11.2. Although no anal abnormality was identified, his manifestations are otherwise consistent with those of the cat-eye syndrome. Blood marker results and the levels of galactosidase-2, galactosidase-B and arylsulfatase-A, which are known to be coded on 22q, are normal.
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39
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Martin-DeLeon PA, Boice ML. Sperm aging in the male after sexual rest: Contribution to chromosome anomalies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1120120206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Niikawa N, Ishikiriyama S. Clinical and cytogenetic studies of the Prader-Willi syndrome: evidence of phenotype-karyotype correlation. Hum Genet 1985; 69:22-7. [PMID: 3855404 DOI: 10.1007/bf00295524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven patients with the presumed diagnosis of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) were studied clinically and cytogenetically. The patients were classified into three study groups on the basis of their clinical pictures: group 1 with 12 children meeting the strict diagnostic criteria for PWS; group 2 with nine floppy infants and young children, aged 3 years or less, without obesity and hyperphagia; and group 3 with six older children in whom some characteristic features of the syndrome were absent. High-resolution GTG banding of prometaphase chromosomes revealed del(15)(q11.1;q12) in eleven and t(15;15)(qter----p11.2::q12----qter) in one of the twelve group 1 patients. In group 2, four patients had del(15)(q11.1; q12), one had t(15;15)(qter----p11.1::q13----qter), and the remaining four had normal karyotypes. The deleted segment common to the 17 patients with the chromosome aberrations was confined to subband 15q11.2. On the other hand, all six group 3 patients had normal karyotypes. These findings indicated that when strictly defined PWS is absolutely correlated with chromosome 15 aberrations, i.e., there is a positive phenotype-karyotype correlation, and that the aberrations are etiologically related to the syndrome. Parental origin of the deleted chromosome was determined in seven patients, with QFQ-heteromorphisms being used as hereditary markers. The deleted chromosome originated from the paternal chromosome 15 in six patients and from the maternal 15 in one.
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41
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Kajii T, Murano I. A 7q- son of an XYY father. JINRUI IDENGAKU ZASSHI. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1984; 29:387-9. [PMID: 6533358 DOI: 10.1007/bf01871254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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42
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Mattei MG, Souiah N, Mattei JF. Chromosome 15 anomalies and the Prader-Willi syndrome: cytogenetic analysis. Hum Genet 1984; 66:313-34. [PMID: 6373566 DOI: 10.1007/bf00287636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of chromosome 15 is very different from that of the other acrocentric chromosomes. The cytogenetic characteristics of rearrangements associated with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are analyzed as similar rearrangements irrespective of the associated phenotype (reciprocal translocations of chromosome 15, small bisatellited additional chromosomes, Robertsonian translocations, interstitial deletions, pericentric inversions). This study suggests that: (1) The proximal ( 15q ) region and PWS seem to be indissociable ; (2) chromosome 15 has an indisputable cytogenetic originality which could be related to its histochemical properties. Chromosome 15 constitutive heterochromatin usually contains much 5-methylcytosine-rich DNA and a large amount of each of the four satellite DNAs. Furthermore the existence in the proximal ( 15q ) region of one or several palindromic sequences could be postulated to explain the great lability of this region of chromosome 15.
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43
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Abstract
Chromosome heteromorphisms of parents and their trisomic spontaneous abortions were compared in an attempt to determine the parental origin of 204 single trisomies, including cases of trisomy 3, 4, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 22, nine mosaic trisomies and nine double trisomies. Non-disjunction at maternal meiosis I was the most likely source of the additional chromosome for all trisomies studied, including the mosaics, and this was the case at all maternal ages. However, trisomy 21 had a significantly increased proportion of paternally derived cases by comparison with all other trisomies. Consideration of the sex ratio in cases of trisomy 21 of known parental origin suggests that there is an excess of males associated with paternal first meiotic division non-disjunction. The fact that this mechanism of origin is more prevalent in trisomy 21 may well explain why there is an excess of males associated with this abnormality but not with other autosomal trisomies.
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MESH Headings
- Abortion, Spontaneous/genetics
- Adult
- Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
- Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
- Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
- Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
- Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- Down Syndrome/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Karyotyping
- Male
- Meiosis
- Middle Aged
- Mosaicism
- Pregnancy
- Sex Chromosomes
- Trisomy
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44
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Brandriff B, Gordon L, Ashworth L, Watchmaker G, Carrano A, Wyrobek A. Chromosomal abnormalities in human sperm: comparisons among four healthy men. Hum Genet 1984; 66:193-201. [PMID: 6714980 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have used the human-sperm/hamster-egg system to compare the frequencies of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations in 909 sperm karyotypes from four normal healthy men. The frequency of structural aberrations was 1.3, 4.8, 9.0, and 10.4% respectively in the four donors. Certain specific breakpoints were seen twice or even three times in three of the donors. The incidence of aneuploidy was 1.3, 1.4, 1.4, and 1.9%. In three donors the frequencies of structural aberrations were significantly higher in sperm than in lymphocytes from the same man. X-to-Y ratios did not differ significantly from the expected 50:50.
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45
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Olson SB, Magenis RE, Rowe SI, Lovrien EW. Chromosome heteromorphism analysis in cases of disputed paternity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1983; 15:47-55. [PMID: 6574701 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood test results, using standard procedures, failed to exclude the alleged father as the biological father of a child in a case of disputed paternity. Using 21 different systems, the probability of exclusion for the man was 98.19%, and the probability of paternity was only 93.90% with a paternity index of 15.48. Chromosome heteromorphisms of all three individuals were studied. By comparison of fluorescent markers of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22, the child was shown to inherit one homologue of each of these chromosomes from the mother, but none were like the heteromorphisms of the alleged father. This excluded him as the biological father.
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46
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Chapter 3. Prenatal Cytogenetic Diagnosis. Methods Cell Biol 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Imaizumi K, Kajii T, Niikawa N. 13S+. Giant satellites or de novo rearrangement? Hum Genet 1981; 59:266-8. [PMID: 7327588 DOI: 10.1007/bf00283678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A seven-year-old Japanese girl with mental retardation, epileptic seizures controllable by anticonvulsants, short stature, and multiple minor malformations was found to have apparent giant satellites on chromosome No.13. The karyotypes of her parents and elder brother were normal. Banding studies revealed that the apparent giant satellites consist of four G-bands, and are thus a de novo rearrangement product. The origin of the aberrant No. 13 was traced to a paternal meiotic error, using Q-banding and silver staining heteromorphisms as markers. Thus, the patient represents an unbalanced, de novo chromosomal rearrangement masquerading as giant satellites, with the origin of the extra chromosomal material unknown, a hitherto undescribed situation.
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Abstract
The origin of the additional chromosome was studied in 45 trisomic-21 Down-syndrome patients. In 17 patients the additional chromosome was maternal, in 2 it was paternal and in the remaining 26 the parental origin could not be determined. Acrocentric chromosome association was studied in parents of Down-syndrome offspring and in parents of spontaneous abortions that were trisomic for an acrocentric chromosome. Parents of trisomic 16 abortuses and parents of triploid and chromosomally normal abortuses were used as controls. No increased association index was found for the specific acrocentric chromosome involved in the trisomy, either for the liveborn or for the aborted trisomics. However, the overall association index of the parent in whom the non-disjunctional event leading to the acrocentric trisomy occurred was increased by comparison with that of the parent in whom non-disjunction did not occur and with that of the controls. The reasons why we consider satellite associations to play an insignificant role in the aetiology of non-disjunction are discussed.
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Stetten G, Sroka-Zaczek B, Corson VL. Prenatal detection of an accessory chromosome identified as an inversion duplication (15). Hum Genet 1981; 57:357-9. [PMID: 7286975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00281684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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50
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Magenis E, Brown MG, Chamberlin J, Donlon T, Hepburn D, Lamvik N, Lovrien E, Yoshitomi M. Resolution of breakpoints in a complex rearrangement by use of multiple staining techniques: confirmation of suspected 12p12.3 intraband by deletion dosage effect of LDHB. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1981; 9:95-103. [PMID: 6167167 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320090203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A complex de novo translocation was found in leukocytes and fibroblasts from a boy with mental retardation and minor abnormalities. The 45,XY chromosome constitution found in all cells was initially interpreted from routine G- and Q-banding techniques as a balanced translocation of part of the short arm of 12 to the short arm of 15 and of the long arm of 21 to the short arm of 12. With additional staining techniques and use of prometaphase chromosome preparations, it was determined that the distal portion of band 12.3 of the short arm of chromosome 12 was missing from the 12/15 and the 12/21 translocation chromosomes. This interpretation was confirmed by a decreased concentration of the LDH-B subunit in lactate dehydrogenase isozymes of the patient's fibroblasts, consistent with his being hemizygous for the LDHB locus.
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