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Sweeney MH, Mocarelli P. Human health effects after exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2000; 17:303-16. [PMID: 10912244 DOI: 10.1080/026520300283379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1949, the first descriptions of human exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)-contaminated chemicals were reported after a trichlorophenol reactor explosion in Nitro, West Virginia, USA. Reported non-cancer health effects included a range of conditions affecting most systems. Additional reports of the health consequences of exposure continued through the remainder of the century. The majority of effects have been reported among highly exposed groups including occupational populations, such as chemical production workers, pesticide applicators, and individuals who handled or were exposed to materials treated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD-contaminated pesticides, and among residents of communities contaminated with tainted waste oil (Missouri, USA) and industrial effluent (Seveso, Italy). For only six exposed populations were biological measurements of 2,3,7,8-TCDD-contaminated collected and used to examine the relationship between non-cancer health effects and exposure. Of the many non-cancer health effects thought to be associated with 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure, only chloracne, elevations in GGT and triglyceride levels, and alterations in FSH and LH were related to serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD levels. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases also appeared to be elevated among cohorts of exposed chemical workers and Seveso residents. Continued surveillance of the health of exposed populations will be useful in identifying the long-term effects of both high and low 2,3,7,8-TCDD exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Sweeney
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, Cincinatti, OH 45226-1988, USA.
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Shen ES, Gutman SI, Olson JR. Comparison of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated hepatotoxicity in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1991; 32:367-81. [PMID: 2016751 DOI: 10.1080/15287399109531491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was examined by clinical chemistry and liver histopathology in Ah-responsive C57BL/6J (C57) and Ah-nonresponsive DBA/2J (DBA) mice. Hepatotoxicity was assessed at 1, 3, and 7 d following a single ip injection of TCDD at doses that maximally induce hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity (3 micrograms/kg for C57 and 30 micrograms/kg for DBA mice) and at doses approaching the LD50 (150 micrograms/kg for C57 and 600 micrograms/kg for DBA mice). Histological examination of liver sections was found to be a more sensitive detection method for TCDD-induced hepatic changes than clinical chemistry analyses. Dramatic differences in the development and type of liver injury were observed between TCDD-treated C57 and DBA mice. C57 mice given 3 micrograms TCDD/kg developed mild to moderate hepatic lipid accumulation in the absence of both inflammation and necrosis. Severe fatty change and mild inflammation and necrosis occurred in C57 mice that received 150 micrograms TCDD/kg. In contrast, DBA mice exposed to 30 micrograms TCDD/kg developed hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation without any fatty change. Only slight hepatic lipid accumulation occurred with some necrosis and inflammation in DBA mice given 600 micrograms TCDD/kg. The Ah locus may play a role in determining the sensitivity of C57 mice to the steatotic effects of TCDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214
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Stehr PA, Stein G, Webb K, Schramm W, Gedney WB, Donnell HD, Ayres S, Falk H, Sampson E, Smith SJ. A pilot epidemiologic study of possible health effects associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin contaminations in Missouri. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1986; 41:16-22. [PMID: 3963882 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1986.9935760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In 1971, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD)-containing waste oils were sprayed for dust control on residential, recreational, and work areas in Missouri. In several of these areas, the magnitude and the extent of this environmental contamination were not known until late 1982 or 1983. In the first phase of the investigation, a group of persons considered to be at highest risk of exposure and an appropriate comparison group were selected from reviews of Health Effects Survey screening questionnaires. These persons received complete medical examinations and a series of laboratory tests focused on detecting presymptomatic effects in key target organ systems (i.e., hepatic, dermatologic, immunologic, and neurologic effects). Comparisons of these two groups did not produce any firm indications of increased disease prevalence directly related to the putative exposures; of significance is the fact that no cases of chloracne or porphyria cutanea tarda were seen. Nevertheless, no overall definitive conclusion should be based just on this initial pilot study. Insights were provided that are being examined in more refined epidemiologic studies using different designs and strategies--especially of larger, more homogeneous population groups in which exposure status can be better characterized--focused primarily on discerning any potential effects on the urinary tract, liver, neurological, and immune systems. Concurrently, research into the development of replicable laboratory analytical methods and reference ranges for measuring TCDD body burden are being pursued.
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Abstract
In summary, the toxicity of TCDD has been comprehensively examined in multiple acute, subchronic, and chronic studies. Acute toxicity studies have shown marked species differences, with up to a 10,000-fold difference between the single oral LD50 dose for the guinea pig and hamster. TCDD is capable of causing an acnegenic response in man and a similar skin response in certain animals. It is also a potent inducer of microsomal enzymes in some but not all species. A dose-related suppression of cell-mediated immunity has been observed at higher dose levels in laboratory animals but not in humans manifesting TCDD-induced acnegenic response. TCDD causes a dose-related teratogenic response in mice, with the no-adverse-effect level of 0.1 micrograms TCDD/kg/day. In rats, TCDD causes embryo- and fetotoxicity above the no-adverse-effect level of 0.03-0.125 micrograms/kg/day. Dose-related reproductive effects have also been noted in monkeys at doses that elicit maternal toxicity, and additional long-term studies are presently underway. A multigeneration reproduction study as well as a lifetime chronic toxicity study have been completed with TCDD in rats; in both studies, the no-adverse-effect level was found to be 0.001 microgram TCDD/kg/day. Numerous mutagenic studies have been performed using in vitro plant and microbial test systems as well as in vivo tests in mammals and man. A mutagenic response was noted in a few of the vitro test systems, but there are no definitive in vivo correlates of TCDD mutagenicity in higher mammals or man. TCDD has been studied for carcinogenic potential in rats and mice. There is good correlation of the results, with a carcinogenic response noted in both species only after long-term ingestion of higher dose levels that induce toxicity. No carcinogenic response occurred at continuous dose levels of 0.001-0.0014 micrograms/kg/day in rats and 0.001-0.03 micrograms/kg/day in mice. Data presently available are more supportive of a nongenetic (?promotor) rather than a genetic mechanism of carcinogenesis. The most recent research, some of which is still underway, indicates that the biologic uptake and toxicity of TCDD may be significantly decreased if the TCDD is adsorbed onto carbon or soil particles. This information is helpful in hazard assessment of exposure to TCDD.
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Reggiani G. Toxicology of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD): Short review of its formation, occurrence, toxicology, and kinetics, discussing human health effects, safety measures, and disposal. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0273-2300(81)90074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pazderova-Vejlupková J, Lukás E, Nĕmcova M, Pícková J, Jirásek L. The development and prognosis of chronic intoxication by tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin in men. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1981; 36:5-11. [PMID: 7469493 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1981.10667598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During 1965 to 1968, 80 workers who had been engaged in the production of 2, 4, 5-sodium trichlorphenoxyacetate and butylester of trichlorphenoxyacetate acid became ill. The cause of the illness was 2, 4, 7, 8-tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin. A 10-yr study has been conducted for 55 exposed individuals. The majority of the patients developed chloracne, and 11 manifested porphyria cutanea tarda. Approximately one-half of the patients suffered from metabolic disturbances, i.e., pathologically elevated lipids with abnormalities in the lipoprotein spectrum, and two-fifths of the patients had pathological changes in the glucose tolerance test. One-third of the patients had biochemical deviations indicative of a mild liver lesion. Histological examination revealed light steatosis, or periportal fibrosis, or activation of Kupffer cells. Fluorescence of the liver tissues was present in ultraviolet light. In 17 persons symptoms of nervous system focal damage existed, with predominance of peripheral neuron lesion of the lower extremities (verified by EMG examination). The majority of patients suffered from various psychological disorders. As of this date, two patients have died of bronchogenic lung carcinoma; one of liver cirrhosis; one of a rapidly developed, extremely unusual type of atherosclerosis precipue cerebri; and two patients have died in traffic accidents. The conditions of most other patients have improved.
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Poiger H, Schlatter C. Influence of solvents and adsorbents on dermal and intestinal absorption of TCDD. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1980; 18:477-81. [PMID: 6451493 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(80)90160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kuroki H, Masuda Y, Yoshihara S, Yoshimura H. Accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans in the livers of monkeys and rats. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1980; 18:387-92. [PMID: 7461518 DOI: 10.1016/0015-6264(80)90195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Comstock EG. Current Literature on Medical Toxicology and a Bibliography of Pentachlorophenol. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 1980. [DOI: 10.3109/15563658008989981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Allen JR, Hargraves WA, Hsia MT, Lin FS. Comparative toxicology of chlorinated compounds on mammalian species. Pharmacol Ther 1979; 7:513-47. [PMID: 93291 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(79)90041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hook GE, Haseman JK, Lucier GW. Induction and suppression of hepatic and extrahepatic microsomal foreign-compound-metabolizing enzyme systems by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Chem Biol Interact 1975; 10:199-214. [PMID: 805004 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(75)90113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on a number of hepatic and extrahepatic foreign-compound-metabolizing enzyme systems in microsomes from rats, rabbits and guinea pigs were investigated. Following TCDD treatment, the N-demethylation of benzphetamine, aminopyrine and ethylmorphine was suppressed in hepatic microsomes from male but not from female rats. However, both cytochrome P-450 and benzpyrene hydroxylase were significantly stimulated in hepatic microsomes from both male and female rats at doses as small as 1 mug TCDD/kg body weight. The inductive effect on rat hepatic microsomal enzymes was considerably more persistent than the suppressive effect. Following a single oral dose of 25 mug TCDD/kg weight, benzpyrene hydroxylase of male rat liver microsomes remained significantly elevated for 73 days but the suppression of benzphetamine N-demethylase had gone after 35 days. The induction of benzpyrene hydroxylase in male rat liver microsomes by TCDD was independent of the age of the rat and the levels to which this enzyme was increased was similar in male rats of all ages. However, the suppression of benzphetamine N-demethylase in male rat liver microsomes was age related: the suppression was seen only in adult animals and in the very young (10 days old) the enzyme was actually induced by TCDD. Inductive effects appeared in both smooth and rough-surfaced hepatic microsomes from male rats but the suppression of N-demethylation occurred only in the smooth-surfaced microsomes (SER). In microsomes from extrahepatic tissues of the rat, induction of mixed-function oxidases (MFOs) by TCDD occurred only in the kidney. However, UDPglucuronyltransferase was induced in microsomes from lung, kidney, intestine and brain but not testes. The response in the rabbit and guinea pig to TCDD differed considerably from that in the rat. Benzpyrene hydroxylase was unaffected in hepatic microsomes from the guinea pig and actually suppressed in microsomes from rabbit liver. Benzphetamine N-demethylase was also suppressed in rabbit liver microsomes. Glucuronyl-transferase was unaffected by TCDD in microsomes from liver, lung or kidney of the rabbit and guinea pig. The only lung enzyme responsive to TCDD was biphenyl 4-hydroxylase of the rabbit and guinea pig. Suppression was not observed in any of the extraheptic tissues studied and may be confined to only certain hepatic systems.
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Delvaux EL, Verstraete J, Hautfenne A, De Sart F, Goffin G. [Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (author's transl)]. Toxicology 1975; 3:187-206. [PMID: 123665 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(75)90084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (chlorodioxins) appear most frequently by heating of chlorophenols in alkaline solution specially when producing organic derivatives. Consequently chlorodioxins may contaminate several industrial chemical products largely used, for instance, as pesticides. Occasionally, chlorodioxins are also synthesized from chlorophenols or their derivatives in situ during industrial processes. Chlorodioxins are the cause of chloracne and chick edema which killed thousands of broiler chickens in the U.S.A. Furthermore chlorodioxins seem to be foetotoxic possible even for man. The present paper is the first part of our work. It is a review of the chemical and toxicological properties of chlorodioxins. We hope to publish later a review of analytical methods and the results of our analyses.
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Goldstein JA, Hickman P, Jue DL. Experimental hepatic porphyria induced by polychlorinated biphenyls. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1974; 27:437-48. [PMID: 4211999 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(74)90215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Greig JB, Taylor DM, Jones JD. Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on stimulated DNA synthesis in the liver and kidney of the rat. Chem Biol Interact 1974; 8:31-9. [PMID: 4434562 DOI: 10.1016/0009-2797(74)90075-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Greig JB, Jones G, Butler WH, Barnes JM. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1973; 11:585-95. [PMID: 4758963 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(73)80329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kimbrough RD. Toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons and related compounds. A review including chlorinated dibenzodioxins and chlorinated dibenzofurans. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1972; 25:125-31. [PMID: 4262558 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1972.10666148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Rappe C, Nilsson CA. An artifact in the gas chromatographic determination of impurities in pentachlorophenol. J Chromatogr A 1972; 67:247-53. [PMID: 5030895 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Brenner KS, Müller K, Sattel P. [Detection and determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin in chloro-substituted phenoxyalkane acids]. J Chromatogr A 1972; 64:39-48. [PMID: 5009883 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)92946-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Vos JG, Beems RB. Dermal toxicity studies of technical polychlorinated biphenyls and fractions thereof in rabbits. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1971; 19:617-33. [PMID: 5132032 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(71)90294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Poland AP, Smith D, Metter G, Possick P. A health survey of workers in a 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T plan with special attention to chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, and psychologic parameters. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1971; 22:316-27. [PMID: 4250712 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1971.10665850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Golberg L. Trace chemical contaminants in food: potential for harm. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1971; 9:65-80. [PMID: 4932110 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(71)80117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Vos JG, Koeman JH, van der Maas HL, ten Noever de Brauw MC, de Vos RH. Identification and toxicological evaluation of chlorinated dibenzofuran and chlorinated naphthalene in two commercial polychlorinated biphenyls. FOOD AND COSMETICS TOXICOLOGY 1970; 8:625-33. [PMID: 5499999 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-6264(70)80451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Vos JG, Koeman JH. Comparative toxicologic study with polychlorinated biphenyls in chickens with special reference to porphyria, edema formation, liver necrosis, and tissue residues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1970; 17:656-68. [PMID: 5495989 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(70)90040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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