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Beneke R, Leithäuser RM. Cadence Paradox in Cycling-Part 2: Theory and Simulation of Maximal Lactate Steady State and Carbohydrate Utilization Dependent on Cycling Cadence. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:677-684. [PMID: 38754858 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and evaluate a theory on the frequent observation that cyclists prefer cadences (RPMs) higher than those considered most economical at submaximal exercise intensities via modeling and simulation of its mathematical description. METHODS The theory combines the parabolic power-to-velocity (v) relationship, where v is defined by crank length, RPM-dependent ankle velocity, and gear ratio, RPM effects on the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), and lactate-dependent carbohydrate oxidation (CHO). It was tested against recent experimental results of 12 healthy male recreational cyclists determining the v-dependent peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAKv), MLSS (MLSSv), corresponding power output (PMLSSv), oxygen uptake at PMLSSv (VO2MLSSv), and CHOMLSSv-management at 100 versus 50 per minute, respectively. Maximum RPM (RPMMAX) attained at minimized pedal torque was measured. RPM-specific maximum sprint power output (PMAXv) was estimated at RPMs of 100 and 50, respectively. RESULTS Modeling identified that MLSSv and PMLSSv related to PMAXv (IPMLSSv) promote CHO and that VO2MLSSv related to VO2PEAKv inhibits CHO. It shows that cycling at higher RPM reduces IPMLSSv. It suggests that high cycling RPMs minimize differences in the reliance on CHO at MLSSv between athletes with high versus low RPMMAX. CONCLUSIONS The present theory-guided modeling approach is exclusively based on data routinely measured in high-performance testing. It implies a higher performance reserve above IPMLSSv at higher RPM. Cyclists may prefer high cycling RPMs because they appear to minimize differences in the reliance on CHO at MLSSv between athletes with high versus low RPMMAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Beneke
- Medizin Training und Gesundheit, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Renate M Leithäuser
- Medizin Training und Gesundheit, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Bertron Y, Bowen M, Samozino P, Leo P, Pacot A, Quiclet JB, Hintzy F, Morel B. In Situ Power-Cadence Relationship for 2-, 5-, and 20-Minute Duration: A Proof of Concept in Under-19 Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38881178 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The force-velocity relationship suggests that maximal power (Pmax) can only be produced in optimal torque (Topt) and cadence (Copt). However, the cadence at which mean maximal power (MMP) is produced has never been studied. This study aimed to determine the individual MMP-cadence relationship from in situ data. METHOD We analyzed 1 year of data from 14 under-19 cyclists and calculated the MMP for each cadence between 50 and 120 rpm for 2-, 5-, and 20-minute durations. The MMP-cadence relationship was fit with a second-order polynomial function. The goodness of fit (r2) and odd-day-even-day absolute and relative reliability were evaluated, respectively, for Pmax, Topt, and Copt. RESULTS The goodness of fit was very high for every duration studied. Topt and Pmax, but not Copt, were significantly higher for shorter durations. Pmax was significantly correlated only with Topt for the 3 durations (r2 = .63, .71, and .64 for 2, 5, and 20 min, respectively). DISCUSSION Evaluation of the MMP-cadence relationship from in situ data is feasible and reliable for 2-, 5-, and 20-minute durations. This profiling approach would enable better detection of the strengths and weaknesses of cyclists and make it possible to design more effective training interventions. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The analysis makes it possible to identify the torque versus cadence component that individually limits power production. Knowing the Copt for a given duration of maximal effort could help athletes choose the right gear ratio and regulate cadence during a race in order to maximize performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Bertron
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
- France Cyclisme, Decathlon-Ag2r la Mondiale Team, La Motte-Servolex, France
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Peter Leo
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandre Pacot
- Division of Performance Physiology & Prevention, Department of Sports Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Frédérique Hintzy
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité LIBM, Savoie Mont Blanc University, Chambéry, France
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Dunst AK, Hesse C, Ueberschär O. Understanding optimal cadence dynamics: a systematic analysis of the power-velocity relationship in track cyclists with increasing exercise intensity. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1343601. [PMID: 38645689 PMCID: PMC11027132 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1343601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to investigate the changes in force-velocity (F/v) and power-velocity (P/v) relationships with increasing work rate up to maximal oxygen uptake and to assess the resulting alterations in optimal cadence, particularly at characteristic metabolic states. Methods: Fourteen professional track cyclists (9 sprinters, 5 endurance athletes) performed submaximal incremental tests, high-intensity cycling trials, and maximal sprints at varied cadences (60, 90, 120 rpm) on an SRM bicycle ergometer. Linear and non-linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between heart rate, oxygen uptake (V.O2), blood lactate concentration and power output at each pedaling rate. Work rates linked to various cardiopulmonary and metabolic states, including lactate threshold (LT1), maximal fat combustion (FATmax), maximal lactate steady-state (MLSS) and maximal oxygen uptake (V.O2max), were determined using cadence-specific inverse functions. These data were used to calculate state-specific force-velocity (F/v) and power-velocity (P/v) profiles, from which state-specific optimal cadences were derived. Additionally, fatigue-free profiles were generated from sprint data to illustrate the entire F/v and P/v continuum. Results: HR, V.O2 demonstrated linear relationships, while BLC exhibited an exponential relationship with work rate, influenced by cadence (p < 0.05, η2 ≥ 0.655). Optimal cadence increased sigmoidally across all parameters, ranging from 66.18 ± 3.00 rpm at LT1, 76.01 ± 3.36 rpm at FATmax, 82.24 ± 2.59 rpm at MLSS, culminating at 84.49 ± 2.66 rpm at V.O2max (p < 0.01, η2 = 0.936). A fatigue-free optimal cadence of 135 ± 11 rpm was identified. Sprinters and endurance athletes showed no differences in optimal cadences, except for the fatigue-free optimum (p < 0.001, d = 2.215). Conclusion: Optimal cadence increases sigmoidally with exercise intensity up to maximal aerobic power, irrespective of the athlete's physical condition or discipline. Threshold-specific changes in optimal cadence suggest a shift in muscle fiber type recruitment toward faster types beyond these thresholds. Moreover, the results indicate the need to integrate movement velocity into Henneman's hierarchical size principle and the critical power curve. Consequently, intensity zones should be presented as a function of movement velocity rather than in absolute terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katharina Dunst
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Department of Endurance Sports, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Ueberschär
- Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Department of Engineering and Industrial Design, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute for Applied Training Science, Department of Biomechanics, Leipzig, Germany
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Kostka T, Kostka J. Feasibility and Reliability of Quadriceps Muscle Power and Optimal Movement Velocity Measurements in Different Populations of Subjects. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:140. [PMID: 38534410 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility and reliability of quadriceps maximal short-term power (Pmax) and corresponding optimal movement velocity (υopt-velocity at which the power reaches a maximum value) measurements in different populations of subjects. Five groups of subjects, fifty participants in each group, took part in the study: students; patients of the cardiac rehabilitation program; patients after stroke; older adults; and subjects of different ages who performed repetitive measurements with two different bicycles. The correlations calculated for the pairs of scores ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 for Pmax and from 0.86 to 0.96 for υopt (all with p < 0.001). Intraclass Correlations Coefficients (ICCs) varied from 0.93 to 0.98 for Pmax and from 0.86 to 0.95 for υopt. The standard error of measurement (SEM) varied from 16.9 to 21.4 W for Pmax and from 2.91 to 5.54 rotations(rot)/min for υopt. The coefficients of variation (CVs or SEM%) for Pmax and υopt in the stroke group were 10.6% and 11.4%, respectively; all other CVs were clearly lower than 10%. The minimal detectable change (MDC) varied from 46.6 to 59.3 W for Pmax and from 8.07 to 15.4 rot/min for υopt. MDC% varied from 9.53% to 29.3% for Pmax and from 8.19% to 31.7% for υopt, and was the highest in the stroke group. Therefore, the precision of measurements of Pmax and υopt was confirmed by very good indices of absolute and relative reliability. The proposed methodology is precise, safe, not time-consuming and feasible in older subjects and those with diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Plac Hallera 1, 90-647 Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Kostka
- Department of Gerontology, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Łódź, Poland
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Fitas A, Santos P, Gomes M, Pezarat-Correia P, Schoenfeld BJ, Mendonca GV. Prediction of One Repetition Maximum in Free-Weight Back Squat Using a Mixed Approach: The Combination of the Individual Load-Velocity Profile and Generalized Equations. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:228-235. [PMID: 38088936 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fitas, A, Santos, P, Gomes, M, Pezarat-Correia, P, Schoenfeld, BJ, and Mendonca, GV. Prediction of one repetition maximum in free-weight back squat using a mixed approach: the combination of the individual load-velocity profile and generalized equations. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 228-235, 2024-We aimed to develop a mixed methods approach for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) prediction based on the development of generalized equations and the individual load-velocity profile (LVP), and to explore the validity of such equations for 1RM prediction. Fifty-seven young men volunteered to participate. The submaximal load-velocity relationship was obtained for the free-weight parallel back squat. The estimated load at 0 velocity (LD0) was used as a single predictor, and in combination with the slope of the individual LVP, to develop equations predictive of 1RM. Prediction accuracy was determined through the mean absolute percent error and Bland-Altman plots. LD0 was predictive of 1RM ( p < 0.0001), explaining 70.2% of its variance. Adding the slope of the LVP to the model increased the prediction power of 1RM to 84.4% ( p < 0.0001). The absolute percent error between actual and predicted 1RM was lower for the predictions combining LD0 and slope (6.9 vs. 9.6%). The mean difference between actual and estimated 1RM was nearly zero and showed heteroscedasticity for the LD0 model, but not for the combined model. The limits of agreement error were of 31.9 and 23.5 kg for LD0 and LD0 combined with slope, respectively. In conclusion, the slope of the individual LVP adds predictive value to LD0 in 1RM estimation on a group level and avoids error trends in the estimation of 1RM over the entire spectrum of muscle strength. However, the use of mixed methods does not reach acceptable accuracy for 1RM prediction of the free-weight back squat on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso Fitas
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; and
| | - Miguel Gomes
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; and
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; and
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York
| | - Goncalo V Mendonca
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada Dafundo, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002, Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; and
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Galvan-Alvarez V, Gallego-Selles A, Martinez-Canton M, Perez-Suarez I, Garcia-Gonzalez E, Martin-Rincon M, Calbet JAL. Physiological and molecular predictors of cycling sprint performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14545. [PMID: 38268080 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to identify novel muscle phenotypic factors that could determine sprint performance using linear regression models including the lean mass of the lower extremities (LLM), myosin heavy chain composition (MHC), and proteins and enzymes implicated in glycolytic and aerobic energy generation (citrate synthase, OXPHOS proteins), oxygen transport and diffusion (myoglobin), ROS sensing (Nrf2/Keap1), antioxidant enzymes, and proteins implicated in calcium handling. For this purpose, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and sprint performance (isokinetic 30-s Wingate test: peak and mean power output, Wpeak and Wmean ) were measured in young physically active adults (51 males and 10 females), from which a resting muscle biopsy was obtained from the musculus vastus lateralis. Although females had a higher percentage of MHC I, SERCA2, pSer16 /Thr17 -phospholamban, and Calsequestrin 2 protein expressions (all p < 0.05), and 18.4% lower phosphofructokinase 1 protein expression than males (p < 0.05), both sexes had similar sprint performance when it was normalized to body weight or LLM. Multiple regression analysis showed that Wpeak could be predicted from LLM, SDHB, Keap1, and MHC II % (R 2 = 0.62, p < 0.001), each variable contributing to explain 46.4%, 6.3%, 4.4%, and 4.3% of the variance in Wpeak , respectively. LLM and MHC II % explained 67.5% and 2.1% of the variance in Wmean , respectively (R 2 = 0.70, p < 0.001). The present investigation shows that SDHB and Keap1, in addition to MHC II %, are relevant determinants of peak power output during sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Galvan-Alvarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Angel Gallego-Selles
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miriam Martinez-Canton
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ismael Perez-Suarez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jose A L Calbet
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe "Físico" s/n, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Postboks, Oslo, Norway
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Michalik K, Smolarek M, Ochmann B, Zatoń M. Determination of optimal load in the Wingate Anaerobic Test is not depend on number of sprints included in mathematical models. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1146076. [PMID: 37324399 PMCID: PMC10265113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1146076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the optimal load (OPTLOAD) in measuring mechanical peak power output (PPO) is important in assessment of anaerobic fitness. The main goals of this study were: 1) to examine estimated optimal load and PPO based on a force-velocity test and 2) to compare the PPO from the previous method with the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). The study involved 15 academic male athletes, aged 22.4 ± 2.3 (years), height 178.9 ± 6.8 (cm), and body weight 77.9 ± 12.2 (kg). They performed the 30-s WAnT (7.5% of body weight) during the first visit to the laboratory. Second to fourth session included a force-velocity test (FVT) involving three, 10-s all-out sprints. A randomized load ranging from 3 to 11 kg was used in each session for FVT. The OPTLOAD and PPO were computed using quadratic relationships based on power-velocity (P-v) and power-percent of body weight (P-%BM) and including three, four, five and nine sprints from FVT. The results showed non-difference in OPTLOAD [13.8 ± 3.2 (%BM); 14.1 ± 3.5 (%BM); 13.5 ± 2.8 (%BM); 13.4 ± 2.6 (%BM)] executed at three, four, five, and nine sprints (F3,56 = 0.174, p = 0.91, η2 = 0.01). The two-way ANOVA revealed that PPO were similar between tested models (P-%BM vs. P-v) independently from the numbers of sprints (F3,112 = 0.08, p = 0.99, η2 = 0.000). Moreover, the PPO measured in the WAnT (870.6 ± 179.1 W) was significantly lower compared with in P-v model (1,102.9 ± 242.5-1,134.2 ± 285.4 W) (F4,70 = 3.044, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.148). In addition, the PPO derived from P-%BM model (1,105.2 ± 245.5-1,138.7 ± 285.3 W) was significantly higher compared with the WAnT (F4,70 = 2.976, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.145). The findings suggest the potential utility of FVT for assessment of anaerobic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Smolarek
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bartosz Ochmann
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Zatoń
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Janssen RJF, de Groot S, Van der Woude LHV, Houdijk H, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Vegter RJK. Force-velocity profiling of elite wheelchair rugby players by manipulating rolling resistance over multiple wheelchair sprints. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023. [PMID: 37183537 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of increased rolling resistance on wheelchair sprint performance and the concomitant force-velocity characteristics. Thirteen wheelchair rugby (WCR) athletes completed five 15 s wheelchair sprints in their own rugby wheelchair on an instrumented dual-roller wheelchair ergometer. The first sprint was performed against a close to overground resistance and in each of the following sprints, the resistance increased with 80% of that resistance. A repeated-measures ANOVA examined differences between sprints. Subsequently, linear regression analyses examined the individual force-velocity relations and then, individual parabolic power output curves were modeled. Increased rolling resistance led to significantly lower velocities (-36%), higher propulsion forces (+150%) and higher power outputs (+83%). These differences were accompanied by a lower push frequency, higher push time, yet a constant recovery time and contact angle. The modeled linear regressions (R2 = 0.71 ± 0.10) between force and velocity differed a lot in slope and intercept among individual athletes. The peak of the power output parabola (i.e., the optimal velocity) occurred on average at 3.1 ± 0.6 ms-1 . These individual force-velocity profiles can be used for training recommendations or technological changes to better exploit power generation capabilities of the WCR athletes' musculoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowie J F Janssen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas H V Van der Woude
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Center for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Han Houdijk
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vicky L Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Riemer J K Vegter
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sports, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Bchini S, Hammami N, Selmi T, Zalleg D, Bouassida A. Influence of muscle volume on jumping performance in healthy male and female youth and young adults. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:26. [PMID: 36879286 PMCID: PMC9987144 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences that appear throughout puberty have a substantial impact on the training process. It remains unclear what effect these sex differences should have on how training programs are planned and performed and what objectives should be established for boys and girls of different ages. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between vertical jump performance and muscle volume based on age and sex. METHODS One hundred eighty healthy males (n = 90) and females (n = 90) performed three different types of vertical jumps (VJ): squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), and counter movement jump with arms (CMJ with arms). We used the anthropometric method to measure muscle volume. RESULTS Muscle volume differed across age groups. There were significant effects of age, sex, and their interaction on the SJ, CMJ, and CMJ with arms heights. From the age of 14-15, males exhibited better performances than females, and large effect sizes became apparent in the SJ (d = 1.09, P = 0.04), CMJ (d = 2.18; P = 0.001) and CMJ with arms (d = 1.94; P = 0.004). For the 20-22-year-old age group, there was a significant difference in VJ performance between males and females. Extremely large effect sizes became apparent in the SJ (d = 4.44; P = 0.001), CMJ (d = 4.12; P = 0.001) and CMJ with arms (d = 5.16; P = 0.001). When performances were normalized to the lower limb length, these differences persisted. After normalization to muscle volume, males exhibited better performance when compared to females. This difference persisted only for the 20-22-year-old group on the SJ (p = 0.005), CMJ (p = 0.022) and CMJ with arms (p = 0.016). Among male participants, muscle volume was significantly correlated with SJ (r = 0.70; p < 0.01), CMJ (r = 0.70; p < 0.01) and CMJ with arms (r = 0.55; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that muscle volume may be one of the major determining factors in sex differences in vertical jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhail Bchini
- High Institute of Sport and Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia. .,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia.
| | - Nadhir Hammami
- High Institute of Sport and Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Selmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of "La Manouba", Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Dalenda Zalleg
- High Institute of Sport and Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Bouassida
- High Institute of Sport and Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Kef, Tunisia
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Trojani MC, Chorin F, Gerus P, Breuil V, Michel C, Guis S, Bendahan D, Roux C. Concentric or eccentric physical activity for patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized prospective study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221102805. [PMID: 35832351 PMCID: PMC9272179 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Knee osteoarthritis–related pain limits physical function and leads to functional disability. Physical activity is one of the central recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Although concentric muscle activities are often preferred to eccentric ones, the corresponding rationale remains controversial. Objective: To explore the effect of a 6-week exercise program on function, pain, and performance in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis were included in the prospective EX-ART project (Walking performance in osteoARThritic subjects: effect of an ECCentric muscle strengthening program) and randomized in a 6-week rehabilitation program including either eccentric or concentric activities. Metrics of interest chosen as end points measured before and after the rehabilitation were WOMAC score, pain, and muscular performance (quadriceps power PMAX and contraction strength MMAX). MRI was also used to assess muscle volume and fat infiltration changes. Results: 30 patients were included in each group; mean age was 74 (±7.6); 69% were women. At week 6, both groups showed a significant improvement in the WOMAC without difference between the two groups (p = 0.7). No difference between the two groups was identified for the pain reduction (p = 0.7). A significant improvement in the change in PMAX and MMAX at high velocity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002) was observed in the eccentric group only. A vastus medialis hypertrophy was quantified in the eccentric group only (p = 0.002), whereas fat infiltration in the quadriceps muscles was unchanged. Conclusion: Physical activity, whether eccentric or concentric, has a benefit on function and pain in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. A few differences have been identified between the two types of rehabilitation. More particularly, a gain in muscle performance and vastus medialis volume was found with eccentric rehabilitation only. Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT03167502.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fréderic Chorin
- LAMHESS Laboratory, HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Pauline Gerus
- LAMHESS Laboratory, HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Véronique Breuil
- Department of Rheumatology, Nice University Hospital, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Constance Michel
- Center for Biological and Medical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Medicine of La Timone, Aix Marseille University, CNRS (UMR 7339), Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Guis
- Department of Rheumatology, Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - David Bendahan
- Center for Biological and Medical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Medicine of La Timone, Aix Marseille University, CNRS (UMR 7339), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Roux
- Department of Rheumatology, Nice University Hospital, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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11
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Taylor KB, Deckert S. Field-testing to determine power - cadence and torque - cadence profiles in professional road cyclists. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35786391 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2095307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate a field-based approach to determine torque-cadence and power-cadence profiles in professional cyclists and establish if this field-based protocol can differentiate between varying rider specializations. Twenty-four male professional athletes from a World Tour cycling team participated in this investigation (Height = 1.84 ± 0.05 m, Weight = 72.3 ± 5.6 kg, Age = 25 ± 4 y). All riders were subsequently categorized into the following groups: 1) General Classification (GC) group; 2) sprinter group; and 3) classics group. All participants completed a specific sprint protocol in the field which included 6 times 6s sprints with varying gearing, starting cadences, starting speeds and position (i.e. seated vs standing). Power-cadence and torque-cadence profiles were determined based on the sprint outputs. There was a significant main effect of rider specialization on the measured (sprint) variables (P≤0.03). Body weight, maximum power outputs (1s, 10s and modelled) and maximum torque were highest in the sprinter group, followed by the classics group, followed by the GC group. The protocol was able to differentiate between different rider specializations (i.e. GC, sprinters, classics). The proposed methodology can contribute to individualizing training content in the short-duration domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Bergin Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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12
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Cooper AN, McDermott WJ, Martin JC, Dulaney SO, Carrier DR. Great power comes at a high (locomotor) cost: the role of muscle fascicle length in the power versus economy performance trade-off. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272355. [PMID: 34605905 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle design constraints preclude simultaneous specialization of the vertebrate locomotor system for explosive and economical force generation. The resulting performance trade-off between power and economy has been attributed primarily to individual differences in muscle fiber type composition. While certainly crucial for performance specialization, fiber type likely interacts with muscle architectural parameters, such as fascicle length, to produce this trade-off. Longer fascicles composed of more serial sarcomeres can achieve faster shortening velocities, allowing for greater power production. Long fascicles likely reduce economy, however, because more energy-consuming contractile units are activated for a given force production. We hypothesized that longer fascicles are associated with both increased power production and locomotor cost. In 11 power-trained and 13 endurance-trained recreational athletes, we measured (1) muscle fascicle length via ultrasound in the gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis and vastus lateralis, (2) maximal power during cycling and countermovement jumps, and (3) running cost of transport. We estimated muscle fiber type non-invasively based on the pedaling rate at which maximal cycling power occurred. As predicted, longer gastrocnemius muscle fascicles were correlated with greater lower-body power production and cost of transport. Multiple regression analyses revealed that variability in maximal power was explained by fiber type (46% for cycling, 24% for jumping) and average fascicle length (20% for cycling, 13% for jumping), while average fascicle length accounted for 15% of the variation in cost of transport. These results suggest that, at least for certain muscles, fascicle length plays an important role in the power versus economy performance trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - William J McDermott
- Sport Science and Research, The Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Murray, UT 84107, USA
| | - James C Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Shea O Dulaney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David R Carrier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:48. [PMID: 34268627 PMCID: PMC8282832 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maximal muscular power production is of fundamental importance to human functional capacity and feats of performance. Here, we present a synthesis of literature pertaining to physiological systems that limit maximal muscular power during cyclic actions characteristic of locomotor behaviours, and how they adapt to training. Maximal, cyclic muscular power is known to be the main determinant of sprint cycling performance, and therefore we present this synthesis in the context of sprint cycling. Cyclical power is interactively constrained by force-velocity properties (i.e. maximum force and maximum shortening velocity), activation-relaxation kinetics and muscle coordination across the continuum of cycle frequencies, with the relative influence of each factor being frequency dependent. Muscle cross-sectional area and fibre composition appear to be the most prominent properties influencing maximal muscular power and the power-frequency relationship. Due to the role of muscle fibre composition in determining maximum shortening velocity and activation-relaxation kinetics, it remains unclear how improvable these properties are with training. Increases in maximal muscular power may therefore arise primarily from improvements in maximum force production and neuromuscular coordination via appropriate training. Because maximal efforts may need to be sustained for ~15-60 s within sprint cycling competition, the ability to attenuate fatigue-related power loss is also critical to performance. Within this context, the fatigued state is characterised by impairments in force-velocity properties and activation-relaxation kinetics. A suppression and leftward shift of the power-frequency relationship is subsequently observed. It is not clear if rates of power loss can be improved with training, even in the presence adaptations associated with fatigue-resistance. Increasing maximum power may be most efficacious for improving sustained power during brief maximal efforts, although the inclusion of sprint interval training likely remains beneficial. Therefore, evidence from sprint cycling indicates that brief maximal muscular power production under cyclical conditions can be readily improved via appropriate training, with direct implications for sprint cycling as well as other athletic and health-related pursuits.
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14
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Physiological and Mechanical Indices Serving the New Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1008-1013. [PMID: 33639610 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify relevant physiological, mechanical, and strength indices to improve the evaluation of elite mountain bike riders competing in the current Cross-Country Olympic (XCO) format. METHODS Considering the evolution of the XCO race format over the last decade, the present testing protocol adopted a battery of complementary laboratory cycling tests: a maximal aerobic consumption, a force-velocity test, and a multi-short-sprint test. A group of 33 elite-level XCO riders completed the entire testing protocol and at least 5 international competitions. RESULTS Very large correlations were found between the XCO performance and maximal aerobic power output (r = .78; P < .05), power at the second ventilation threshold (r = .83; P < .05), maximal pedaling force (r = .77; P < .05), and maximum power in the sixth sprint (r = .87; P < .05) of the multi-short-sprint test. A multiple regression model revealed that the normalized XCO performance was predicted at 89.2% (F3,29 = 89.507; r = .95; P < .001) by maximum power in the sixth sprint (β = 0.602; P < .001), maximal pedaling rate (β = 0.309; P < .001), and relative maximal aerobic power output (β = 0.329; P < .001). DISCUSSION Confirming our expectations, the current XCO performance was highly correlated with a series of physiological and mechanical parameters reflecting the high level of acyclic and intermittent solicitation of both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways and the required qualities of maximal force and velocity. CONCLUSION The combination of physiological, mechanical, and strength characteristics may thus improve the prediction of elite XCO cyclists' performance. It seems of interest to evaluate the ability to repeatedly produce brief intensive efforts with short active recovery periods.
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15
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Zhang Q, Morel B, Trama R, Hautier CA. Influence of Fatigue on the Rapid Hamstring/Quadriceps Force Capacity in Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2021; 12:627674. [PMID: 33613321 PMCID: PMC7893113 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.627674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of fatigue on maximal and rapid force capacities and muscular activation of the knee extensors and flexors. Seventeen professional soccer players volunteered to participate in this study. Peak torque (Tpeak) and rate of torque development (RTD) of knee flexor (90°. s-1, -30°. s-1) and extensor (90°. s-1) muscles were measured before and after fatigue (i.e., 30 maximal knee extension and flexion repetitions at 180°s-1) performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. Hamstring to quadriceps peak strength and RTD ratios were calculated. Besides, using surface EMG, the mean level of activation (RMSmean), Rate of EMG Rise (RER), and EMG Frequency-Time maps were measured on quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Following fatigue, Tpeak, RTD, RER declined significantly in the two muscle groups (all p < 0.05) without modification of RMSmean. No decrease in conventional and functional H/Q ratios was observed after fatigue except for a significant increase in the H ecc30/Q con180 ratios (1.03 ± 0.19 vs. 1.36 ± 0.33, p < 0.001). Besides, the RTD H/Q ratios decreased significantly after fatigue, and the statistical parametric mapping analysis (SPM) performed on the EMG/angle curves, and EMG Frequency-Time maps showed that fatigue strongly influenced the muscle activation during the first 100 ms of the movement, following the higher EMG frequency component shift toward the lower frequency component. Our results show that the reduction of RTD and RER during the first 100 ms of the contraction after fatigue exercise makes more sense than any H/Q ratio modification in understanding injury risk in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Zhang
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Baptiste Morel
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| | - Robin Trama
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe A Hautier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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16
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Gross M, Lüthy F. Anaerobic Power Assessment in Athletes: Are Cycling and Vertical Jump Tests Interchangeable? Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8050060. [PMID: 32397456 PMCID: PMC7281183 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Regularly assessing anaerobic power is important for athletes from sports with an explosive strength component. Understanding the differences and overlap between different assessment methods might help coaches or smaller-scale testing facilities maximize financial and temporal resources. Therefore, this study investigated the degree to which cycling sprint and vertical jump tests are interchangeable for determining peak mechanical leg power output in strength-trained athletes. Professional skiers (n = 19) performed unloaded squat jumps (SJ) and other jump forms on a force plate and a six-second cycling sprint (6sCS) test on an ergometer on six occasions over two years. Along with cross-sectional correlations between cycling and jumping power, correlations between longitudinal percent changes and agreement between magnitude-based inferences about individual changes were assessed. Among the tested jump forms, SJ reflected 6sCS best. However, despite extremely large cross-sectional correlation coefficients (0.92) between 6sCS and SJ, and moderate (Pearson’s r = 0.32 for 6sCS with SJ over one-year time spans) to large (r = 0.68 over shorter time spans) correlation coefficients on percent changes, magnitude-based inferences agreed in only around 50% of cases. Thus, for making qualitative assessments about the development of anaerobic power over time in athletes, cycling sprint and squat jump tests are not interchangeable. Rather, we recommend employing the test form that best reflects athletes’ strength and conditioning training.
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17
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Relationship between Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Force-Velocity Characteristics in BMX Cyclists. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7110232. [PMID: 31717533 PMCID: PMC6915637 DOI: 10.3390/sports7110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Especially for bicycle motocross (BMX) cyclists, transfer of muscular force-velocity (Fv) characteristics between common strength training exercises and cycling is important. This study investigated the relationship between Fv characteristics in a common training exercise (squat jumps) and a sport-specific task (cycling) in high-level BMX racers by exploring the degree to which Fv and torque–cadence (Tc) characteristics correspond. Twelve BMX racers performed an Fv (multiple loaded squat jump) and two Tc tests (ramp starts and flat-ground sprints). Results revealed very large correlations between F0 and Tor0 start (r = 0.77) and between Pmax jump and Pmax start (r = 0.85). On the other hand, the relationships between v0 and Cad0 start (r = –0.25) and between SFv and STc start (r = –0.14) were small and negative. Similar results were observed for sprints. Based on dichotomous classifications (greater or less than group median), several discrepancies occurred, particularly for the profile slopes and high-speed variables. Thus, we recommend performing both jump-based and cycling-specific Fv testing. Of additional note, Tc characteristics on flat ground were similar to, but slightly different from those on the start ramp. Therefore, where possible, Tc tests should be carried out on a ramp.
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18
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Kordi M, Folland J, Goodall S, Haralabidis N, Maden-Wilkinson T, Sarika Patel T, Leeder J, Barratt P, Howatson G. Mechanical and morphological determinants of peak power output in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 30:227-237. [PMID: 31598998 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical peak power output (PPO) is a determinant of performance in sprint cycling. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PPO and putative physiological determinants of PPO in elite cyclists, and to compare sprint performance between elite sprint and endurance cyclists. Thirty-five elite cyclists (18 endurance; 17 sprint) performed duplicate sprint cycling laboratory tests to establish PPO and its mechanical components. Quadriceps femoris (QVOL ) and hamstring muscle volume (HAMVOL ) were assessed with MRI, vastus lateralis pennation angle (PθVL ) and fascicle length (FLVL ) were determined with ultrasound imaging, and neuromuscular activation of three muscles was assessed using EMG at PPO during sprint cycling. For the whole cohort, there was a wide variability in PPO (range 775-2025 W) with very large, positive, bivariate relationships between PPO and QVOL (r = .87), HAMVOL (r = .71), and PθVL (r = .81). Step-wise multiple regression analysis revealed that 87% of the variability in PPO between cyclists was explained by two variables QVOL (76%) and PθVL (11%). The sprint cyclists had greater PPO (+61%; P < .001 vs endurance), larger QVOL (P < .001), and BFVOL (P < .001) as well as more pennate vastus lateralis muscles (P < .001). These findings emphasize the importance of quadriceps muscle morphology for sprint cycling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kordi
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.,British Cycling, National Cycling Centre, Manchester, UK.,English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Jonathan Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leics, UK
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Barratt
- British Cycling, National Cycling Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK.,Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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19
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Schofield M, Cronin JB, Macadam P, Hébert-Losier K. Rotational shot put: a phase analysis of current kinematic knowledge. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:278-296. [PMID: 31368410 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1636130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanics of the rotational shot put is used to direct coaching to enhance throwing performance. Maximising shot put distance and velocity at the point of release through increasing momentum is of interest to coaches. This narrative review aimed to examine and summarise the critical kinematic variables within each of the six phases of rotational shot put associated with performance and release velocity. Databases were searched using 'shot put', 'biomechanics' and 'track and field throwing', from which 20 articles based on the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results indicate that the magnitude of transverse thrower-shot angular momentum and thrower-shots path of translation are crucial to performance. In achieving high angular momentum, sweep leg and arm actions need to be well-timed, and their timings and movement likely determine key biomechanical events such as hip to shoulder separations. Generating high release velocities stems from the development and transference of momentum through each phase. Kinematics and kinetics within each phase are co-dependent within and across each phase; therefore, coaches should consider the biomechanics of an athlete through preceding phases when seeking biomechanical change within a given phase. Further research and consideration of kinetics and energy transfer would add value to kinematic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schofield
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Paul Macadam
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- b Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato , Tauranga , New Zealand
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20
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Douglas J, Pearson S, Ross A, McGuigan M. Effects of Accentuated Eccentric Loading on Muscle Properties, Strength, Power, and Speed in Resistance-Trained Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2750-2761. [PMID: 30113915 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Douglas, J, Pearson, S, Ross, A, and McGuigan, M. Effects of accentuated eccentric loading on muscle properties, strength, power, and speed in resistance-trained rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2750-2761, 2018-The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of slow and fast tempo resistance training incorporating accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) compared with traditional resistance training (TRT) in trained rugby players. Fourteen subjects (19.4 ± 0.8 years, 1.82 ± 0.05 m, 97.0 ± 11.6 kg, and relative back squat 1 repetition maximum [1RM]: 1.71 ± 0.24 kg·BM) completed either AEL (n = 7) or TRT (n = 7) strength and power protocols. Two 4-week phases of training were completed. The first phase emphasized a slow eccentric tempo, and the second phase emphasized a fast eccentric tempo. Back squat 1RM, inertial load peak power, drop jump reactive strength index (RSI), 40-m speed, maximum sprinting velocity (Vmax), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architectural variables were determined at baseline and after each phase of training. Slow AEL elicited superior improvements in back squat 1RM (+0.12 kg·BM; effect size [ES]: 0.48; and 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14, 0.82), 40-m time (-0.07 seconds; ES: 0.28; and CI: 0.01-0.55), and Vmax (+0.20 m·s; ES: 0.52; and CI: 0.18-0.86) vs. slow TRT. Fast AEL elicited a small increase in RSI but impaired speed. There was a likely greater increase in peak power with fast TRT (+0.72 W·kg; ES: 0.40; and CI: 0.00-0.79) vs. fast AEL alongside a small increase in VL pennation angle. The short-term incorporation of slow AEL was superior to TRT in improving strength and maximum velocity sprinting speed in rugby players undertaking a concurrent preparatory program. The second 4-week phase of fast AEL may have exceeded recovery capabilities compared with fast TRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Douglas
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Simon Pearson
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Angus Ross
- High Performance Sport New Zealand (HPSNZ), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike McGuigan
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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21
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Wang R, Fukuda DH, Hoffman JR, La Monica MB, Starling TM, Stout JR, Kang J, Hu Y. Distinct Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and β-Alanine Supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 38:149-161. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1475269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - David H. Fukuda
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Michael B. La Monica
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tristan M. Starling
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Jie Kang
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Hu
- Sport Science Research Center, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
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22
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Fife E, Kostka J, Kroc Ł, Guligowska A, Pigłowska M, Sołtysik B, Kaufman-Szymczyk A, Fabianowska-Majewska K, Kostka T. Relationship of muscle function to circulating myostatin, follistatin and GDF11 in older women and men. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:200. [PMID: 30165829 PMCID: PMC6117873 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myostatin, its inhibitor follistatin, and growth/differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) have been proposed as factors that could potentially modify biological aging. The study aimed to test whether there is a relationship between these plasma circulating proteins and muscle strength, power and optimal shortening velocity (υopt) of older adults. Methods The cross-sectional study included 56 women and 45 men aged 60 years and older. Every participant underwent examination which included anthropometric and bioimpedance analysis measurements, functional and cognitive performance tests, muscle strength of upper and lower extremities, muscle power testing with two different methods and blood analyses. Results Women had higher plasma levels of myostatin and GDF11 than men. Men had higher plasma level of follistatin than women. In women, plasma level of myostatin was negatively correlated with left handgrip strength and υopt. Follistatin was negatively correlated with maximum power output (Pmax), power relative to kg of body mass (Pmax∙kg− 1) (friction-loaded cycle ergometer) and power at 70% of the 1-repetition maximum (1RM) strength value (P70%) of leg press (Keiser pneumatic resistance training equipment), and positively correlated with the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test. GDF11 was negatively correlated with body mass, body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass and the percentage of body fat. In men, there were no significant correlations observed between circulating plasma proteins and muscle function measures. Conclusions The circulating plasma myostatin and follistatin are negatively associated with muscle function in older women. There is stronger relationship between these proteins and muscle power than muscle strength. GDF11 has a higher association with the body mass and composition than muscle function in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Fife
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland.,Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Hallera 1, Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kroc
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Guligowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pigłowska
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Sołtysik
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland
| | | | | | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Pieniny 30, 91-647, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the reliability of peak velocity (PV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV), and mean velocity (MV) in the development of load-velocity profiles (LVP) in the full-depth free-weight back squat performed with maximal concentric effort. METHODS Eighteen resistance-trained men performed a baseline 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) back-squat trial and 3 subsequent 1-RM trials used for reliability analyses, with 48-h intervals between trials. 1-RM trials comprised lifts from 6 relative loads including 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 90%, and 100% 1-RM. Individualized LVPs for PV, MPV, or MV were derived from loads that were highly reliable based on the following criteria: intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) >.70, coefficient of variation (CV) ≤10%, and Cohen d effect size (ES) <0.60. RESULTS PV was highly reliable at all 6 loads. MPV and MV were highly reliable at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 90% but not 100% 1-RM (MPV: ICC = .66, CV = 18.0%, ES = 0.10, SEM = 0.04 m·s-1; MV: ICC = .55, CV = 19.4%, ES = 0.08, SEM = 0.04 m·s-1). When considering the reliable ranges, almost perfect correlations were observed for LVPs derived from PV20-100% (r = .91-.93), MPV20-90% (r = .92-.94), and MV20-90% (r = .94-.95). Furthermore, the LVPs were not significantly different (P > .05) between trials or movement velocities or between linear regression versus 2nd-order polynomial fits. CONCLUSIONS PV20-100%, MPV20-90%, and MV20-90% are reliable and can be utilized to develop LVPs using linear regression. Conceptually, LVPs can be used to monitor changes in movement velocity and employed as a method for adjusting sessional training loads according to daily readiness.
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24
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Cross MR, Brughelli M, Samozino P, Morin JB. Methods of Power-Force-Velocity Profiling During Sprint Running: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1255-1269. [PMID: 27896682 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the human body to generate maximal power is linked to a host of performance outcomes and sporting success. Power-force-velocity relationships characterize limits of the neuromuscular system to produce power, and their measurement has been a common topic in research for the past century. Unfortunately, the narrative of the available literature is complex, with development occurring across a variety of methods and technology. This review focuses on the different equipment and methods used to determine mechanical characteristics of maximal exertion human sprinting. Stationary cycle ergometers have been the most common mode of assessment to date, followed by specialized treadmills used to profile the mechanical outputs of the limbs during sprint running. The most recent methods use complex multiple-force plate lengths in-ground to create a composite profile of over-ground sprint running kinetics across repeated sprints, and macroscopic inverse dynamic approaches to model mechanical variables during over-ground sprinting from simple time-distance measures during a single sprint. This review outlines these approaches chronologically, with particular emphasis on the computational theory developed and how this has shaped subsequent methodological approaches. Furthermore, training applications are presented, with emphasis on the theory underlying the assessment of optimal loading conditions for power production during resisted sprinting. Future implications for research, based on past and present methodological limitations, are also presented. It is our aim that this review will assist in the understanding of the convoluted literature surrounding mechanical sprint profiling, and consequently improve the implementation of such methods in future research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Matt Brughelli
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Savoie Mont Blanc, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS, Nice, France
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25
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The Test-Retest Reliability of New Generation Power Indices of Wingate All-Out Test. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020031. [PMID: 29910335 PMCID: PMC6027544 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.3 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 77 ± 8.3 kg; height: 180.3 ± 6.3 cm). Participants performed two Wingate all-out sessions on two separate days. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM), smallest real differences (SRD) and coefficient of variation (CV) scores were analyzed based on the test and retest data. Reliability results of traditional power indices calculated based on 5-s means such as peak power, average power, power drop, and fatigue index ratio were similar with the previous findings in literature (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 2.8%; SEM ≤ 12.28; SRD% ≤ 7.7%). New generation power indices such as peak power, average power, lowest power, power drop, fatigue index, power decline, maximum speed as rpm, and amount of total energy expenditure demonstrated high reliability (ICC ≥ 0.94; CV ≤ 4.3%; SEM ≤ 10.36; SRD% ≤ 8.8%). Time to peak power, time at maximum speed, and power at maximum speed showed a moderate level of reliability (ICC ≥ 0.73; CV ≤ 8.9%; SEM ≤ 63.01; SRD% ≤ 22.4%). The results of this study indicate that reliability correlations and SRD% of new generation power and fatigue-related indices are similar with traditional 5-s means. However, new time-related indices are very sensitive and moderately reliable.
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26
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Rudsits BL, Hopkins WG, Hautier CA, Rouffet DM. Force-velocity test on a stationary cycle ergometer: methodological recommendations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:831-839. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Force-velocity tests performed on stationary cycle ergometers are widely used to assess the torque- and power-generating capacities of the lower limbs. The aim of this study was to identify how testing and modeling procedures influence the assessment of individual torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships. Seventeen males completed 62 ± 16 pedal cycles from six 6-s all-out efforts interspersed with 5 min of rest. True measures of maximal power for a particular cadence were obtained for 24 ± 3 pedal cycles, while power was only 94 ± 3% of the true maximum in 19 ± 5 pedal cycles. Pedal cycles showing maximal levels of power also displayed higher levels of electromyography (EMG: 89 ± 7 vs . 87 ± 7%) and coactivation (34 ± 11 vs . 31 ± 10 arbitrary units), as well as lower variability in crank torque and EMG profiles. Compared with the linear and second-order polynomial models that are traditionally used, a better goodness of fit was obtained when the torque-cadence and power-cadence relationships were predicted using second- and third-order polynomials, respectively. The later modeling procedures also revealed an asymmetry in the power-cadence relationship in most participants (i.e., 15 out of 17) and provided a better estimation of maximal cadence [Cmax: 214 ± 20 revolutions/min (rpm)] from the x-intercept of power-cadence relationships (C0: 214 ± 14 rpm). Therefore, we recommend predicting the individual shapes of torque- and power-cadence relationships using second- and third-order polynomial regressions after having selected pedal cycles during which true measures of cadence-specific maximal power were recorded. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to demonstrate that suboptimal activation of the lower limb muscles accompanied reductions in cadence-specific levels of torque and power produced during a force-velocity test performed on a stationary cycle ergometer. This research is also the first to show that, in most noncyclist participants, torque-cadence relationships are not linear, whereas power-cadence relationships display asymmetric shapes, with power production decreasing rapidly when cadence increases beyond 180 revolutions/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briar L. Rudsits
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Will G. Hopkins
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christophe A. Hautier
- Laboratoire Inter-universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université de Lyon, France
| | - David M. Rouffet
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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27
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van der Zwaard S, van der Laarse WJ, Weide G, Bloemers FW, Hofmijster MJ, Levels K, Noordhof DA, de Koning JJ, de Ruiter CJ, Jaspers RT. Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. FASEB J 2018; 32:2110-2123. [PMID: 29217665 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700827r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing physical performance is a major goal in current physiology. However, basic understanding of combining high sprint and endurance performance is currently lacking. This study identifies critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance using multiple regression analyses of physiologic determinants at different biologic levels. Cyclists, including 6 international sprint, 8 team pursuit, and 14 road cyclists, completed a Wingate test and 15-km time trial to obtain sprint and endurance performance results, respectively. Performance was normalized to lean body mass2/3 to eliminate the influence of body size. Performance determinants were obtained from whole-body oxygen consumption, blood sampling, knee-extensor maximal force, muscle oxygenation, whole-muscle morphology, and muscle fiber histochemistry of musculus vastus lateralis. Normalized sprint performance was explained by percentage of fast-type fibers and muscle volume ( R2 = 0.65; P < 0.001) and normalized endurance performance by performance oxygen consumption ( V̇o2), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and muscle oxygenation ( R2 = 0.92; P < 0.001). Combined sprint and endurance performance was explained by gross efficiency, performance V̇o2, and likely by muscle volume and fascicle length ( P = 0.056; P = 0.059). High performance V̇o2 related to a high oxidative capacity, high capillarization × myoglobin, and small physiologic cross-sectional area ( R2 = 0.67; P < 0.001). Results suggest that fascicle length and capillarization are important targets for training to optimize sprint and endurance performance simultaneously.-Van der Zwaard, S., van der Laarse, W. J., Weide, G., Bloemers, F. W., Hofmijster, M. J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., de Koning, J. J., de Ruiter, C. J., Jaspers, R. T. Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van der Laarse
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W Bloemers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Mathijs J Hofmijster
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Attiogbé E, Vandewalle H, Driss T. Influence of ethnicity on vertical jump performances in male physical education students: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1759-1767. [PMID: 29199778 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to: 1) test the possibility of ethnic differences in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and countermovement jump with arms swing (CMJA); 2) test the possibility of ethnic differences in the effects of countermovement and arms swing; 3) verify whether the relationships between the different vertical jumps (VJ) (SJ, CMJ, CMJA) and maximal power (Pmax), determined from a force-velocity test (F-V), were dependent on the ethnicity as previously found for CMJA. METHODS VJ were performed by 84 active men (WAC): 40 WA and 44 C. VJ were measured on a force platform in three conditions: SJ, CMJ and CMJA. For technical reasons, only 39 of these participants (WA2C2) performed F-V test [V=V0(1-F/F0) and maximal power=0.25 V0F0]: 20 WA (WA2) and 19 C (C2). RESULTS There were significant ethnic differences (WA>C) in SJ, CMJ, CMJA, CMJA-CMJ, CMJA/CMJ. The effect sizes (Cohen d) of these ethnic differences were large for CMJA (0.93), CMJA-CMJ (1.11) CMJA/CMJ (0.82) and medium for CMJ (0.54) and SJ (0.56). Ethnic effect in the countermovement jump was small (Cohen d=0.04 for CMJ-SJ) and not significant. CONCLUSIONS For WA2C2, the slightly higher value of Pmax in WA2 (Cohen d =0.23) probably explained their slightly higher values of SJ, CMJ but not their higher values of CMJA and arms swing effect. In WA2C2, a difference in fast-fiber percentages was not the explanation of the ethnic differences because the optimal pedal rates corresponding to Pmax (0.5 V0) were similar in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Attiogbé
- Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), University of Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Henry Vandewalle
- Laboratory of Physiology, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, University of Paris XIII, Bobigny, France
| | - Tarak Driss
- Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CeRSM), University of Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France -
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29
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Kostka J, Sikora J, Kostka T. Relationship of quadriceps muscle power and optimal shortening velocity with angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in older women. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1753-1760. [PMID: 29089749 PMCID: PMC5656348 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s146494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to assess whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity is related to muscle function (strength, power and velocity), as well as to assess if ACE inhibitors (ACEIs) and other angiotensin system blocking medications (ASBMs) influence muscle performance in elderly women. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety-five community-dwelling elderly women took part in this study. Anthropometric data, blood ACE activity analysis, maximum power (Pmax) and optimal shortening velocity (υopt) of the knee extensor muscles, handgrip strength, physical activity (PA) and functional performance were measured. RESULTS Women taking ACEI were on average almost 2 years older than the women who did not take ACEI. They took more medicines and were also characterized by significantly lower level of ACE, but they did not differ in terms of PA level, results of functional performance and parameters characterizing muscle functions. No correlations of ACE activity with Pmax and handgrip strength, as well as with PA or functional performance were found. Higher ACE activity was connected with lower υopt for women who did not take any ASBMs (rho =-0.37; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Serum ACE activity was not associated with muscle strength, power and functional performance in both ASBM users and nonusers, but was associated with optimal shortening velocity of quadriceps muscles in older women. Further prospective studies are needed to assess if ACEIs or other ASBMs may slow down the decline in muscle function and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre
- Department of Physical Medicine
| | - Joanna Sikora
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Healthy Ageing Research Centre
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30
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Abstract
AIM To examine the appropriate magnitude of allometric scaling of the force-velocity relationship according to body dimensions and to establish normative data for the power-force-velocity relationship for active men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Ninety-seven participants completed a force-velocity test on a Monark cycle ergometer. Allometric exponents and percentile ranks were established for maximal power (Pmax), maximal force (F0) and maximal velocity (V0). RESULTS The mean (± SD) of Pmax, F0 and V0 were 1114.90 ± 160.60 W, 191.97 ± 26.51 N, and 227.87 ± 8.82 rpm, respectively. V0 was not related to any body size descriptors. Allometric exponents for Pmax, and F0 scaled for body mass were b = 0.77 (0.64-0.90) and 0.74 (0.61-0.86), respectively. Correlations between allometrically scaled Pmax and F0 with body mass were r = 0.002 (p = 0.984) and r = 0.008 (p = 0.940), respectively, suggesting that the allometric exponents derived were effective in partialling out the effect of body mass on Pmax and F0 results. CONCLUSIONS The allometric exponents and normative values of the current study provide a useful tool for comparing the scores of force-velocity tests between individuals without the confounding effect of body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Jaafar
- a Institut du savoir Montfort - Recherche , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada.,b Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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31
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Bobbert MF, Casius LJR, Van Soest AJ. The Relationship between Pedal Force and Crank Angular Velocity in Sprint Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:869-78. [PMID: 26694841 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relationships between tangential pedal force and crank angular velocity in sprint cycling tend to be linear. We set out to understand why they are not hyperbolic, like the intrinsic force-velocity relationship of muscles. METHODS We simulated isokinetic sprint cycling at crank angular velocities ranging from 30 to 150 rpm with a forward dynamic model of the human musculoskeletal system actuated by eight lower extremity muscle groups. The input of the model was muscle stimulation over time, which we optimized to maximize average power output over a cycle. RESULTS Peak tangential pedal force was found to drop more with crank angular velocity than expected based on intrinsic muscle properties. This linearizing effect was not due to segmental dynamics but rather due to active state dynamics. Maximizing average power in cycling requires muscles to bring their active state from as high as possible during shortening to as low as possible during lengthening. Reducing the active state is a relatively slow process, and hence must be initiated a certain amount of time before lengthening starts. As crank angular velocity goes up, this amount of time corresponds to a greater angular displacement, so the instant of switching off extensor muscle stimulation must occur earlier relative to the angle at which pedal force was extracted for the force-velocity relationship. CONCLUSION Relationships between pedal force and crank angular velocity in sprint cycling do not reflect solely the intrinsic force-velocity relationship of muscles but also the consequences of activation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Frank Bobbert
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS
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32
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Tofari PJ, Cormack SJ, Ebert TR, Gardner AS, Kemp JG. Comparison of ergometer- and track-based testing in junior track-sprint cyclists. Implications for talent identification and development. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1947-1953. [PMID: 27779439 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1243795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Talent identification (TID) and talent development (TDE) programmes in track sprint cycling use ergometer- and track-based tests to select junior athletes and assess their development. The purpose of this study was to assess which tests are best at monitoring TID and TDE. Ten male participants (16.2 ± 1.1 year; 178.5 ± 6.0 cm and 73.6 ± 7.6 kg) were selected into the national TID squad based on initial testing. These tests consisted of two 6-s maximal sprints on a custom-built ergometer and 4 maximal track-based tests (2 rolling and 2 standing starts) using 2 gear ratios. Magnitude-based inferences and correlation coefficients assessed changes following a 3-month TDE programme. Training elicited meaningful improvements (80-100% likely) in all ergometer parameters. The standing and rolling small gear, track-based effort times were likely and very likely (3.2 ± 2.4% and 3.3 ± 1.9%, respectively) improved by training. Stronger correlations between ergometer- and track-based measures were very likely following training. Ergometer-based testing provides a more sensitive tool than track-based testing to monitor changes in neuromuscular function during the early stages of TDE. However, track-based testing can indicate skill-based improvements in performance when interpreted with ergometer testing. In combination, these tests provide information on overall talent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tofari
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Fitzroy , Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Fitzroy , Australia
| | - Tammie R Ebert
- b High Performance Unit , Cycling Australia , Enfield Plaza , Australia
| | | | - Justin G Kemp
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Fitzroy , Australia
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Kozicka I, Kostka T. Handgrip strength, quadriceps muscle power, and optimal shortening velocity roles in maintaining functional abilities in older adults living in a long-term care home: a 1-year follow-up study. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:739-47. [PMID: 27307720 PMCID: PMC4887055 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the relative role of handgrip strength (HGS), quadriceps muscle power (Pmax), and optimal shortening velocity (υopt) in maintaining functional abilities (FAs) in older adults living in a long-term care home over a 1-year follow-up. Subjects and methods Forty-one inactive older institutionalized adults aged 69.8±9.0 years participated in this study. HGS, Pmax, υopt, cognitive function using the Mini-Mental State Examination, depressive symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale, nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), and physical activity (PA) using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. FAs were assessed with activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL, and Timed Up & Go test. Results Both at baseline and at follow-up, FAs were related to age, HGS, Pmax/kg, υopt, MNA, and PA. These associations were generally similar in both sexes. As revealed in multiple regression analysis, υopt was the strongest predictor of FA, followed by Pmax/kg, PA, and MNA. FA deteriorated after 1 year as measured by ADL and Timed Up & Go test. Pmax and υopt, but not HGS, also decreased significantly after 1 year. Nevertheless, 1-year changes in FAs were not related to changes in HGS, Pmax, υopt, or PA. Conclusion The 1-year period of physical inactivity among older institutionalized adults was found to have a negative effect on their FAs, Pmax, and υopt. The present study demonstrates that Pmax and, especially, υopt correlated with FAs of older adults more than HGS, both at baseline and at follow-up. Despite this, 1-year natural fluctuations of PA, Pmax, and υopt are not significant enough to influence FAs in inactive institutionalized older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kozicka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Reliability of Force-Velocity Tests in Cycling and Cranking Exercises in Men and Women. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:954780. [PMID: 26539544 PMCID: PMC4620038 DOI: 10.1155/2015/954780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the reliability of the force-velocity relationship during cycling and arm cranking exercises in active males and females. Twenty male and seventeen female physical education students performed three-session tests with legs and three-session tests with arms on a friction-loaded ergometer on six different sessions in a randomized order. The reliability of maximal power (Pmax), maximal pedal rate (V 0), and maximal force (F0) were studied using the coefficient of variation (CV), the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the test-retest correlation coefficient (r). Reliability indices were better for men (1.74 ≤ CV ≤ 4.36, 0.82 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.97, and 0.81 ≤ r ≤ 0.97) compared with women (2.34 ≤ CV ≤ 7.04, 0.44 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.98, and 0.44 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) and in cycling exercise (1.74 ≤ CV ≤ 3.85, 0.88 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.98, and 0.90 ≤ r ≤ 0.98) compared with arm exercise (2.37 ≤ CV ≤ 7.04, 0.44 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.95, and 0.44 ≤ r ≤ 0.95). Furthermore, the reliability indices were high for Pmax and F0 whatever the expression of the results (raw data or data related to body dimensions). Pmax and F0 could be used in longitudinal physical fitness investigations. However, further studies are needed to judge V 0 reliability.
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35
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Faiss R, Willis S, Born DP, Sperlich B, Vesin JM, Holmberg HC, Millet GP. Repeated double-poling sprint training in hypoxia by competitive cross-country skiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:809-17. [PMID: 25083727 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) was recently shown to improve repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in cycling. This phenomenon is likely to reflect fiber type-dependent, compensatory vasodilation, and therefore, our hypothesis was that RSH is even more beneficial for activities involving upper body muscles, such as double poling during cross-country skiing. METHODS In a double-blinded fashion, 17 competitive cross-country skiers performed six sessions of repeated sprints (each consisting of four sets of five 10-s sprints, with 20-s intervals of recovery) either in normoxia (RSN, 300 m; FiO2, 20.9%; n = 8) or normobaric hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m; FiO2, 13.8 %; n = 9). Before (pre) and after (post) training, performance was evaluated with an RSA test (10-s all-out sprints-20-s recovery, until peak power output declined by 30%) and a simulated team sprint (team sprint, 3 × 3-min all-out with 3-min rest) on a double-poling ergometer. Triceps brachii oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS From pretraining to posttraining, peak power output in the RSA was increased (P < 0.01) to the same extent (29% ± 13% vs 26% ± 18%, nonsignificant) in RSH and in RSN whereas the number of sprints performed was enhanced in RSH (10.9 ± 5.2 vs 17.1 ± 6.8, P < 0.01) but not in RSN (11.6 ± 5.3 vs 11.7 ± 4.3, nonsignificant). In addition, the amplitude in total hemoglobin variations during sprints throughout RSA rose more in RSH (P < 0.01). Similarly, the average power output during all team sprints improved by 11% ± 9% in RSH and 15% ± 7% in RSN. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal greater improvement in the performance of repeated double-poling sprints, together with larger variations in the perfusion of upper body muscles in RSH compared with those in RSN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Faiss
- 1Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND; 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND; 3Nationellt Vintersport Centrum, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, SWEDEN; 4Department of Sport Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, GERMANY; and 5Applied Signal Processing Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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Blake OM, Wakeling JM. Muscle coordination limits efficiency and power output of human limb movement under a wide range of mechanical demands. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:3283-95. [PMID: 26445873 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00765.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of cycle frequency and workload on muscle coordination and the ensuing relationship with mechanical efficiency and power output of human limb movement. Eleven trained cyclists completed an array of cycle frequency (cadence)-power output conditions while excitation from 10 leg muscles and power output were recorded. Mechanical efficiency was maximized at increasing cadences for increasing power outputs and corresponded to muscle coordination and muscle fiber type recruitment that minimized both the total muscle excitation across all muscles and the ineffective pedal forces. Also, maximum efficiency was characterized by muscle coordination at the top and bottom of the pedal cycle and progressive excitation through the uniarticulate knee, hip, and ankle muscles. Inefficiencies were characterized by excessive excitation of biarticulate muscles and larger duty cycles. Power output and efficiency were limited by the duration of muscle excitation beyond a critical cadence (120-140 rpm), with larger duty cycles and disproportionate increases in muscle excitation suggesting deteriorating muscle coordination and limitations of the activation-deactivation capabilities. Most muscles displayed systematic phase shifts of the muscle excitation relative to the pedal cycle that were dependent on cadence and, to a lesser extent, power output. Phase shifts were different for each muscle, thereby altering their mechanical contribution to the pedaling action. This study shows that muscle coordination is a key determinant of mechanical efficiency and power output of limb movement across a wide range of mechanical demands and that the excitation and coordination of the muscles is limited at very high cycle frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ollie M Blake
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Lunn WR, Zenoni MA, Crandall IH, Dress AE, Berglund ML. Lower Wingate Test Power Outcomes From “All-Out” Pretest Pedaling Cadence Compared With Moderate Cadence. J Strength Cond Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rouis M, Attiogbé E, Vandewalle H, Jaafar H, Noakes TD, Driss T. Relationship between vertical jump and maximal power output of legs and arms: Effects of ethnicity and sport. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e197-207. [PMID: 25048561 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Rouis
- CeRSM (E.A. 2931); Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement; UFR STAPS; Université Paris Ouest Nanterre - La Défense; Nanterre France
| | - E. Attiogbé
- CeRSM (E.A. 2931); Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement; UFR STAPS; Université Paris Ouest Nanterre - La Défense; Nanterre France
| | - H. Vandewalle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie; UFR de Santé; Médecine et Biologie Humaine; Université Paris XIII; Bobigny France
| | - H. Jaafar
- CeRSM (E.A. 2931); Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement; UFR STAPS; Université Paris Ouest Nanterre - La Défense; Nanterre France
| | - T. D. Noakes
- Department of Human Biology; University of Cape Town; Cape Town South Africa
| | - T. Driss
- CeRSM (E.A. 2931); Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement; UFR STAPS; Université Paris Ouest Nanterre - La Défense; Nanterre France
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Abstract
Previous authors have reported power-pedaling rate relationships for maximal cycling. However, the joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships that contribute to pedal power have not been reported. We determined absolute and relative contributions of joint-specific powers to pedal power across a range of pedaling rates during maximal cycling. Ten cyclists performed maximal 3 s cycling trials at 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 rpm. Joint-specific powers were averaged over complete pedal cycles, and extension and flexion actions. Effects of pedaling rate on relative joint-specific power, velocity, and excursion were assessed with regression analyses and repeated-measures ANOVA. Relative ankle plantar flexion power (25 to 8%; P = .01; R(2) = .90) decreased with increasing pedaling rate, whereas relative hip extension power (41 to 59%; P < .01; R(2) = .92) and knee flexion power (34 to 49%; P < .01; R(2) = .94) increased with increasing pedaling rate. Knee extension powers did not differ across pedaling rates. Ankle joint angular excursion decreased with increasing pedaling rate (48 to 20 deg) whereas hip joint excursion increased (42 to 48 deg). These results demonstrate that the often-reported quadratic power-pedaling rate relationship arises from combined effects of dissimilar joint-specific power-pedaling rate relationships. These dissimilar relationships are likely influenced by musculoskeletal constraints (ie, muscle architecture, morphology) and/or motor control strategies.
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40
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Blache Y, Monteil K. Influence of lumbar spine extension on vertical jump height during maximal squat jumping. J Sports Sci 2013; 32:642-51. [PMID: 24102076 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.845680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of lumbar spine extension and erector spinae muscle activation on vertical jump height during maximal squat jumping. Eight male athletes performed maximal squat jumps. Electromyograms of the erector spinae were recorded during these jumps. A simulation model of the musculoskeletal system was used to simulate maximal squat jumping with and without spine extension. The effect on vertical jump height of changing erector spinae strength was also tested through the simulated jumps. Concerning the participant jumps, the kinematics indicated a spine extension and erector spinae activation. Concerning the simulated jumps, vertical jump height was about 5.4 cm lower during squat jump without trunk extension compared to squat jump. These results were explained by greater total muscle work during squat jump, more especially by the erector spinae work (+119.5 J). The erector spinae may contribute to spine extension during maximal squat jumping. The simulated jumps confirmed this hypothesis showing that vertical jumping was decreased if this muscle was not taken into consideration in the model. Therefore it is concluded that the erector spinae should be considered as a trunk extensor, which enables to enhance total muscle work and consequently vertical jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Blache
- a Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur le sport, Université Claude Bernard , Lyon , France
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41
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Driss T, Vandewalle H. The measurement of maximal (anaerobic) power output on a cycle ergometer: a critical review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:589361. [PMID: 24073413 PMCID: PMC3773392 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interests and limits of the different methods and protocols of maximal (anaerobic) power (Pmax) assessment are reviewed: single all-out tests versus force-velocity tests, isokinetic ergometers versus friction-loaded ergometers, measure of Pmax during the acceleration phase or at peak velocity. The effects of training, athletic practice, diet and pharmacological substances upon the production of maximal mechanical power are not discussed in this review mainly focused on the technical (ergometer, crank length, toe clips), methodological (protocols) and biological factors (muscle volume, muscle fiber type, age, gender, growth, temperature, chronobiology and fatigue) limiting Pmax in cycling. Although the validity of the Wingate test is questionable, a large part of the review is dedicated to this test which is currently the all-out cycling test the most often used. The biomechanical characteristics specific of maximal and high speed cycling, the bioenergetics of the all-out cycling exercises and the influence of biochemical factors (acidosis and alkalosis, phosphate ions…) are recalled at the beginning of the paper. The basic knowledge concerning the consequences of the force-velocity relationship upon power output, the biomechanics of sub-maximal cycling exercises and the study on the force-velocity relationship in cycling by Dickinson in 1928 are presented in Appendices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Driss
- CeRSM, E.A. 2931, Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement, UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre—La Défense, 200 avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Henry Vandewalle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
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Smith AA, Toone R, Peacock O, Drawer S, Stokes KA, Cook CJ. Dihydrotestosterone is elevated following sprint exercise in healthy young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1435-40. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01419.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exerts both functional and signaling effects extending beyond the effects of testosterone in rodent skeletal muscle. As a primer for investigating the role of DHT in human skeletal muscle function, this study aimed to determine whether circulating DHT is acutely elevated in men following a bout of repeat sprint exercise and to establish the importance of training status and sprint performance to this response. Fourteen healthy active young men (V̇o2max61.0 ± 8.1 ml·kg body mass−1·min−1) performed a bout of repeat sprint cycle exercise at a target workload based on an incremental work-rate maximum (10 × 30 s at 150% Wmaxwith 90-s recovery). Venous blood samples were collected preexercise and 5 and 60 min after exercise. Five minutes after exercise, there were significant elevations in total testosterone (TT; P < 0.001), free testosterone (FT; P < 0.001), and DHT ( P = 0.004), which returned to baseline after 1 h. Changes in DHT with exercise (5 min postexercise − preexercise) correlated significantly with changes in TT ( r = 0.870; P < 0.001) and FT ( r = 0.914; P < 0.001). Sprinting cadence correlated with changes in FT ( r = 0.697; P = 0.006), DHT ( r = 0.625; P = 0.017), and TT ( r = 0.603; P = 0.022), and habitual training volume correlated with the change in TT ( r = 0.569, P = 0.034). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that DHT is acutely elevated following sprint cycle exercise and that this response is influenced by cycling cadence. The importance of DHT in the context of exercise training and sports performance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A. Smith
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health, University of Bath
- United Kingdom Sports Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health, University of Bath
| | - Oliver Peacock
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health, University of Bath
| | - Scott Drawer
- United Kingdom Sports Council, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health, University of Bath
| | - Christian J. Cook
- Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health, University of Bath
- United Kingdom Sports Council, London, United Kingdom
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Faiss R, Léger B, Vesin JM, Fournier PE, Eggel Y, Dériaz O, Millet GP. Significant molecular and systemic adaptations after repeated sprint training in hypoxia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56522. [PMID: 23437154 PMCID: PMC3577885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) has been reported to evoke cellular responses via hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) but without substantial performance benefits in endurance athletes, we hypothesized that repeated sprint training in hypoxia could enhance repeated sprint ability (RSA) performed in normoxia via improved glycolysis and O2 utilization. 40 trained subjects completed 8 cycling repeated sprint sessions in hypoxia (RSH, 3000 m) or normoxia (RSN, 485 m). Before (Pre-) and after (Post-) training, muscular levels of selected mRNAs were analyzed from resting muscle biopsies and RSA tested until exhaustion (10-s sprint, work-to-rest ratio 1∶2) with muscle perfusion assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy. From Pre- to Post-, the average power output of all sprints in RSA was increased (p<0.01) to the same extent (6% vs 7%, NS) in RSH and in RSN but the number of sprints to exhaustion was increased in RSH (9.4±4.8 vs. 13.0±6.2 sprints, p<0.01) but not in RSN (9.3±4.2 vs. 8.9±3.5). mRNA concentrations of HIF-1α (+55%), carbonic anhydrase III (+35%) and monocarboxylate transporter-4 (+20%) were augmented (p<0.05) whereas mitochondrial transcription factor A (−40%), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (−23%) and monocarboxylate transporter-1 (−36%) were decreased (p<0.01) in RSH only. Besides, the changes in total hemoglobin variations (Δ[tHb]) during sprints throughout RSA test increased to a greater extent (p<0.01) in RSH. Our findings show larger improvement in repeated sprint performance in RSH than in RSN with significant molecular adaptations and larger blood perfusion variations in active muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Faiss
- ISSUL-Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lower limb muscle strength (LLMS): Why sedentary life should never start? A review. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 54:399-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sanchez AMJ, Collomp K, Carra J, Borrani F, Coste O, Préfaut C, Candau R. Effect of acute and short-term oral salbutamol treatments on maximal power output in non-asthmatic athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3251-8. [PMID: 22230921 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the controversial effects of acute and short-term salbutamol (SAL) intake on sprint performance in healthy athletes. Based on the results of previous studies, an anabolic effect for the short-term treatment and increased glycolysis in both treatments were hypothesized. Eight male recreational athletes completed force-velocity exercise tests after administration of placebo (gelatin), acute oral SAL (6 mg) or short-term oral SAL (12 mg day(-1) for 3 weeks), using a double-blind and randomized protocol. A friction-loaded cycle ergometer fitted with a strain gauge, and an incremental encoder ensured accurate measurement of the force-velocity relationship during sprints. Mechanical data were averaged during each pedal downstroke. Compared with placebo after both acute and 3 weeks of continuous treatment, the force-velocity relationship shifted to the right with power output gains of 14 and 8% (p < 0.001), respectively. This effect was less marked for 3 weeks of continuous treatment compared with acute administration (p < 0.001), suggesting a down-regulation in adrenoceptors. Our first hypothesis thus seems rejected. Significantly higher end-of-exercise and recovery blood lactate concentrations were found under SAL compared with placebo (p < 0.001), supporting our second hypothesis. In conclusion, these data indicate that oral administration of SAL is an effective ergogenic aid for sprint exercise in non-asthmatic athletes. Moreover, an acute treatment seems to be more effective than 3 weeks of continuous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M J Sanchez
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université Montpellier 1, INRA, UMR866, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France.
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Influence of road incline and body position on power-cadence relationship in endurance cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2433-41. [PMID: 22045414 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In race cycling, the external power-cadence relationship at the performance level, that is sustainable for the given race distance, plays a key role. The two variables of interest from this relationship are the maximal external power output (P (max)) and the corresponding optimal cadence (C (opt)). Experimental studies and field observations of cyclists have revealed that when cycling uphill is compared to cycling on level ground, the freely chosen cadence is lower and a more upright body position seems to be advantageous. To date, no study has addressed whether P (max) or C (opt) is influenced by road incline or body position. Thus, the main aim of this study was to examine the effect of road incline (0 vs. 7%) and racing position (upright posture vs. dropped posture) on P (max) and C (opt). Eighteen experienced cyclists participated in this study. Experiment I tested the hypothesis that road incline influenced P (max) and C (opt) at the second ventilatory threshold ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). Experiment II tested the hypothesis that the racing position influenced [Formula: see text], but not [Formula: see text]. The results of experiment I showed that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were significantly lower when cycling uphill compared to cycling on level ground (P < 0.01). Experiment II revealed that [Formula: see text] was significantly greater for the upright posture than for the dropped posture (P < 0.01) and that the racing position did not affect [Formula: see text]. The main conclusions of this study were that when cycling uphill, it is reasonable to choose (1) a lower cadence and (2) a more upright body position.
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Ben Ayed K, Latiri I, Dore E, Tabka Z. Leg muscle power in 12-year-old black and white Tunisian football players. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:103-17. [PMID: 21480057 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.556527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined leg muscle power of young male Tunisian black and white football players and extended the analysis to determine whether there is a relationship between cycling peak power output (PPO) and some field tests. A total of 113 children (white group (WG) = n = 56; black group (BG) = n = 57) participated in this investigation. Anthropometric data included age, body mass (BM), height, leg length (LL), body mass index (BMI), and leg muscle volume (LMV). Cycling PPO was measured including a force-velocity test. Peak power output (PPO; W and W/kg), Fopt (optimal braking force), and Vopt (optimal velocity) were significantly higher in the WG compared with the BG (p < 0.05). However, jump and sprint performances of the BG were significantly higher than the WG (p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression with anthropometric variables and the extrapolated values of the force-velocity test as explanatory factors showed that 33% of the variance of PPO of BG was explained by qualitative factors that may be related to cycling skill, muscle composition, and socioeconomic and training status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Ben Ayed
- Department of Physiology and Lung Function Testing, Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazar, Sousse, University of Centre, Tunisia.
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Dorel S, Couturier A, Lacour JR, Vandewalle H, Hautier C, Hug F. Force-velocity relationship in cycling revisited: benefit of two-dimensional pedal forces analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:1174-83. [PMID: 19997017 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c91f35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maximal cycling exercise has been widely used to describe the power-velocity characteristics of lower-limb extensor muscles. This study investigated the contribution of each functional sector (i.e., extension, flexion, and transitions sectors) on the total force produced over a complete pedaling cycle. We also examined the ratio of effective force to the total pedal force, termed index of mechanical effectiveness (IE), in explaining differences in power between subjects. METHODS Two-dimensional pedal forces and crank angles were measured during a cycling force-velocity test performed by 14 active men. Mean values of forces, power output, and IE over four functional angular sectors were assessed: top = 330 degrees -30 degrees , downstroke = 30 degrees -150 degrees , bottom = 150 degrees -210 degrees , and upstroke = 210 degrees -330 degrees . RESULTS Linear and quadratic force-velocity and power-velocity relationships were obtained for downstroke and upstroke. Maximal power output (Pmax) generated over these two sectors represented, respectively, 73.6% +/- 2.6% and 10.3% +/- 1.8% of Pmax assessed over the entire cycle. In the whole group, Pmax over the complete cycle was significantly related to Pmax during the downstroke and upstroke. IE significantly decreased with pedaling rate, especially in bottom and upstroke. There were significant relationships between power output and IE for top and upstroke when the pedaling rate was below or around the optimal value and in all the sectors at very high cadences. CONCLUSIONS Although data from force-velocity test primarily characterize the muscular function involved in the downstroke phase, they also reflect the flexor muscles' ability to actively pull on the pedal during the upstroke. IE influences the power output in the upstroke phase and near the top dead center, and IE accounts for differences in power between subjects at high pedaling rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dorel
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology, Research Department, National Institute for Sports and Physical Education (INSEP), Paris, France.
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Vincent L, Féasson L, Oyono-Enguéllé S, Banimbek V, Monchanin G, Dohbobga M, Wouassi D, Martin C, Gozal D, Geyssant A, Thiriet P, Denis C, Messonnier L. Skeletal muscle structural and energetic characteristics in subjects with sickle cell trait, α-thalassemia, or dual hemoglobinopathy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:728-34. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00349.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that subjects with sickle cell trait (SCT), α-thalassemia (α-t), and the dual hemoglobinopathy (SCT/α-t) manifest subtle, albeit significant, differences during exercise. To better understand such differences, we assessed skeletal muscle histomorphological and energetic characteristics in 10 control HbAA subjects (C), 5 subjects with α-t (α-t), 6 SCT carriers (SCT) and 9 SCT carriers with α-t (SCT/α-t). Subjects underwent a muscle biopsy and also performed an incremental maximal exercise and a time to exhaustion test. There were no observable differences in daily energy expenditure, maximal power output (Pmax), or time to exhaustion at 110% Pmax ( Tex) among the groups. Blood lactate concentrations measured at the end of the Tex, muscle fiber type distribution, and mean phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase (HAD), and citrate synthase (CS) activities were all similar among the four groups. However, SCT was associated with a lower cytochrome- c oxidase (COx) activity in type IIa fibers ( P < 0.05), and similar trends were observed in fiber types I and IIx. Trends toward lower creatine kinase (CK) activity ( P = 0.0702) and higher surface area of type IIx fibers were observed in SCT ( P = 0.0925). In summary, these findings support most of the previous observations in SCT, such as 1) similar maximal power output and associated maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) values and 2) lower exercise performances during prolonged submaximal exercise. Furthermore, performances during short supramaximal exercise were not different in SCT. Finally, the dual hemoglobinopathy condition does not seem to affect muscle characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Vincent
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice EA4338, Université de Savoie, Chambéry and
| | - Léonard Féasson
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice EA4338, Université Jean Monnet and
- Unité de Myologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Samuel Oyono-Enguéllé
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Viviane Banimbek
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Géraldine Monchanin
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (CRIS) EA647, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Macias Dohbobga
- Institut National de la Jeunesse et des Sports, Yaoundé, Cameroon; and
| | - Dieudonné Wouassi
- Institut National de la Jeunesse et des Sports, Yaoundé, Cameroon; and
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (CRIS) EA647, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - David Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - André Geyssant
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice EA4338, Université Jean Monnet and
| | - Patrice Thiriet
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport (CRIS) EA647, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christian Denis
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice EA4338, Université Jean Monnet and
- Unité de Myologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Messonnier
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice EA4338, Université de Savoie, Chambéry and
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Limonta E, Sacchi M. Morphological Analysis of Force/Velocity Relationship in Dynamic Exercise at Varying Loads. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:2065-72. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181db23ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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