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Kubo S, Niimi H, Kitajima I. Duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for simultaneous detection of human and human male DNA. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:180. [PMID: 37608397 PMCID: PMC10464483 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Screening of human and human male DNA is necessary for forensic DNA analyses. Although quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is commonly used for detecting and quantifying these DNA targets, its use as a screening tool is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To streamline and simplify the screening process, we aimed to develop a duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay capable of simultaneously detecting human and human male DNA in a single tube. We assessed the duplex LAMP assay for forensic application. RESULTS For our duplex LAMP assay, we have utilized two fluorescent probes with HEX and FAM fluorophores to specifically detect human and human male DNA, respectively. The HEX (human target) signal was detected from both the male and female DNA samples, and the FAM (male target) signal was detected from only the male DNA sample. This assay has a sensitivity of 10-1 pg of DNA for both targets. Additionally, we successfully detected the two targets in the DNA samples extracted from forensically relevant body fluids, including blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kubo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, 920-8553, Japan.
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Isao Kitajima
- Administrative Office, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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Kubo S, Niimi H, Kitajima I. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for fluorescence analysis and lateral flow detection of male DNA. Anal Biochem 2023; 664:115029. [PMID: 36572215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Male DNA screening is important in forensic investigations, such as sexual assault cases. Although quantitative real-time PCR is a robust method for detection of male DNA, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive. We herein report the development of a male DNA-targeted loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay that can be used for both laboratory-based fluorescence analysis and on-site lateral flow detection. The two detection systems are independent, but we streamlined the reaction before the detection by introducing a fluorescence probe and biotin-labeled primer into a single reaction. This allowed the evaluation of fluorescence signal followed by lateral flow detection. Both the fluorescence and lateral flow analyses detected as low as 10 pg of male DNA. We also integrated an alkaline lysis method with our LAMP assay. The direct assay successfully detected male DNA from forensic samples without purification. The workflow requires only <40 min for fluorescence analysis and <45 min for lateral flow detection. Furthermore, when combined with a lateral flow strip, this workflow does not require any sophisticated instruments. These findings suggest that our assay is a promising strategy for on-site male DNA screening as well as laboratory-based testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kubo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, 920-8553, Japan.
| | - Hideki Niimi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Isao Kitajima
- Administrative office, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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Zhang D, Broyles D, Hunt EA, Dikici E, Daunert S, Deo SK. A paper-based platform for detection of viral RNA. Analyst 2017; 142:815-823. [PMID: 28194453 PMCID: PMC5772759 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Viral detection presents a host of challenges for even the most sensitive analytical techniques, and the complexity of common detection platforms typically preclude portability. With these considerations in mind, we designed a paper microzone plate-based virus detection system for the detection of viral genetic material that can be performed with simple instruments. The sensing system can detect viral cDNA reverse-transcribed from total RNA extraction by utilizing a biotinylated capture probe and an Alexa Fluor® 647-labeled reporter probe. The biotinylated capture probe was linked to the paper surface via NeutrAvidin® that was physically adsorbed on the paper. After addition of reverse-transcribed sample and reporter probe in sequence, the reverse-transcribed target captured the reporter probe and tethered it to the capture probe in a bridged format. Fluorescence intensity was imaged using a Western blot imaging system, and higher target concentration was visible by the increased emission intensity from Alexa Fluor® 647. By utilizing paper, this detection setup could also serve as a sample concentration method via evaporation, which could remarkably lower the detection limit if needed. This detection platform used Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) RNA as a proof-of-concept by sensing cDNA resulting from reverse transcription and can be further expanded as a general method for other pathogens. EBV is a well-known human tumor virus, which has also recently been linked to the development of cervical cancer. The assay was accomplished within two hours including the room-temperature RNA extraction and reverse transcription steps. Also, this paper microzone plate-based platform can potentially be applicable for the development of point-of-care (POC) detection kits or devices due to its robust design, convenient interface, and easy portability. The experiment could be stopped after each step, and continued at a later time. The shelf-life of the modified paper plate setup was at least 3 months without a discernible change in signal, and the result from day 1 could be read at 3 months - both of which are important criteria for POC analytical testing tools, especially in resource-poor settings. All of the required assay steps could potentially be performed without any significant equipment using inexpensive paper microzone plates, which will be ideal for further development of POC testing devices. Although, this platform is not at the stage where it can be directly used in a point-of-care setting, it does have fundamental characteristics such as a stable platform, a simple detection method, and relatively common reagents that align closely with a POC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, USA
| | - David Broyles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
| | - Eric A Hunt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. and Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, USA
| | - Emre Dikici
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
| | - Sapna K Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Masuyama K, Shojo H, Nakanishi H, Inokuchi S, Adachi N. Sex Determination from Fragmented and Degenerated DNA by Amplified Product-Length Polymorphism Bidirectional SNP Analysis of Amelogenin and SRY Genes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169348. [PMID: 28052096 PMCID: PMC5214517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is important in archeology and anthropology for the study of past societies, cultures, and human activities. Sex determination is also one of the most important components of individual identification in criminal investigations. We developed a new method of sex determination by detecting a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the amelogenin gene using amplified product-length polymorphisms in combination with sex-determining region Y analysis. We particularly focused on the most common types of postmortem DNA damage in ancient and forensic samples: fragmentation and nucleotide modification resulting from deamination. Amplicon size was designed to be less than 60 bp to make the method more useful for analyzing degraded DNA samples. All DNA samples collected from eight Japanese individuals (four male, four female) were evaluated correctly using our method. The detection limit for accurate sex determination was determined to be 20 pg of DNA. We compared our new method with commercial short tandem repeat analysis kits using DNA samples artificially fragmented by ultraviolet irradiation. Our novel method was the most robust for highly fragmented DNA samples. To deal with allelic dropout resulting from deamination, we adopted “bidirectional analysis,” which analyzed samples from both sense and antisense strands. This new method was applied to 14 Jomon individuals (3500-year-old bone samples) whose sex had been identified morphologically. We could correctly identify the sex of 11 out of 14 individuals. These results show that our method is reliable for the sex determination of highly degenerated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotoka Masuyama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hideki Shojo
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (NA); (HS)
| | - Hiroaki Nakanishi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Inokuchi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Adachi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
- * E-mail: (NA); (HS)
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Tönnies H, Gerlach A, Klunker R, Schultka R, Göbbel L. First Systematic CGH-based Analyses of Ancient DNA Samples of Malformed Fetuses Preserved in the Meckel Anatomical Collection in Halle/Saale (Germany). J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:381-4. [PMID: 15750025 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4b6427.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first data on our comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)–based strategy for the analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) samples extracted from fetuses preserved in the Meckel Anatomical Collection in Halle, Germany. The collection contains numerous differently fixed ancient samples of fetal malformations collected from the middle of the 18th to the early 19th century. The main objective of this study is to establish a “standard” aDNA extraction and amplification protocol as a prerequisite for successful CGH analyses to detect or exclude chromosomal imbalances possibly causative for the malformations described for the fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tönnies
- Institut für Humangenetik, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité, Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Zagga AD, Ahmed HOON, Ismail SM, Tadros AA. Molecular sex identification of dry human teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. J Forensic Dent Sci 2014; 6:132-8. [PMID: 25125922 PMCID: PMC4130016 DOI: 10.4103/0975-1475.132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The advent of molecular techniques has revolutionized the ability of scientists to estimate the sex of individuals. Forensic odontology plays an important role in establishing the sex of victims with bodies mutilated beyond recognition due to major disaster. The genetic difference between males and females is defined by the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome. The use of alphoid-repeat primers in sex estimation was first applied on dried blood. Generally, the X, Y alphoid repeats blind test attest to the accuracy of genetic testing, and also point the potential for occasional error in morphometric sexing. AIM To estimate genetic sex of dry human teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS A single-blind study of DNA analysis for sex estimation of nine dry human teeth specimens from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria, through PCR, using alphoid repeats primers, was undertaken. RESULTS The genetic sex of each group of the teeth samples were accurately (100%) identified. For each group of teeth, PCR Sensitivity = 100%, Specificity = 0%, Predictive value of positive test = 100%, Predictive value of negative test = 0%, False positive rate = 0%, False negative rate = 0%, Efficiency of test = 100%. Fisher's exact probability test P = 1. Z-test: z- and P values were invalid. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated the successful use of alphoid-repeat primers in genetic sex identification of human dry teeth samples from Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria. This is the first known study estimating the sex of human dry teeth specimens by means of PCR in Nigeria. There is need for further studies in Nigeria to complement the findings of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- AD Zagga
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - H. OON Ahmed
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - SM Ismail
- Department of Medical Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics and Genome Research, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - AA Tadros
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Current genetic methodologies in the identification of disaster victims and in forensic analysis. J Appl Genet 2011; 53:41-60. [PMID: 22002120 PMCID: PMC3265735 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-011-0068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the basic problems and currently available molecular techniques used for genetic profiling in disaster victim identification (DVI). The environmental conditions of a mass disaster often result in severe fragmentation, decomposition and intermixing of the remains of victims. In such cases, traditional identification based on the anthropological and physical characteristics of the victims is frequently inconclusive. This is the reason why DNA profiling became the gold standard for victim identification in mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) or any forensic cases where human remains are highly fragmented and/or degraded beyond recognition. The review provides general information about the sources of genetic material for DNA profiling, the genetic markers routinely used during genetic profiling (STR markers, mtDNA and single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP]) and the basic statistical approaches used in DNA-based disaster victim identification. Automated technological platforms that allow the simultaneous analysis of a multitude of genetic markers used in genetic identification (oligonucleotide microarray techniques and next-generation sequencing) are also presented. Forensic and population databases containing information on human variability, routinely used for statistical analyses, are discussed. The final part of this review is focused on recent developments, which offer particularly promising tools for forensic applications (mRNA analysis, transcriptome variation in individuals/populations and genetic profiling of specific cells separated from mixtures).
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8
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Matheson CD, Vernon KK, Lahti A, Fratpietro R, Spigelman M, Gibson S, Greenblatt CL, Donoghue HD, Zissu B. Molecular exploration of the first-century Tomb of the Shroud in Akeldama, Jerusalem. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8319. [PMID: 20016819 PMCID: PMC2789407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tomb of the Shroud is a first-century C.E. tomb discovered in Akeldama, Jerusalem, Israel that had been illegally entered and looted. The investigation of this tomb by an interdisciplinary team of researchers began in 2000. More than twenty stone ossuaries for collecting human bones were found, along with textiles from a burial shroud, hair and skeletal remains. The research presented here focuses on genetic analysis of the bioarchaeological remains from the tomb using mitochondrial DNA to examine familial relationships of the individuals within the tomb and molecular screening for the presence of disease. There are three mitochondrial haplotypes shared between a number of the remains analyzed suggesting a possible family tomb. There were two pathogens genetically detected within the collection of osteological samples, these were Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. The Tomb of the Shroud is one of very few examples of a preserved shrouded human burial and the only example of a plaster sealed loculus with remains genetically confirmed to have belonged to a shrouded male individual that suffered from tuberculosis and leprosy dating to the first-century C.E. This is the earliest case of leprosy with a confirmed date in which M. leprae DNA was detected.
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Matheson CD, Marion TE, Hayter S, Esau N, Fratpietro R, Vernon KK. Technical note: Removal of metal ion inhibition encountered during DNA extraction and amplification of copper-preserved archaeological bone using size exclusion chromatography. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2009; 140:384-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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10
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Di Bernardo G, Del Gaudio S, Galderisi U, Cascino A, Cipollaro M. Ancient DNA and family relationships in a Pompeian house. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:429-37. [PMID: 19523150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Archaeological, anthropological and pathological data suggest that thirteen skeletons found in a house at the Pompeii archaeological site, dated to 79 A.D., belong to one family. To verify this and to identify the relationships between these individuals, we analyzed DNA extracted from bone specimens. Specifically, hypervariable segment 1 (HVS1) of the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was amplified in two overlapping polymerase chain reactions and the sequences were compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence. As independent controls, other polymorphic sites in HVS1, HVS2 and in the coding region were analyzed. We also amplified some short tandem repeats of the thirteen specimens. This study revealed that six of the thirteen individuals are indeed closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section Antonino Cascino, 2nd University of Naples, Via Costantinopoli 16, Naples, Italy
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11
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Sex diagnosis of subadult specimens from Medieval Polish archaeological sites: Metric analysis of deciduous dentition. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2008; 59:175-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Göbbel L, Schultka R, Klunker R, Stock K, Helm J, Olsson L, Opitz JM, Gerlach A, Tönnies H. Nuchal cystic hygroma in five fetuses from 1819 to 1826 in the Meckel-anatomical collections at the University of Halle, Germany. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:119-28. [PMID: 17167798 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Anatomical collection of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School of the University of Halle, Germany, comprises more than 8,000 specimens. Around 600 of them show congenital anomalies. The collection of abnormal human and animal fetuses began as the private collection of Johann Friedrich Meckel the Elder (1724-1774), his son Philipp Friedrich Theodor Meckel (1755-1803) and his grandson Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger (1781-1833). Meckel the Younger founded the systematic science of developmental pathology. Radiographical techniques, computer tomographic (CT) methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were used to diagnose abnormal human fetuses in the Meckel-anatomical collections. Cystic hygroma colli was found in five of the human fetuses originally described by JF Meckel the Younger in 1826 and one of his students in 1819 [Hencke, 1819]. CGH analyses were used to test whether the observed cystic hygroma colli could be caused by chromosomal aneuploidies. CGH-ratio profiles of all chromosomes were apparently normal. PCR-based sex determination tests on ancient DNA were used to determine the fetal gonosomal constitution. It is likely that the Meckel specimens are among the oldest fetuses in which Ullrich-Turner "phenotype" has been diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luminita Göbbel
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Soncini M, Signoroni PB, Bailo M, Zatti D, Gregori A, Lombardi G, Albertini A, Wengler GS, Parolini O. Use of highly sensitive mitochondrial probes to detect microchimerism in xenotransplantation models. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13:80-5. [PMID: 16497216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chimerism, defined as the co-existence of cells of different origin within the same organism, has received much attention in hematopoietic cell and organ transplantation because of the strict relationship between its establishment and the induction of specific tolerance. Traditional methods applied for chimerism detection, such as immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, fluorescent-activated cell sorter analysis, and serological and biochemical testing, are limited by their sensitivity. We have established a highly sensitive molecular approach based on the amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome B gene and tested its specificity and sensitivity level in six different mammalian species, including human, pig, mouse, rat, sheep and rabbit. Increased sensitivity of detection of specific amplification products was obtained by the non-radioactive Southern blot technique. This novel approach allows the detection of one cell against the background of 1 to 4 x 10(6) xenogenec cells and will be helpful for high-sensitivity analysis of donor cell engraftment after xenotransplantation procedures in these animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Soncini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Tönnies H, Klunker R, Saar K, Göbbel L, Musil A, Schultka R. [Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) from preparations from the Meckel collection in Halle (Saale)]. Ann Anat 2002; 184:541-5. [PMID: 12489338 DOI: 10.1016/s0940-9602(02)80094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Tönnies
- Institut für Humangenetik, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin
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15
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Evdokimova VN, Nikitina TV, Lebedev IN, Sukhanova NN, Nazarenko SA. About the sex ratio in connection with early embryonic mortality in man. Russ J Dev Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02758829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Fisher RA, Khatoon R, Paradinas FJ, Roberts AP, Newlands ES. Repetitive complete hydatidiform mole can be biparental in origin and either male or female. Hum Reprod 2000; 15:594-8. [PMID: 10686202 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/15.3.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is an abnormality in pregnancy due to a diploid conception which is generally androgenetic in origin, i. e. all 46 chromosomes are paternally derived. We have examined the genetic origin of repetitive hydatidiform moles in a patient having three CHM by two different partners, and no normal pregnancies. Using fluorescent microsatellite genotyping, we have shown all three CHM to be biparental, rather than androgenetic, in origin. Examination of informative markers for each homologous pair of chromosomes, in two of the CHM, failed to reveal any evidence of unipaternal disomy, suggesting that the molar phenotype might result from disruption of normal imprinting patterns due to a defect in the maternal genome. It has been suggested that intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), followed by selection of male embryos, can prevent repetitive CHM; but examination of sex chromosome-specific sequences in the three CHM described here, showed that, while two were female, the first CHM was male. Selection of male embryos is therefore unlikely to prevent repetitive CHM in this patient. Our results suggest that the genetic origin of repetitive CHM should be determined prior to in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and that current strategies for the prevention of repetitive CHM may not be appropriate where the CHM are of biparental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Fisher
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Division of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK
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Caenazzo L, Ponzano E, Greggio NA, Cortivo P. Prenatal sexing and sex determination in infants with ambiguous genitalia by polymerase chain reaction. GENETIC TESTING 1999; 1:289-91. [PMID: 10464660 DOI: 10.1089/gte.1997.1.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Sex determination in both fetuses and infants with ambiguous external genitalia usually necessitates time-consuming and costly karyotyping. We propose a simple, rapid, and reliable method of prenatal and postnatal sex determination by means of the PCR, a technique currently used to identify gender for forensic purposes. DNA was extracted from 20 samples of whole blood from infants with ambiguous genitalia and from five samples of amniotic fluid. Three markers were amplified from each specimen: a Y chromosome alphoid repeat sequence and two homologous genes, amelogenin (AME) and zinc finger protein (ZFP). All three were detected in under 10 hr. A comparison of the results obtained with those of cytogenetic analysis of the same samples showed a perfect sex match, demonstrating that this PCR technique provides an accurate means of determining gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caenazzo
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.
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Schilling B, Yeh J. Expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3 and of type I and II TGF-beta receptors during the development of the human fetal ovary. Fertil Steril 1999; 72:147-53. [PMID: 10428164 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(99)00182-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the regulation of human fetal ovarian development. DESIGN Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the localization and staining intensity of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta3, and of their receptors. SETTING Academic research environment. PATIENT(S) Human fetal ovaries were obtained from terminated normal intact pregnancies at 11-24 weeks' gestation. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Messenger RNA analysis and protein expression of TGF-beta isoforms and their receptors in human fetal ovaries at 11-24 weeks of gestational age. RESULT(S) Messenger RNAs for the three TGF-beta isoforms and the two TGF-beta receptors were demonstrated in all the developmental ages studied: 11, 14, 18, 20, and 22 weeks of gestation. During the first trimester, immunohistochemical analysis for TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, and TGF-beta receptor type I revealed homogeneous light staining of the ovary. Staining for TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta receptor type II was predominantly in the oocytes. During the second trimester, staining for all three TGF-beta isoforms and both receptors was predominantly in the oocytes. In addition, for receptor types I and II, staining was observed in the pregranulosa cells. CONCLUSION(S) Our findings support the hypothesis that expression of the TGF-beta system changes from the first to the second trimester of fetal development and may have an autocrine and/or paracrine regulatory role during ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schilling
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kusz K, Kotecki M, Wojda A, Szarras-Czapnik M, Latos-Bielenska A, Warenik-Szymankiewicz A, Ruszczynska-Wolska A, Jaruzelska J. Incomplete masculinisation of XX subjects carrying the SRY gene on an inactive X chromosome. J Med Genet 1999. [DOI: 10.1136/jmg.36.6.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
46,XX subjects carrying the testis determining SRY gene usually have a completely male phenotype. In this study, five very rare cases of SRY carrying subjects (two XX males and three XX true hermaphrodites) with various degrees of incomplete masculinisation were analysed in order to elucidate the cause of sexual ambiguity despite the presence of the SRY gene. PCR amplification of 20 Y chromosome specific sequences showed the Yp fragment to be much longer in XX males than in true hermaphrodites. FISH analysis combined with RBG banding of metaphase chromosomes of four patients showed that in all three true hermaphrodites and in one XX male the Yp fragment was translocated onto a late replicating inactive X chromosome in over 90% of their blood lymphocytes. However, in a control classical XX male with no ambiguous features, the Yp fragment (significantly shorter than in the XX male with sexual ambiguity and only slightly longer than in XX hermaphrodites) was translocated onto the active X chromosome in over 90% of cells.These studies strongly indicate that inactivation on the X chromosome spreading into a translocated Yp fragment could be the major mechanism causing a sexually ambiguous phenotype in XX (SRY+) subjects.
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20
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Alvarez-Nava F, Martínez MC, González S, Soto M, Borjas L, Rojas A. FISH and PCR analysis of the presence of Y-chromosome sequences in a patient with Xq-isochromosome and testicular tissue. Clin Genet 1999; 55:356-61. [PMID: 10422807 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mixed gonadal dysgenesis includes a heterogeneous group of different chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic abnormalities, characterized by the presence of a testis on one side and streak or an absent gonad on the other, persistence of müllerian duct structures and/or wolffian derivatives, and a variable degree of genital ambiguity. Here, we describe a patient with virilized external genitalia and phenotypic features of Turner syndrome, whose blood karyotype was 45,X/46,X,i(Xq). The presence of a unilateral dysgenetic testis was confirmed by histopathology. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis to detect Y-specific sequences, Y-chromosome material was not detected. To date, this is the first case reported of Xq-isochromosome associated with the presence of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Alvarez-Nava
- Unidad de Genética Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela.
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21
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López M, Canto P, Aguinaga M, Torres L, Cervantes A, Alfaro G, Méndez JP, Kofman-Alfaro S. Frequency of Y chromosomal material in Mexican patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 76:120-4. [PMID: 9511973 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980305)76:2<120::aid-ajmg3>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies have shown that 40-60% of patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) are 45,X, whereas the rest have structural aberrations of the X chromosome or mosaicism with a second cell line containing a structurally normal or abnormal X or Y chromosome. However, molecular analysis has demonstrated a higher proportion of mosaicism, and studies in different populations have shown an extremely variable frequency of Y mosaicism of 0-61%. We used Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of Ycen, ZFY, SRY, and Yqh in 50 Mexican patients with UTS and different karyotypes to determine the origin of marker chromosomes and the presence of Y sequences. Our results indicated the origin of the marker chromosome in 1 patient and detected the presence of Y sequences in 4 45,X patients. Taken together, we found a 12% incidence of Y sequences in individuals with UTS. The amount of Y-derived material was variable, making the correlation between phenotype and molecular data difficult. Only 1 patient had a gonadoblastoma. We discuss the presence of Y chromosomes or Y sequences in patients with UTS and compare our frequency with that previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital General de México/Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City
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22
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Waye J. De NovoDeletion of Yqin a Male who is Negative for DYZ1 Sequences. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.1998.10757110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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24
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Bala S, Ahmad J, Ali S. Genomic distribution of 5' TTCCA 3' repeat motif and its diagnostic potential in human Y-chromosome-related anomalies. Clin Genet 1996; 50:358-65. [PMID: 9007324 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb02388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have studied genomic distribution of a simple repeat motif 5' TTCCA 3' derived from the DYZ1 fraction of the human Y chromosome employing restriction fragment length polymorphism and in situ hybridization techniques. This has led us to develop a synthetic DNA based genetic marker specific to human genome. Randomly selected human genomic DNA from both sexes, digested with a total of 16 restriction enzymes, OAT20Y probe comprising four repeat units of 5'TTCCA 3' motif failed to reveal fragment length polymorphisms. In contrast, with most of the enzymes, several multilocus monomorphic bands and with a few enzymes, smeary signals were detected. In situ hybridization of the OAT20Y probe with human chromosomes revealed grains on the long arm of the Y chromosome, whereas the X-chromosome and autosomes showed random distribution of the grains without any preferential labeling in the centromeric or telomeric regions. The OAT20Y probe uncovers a 3.4 kb isomorphic band exclusively in the human male DNA digested with Hae III enzyme. Using the OAT20Y probe, we have detected the presence of Y chromosome in mosaic cell populations of Turner's patients with dysgenetic gonads and high levels of LS/FSH. The presence of Y chromosome in these patients has been associated with an increased risk of gonadoblastoma. The OAT20Y probe offers sensitivity and accuracy for the detection of Y-chromosome-bearing cells in a mosaic cell population and, consequently, help in better management of the patients.
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25
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Sasabe Y, Krisher RL, Stehlik JC, Stehlik EF, Katayama KP. Sex determination by simultaneous application of polymerase chain reaction and fluorescent in situ hybridization on the same blastomere of a pre-embryo. Fertil Steril 1996; 66:490-2. [PMID: 8751756 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58527-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe an investigation of the feasibility of carrying out polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization on the same single human cell for sex determination. DESIGN To develop protocol for a clinical diagnostic test in preclinical trials. SETTING Infertile human volunteers in a clinical environment. PATIENTS Polyploid embryos were obtained from patients treated by IVF at the Advanced Institute of Fertility. INTERVENTIONS Seventeen blastomeres biopsied from human polyploid embryos were analyzed for sex determination by simultaneous application of PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Presence of an X- or X and Y-chromosome band after agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products and presence of an X- or X and Y-chromosome fluorescent probe signal after fluorescent in situ hybridization following PCR analysis. RESULTS By PCR, all 17 blastomeres were amplified and, by fluorescent in situ hybridization, 12 (70.6%) blastomeres produced signals that were consistent with PCR results. Two blastomeres showed only X signals, although by PCR they had both X and Y-chromosome bands. CONCLUSIONS The sequential use of PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization on the same blastomere can be applied to improve the accuracy of sex determination before fresh ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sasabe
- Advanced Institute of Fertility, Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA
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26
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Sex Determination from Blood and Teeth by PCR Amplification of the Alphoid Satellite Family. J Forensic Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Holden JJ, Walker M, Chalifoux M, White BN. Trinucleotide repeats at the FRAXF locus: frequency and distribution in the general population. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 64:424-7. [PMID: 8844097 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960809)64:2<424::aid-ajmg38>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
FRAXF, the third X-chromosomal fragile site to be cloned, has been shown to harbour a polymorphic compound triplet array: (GCCGTC)n (GCC)n. Expansion and methylation of the GCC-repeat and the neighbouring CpG-rich region result in chromosomal fragility. DNAs from 500 anonymous consecutive newborn males were examined to determine the incidence of various repeat numbers. The range of repeats was from 10-38, with the most common alleles having 14 (52.7%), 12 (16.6%), 21 (9.0%), and 22 (5.2%) triplets. Based on the distribution of repeat numbers, we suggest that the 21-repeat allele resulted from hairpin formation involving 7 GCC-repeats in a 14-repeat allele, accompanied by polymerase slippage. Examination of dinucleotide repeats near the FRAXF repeat will be important in testing this hypothesis. Since the clinical phenotype, if any, of FRAXF is unknown, this database will also be valuable for comparisons with repeat numbers in individuals from special populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Holden
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Holden JJ, Chalifoux M, Wing M, Julien-Inalsingh C, White BN. A rapid, reliable, and inexpensive method for detection of di- and trinucleotide repeat markers and disease loci from dried blood spots. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 64:313-8. [PMID: 8844072 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960809)64:2<313::aid-ajmg16>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We used a rapid and inexpensive method for studying the FMR1 CGG-repeat from dried blood spots, prepared from heel pricks, finger pricks, or an aliquot of blood from a venipuncture. The procedure includes a single tube for preparation of template DNA for PCR and minimal handling, avoiding opportunities for mislabelling specimens and loss of template. We extended the protocol to numerous di- and trinucleotide repeat markers and disease loci, including FRAXE, FRAXF, DXS548, DRPLA, and ZFY. The use of a highly reliable and very inexpensive method which employs blood spots as a source for target DNA means that newborn Guthrie cards can be used to establish allele frequencies for linkage disequilibrium studies, that large populations can be screened for genetic disorders, and that mapping studies can proceed rapidly even when only small amounts of blood are available from key family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Holden
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Torres L, López M, Méndez JP, Canto P, Cervantes A, Alfaro G, Pérez-Palacios G, Erickson RP, Kofman-Alfaro S. Molecular analysis in true hermaphrodites with different karyotypes and similar phenotypes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 63:348-55. [PMID: 8725784 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960517)63:2<348::aid-ajmg5>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
True hermaphroditism is characterized by the development of ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual. Müllerian and Wolffian structures are usually present, and external genitalia are often ambiguous. The most frequent karyotype in these patients is 46,XX or various forms of mosaicism, whereas 46,XX is very rarely found. The phenotype in all these subjects is similar. We studied 10 true hermaphrodites. Six of them had a 46,XX chromosomal complement: 3 had been reared as males and 3 as females. The other 4 patients were mosaics: 3 were 46,XX/46,XY and one had a 46,XX/47,XXY karyotype. One of the 46,XX/46,XY mosaics was reared as a female, whereas the other 3 mosaics were reared as males. The sex of assignment in the 10 patients depended only on labio-scrotal differentiation. Molecular studies in 46,XX subjects documented the absence of Y centromeric sequences in all cases, arguing against hidden mosaicism. One patient presented Yp sequences (ZFY+, SRY+), which contrast with South African black 46,XX true hermaphrodites in whom no Y sequences were found. Molecular analysis in the subjects with mosaicism demonstrated the presence of Y centromeric and Yp sequences confirming the presence of a Y chromosome. Gonadal development, endocrine function, and phenotype in the 10 patients did not correlate with the presence of a Y chromosome or Y-derived sequences in the genome, confirming that true hermaphroditism is a heterogeneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Torres
- Servicio Genética, H.G.M. Ssa. Facultad de Medicina, U.N.A.M., México, D.F., Mexico
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30
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Petrusevska R, Beudt U, Schäfer D, Schneider M, Brude E, Leitner C, Heller K, Arnemann J. Distribution of marker-Y chromosome containing cells in different tissues of a Turner mosaic patient with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Clin Genet 1996; 49:261-6. [PMID: 8832135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb03784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We here describe a 12-year-old girl with numerous Turner stigmata and virilized external genitalia. Chromosome analysis of PHA stimulated lymphocytes using different banding techniques revealed a 45,X/46,X,+mar Turner mosaicism with the prominent marker present in about 90% of the blood cells. A PCR-based analysis using a set of 9 STS from different regions of the human Y chromosome indicated the presence of Y chromosomal material with a deletion breakpoint most likely within deletion interval 6. Because of the risk of gonadoblastoma for Turner patients carrying Y chromosomal material, and clinical indications of functional testicular tissue, a gonadectomy in addition to surgical correction of the external genitalia was performed. The histological analysis of the gonads showed a mixture of testicular tissue and ovarian stroma, thus indicating mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Fibroblasts from skin and different parts of the gonads were cytogenetically analyzed and showed a variable distribution of the Y-derived marker between 4% in skin, 11-31% in gonadal tissue and up to 90% in peripheral lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Petrusevska
- Institute of Human Genetics, J.W. Goethe-University Clinic, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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31
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Slunga-Tallberg A, el-Rifai W, Keinänen M, Ylinen K, Kurki T, Klinger K, Ylikorkala O, Larramendy ML, Knuutila S. Maternal origin of transferrin receptor positive cells in venous blood of pregnant women. Clin Genet 1996; 49:196-9. [PMID: 8828985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb03286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied the origin of transferrin receptor (CD71) positive cells in blood from seven women pregnant with a male fetus in order to explore if fetal cells could be detected among them. We used a technique that allows direct chromosomal analysis by in situ hybridization on immunologically and morphologically classified cells. Enrichment was performed by magnetic activated cell sorting (miniMACS) using an anti-CD71 monoclonal antibody. The cells were immunophenotyped by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase immunostaining with the same antibody. The origin of the immunophenotyped cells was studied by in situ hybridization using an X cosmid Y repeat chromosome specific probe cocktail. CD71 positive cells were found in six of the seven women at the range of 4 to 43 in respective samples. Over 90% of the CD71 positive cells were nucleated erythrocytes. None of the detected positive cells were shown to be fetal. Thus, the use of transferrin receptor antigen alone in combination with the miniMACS may not be sufficient for enrichment of fetal cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells
- Chromosomes, Human
- Erythrocytes/cytology
- Female
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetus/cytology
- Genetic Techniques
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Pregnancy/blood
- Pregnancy/metabolism
- Receptors, Transferrin/blood
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- X Chromosome
- Y Chromosome
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Imamura A, Suzuki Y, Song XQ, Fukao T, Shimozawa N, Orii T, Kondo N. Prenatal diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy by means of mutation analysis. Prenat Diagn 1996; 16:259-61. [PMID: 8710781 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199603)16:3<259::aid-pd840>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) was performed by means of genetic and biochemical analysis using chorionic villi and amniocytes. The mother was a carrier of an exonic point mutation in the ALD protein gene (2154 C to T) which resulted in the premature formation of a termination codon (Q590STOP) and deletes the Pst I site. Two patients in this family were hemizygotes for this mutation. Pst I digestion of cDNA from chorionic villi revealed that the fetus was a heterozygote for this mutation, and sex determination using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated female. Lignocerate oxidation in cultured amniocytes was slightly decreased. These findings suggest that the fetus is a female carrier of ALD, and the resultant baby was female.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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Stone AC, Milner GR, Pääbo S, Stoneking M. Sex determination of ancient human skeletons using DNA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1996; 99:231-8. [PMID: 8967324 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199602)99:2<231::aid-ajpa1>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A method for determining the sex of human skeletons was developed using molecular genetic techniques. The amelogenin gene, found on the X and Y chromosomes, was examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a nonradioactive dot blot procedure. DNA was analyzed from 20 modern individuals of known sex and 20 skeletons from an archaeological site in central Illinois dating to A.D. 1300. An independent assessment of the sex of each skeleton was made according to standard osteological methods. The sex of 19 ancient and 20 modern individuals was accurately determined using this molecular genetic technique. Molecular sex determination will be especially useful for juvenile and fragmentary remains when it is difficult, or impossible, to establish an individual's sex from morphological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Stone
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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34
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Mark HF, Bayleran JK, Seifer DB, Meyers-Seifer CH. A combined cytogenetic and molecular approach for diagnosing delayed puberty. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1996; 35:62-6. [PMID: 8775477 DOI: 10.1177/000992289603500202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A phenotypic female aged 15 4/12 years was referred because of delayed puberty and short stature. Chromosomal analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes revealed two subpopulations of cells. The modal cell line was hypodiploid with a missing X chromosome while the other cell line was diploid with one X chromosome and a G-sized chromosome that resembled a Y chromosome in morphology. Subsequent fluorescent in situ hybridization yielded results consistent with the above conventional cytogenetic studies. To provide unequivocal evidence of the Y-chromosome material, molecular analyses using the polymerase chain reaction and various primers were carried out which identified an intact short arm and centromere of the Y chromosome and structurally altered long arms. A laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy, performed because of the risk of neoplasia, also yielded cells with both 45,X and 46,XY karyotypes. The present report thus illustrates the usefulness of a combined approach for diagnosing delayed puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Mark
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, FISH and Genotoxicology, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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35
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Kontogianni EH, Griffin DK, Handyside AH. Identifying the sex of human preimplantation embryos in X-linked disease: amplification efficiency of a Y-specific alphoid repeat from single blastomeres with two lysis protocols. J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13:125-32. [PMID: 8688584 DOI: 10.1007/bf02072533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preimplantation diagnosis involves detecting genetic defects in one or two blastomeres biopsied from cleavage stage embryos following a vitro fertilization (IVF). For X-linked recessive disease, identification of the sex of embryos allows transfer of only unaffected females. To examine how critical the preparation of the single blastomere is for amplification of a Y chromosome specific repeat sequence using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the incidence of amplification failure has been examined following two lysis protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS Amplification of a Y alphoid repeat sequence from single blastomeres disaggregated from cleavage stage embryos was examined after either (1) lysis in distilled water and freeze-thawing twice or (2) a two-step lysis protocol involving an initial treatment in potassium hydroxide and dithiothreitol. Some of the embryos had been previously sexed by cleavage-stage biopsy and fluorescent in situ hybridization with X- and Y-specific probes. RESULTS Amplification failure occurred in 6 of 50 (12%) and 4 of 60 (7%) single blastomeres from male embryos following lysis in distilled water or using the two-step protocol, respectively. Conversely, amplification from contaminating DNA occurred in 5 of 63 (8%) single blastomeres from female embryos and 6 of 94 (6%) of control medium-blanks. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of amplification failure was improved but not eliminated using the two-step lysis protocol. At least two cells, therefore, would be necessary for accurate identification of males by amplification of Y-specific repeat sequences alone. Nevertheless, this protocol for preparing cleavage-stage blastomeres is likely to give more consistent amplification of any unique or repeat sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Kontogianni
- Human Embryology Laboratory, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, England
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36
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37
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Kuznetzova T, Baranov A, Schwed N, Ivaschenko T, Malet P, Giollant M, Savitsky GA, Baranov V. Cytogenetic and molecular findings in patients with Turner's syndrome stigmata. J Med Genet 1995; 32:962-7. [PMID: 8825925 PMCID: PMC1051778 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.12.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic and DNA analysis in 12 people with stigmata of Turner's syndrome was carried out. Cytogenetic analysis of these patients showed two subjects with 46,X, i(Xq) karyotypes, one with 45,X/46,X, i(Xq), one with 46,X,t(X;Y), and eight with 45,X/46,X,mar. Molecular analysis of DNA samples was performed in nine out of 12 patients with marker chromosomes. PCR analysis with oligoprimers specific for SRY, DYZ1, or DYZ3 loci identified Y chromosome material in five patients in the latter group. The X chromosome origin of the marker chromosome was proved by FISH technique with biotin labelled pericentromeric X chromosome specific probe in four other patients. These results show that patients with a number of Turner's syndrome stigmata usually do not have a typical XO karyotype but have some structural chromosomal aberrations involving the X or Y chromosomes. Combined application of cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic (FISH), and PCR techniques significantly improves the precision of marker chromosome identification and thus might be of practical importance for the proper management and treatment of affected patients. Peculiarities of pathological manifestations of different karyotypes bearing structural abnormalities of the X or Y chromosomes in patients with Turner's syndrome stigmata, as well as feasible genetic mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation abnormalities in these subjects, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuznetzova
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Petersburg, Russia
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Lin Z, Kondo T, Minamino T, Ohtsuji M, Nishigami J, Takayasu T, Sun R, Ohshima T. Sex determination by polymerase chain reaction on mummies discovered at Taklamakan desert in 1912. Forensic Sci Int 1995; 75:197-205. [PMID: 8586344 DOI: 10.1016/0379-0738(95)01789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination was performed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on eight adult mummies and one child mummy which were discovered at Taklamakan desert in 1912 and now belong to the Lüshun Museum in China. Archaeologically, these mummies were humans living in the seventh century, that is, more than 1300 years ago. Putative sex determination was performed based on external morphology for six of the eight adults, but it was impossible for the other two adults and one child mummy due to marked destruction on the external morphology. Hair, muscle and skin samples were then collected from each adult mummy, and skin and rib samples from the child mummy. Forty PCR cycles were performed as follows: denaturation at 94 degrees C for 40 s, annealing at 55 degrees C for 30 s and extension at 72 degrees C for 1 min. The primer and PCR reaction mixture were prepared according to the report by Witt and Erickson (M. Witt and R. P. Erikson, A rapid method for detection of Y-chromosomal DNA from dried blood specimens by the polymerase chain reaction. Hum. Genet., 82 (1989) 271-274)). Two different pairs of primer were used. One was X1, X2 (X1: 5'-AATCATCAAATGGAGATTTG-3'; X2: 5'-GTTCAGCTCTGTGAGTGAAA-3') to flanking the 170 bp fragment of the alphoid repeats on the human X chromosome, and the other was Y11, Y22 (Y11: 5'-ATGATAGAAACGGAAATATG-3'; Y22: 5'-AGTAGAATGCAAAGGGCTC-3') to flanking the 130 bp fragment of the alphoid repeats on the human Y chromosome. Extracted DNA solutions from mummy samples was purified using a spin column (T. Yoshii, K. Tamura, T. Taniguchi, K. Akiyama and I. Ishiyama, Water-soluble eumelanin as a PCR-inhibitor and a simple method for its removal. Jpn. J. Legal Med., 47 (1993) 323-329 (in Japanese with English abstract) for removing PCR-inhibitors, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed to inhibit the remaining impurities even after the purification with the column. In six adult cases where the putative sex was determined from external morphology, the sex in five cases was consistent with that by PCR using hair, muscle, and skin samples, but the other one was inconsistent. In two adult cases where sex estimation was externally impossible, the sex was determined to be male because both X-specific and Y-specific bands were clearly detected. The child mummy was definitely male. This study shows that the sex determination was possible by the PCR method even with very ancient human samples > 1300 years old, that spin column was useful for removing impurities in the DNA solution from ancient human samples and that the BSA of optimum concentration suppressed the action of the PCR-inhibitory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Lin
- Department of Legal Medicine, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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Kreike J, Lehner A. Sex determination and DNA competition in the analysis of forensic mixed stains by PCR. Int J Legal Med 1995; 107:235-8. [PMID: 7632599 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination of pure and mixed blood samples and stains was performed by amplification of the X-specific and Y-specific alphoid sequences by PCR (XY-PCR). From mixed blood samples with female DNA present in large excess of male DNA, the Y-specific sequence still amplified efficiently. In the analysis of vaginal secretions in a case of sexual assault, XY-PCR was performed to test the efficiency of the selective lysis procedure in order to investigate whether alleles found with other PCR systems were of male or female origin. Our studies with mixed blood samples revealed pronounced DNA competition in the HLA-DQ alpha and D1S80 PCR systems: the alleles from a minor DNA component could not be detected in the presence of a large excess of DNA from a second person.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kreike
- Institut für Gerichtliche Medizin, Universität Wien, Austria
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Chu CE, Connor JM, Donaldson MD, Kelnar CJ, Smail PJ, Greene SA. Detection of Y mosaicism in patients with Turner's syndrome. J Med Genet 1995; 32:578-80. [PMID: 7562979 PMCID: PMC1050562 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.7.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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41
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Larsen T, Gravholt CH, Tillebeck A, Larsen H, Jensen MB, Nielsen J, Friedrich U. Parental origin of the X chromosome, X chromosome mosaicism and screening for "hidden" Y chromosome in 45,X Turner syndrome ascertained cytogenetically. Clin Genet 1995; 48:6-11. [PMID: 7586647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1995.tb04046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Our study confirms the finding that about 85% of X chromosomes in Turner girls are maternally derived. A new observation is the detection of a high frequency of mosaicism (15%) in Turner girls who by cytogenetic analysis were thought to have a pure 45,X karyotype. DNA examination of the material was done by hybridization with digoxigenin labelled, non-radioactive probes, and PCR products for microsatellite analysis were run on polyacrylamide gels. We screened for the presence of "hidden" Y chromosome mosaicism, using the primers SRY, ZFY, DYZ3, DYZ1 and DYS132. Contrary to other reports using the PCR technique to unravel "hidden" Y chromosome mosaics, we did not find any positive cases. A precise technical protocol for these new techniques is given, and the advantages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Larsen
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Aarhus Psychiatric Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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42
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Abstract
We report a patient with graft versus host disease (GVHD) with mixed chimerism (MC). The patient had chronic myelogenous leukemia and received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from his elder sister. Eighty days after BMT, erythematous lesions appeared on his chest. Histological examination from the skin lesion revealed lymphocytic infiltration into the upper dermis. Eosinophilic necrotic keratinocytes were scattered through the epidermis. Liquefaction degeneration was also recognized. Sicca syndrome appeared from 110 days after BMT. Detection of host origin Y-chromosome-specific DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in bone marrow and peripheral blood showed that all bone marrow samples obtained 6 months from BMT were positive for Y-specific DNA, while peripheral blood became positive in the 60th month after BMT. The host origin normal karyotype (46,XY) in the bone marrow samples was identified for the first time in the 60th month after BMT. These results indicate that host-origin hematopoietic cells survived after BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
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43
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López M, Torres L, Méndez JP, Cervantes A, Pérez-Palacios G, Erickson RP, Alfaro G, Kofman-Alfaro S. Clinical traits and molecular findings in 46,XX males. Clin Genet 1995; 48:29-34. [PMID: 7586641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1995.tb04050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
46,XX maleness is characterized by the presence of testicular development in subjects who lack a Y chromosome. The majority of affected persons have normal external genitalia, but 10-15% show various degrees of hypospadias. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the etiology of this constitution: translocation of the testis-determining factor (TDF) from the Y to the X chromosome, mutation in an autosomal or X chromosomal gene which permits testicular determination in the absence of TDF, and undetected mosaicism with a Y-bearing cell line. We report the phenotypic data and results of molecular analyses performed in six sporadic Mexican males with 46,XX karyotype. Molecular studies revealed Yp sequences in two individuals (ZFY+ SRY+) with different phenotypes, a third one presented with a smaller segment of Yp (ZFY- SRY+) and complete virilization, while the remaining three were Y-negative and showed hypospadias. In all subjects a hidden mosaicism with a Y-bearing cell line was ruled out due to the absence of Y-centromeric sequences. Our data demonstrate that the phenotype does not always correlate with the presence or absence of Y-sequences in the genome, and confirm that 46,XX maleness is a genetically heterogeneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital General de México SSa, Facultad de Medicina UNAM, México, D.F
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Slunga-Tallberg A, el-Rifai W, Keinänen M, Ylinen K, Kurki T, Klinger K, Ylikorkala O, Knuutila S. Maternal origin of nucleated erythrocytes in peripheral venous blood of pregnant women. Hum Genet 1995; 96:53-7. [PMID: 7607654 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied the origin of nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) in peripheral venous blood samples from 40 pregnant women carrying a male fetus, using a technique that allows direct chromosomal analysis by in situ hybridisation on immunologically and morphologically classified cells. Samples from ten nulligravid women were studied as controls. NRBC were enriched by negative magnetic activated cell sorting (miniMACS) using anti-CD45 monoclonal antibody. NRBC were detected by alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase immunostaining using a monoclonal anti-glycophorin A antibody. The origin of the NRBC was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation using X and Y specific probes. NRBC were found in 37 of the 40 pregnant women at a range of 1 to 230 per 20 ml of venous blood and in 6 of the 10 controls at a range of 1 to 3 per 20 ml of venous blood. All NRBC detected in the pregnant women were evidently of maternal origin, and in the pregnant women the number of NRBC was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the controls. Pregnancy per se seems to induce the appearance of maternal NRBC in the circulation, and it cannot therefore be assumed that NRBC isolated from the maternal blood are of fetal origin on the basis of morphology alone. Discrimination of fetal NRBC must occur for prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic disorders.
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46
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Sex Determination of Forensic Samples by Simultaneous PCR Amplification of α-Satellite DNA from Both the X and Y Chromosomes. J Forensic Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Hochmeister
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland
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48
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Anomalous Migration of PCR Products Using Nondenaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis: The Amelogenin Sex-Typing System. J Forensic Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs13724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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Zimmermann R, Huch A, Kratzer A, Bär W. First-trimester sex determination from fetal DNA in cervical swabs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 731:201-3. [PMID: 7944120 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb55771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Zimmermann
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Matsuki T, Nakasima T, Furukawa K. O-gene detection by allele specific amplification in the ABO blood group system. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1994; 39:293-7. [PMID: 7841439 DOI: 10.1007/bf01874047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have constructed a fast and easy method for the detection of O-gene in the ABO blood group system. Our method included allele specific amplification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent analysis with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver staining. O-gene product was observed on the gel in 25 DNA samples from group O phenotype and 20 DNA samples from group A or B (genotype AO or BO) persons. No product was found in 10 DNA samples from group AB phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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