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Balzi E, Moye-Rowley WS. Unveiling the transcriptional control of pleiotropic drug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Contributions of André Goffeau and his group. Yeast 2018; 36:195-200. [PMID: 30194700 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided much of the basic detail underlying the organization and regulation of multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance gene network in eukaryotic microbes. As with many aspects of yeast biology, the initial observations that drove the eventual molecular characterization of multidrug resistance gene were provided by genetics. This review focuses on contributions from the laboratory of Dr. André Goffeau that uncovered key aspects of the transcriptional regulation of these multidrug resistance genes. André's group made many seminal discoveries that helped lead to the current picture we have of how eukaryotic microbes respond to and deal with a variety of antifungal agents. The importance of the transcriptional contribution to antifungal drugs is illustrated by the large number of drug resistant mutants found in several yeast species that lead to increased activity of transcriptional regulators. The characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDR1 gene by the Goffeau group provided the first molecular basis explaining the link between this hyperactive transcription factor and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Balzi
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - W Scott Moye-Rowley
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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André B. Tribute to Marcelle Grenson (1925-1996), A Pioneer in the Study of Amino Acid Transport in Yeast. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1207. [PMID: 29659503 PMCID: PMC5979419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2016 marked the 20th anniversary of the death of Marcelle Grenson and the 50th anniversary of her first publication on yeast amino acid transport, the topic to which, as Professor at the Free University of Brussels (ULB), she devoted the major part of her scientific career. M. Grenson was the first scientist in Belgium to introduce and apply genetic analysis in yeast to dissect the molecular mechanisms that were underlying complex problems in biology. Today, M. Grenson is recognized for the pioneering character of her work on the diversity and regulation of amino acid transporters in yeast. The aim of this tribute is to review the major milestones of her forty years of scientific research that were conducted between 1950 and 1990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno André
- Molecular Physiology of the Cell, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Biopark, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium.
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Nishi K, Yoshida M, Nishimura M, Nishikawa M, Nishiyama M, Horinouchi S, Beppu T. A leptomycin B resistance gene ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeencodes a protein similar to the mammalian P-glycoproteins. Mol Microbiol 2006; 6:761-9. [PMID: 1349418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Screening for leptomycin B (LMB)-resistant transformants in a gene library constructed in Schizosaccharomyces pombe with the chromosomal DNA of an LMB-resistant mutant of S. pombe and with multicopy plasmid pDB248' as the vector led to the isolation of a gene, named pmd1+, encoding a 1362-amino-acid protein. This protein showed great similarity in amino acid sequence to the mammalian P-glycoprotein encoded by the multidrug resistance gene, mdr, and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor transporter encoded by STE6. In addition, computer analyses predicted that the protein encoded by pmd1+ formed an intramolecular duplicated structure and each of the halves contained six transmembrane regions as well as two ATP-binding domains, as observed with the P-glycoproteins and the STE6 product. Consistent with this was that S. pombe cells containing the pmd1+ gene on a multicopy plasmid showed resistance not only to LMB but also to several cytotoxic agents. The pmd1 null mutants derived by gene disruption were viable and hypersensitive to these agents. All these data suggest that the pmd1+ gene encodes a protein that is a structural and functional counterpart of mammalian mdr proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nishi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Yeast transport-ATPases and the genome-sequencing project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8032(04)43024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Goossens A, de La Fuente N, Forment J, Serrano R, Portillo F. Regulation of yeast H(+)-ATPase by protein kinases belonging to a family dedicated to activation of plasma membrane transporters. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:7654-61. [PMID: 11003661 PMCID: PMC86331 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.20.7654-7661.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of electrical membrane potential is a fundamental property of living cells. This biophysical parameter determines nutrient uptake, intracellular potassium and turgor, uptake of toxic cations, and stress responses. In fungi and plants, an important determinant of membrane potential is the electrogenic proton-pumping ATPase, but the systems that modulate its activity remain largely unknown. We have characterized two genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, PTK2 and HRK1 (YOR267c), that encode protein kinases implicated in activation of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase (Pma1) in response to glucose metabolism. These kinases mediate, directly or indirectly, an increase in affinity of Pma1 for ATP, which probably involves Ser-899 phosphorylation. Ptk2 has the strongest effect on Pma1, and ptk2 mutants exhibit a pleiotropic phenotype of tolerance to toxic cations, including sodium, lithium, manganese, tetramethylammonium, hygromycin B, and norspermidine. A plausible interpretation is that ptk2 mutants have a decreased membrane potential and that diverse cation transporters are voltage dependent. Accordingly, ptk2 mutants exhibited reduced uptake of lithium and methylammonium. Ptk2 and Hrk1 belong to a subgroup of yeast protein kinases dedicated to the regulation of plasma membrane transporters, which include Npr1 (regulator of Gap1 and Tat2 amino acid transporters) and Hal4 and Hal5 (regulators of Trk1 and Trk2 potassium transporters).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goossens
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia-C.S.I.C., 46022 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Ambesi A, Miranda M, Allen KE, Slayman CW. Stalk segment 4 of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Mutational evidence for a role in the E1-E2 conformational change. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20545-50. [PMID: 10791959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001682200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the P(2)-type ATPases, there is growing evidence that four alpha-helical stalk segments connect the cytoplasmic part of the molecule, responsible for ATP binding and hydrolysis, to the membrane-embedded part that mediates cation transport. The present study has focused on stalk segment 4, which displays a significant degree of sequence conservation among P(2)-ATPases. When site-directed mutants in this region of the yeast plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase were constructed and expressed in secretory vesicles, more than half of the amino acid substitutions led to a severalfold decrease in the rate of ATP hydrolysis, although they had little or no effect on the coupling between hydrolysis and transport. Strikingly, mutant ATPases bearing single substitutions of 13 consecutive residues from Ile-359 through Gly-371 were highly resistant to inorganic orthovanadate, with IC(50) values at least 10-fold above those seen in the wild-type enzyme. Most of the same mutants also displayed a significant reduction in the K(m) for MgATP and an increase in the pH optimum for ATP hydrolysis. Taken together, these changes in kinetic behavior point to a shift in equilibrium from the E(2) conformation of the ATPase toward the E(1) conformation. The residues from Ile-359 through Gly-371 would occupy three full turns of an alpha-helix, suggesting that this portion of stalk segment 4 may provide a conformationally active link between catalytic sites in the cytoplasm and cation-binding sites in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ambesi
- Departments of Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Waśkiewicz-Staniorowska B, Skała J, Jasiński M, Grenson M, Goffeau A, Ułaszewski S. Functional analysis of three adjacent open reading frames from the right arm of yeast chromosome XVI. Yeast 1998; 14:1027-39. [PMID: 9730282 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199808)14:11<1027::aid-yea295>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7.24 kb genomic DNA fragment from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome XVI was isolated by complementation of a new temperature-sensitive mutation tsa1. We determined the nucleotide sequence of this fragment located on the right arm of chromosome XVI. Among the three, complete open reading frames: YPR041w, YPR042c and YPR043w contained within this fragment, the gene YPR041w was shown to complement the tsa1 mutation and to correspond to the TIF5 gene encoding an essential protein synthesis initiation translation factor. The YPR042c gene encodes a hypothetical protein of 1075 amino acids containing four putative transmembrane segments and is non-essential for growth. The gene YPR043c encoding the 10 kDa product, highly similar to the human protein L37a from the 60S ribosomal subunit, was found to be essential and a dominant lethal. We conclude that three tightly linked yeast genes are involved in the translation process.
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Madrid R, Gómez MJ, Ramos J, Rodríguez-Navarro A. Ectopic potassium uptake in trk1 trk2 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae correlates with a highly hyperpolarized membrane potential. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:14838-44. [PMID: 9614085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.24.14838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Null trk1 trk2 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exhibit a low-affinity uptake of K+ and Rb+. We show that this low-affinity Rb+ uptake is mediated by several independent transporters, and that trk1Delta cells and especially trk1Delta trk2Delta cells are highly hyperpolarized. Differences in the membrane potentials were assessed for sensitivity to hygromycin B and by flow cytometric analyses of cellular DiOC6(3) fluorescence. On the basis of the latter analyses, it is proposed that Trk1p and Trk2p are involved in the control of the membrane potential, preventing excessive hyperpolarizations. K+ starvation and nitrogen starvation hyperpolarize both TRK1 TRK2 and trk1Delta trk2Delta cells, thus suggesting that other proteins, in addition to Trk1p and Trk2p, participate in the control of the membrane potential. The HAK1 K+ transporter from Schwanniomyces occidentalis suppresses the K+-defective transport of trk1Delta trk2Delta cells but not the high hyperpolarization, and the HKT1 K+ transporter from wheat suppresses both defects, in the presence of Na+. We discuss the mechanism involved in the control of the membrane potential by Trk1p and Trk2p and the causal relationship between the high membrane potential (negative inside) of trk1Delta trk2Delta cells and its ectopic transport of alkali cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Madrid
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Johnson DF, Prezant TR, Lubavin B, Chaltraw WE, Fischel-Ghodsian N. Isolation of overexpressed yeast genes which prevent aminoglycoside toxicity. Hear Res 1998; 120:62-8. [PMID: 9667431 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics at non-toxic levels can cause sensorineural hearing loss in genetically predisposed individuals. The major aminoglycoside hypersensitivity mutation that has been described in humans is at position 1555 in the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA gene. In order to identify additional candidate genes for genetic susceptibility mutations in humans and possibly develop therapeutic interventions, we are using yeast as a model organism to identify genes whose products interact with aminoglycosides or bypass the effects of aminoglycoside poisoning. We have selected yeast genomic DNAs that, when cloned into a high copy number plasmid, confer neomycin resistance. We have previously described the first gene identified through this approach [Prezant, Chaltraw and Fischel-Ghodsian, Microbiology 142 (1996) 3407 3414] and have now completed this search by the exhaustive screening of 35 yeast genome equivalents. This has resulted in the identification of seven additional chromosomal regions. All seven chromosomal regions have been characterized and the most likely gene responsible for aminoglycoside resistance has been identified for each of them. While the mechanism of aminoglycoside resistance can be inferred for some of the gene products, it remains to be determined for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Johnson
- Ahmanson Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, The Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Burns and Allen Research Institute and UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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11
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Decottignies A, Grant AM, Nichols JW, de Wet H, McIntosh DB, Goffeau A. ATPase and multidrug transport activities of the overexpressed yeast ABC protein Yor1p. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:12612-22. [PMID: 9575223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes 15 full-size ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC), of which PDR5, SNQ2, and YOR1 are known to be regulated by the transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p (pleiotropic drug resistance). We have identified two new ABC transporter-encoding genes, PDR10 and PDR15, which were up-regulated by the PDR1-3 mutation. These genes, as well as four other ABC transporter-encoding genes, were deleted in order to study the properties of Yor1p. The PDR1-3 gain-of-function mutant was then used to overproduce Yor1p up to 10% of the total plasma membrane proteins. Overexpressed Yor1p was photolabeled by [gamma-32P]2', 3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-8-azido-ATP (K0.5 = 45 microM) and inhibited by ATP (KD = 0.3 mM) in plasma membranes. Solubilization and partial purification on sucrose gradient allowed to detect significant Yor1p ATP hydrolysis activity (approximately 100 nmol of Pi.min-1.mg-1). This activity was phospholipid-dependent and sensitive to low concentrations of vanadate (I50 = 0.3 microM) and oligomycin (I50 = 8.5 microg/ml). In vivo, we observed a correlation between the amount of Yor1p in the plasma membrane and the level of resistance to oligomycin. We also demonstrated that Yor1p drives an energy-dependent, proton uncoupler-insensitive, cellular extrusion of rhodamine B. Furthermore, cells lacking both Yor1p and Pdr5p (but not Snq2p) showed increased accumulation of the fluorescent derivative of 1-myristoyl-2-[6-(NBD)aminocaproyl]phosphatidylethanolamine. Despite their different topologies, both Yor1p and Pdr5p mediated the ATP-dependent translocation of similar drugs and phospholipids across the yeast cell membrane. Both ABC transporters exhibit ATP hydrolysis in vitro, but Pdr5p ATPase activity is about 15 times higher than that of Yor1p, which may indicate mechanistic or regulatory differences between the two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decottignies
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 2-20, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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12
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Nakamura T, Namba H, Ohmoto T, Liu Y, Hirata D, Miyakawa T. Cloning and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SVS1 gene which encodes a serine- and threonine-rich protein required for vanadate resistance. Gene 1995; 165:25-9. [PMID: 7489911 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) SVS1 gene was cloned as a multicopy suppressor of vanadate (Vn) sensitivity (VnS) due to a calcineurin (CaN) null mutation. SVS1 encoded a 260-amino-acid protein abundant in Ser and Thr residues, with a putative signal sequence at the N terminus. Deletion of SVS1 resulted in increased sensitivity to Vn, but not to other metallic ions or drugs. Northern analysis of the SVS1 mRNA indicated that the induction of the gene occurred specifically in the response to Vn. These results suggested that Sc has a mechanism to enhance the tolerance to Vn by increasing the expression of SVS1. The results of genetic experiments suggested that CaN and the Svs1 proteins act in separate pathways to enhance the tolerance to Vn.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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13
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Usui T, Yoshida M, Honda A, Beppu T, Horinouchi S. A K-252a-resistance gene, sks1+, encodes a protein similar to the Caenorhabditis elegans F37 A4.5 gene product and confers multidrug resistance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Gene 1995; 161:93-6. [PMID: 7642144 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A gene named sks1+ was cloned as a suppressor of the K-252a-sensitivity phenotype of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) from a gene library of the parental Sp chromosomal DNA constructed with a multicopy vector pDB248'. The gene encoded a 308-amino-acid (aa) protein similar to the Caenorhabditis elegans F37 A4.5 gene product and to the mouse and Drosophila Mov34 gene products. The sks1+ null mutants obtained by gene disruption were non-viable, indicating that sks1+ is essential for vegetative growth. The parental Sp strain carrying multiple copies of sks1+ showed distinct cross-resistance to staurosporine, thiabendazole and vanadate in addition to K-252a, although Sks1 has no similarity in aa sequence to those of ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type transporters. The multicopy plasmid containing sks1+ conferred multidrug resistance (MDR), even in a mutant cell defective in pmd1+ encoding an ABC-type transporter. It is therefore unlikely that the function of pmd1+ is involved in MDR conferred by sks1+. These results suggest that sks1+ is a functionally novel MDR gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Usui
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Decottignies A, Lambert L, Catty P, Degand H, Epping EA, Moye-Rowley WS, Balzi E, Goffeau A. Identification and characterization of SNQ2, a new multidrug ATP binding cassette transporter of the yeast plasma membrane. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:18150-7. [PMID: 7629127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.30.18150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNQ2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes an ATP binding cassette protein responsible for resistance to the mutagen 4-nitroquinoline oxide, is regulated by the DNA-binding proteins PDR1 and PDR3. In a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from a pdr1 mutant, the SNQ2 protein is found in the 160-kDa over-expressed band, together with PDR5. The SNQ2 protein was solubilized with n-dodecyl beta-D-maltoside from the plasma membranes of a PDR5-deleted strain and separated from the PMA1 H(+/-)ATPase by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The enzyme shows a nucleoside triphosphatase activity that differs biochemically from that of PDR5 (Decottignies, A., Kolaczkowski, M., Balzi, E., and Goffeau, A. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 12797-12803) and is sensitive to vanadate, erythrosine B, and Triton X-100 but not to oligomycin, which inhibits the PDR5 activity only. Disruption of both PDR5 and SNQ2 in a pdr1 mutant decreases the cell growth rate and reveals the presence of at least two other ATP binding cassette proteins in the 160-kDa overexpressed band that have been identified by amino-terminal microsequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Decottignies
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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Hirata D, Yano K, Miyahara K, Miyakawa T. Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDR1, which encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, is required for multidrug resistance. Curr Genet 1994; 26:285-94. [PMID: 7882421 DOI: 10.1007/bf00310491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A multidrug resistance gene, YDR1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a 170-kDa protein of a member of the ABC superfamily, was identified. Disruption of YDR1 resulted in hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, cerulenin, compactin, staurosporine and fluphenazine, indicating that YDR1 is an important determinant of cross resistance to apparently-unrelated drugs. The Ydr1 protein bears the highest similarity to the S. cerevisiae Snq2 protein required for resistance to the mutagen 4-NQO. The drug-specificity analysis of YDR1 and SNQ2 by gene disruption, and its phenotypic suppression by the overexpressed genes, revealed overlapping, yet distinct, specificities. YDR1 was responsible for cycloheximide, cerulenin and compactin resistance, whereas, SNQ2 was responsible for 4-NQO resistance. The two genes had overlapping specificities toward staurosporine and fluphenazine. The transcription of YDR1 and SNQ2 was induced by various drugs, both relevant and irrelevant to the resistance caused by the gene, suggesting that drug specificity can be mainly attributed to the functional difference of the putative transporters. The transcription of these genes was also increased by heat shock. The yeast drug-resistance system provides a novel model for mammalian multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hirata
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Japan
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16
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Ehrenhofer-Murray AE, Würgler FE, Sengstag C. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SGE1 gene product: a novel drug-resistance protein within the major facilitator superfamily. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 244:287-94. [PMID: 8058039 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Several pleiotropic drug sensitivities have been described in yeast. Some involve the loss of putative drug efflux pumps analogous to mammalian P-glycoproteins, others are caused by defects in sterol synthesis resulting in higher plasma membrane permeability. We have constructed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that exhibits a strong crystal violet-sensitive phenotype. By selecting cells of the supersensitive strain for normal sensitivity after transformation with a wild-type yeast genomic library, a complementing 10-kb DNA fragment was isolated, a 3.4-kb subfragment of which was sufficient for complementation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the complementing fragment comprised the recently sequenced SGE1 gene, a partial multicopy suppressor of gal11 mutations. The supersensitive strain was found to be a sge1 null mutant. Overexpression of SGE1 on a high-copy-number plasmid increased the resistance of the supersensitive strain. Disruption of SGE1 in a wild-type strain increased the sensitivity of the strain. These features of the SGE1 phenotype, as well as sequence homologies of SGE1 at the amino acid level, confirm that the Sge1 protein is a member of the drug-resistance protein family within the major facilitator superfamily (MFS).
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17
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Supply P, Wach A, Thinès-Sempoux D, Goffeau A. Proliferation of intracellular structures upon overexpression of the PMA2 ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Rao R, Nakamoto RK, Verjovski-Almeida S, Slayman CW. Structure and function of the yeast plasma-membrane H(+)-ATPase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 671:195-203. [PMID: 1288321 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb43796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Rao
- Department of Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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19
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Ruttkay-Nedecký B, Obernauerová M, Subík J. High-level resistance to cycloheximide resulting from an interaction of the mutated pdr3 and cyh genes in yeast. Curr Genet 1992; 22:337-9. [PMID: 1394518 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to pdr3-1, the S. cerevisiae nuclear pleiotropic drug resistance mutant 2D was found to contain another recessive nuclear mutation, cyh, conferring specific resistance to cycloheximide only. The cycloheximide resistance level due to either the pdr3-1 or the cyh mutation alone was low and was not altered by the ogd1 mutation which increased the physiological acidification of the culture. When pdr3-1 and cyh mutations occurred simultaneously in the haploid yeast strain their interaction was synergistic and resulted in high-level resistance to cycloheximide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ruttkay-Nedecký
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
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20
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Shimanuki M, Goebl M, Yanagida M, Toda T. Fission yeast sts1+ gene encodes a protein similar to the chicken lamin B receptor and is implicated in pleiotropic drug-sensitivity, divalent cation-sensitivity, and osmoregulation. Mol Biol Cell 1992; 3:263-73. [PMID: 1320960 PMCID: PMC275528 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.3.3.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe sts1+ gene, identified by supersensitive mutations to a protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, was isolated by complementation by the use of a fission yeast genomic library. Nucleotide sequencing shows that the sts1+ gene encodes a 453 amino acid putative membrane-associated protein that is significantly similar (26% identity) to the chicken lamin B receptor. It is also highly related (53% identity) to a budding yeast ORF, YGL022. These three proteins contain a similar hydrophobicity pattern consisting of eight or nine putative transmembrane domains. By gene disruption we demonstrate that the sts1+ gene is not essential for viability. These disruptants exhibit pleiotropic defects, such as cold-sensitivity for growth and at the permissive temperature, a supersensitivity to divalent cations and several unrelated drugs including staurosporine, caffeine, chloramphenicol, sorbitol, and SDS. Disruption of the sts1+ gene does not lead to a sensitivity to thiabendazole or hydroxyurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimanuki
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gaber
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague
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23
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Peña A, Ramírez J. An energy-dependent efflux system for potassium ions in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1068:237-44. [PMID: 1911832 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90214-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An efflux of potassium ions was demonstrated in mutants of yeast cells lacking a functional high affinity carrier system for monovalent cations. This efflux showed the following characteristics: (a) It was stimulated by the presence of a substrate, either glucose or ethanol. (b) It was stimulated by several cationic organic molecules, such as ethidium bromide, dihydrostreptomycin, diethylaminoethyldextran, and also by trivalent cations, such as Al3+ and lanthanides; this stimulation also depended on the presence of a substrate. (c) K+ efflux was decreased in yeast mutants with decreased ATPase activity, which generated a lower membrane potential. (d) Although the efflux appeared to be of an electrogenic nature, producing hyperpolarization of cells, it was accompanied by the efflux of phosphate, probably as an anion partially compensating for the large amount of cations leaving the cell. (e) K+ efflux was also accompanied by an uptake of protons. (f) The efflux appeared more clearly in cells grown in YPD medium, and not in more complex media nor in the same YPD medium if supplemented with Ca2+ or Mg2+. Efflux of monovalent cations produced by Tb3+ and organic cationic agents was also demonstrated in wild type strains. This efflux system appears to be, at least partially, electrogenic, but seems to be also an exchange system for protons and to function as a symport with phosphate; it may be involved in the regulation of the internal pH of the cell, and appears to be regulated by its link to the energetic status of the cell, probably through the membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peña
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City
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24
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Chen WN, Balzi E, Capieaux E, Choder M, Goffeau A. The DNA sequencing of the 17 kb HindIII fragment spanning the LEU1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae reveals the PDR6 gene, a new member of the genetic network controlling pleiotropic drug resistance. Yeast 1991; 7:287-99. [PMID: 1882553 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W N Chen
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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25
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Capieaux E, Ulaszewski S, Balzi E, Goffeau A. Physical, transcriptional and genetical mapping of a 24 kb DNA fragment located between the PMA1 and ATE1 loci on chromosome VII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1991; 7:275-80. [PMID: 1882552 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A physical map of a contiguous DNA fragment of 60 kb, extending from the centromere to TRP5 on the left arm of the chromosome VII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain IL125-2B, was established. Within a 31 kb region from PMA1 towards TRP5, a total of 12 transcription products ranging from 0.6 to 3.6 kb were identified in cells grown exponentially on rich medium. Near 87% of the DNA investigated was transcribed and on average one transcript, of 2.3 kb average length, was detected every 2.7 kb of DNA. The physical and genetical distances between the markers CEN7, pma1, leu1, pdr1 and trp5 were compared. A recombination frequency of 1 cM corresponds to an average distance of 3.3 kb between alleles in this region of chromosome VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capieaux
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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26
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Skala J, Capieaux E, Balzi E, Chen WN, Goffeau A. Complete sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LEU1 gene encoding isopropylmalate isomerase. Yeast 1991; 7:281-5. [PMID: 1840714 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320070310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Skala
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
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27
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Balzi E, Goffeau A. Multiple or pleiotropic drug resistance in yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:241-52. [PMID: 2009277 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Balzi
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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28
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Van Dyck L, Petretski JH, Wolosker H, Rodrigues Júnior G, Schlesser A, Ghislain M, Goffeau A. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the Dio-9-resistant pma1-1 mutation of the H(+)-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 194:785-90. [PMID: 2148517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The plasma-membrane H(+)-ATPase gene PMA1 was sequenced in four Dio-9-resistant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, isolated independently. The same amino acid substitution Ala608----Thr was found in the four mutated strains. The mutant ATPase activity was decreased while the Km value for MgATP was increased. The ATPase efficiency (V/Km) of the mutant was reduced by a factor of 25 under acid conditions (pH 5.5), and by a factor of 10 at physiological pH (pH 6.6). The mutation also strongly reduces the inhibition by vanadate of ATPase activity, suggesting that the altered amino acid is involved in phosphate binding and/or in the E1-E2 transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Van Dyck
- Unité de Biochimie Physiologique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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29
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Vanadate-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show alterations in protein phosphorylation and growth control. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2137555 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes two spontaneous vanadate-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with constitutive alterations in protein phosphorylation, growth control, and sporulation. Vanadate has been shown by a number of studies to be an efficient competitor of phosphate in biochemical reactions, especially those that involve phosphoproteins as intermediates or substrates. Resistance to toxic concentrations of vanadate can arise in S. cerevisiae by both recessive and dominant spontaneous mutations in a large number of loci. Mutations in two of the recessive loci, van1-18 and van2-93, resulted in alterations in the phosphorylation of a number of proteins. The mutant van1-18 gene also showed an increase in plasma membrane ATPase activity in vitro and a lowered basal phosphatase activity under alkaline conditions. Cells containing the van2-93 mutant allele had normal levels of plasma membrane ATPase activity, but this activity was not inhibited by vanadate. Both of these mutants failed to enter stationary phase, were heat shock sensitive, showed lowered long-term viability, and sporulated on rich medium in the presence of 2% glucose. The wild-type VAN1 gene was isolated and sequenced. The open reading frame predicts a protein of 522 amino acids, with no significant homology to any genes that have been identified. Diploid cells that contained two mutant alleles of this gene demonstrated defects in spore viability. These data suggest that the VAN1 gene product is involved in regulation of the phosphorylation of a number of proteins, some of which appear to be important in cell growth control.
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30
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Kanik-Ennulat C, Neff N. Vanadate-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae show alterations in protein phosphorylation and growth control. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:898-909. [PMID: 2137555 PMCID: PMC360929 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.3.898-909.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes two spontaneous vanadate-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with constitutive alterations in protein phosphorylation, growth control, and sporulation. Vanadate has been shown by a number of studies to be an efficient competitor of phosphate in biochemical reactions, especially those that involve phosphoproteins as intermediates or substrates. Resistance to toxic concentrations of vanadate can arise in S. cerevisiae by both recessive and dominant spontaneous mutations in a large number of loci. Mutations in two of the recessive loci, van1-18 and van2-93, resulted in alterations in the phosphorylation of a number of proteins. The mutant van1-18 gene also showed an increase in plasma membrane ATPase activity in vitro and a lowered basal phosphatase activity under alkaline conditions. Cells containing the van2-93 mutant allele had normal levels of plasma membrane ATPase activity, but this activity was not inhibited by vanadate. Both of these mutants failed to enter stationary phase, were heat shock sensitive, showed lowered long-term viability, and sporulated on rich medium in the presence of 2% glucose. The wild-type VAN1 gene was isolated and sequenced. The open reading frame predicts a protein of 522 amino acids, with no significant homology to any genes that have been identified. Diploid cells that contained two mutant alleles of this gene demonstrated defects in spore viability. These data suggest that the VAN1 gene product is involved in regulation of the phosphorylation of a number of proteins, some of which appear to be important in cell growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kanik-Ennulat
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021
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31
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Nakamoto RK, Slayman CW. Molecular properties of the fungal plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1989; 21:621-32. [PMID: 2531740 DOI: 10.1007/bf00808117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fungal plasma membrane contains a proton-translocating ATPase that is closely related, both structurally and functionally, to the [Na+, K+]-, [H+, K+]-, and [Ca2+]-ATPases of animal cells, the plasma-membrane [H+]-ATPase of higher plants, and several bacterial cation-transporting ATPases. This review summarizes currently available information on the molecular genetics, protein structure, and reaction cycle of the fungal enzyme. Recent efforts to dissect structure-function relationships are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Nakamoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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32
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Mortimer RK, Schild D, Contopoulou CR, Kans JA. Genetic map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, edition 10. Yeast 1989; 5:321-403. [PMID: 2678811 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R K Mortimer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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33
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Vallejo CG, Serrano R. Physiology of mutants with reduced expression of plasma membrane H+-ATPase. Yeast 1989; 5:307-19. [PMID: 2528864 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two mutations containing insertions and deletions in the promoter in the plasma membrane H+-ATPase gene (PMA1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been introduced into the genome by homologous recombination, replacing the wild-type gene. The resulting strains have 15 and 23% of the wild-type ATPase content. Decreased levels of ATPase correlate with decreased rates of proton efflux and decreased uptake rates of amino acids, methylamine, hygromycin B and tetraphenylphosphonium. This supports a central role of the enzyme in yeast bioenergetics. However, the final accumulation gradient of tetraphenylphosphonium is not affected by the mutations and that of methylamine and 2-aminoisobutyric acid is only decreased in the most extreme mutant. Apparently, kinetic constraints seem to prevent the equilibration of yeast active transports with the electrochemical proton gradient. As expected from their transport defects, the ATPase-deficient mutants are more resistant to hygromycin B and more sensitive to acidification than wild-type yeast. Mutant cells are very elongated, suggesting a structural role of the ATPase in the yeast surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Vallejo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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34
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Capieaux E, Vignais ML, Sentenac A, Goffeau A. The yeast H+-ATPase gene is controlled by the promoter binding factor TUF. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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35
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Steffens M, Ettl F, Kranz D, Kindl H. Vanadate mimics effects of fungal cell wall in eliciting gene activation in plant cell cultures. PLANTA 1989; 177:160-168. [PMID: 24212338 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/1988] [Accepted: 08/19/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cell-suspension cultures of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can be used as a very sensitive and rapidly responding physiological system for monitoring extracellular signals. Elicitors effect the activation of the genes that code for a set of enzymes synthesizing stilbenes. Within 2-6 h after administering micromolar, concentrations of orthovanadate to the suspended cells, the enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, stilbene synthase, and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase increased 10-to 100-fold. The transient time course of induction, and the quality and quantity of gene expression found with vanadate as artificial elicitor were very similar to those observed after biotic stress generated by fungal cell walls. The dose-response of vanadate as an elicitor of gene expression in intact cells matched precisely its inhibitory effect on the ATPase activity of isolated plasma membrane. By concentrating, on the profiles of cinnamate 4-hydroxylase activity, we observed differences between the effects elicited by fungal cell wall or vanadate when different stages of cell development were analyzed. Unlike the fungal elicitor, vanadate did not induce the hydroxylase activity when cells at the stationary phase of the cell cycle were used. This lack of response was not the result of a decrease in membrane biosynthesis. The finding, that the effects of vanadate and fungal elicitor are additive indicates that vanadate does not interfere negatively with the perception of the biotic signal but rather addresses the same intracellular intermediate of the signalling process. We hypothesize that membrane potentials created or modulated by ATPases may be intermediates in the signal chain, starting with the recognition process at the plasma membrane and eventually leading to the production of stilbenes as low-molecular-weight plant-defence products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steffens
- Biochemie, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, D-3550, Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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36
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Membrane potential defect in hygromycin B-resistant pma1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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37
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Schlesser A, Ulaszewski S, Ghislain M, Goffeau A. A second transport ATPase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)77659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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38
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Cid A, Serrano R. Mutations of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase which cause thermosensitivity and altered regulation of the enzyme. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)68195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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39
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Serrano R. Structure and function of proton translocating ATPase in plasma membranes of plants and fungi. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 947:1-28. [PMID: 2894226 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(88)90017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Serrano
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg (F.R.G.)
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40
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Balzi E, Chen W, Ulaszewski S, Capieaux E, Goffeau A. The multidrug resistance gene PDR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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41
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Mutation of a conserved glycine residue modifies the vanadate sensitivity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45416-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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