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Pemberton RW. Plant Resource Use and Pattern of Usage by the Naturalized Orchid Bee ( Euglossa dilemma: Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Florida. INSECTS 2023; 14:909. [PMID: 38132583 PMCID: PMC10743517 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The Neotropical orchid bee Euglossa dilemma was found to be naturalized in southern Florida in 2003, and, by 2022, it had colonized the southern half of Florida. Observations of the bee's collection of plant resources, primarily flowers, were made from 2003 through to 2022 to document its plant usage and understand the patterns of its plant usage. The bee utilized 259 plant taxa, 237 species, and 22 horticultural forms, in 156 genera and 56 families in 263 total uses. Of 247 taxa of flowers, 120 were visited primarily for nectar, 46 for both nectar and pollen, 60 for pollen, including 42 buzz-pollinated flowers, 15 for fragrance chemicals for the males, and 5 for resin rewards by females for nesting. Fragrance chemicals were also collected by males from the leaves of 12 plant species. These extensive resource use data allowed the following predictions to be made. (1) The bee's presence in Florida, distant from its native region of Mexico and Central America and the geographical ranges of other orchid bees, would result the usage of many new taxa of plants. True, half, 74/148 (50%), of the genera and one third, 16/51(31%), of the plant families of the plants with flowers used by the bee were not previously recorded as being utilized by Euglossine bees. (2) Like other naturalized bees, it would use relatively more plants from its native range or congeners of these plants. True, 113/148 (76%) of genera with species bearing collected floral rewards are native or congeners with species native to the bee's native range. (3) Given the bee's long tongue, ability to buzz pollen from poricidal anthers, and ability to collect and use specialized rewards, it would disproportionately use plants with protected or highly specialized floral rewards. True, 180/247 (72%) utilized species bear rewards which were protected and unavailable to, or of no interest to, most other flower visitors.
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2
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O’Neill KM, O’Neill RP, Delphia CM, Burkle LA, Runyon JB. Diversity and distribution of orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Euglossini) in Belize. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14928. [PMID: 36846459 PMCID: PMC9948752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Orchid bees are abundant and widespread in the Neotropics, where males are important pollinators of orchids they visit to collect fragrant chemicals later used to court females. Assemblages of orchid bees have been intensively surveyed in parts of Central America, but less so in Belize, where we studied them during the late-wet and early-dry seasons of 2015-2020. Methods Using bottle-traps baited with chemicals known to attract a variety of orchid bee species, we conducted surveys at sites varying in latitude, historical annual precipitation, elevation, and the presence of nearby agricultural activities. Each sample during each survey period consisted of the same number of traps and the same set of chemical baits, their positions randomized along transects. Results In 86 samples, we collected 24 species in four genera: Euglossa (16 species), Eulaema (3), Eufriesea (3), and Exaerete (2). During our most extensive sampling (December 2016-February 2017), species diversity was not correlated with latitude, precipitation, or elevation; species richness was correlated only with precipitation (positively). However, a canonical correspondence analysis indicated that species composition of assemblages varied across all three environmental gradients, with species like Eufriesea concava, Euglossa imperialis, and Euglossa viridissima most common in the drier north, and Euglossa ignita, Euglossa purpurea, and Eulaema meriana more so in the wetter southeast. Other species, such as Euglossa tridentata and Eulaema cingulata, were common throughout the area sampled. Mean species diversity was higher at sites with agricultural activities than at sites separated from agricultural areas. A Chao1 analysis suggests that other species should yet be found at our sites, a conclusion supported by records from adjacent countries, as well as the fact that we often added new species with repeated surveys of the same sites up through early 2020, and with the use of alternative baits. Additional species may be especially likely if sampling occurs outside of the months/seasons that we have sampled so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. O’Neill
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Ruth P. O’Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Casey M. Delphia
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Laura A. Burkle
- Ecology Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S.D.A., United States Forest Service, Bozeman, MT, United States
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3
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Bravo Y, Hanson PE, Chacón‐Madrigal E, Lobo‐Segura J. Long‐term comparison of the orchid bee community in the tropical dry forest of Costa Rica. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanil Bravo
- Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado en Biología Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica
| | - Paul E. Hanson
- Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica San José Costa Rica
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4
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Roubik DW, Basset Y, Lopez Y, Bobadilla R, Perez F, Ramírez S. JA. Long‐term (1979–2019) dynamics of protected orchid bees in Panama. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Yves Basset
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
- Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Budejovice Czech Republic
- Maestría de Entomología Universidad de Panamá Panama City Republic of Panama
| | - Yacksecari Lopez
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Ricardo Bobadilla
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - Filonila Perez
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
| | - José Alejandro Ramírez S.
- ForestGEO; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Republic of Panama
- Maestría de Entomología Universidad de Panamá Panama City Republic of Panama
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5
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Albuquerque NSL, Milet-Pinheiro P, Cruz DD, Navarro DMAF, Machado IC. Pollination of the strongly scented Sarcoglottis acaulis (Orchidaceae) by male orchid bees: nectar as resource instead of perfume. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:719-727. [PMID: 34171178 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Neotropical orchid genus Sarcoglottis comprises ~40 species, which emit strong floral scents, presumably involved in pollinator attraction. Information on basic aspects of its natural history is scant, with the few studies available so far pointing to nectar-seeking orchid bees as pollinators. Here, we investigated the reproductive biology of Sarcoglottis acaulis, addressing the ecological meaning of its floral scent. In Atlantic Forest fragments of NE Brazil, we described the floral biology, determined the breeding system and recorded the pollinators of S. acaulis. Additionally, we chemically characterized its floral scent and assessed its role on pollinator attraction. Although self-compatible, S. acaulis depends on pollinators to boost fruit set. Male orchid bees of Eulaema atleticana and E. niveofasciata were the only recorded pollinators. They foraged for nectar only, in spite of the strong scent emitted by S. acaulis flowers. The floral scent is composed of six compounds, of which geraniol and nerol elicited electroantennographic responses in Eulaema bees. A synthetic mixture of these compounds attracted Eulaema bees in field assays but did not trigger the stereotyped scent-gathering behaviour. The floral scent of S. acaulis acts in signalling and nectar is the sole reward for pollinators. Despite the low pollinator frequency, S. acaulis shows a high fruit set (77%), particularly when compared to other orchids. Attributes such as pollinia that release small pollen loads, allowing a single pollinia-carrying bee to pollinate several flowers, low amount of nectar, steady-state flowering and traplining behaviour of pollinators, might act together to assure this outstanding fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S L Albuquerque
- Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - P Milet-Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade de Pernambuco, Campus Petrolina, Petrolina, Brazil
| | - D D Cruz
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - D M A F Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - I C Machado
- Departamento de Botânica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
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6
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Milet-Pinheiro P, Domingos-Melo A, Olivera JB, Albuquerque NSL, Costa ACG, Albuquerque-Lima S, Silva MFR, Navarro DMAF, Maia ACD, Gundersen LL, Schubert M, Dötterl S, Machado IC. A Semivolatile Floral Scent Marks the Shift to a Novel Pollination System in Bromeliads. Curr Biol 2021; 31:860-868.e4. [PMID: 33338429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Perfume flowers (sensu Vogel1) produce intense scents that function both as attractants and as the sole rewards for pollinators. The scent is collected exclusively by male euglossine bees and used during pre-mating behavior.2-5 Perfume flowers have evolved independently in 15 angiosperm families, with over 1,000 reported species across the Neotropical region.6 Members of Cryptanthus (Bromeliaceae) represent a puzzling exception among perfume flowers, as flowers produce nectar and do not emit a noticeable scent yet still attract euglossine males.7 Here, we studied the pollination ecology of Cryptanthus burle-marxii and decode the chemical communication between its flowers and euglossine males. Field observations revealed euglossine males and hummingbirds as potential pollinators. The bees always contacted anthers/stigma of C. burle-marxii while scraping the petals to obtain chemicals, whereas nectar-seeking hummingbirds normally only contacted the anthers. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/nuclear magnetic resonance analyses of flower scent samples and bioassays, we identified the diterpene copalol as the only floral scent compound triggering scent-gathering behavior in euglossine males. Unlike euglossine-bee-mediated pollination, hummingbird pollination is ancestral in the Cryptanthus clade, suggesting a case of an ongoing pollinator shift8-10 mediated by the evolution of perfume as a reward. Copalol was previously unknown as a floral scent constituent and represents the heaviest and least-volatile compound known to attract euglossine males. Our study provides the first experimental evidence that semivolatile floral compounds can mediate euglossine bee interactions. Male euglossine pollination in other plant species lacking noticeable floral scents11-13 suggests that semivolatile-mediated pollinator attraction is more widespread than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Milet-Pinheiro
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - João B Olivera
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Nayara S L Albuquerque
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina G Costa
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Sinzinando Albuquerque-Lima
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F R Silva
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Daniela M A F Navarro
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Artur C D Maia
- Departament of Systematics and Ecology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Isabel C Machado
- Departament of Botany, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Ackerman JD. Island Invasions by Introduced Honey Bees: What Can Be Expected for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean? Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.556744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apis species are a major component of pollinator faunas in their native and introduced habitats. A widespread concern is that non-native Apis mellifera may have negative effects on native pollinators and on plant reproduction. This is based on the assumptions that natural communities are at capacity, resource competition structures communities, native pollinators are more effective pollinators of native species, yet A. mellifera are superior competitors. The latter two assumptions are often true, but evidence from the Neotropics indicates that tropical communities are not tightly structured, and the foraging flexibilities of native bees maintain their populations. However, the less diverse and disharmonic biotas of islands may limit the buffering capacity of flexible behaviors. While few studies address these assumptions or the ecological and evolutionary consequences of A. mellifera to the flora and fauna of tropical islands, an accumulation of taxon-specific studies are suggesting that such effects run the spectrum from subtle and indirect to obvious and direct. A concerted research effort is needed to address the multitude of issues to develop strategies to ameliorate or enhance honey bee effects, or just let nature take its course.
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Maia UM, Pinto CE, Miranda LS, Coelho BWT, Santos Junior JE, Raiol RL, Imperatriz-Fonseca VL, Giannini TC. Forest Matrix Fosters High Similarity in Bee Composition Occurring on Isolated Outcrops Within Amazon Biome. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1374-1382. [PMID: 33015710 PMCID: PMC7734964 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most studies analyze fragmentation due to habitat loss caused by anthropogenic activities and few of them analyzed fragmentation on naturally fragmented areas. In the Eastern Amazon, it is possible to find areas naturally open and surrounded by pristine forest. Understanding how species respond to isolation in these areas is an important challenge for decision-making processes aiming conservation and restoration. Using standardized methods of bee collection (entomological nets, bait trap, pan trap, and nest trap), the objective of this study was to analyze the composition and diversity of bees occurring on six isolated outcrops located in two protected areas within Amazon biome. More specifically, we tested 1) if the dissimilarity in bee species composition is explained by the isolation of outcrops and 2) if bee richness, abundance, and Shannon diversity can be explained by the outcrop size. We found 118 species, with the Meliponini and Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) tribes representing the highest number of species. The similarity in species composition across all outcrops is high and is not explained by the isolation. In addition, the richness, abundance, and Shannon diversity are not explained by outcrop size. Forest does not seem to be a barrier to bee movement, and although most species probably nest in the forests, they use the highly diverse plants of the outcrops as a complementary food source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses M Maia
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo S Miranda
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - José E Santos Junior
- Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Raiol
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Tereza C Giannini
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Faleiro FV, Nemésio A, Loyola R. Climate change likely to reduce orchid bee abundance even in climatic suitable sites. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2272-2283. [PMID: 29498787 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies have tested whether model predictions based on species' occurrence can predict the spatial pattern of population abundance. The relationship between predicted environmental suitability and population abundance varies in shape, strength and predictive power. However, little attention has been paid to the congruence in predictions of different models fed with occurrence or abundance data, in particular when comparing metrics of climate change impact. Here, we used the ecological niche modeling fit with presence-absence and abundance data of orchid bees to predict the effect of climate change on species and assembly level distribution patterns. In addition, we assessed whether predictions of presence-absence models can be used as a proxy to abundance patterns. We obtained georeferenced abundance data of orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Sampling method consisted in attracting male orchid bees to baits of at least five different aromatic compounds and collecting the individuals with entomological nets or bait traps. We limited abundance data to those obtained by similar standard sampling protocol to avoid bias in abundance estimation. We used boosted regression trees to model ecological niches and project them into six climate models and two Representative Concentration Pathways. We found that models based on species occurrences worked as a proxy for changes in population abundance when the output of the models were continuous; results were very different when outputs were discretized to binary predictions. We found an overall trend of diminishing abundance in the future, but a clear retention of climatically suitable sites too. Furthermore, geographic distance to gained climatic suitable areas can be very short, although it embraces great variation. Changes in species richness and turnover would be concentrated in western and southern Atlantic Forest. Our findings offer support to the ongoing debate of suitability-abundance models and can be used to support spatial conservation prioritization schemes and species triage in Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Valtuille Faleiro
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - André Nemésio
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Loyola
- Laboratório de Biogeografia da Conservação, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
- Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Brazilian Research Network on Climate Change - Rede Clima, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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10
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Nunes CEP, Wolowski M, Pansarin ER, Gerlach G, Aximoff I, Vereecken NJ, Salvador MJ, Sazima M. More than euglossines: the diverse pollinators and floral scents of Zygopetalinae orchids. Naturwissenschaften 2017; 104:92. [PMID: 29028068 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in plant-pollinator interactions. We investigated the reproductive ecology and floral VOCs of Zygopetalinae orchids to understand the relationship between floral scents and pollinators. We performed focal observations, phenological censuses and breeding system experiments in eight species in southeast Brazil. Floral scents were collected and analysed using SPME/GC-MS. We performed multivariate analyses to group species according to affinities of their VOCs and define compounds associated to each plant. Dichaea cogniauxiana was pollinated by weevils which use their developing ovules, while D. pendula was pollinated by the same weevils and perfume-collecting male euglossine bees. The other species were deceit-pollinated by bees. Zygopetalum crinitum was pollinated by carpenter bees, while W. warreana, Z. mackayi and Z. maxillare were bumblebee-pollinated. The latter was also pollinated by Centris confusa. Breeding system varied widely with no association to any pollinator group. Most VOCs are common to other floral scents. Zygopetalum crinitum presented an exclusive blend of VOCs, mainly composed of benzenoids. The scents of Pabstia jugosa, Promenaea xanthina and the Zygopetalum spp. were similar. The bumblebee-pollinated species have flowering periods partially overlapped, thus neither phenology nor pollinators constitute hybridization barriers among these species. Euglossines are not the only pollinators of Zygopetalinae. Different VOCs, size and lifespan of flowers are associated with distinct pollinators. A distinctive VOC bouquet may determine specialisation in carpenter bees or male euglossines within bee-pollinated flowers. Finally, visitation of deceit-pollinated flowers by perfume-collecting euglossines allows us to hypothesise how pollination by this group of bees had evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E P Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C.P. 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Emerson Ricardo Pansarin
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Günter Gerlach
- Botanical Garden München-Nymphenburg, Menzinger Str., 65, 80638, Munich, Germany
| | - Izar Aximoff
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, Rio de Janeiro, RG, 22460-030, Brazil
| | - Nicolas J Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems Unit, Free University of Brussels, Boulevard du Triomphe C.P. 264/2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. P. 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. P. 6109, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Roubik DW, Weigt LA, Bonilla MA. POPULATION GENETICS, DIPLOID MALES, AND LIMITS TO SOCIAL EVOLUTION OF EUGLOSSINE BEES. Evolution 2017; 50:931-935. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/1994] [Accepted: 04/18/1995] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. W. Roubik
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948
| | - L. A. Weigt
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948
| | - M. A. Bonilla
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Unit 0948, APO AA 34002-0948
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Tosta THA, Silveira GDC, Schiavini I, Sofia SH, Augusto SC. Using short-term surveys and mark–recapture to estimate diversity and population size of orchid bees in forest formations of the Brazilian savanna. J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2016.1274441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Schiavini
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Sofia
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Londrina, Brazil
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13
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Nunes CEP, Peñaflor MFGV, Bento JMS, Salvador MJ, Sazima M. The dilemma of being a fragrant flower: the major floral volatile attracts pollinators and florivores in the euglossine-pollinated orchid Dichaea pendula. Oecologia 2016; 182:933-946. [PMID: 27538674 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3703-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate both mutualistic and antagonistic plant-animal interactions; thus, the attraction of mutualists and antagonists by floral VOCs constitutes an important trade-off in the evolutionary ecology of angiosperms. Here, we evaluate the role of VOCs in mediating communication between the plant and its mutualist and antagonist floral visitors. To assess the evolutionary consequences of VOC-mediated signalling to distinct floral visitors, we studied the reproductive ecology of Dichaea pendula, assessing the effects of florivores on fruit set, the pollination efficiency of pollinators and florivores, the floral scent composition and the attractiveness of the major VOC to pollinators and florivores. The orchid depends entirely on orchid-bees for sexual reproduction, and the major florivores, the weevils, feed on corollas causing self-pollination, triggering abortion of 26.4 % of the flowers. Floral scent was composed of approximately 99 % 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, an unusual floral VOC attractive to pollinators and florivores. The low fruit set from natural pollination (5.6 %) compared to hand cross-pollination (45.5 %) and low level of pollinator visitation [0.02 visits (flower hour)-1] represent the limitations to pollination. Our research found that 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol mediates both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, which could result in contrary evolutionary pressures on novo-emission. The scarcity of pollinators, not florivory, was the major constraint to fruit set. Our results suggest that, rather than anti-florivory adaptations, adaptations to enhance pollinator attraction and cross-pollination might be the primary drivers of the evolution of VOC emission in euglossine-pollinated flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E P Nunes
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Maria Fernanda G V Peñaflor
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - José Maurício S Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Knoll FRN. Variation in the Abundance of Neotropical Bees in an Unpredictable Seasonal Environment. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:129-138. [PMID: 26597968 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-015-0347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study provides information on the number of orchid bees based on a long-term monitoring study in an antropized savanna region in Southeastern Brazil. Sampling was carried out using chemical lures, and 77 samples were monthly collected to assess the number of individuals as well as the annual and seasonal species fluctuation. The number of species varied significantly among years but not among months, and there was a positive correlation between the number of species and the number of individuals in each sample. Monthly number counts revealed a seasonal pattern for Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier and Exaerete smaragdina Perty, which were more numerous during humid months but peaked in December, January, and February. Different species of Euglossa presented a significant variation in number among years, but not among months, with no pattern along the years. The community and the populations studied were less stable when compared to those of well-preserved habitats of equatorial forests. The El Niño phenomenon of 1997/98 did not result in negative effects in the populations studied; on the contrary, there was a peak in the number of E. nigrita. The amplitude in the yearly variation of the male orchid bee population reflects the evolutionary history of species living in unpredictable seasonal weather that led to the development of particular adaptive traits designed to deal with environmental uncertainties. This study suggests that the plasticity of the life cycle may explain population stability and provide greater resilience to severe climate change events in the future.
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15
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Astegiano J, Massol F, Vidal MM, Cheptou PO, Guimarães PR. The robustness of plant-pollinator assemblages: linking plant interaction patterns and sensitivity to pollinator loss. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117243. [PMID: 25646762 PMCID: PMC4315602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most flowering plants depend on pollinators to reproduce. Thus, evaluating the robustness of plant-pollinator assemblages to species loss is a major concern. How species interaction patterns are related to species sensitivity to partner loss may influence the robustness of plant-pollinator assemblages. In plants, both reproductive dependence on pollinators (breeding system) and dispersal ability may modulate plant sensitivity to pollinator loss. For instance, species with strong dependence (e.g. dioecious species) and low dispersal (e.g. seeds dispersed by gravity) may be the most sensitive to pollinator loss. We compared the interaction patterns of plants differing in dependence on pollinators and dispersal ability in a meta-dataset comprising 192 plant species from 13 plant-pollinator networks. In addition, network robustness was compared under different scenarios representing sequences of plant extinctions associated with plant sensitivity to pollinator loss. Species with different dependence on pollinators and dispersal ability showed similar levels of generalization. Although plants with low dispersal ability interacted with more generalized pollinators, low-dispersal plants with strong dependence on pollinators (i.e. the most sensitive to pollinator loss) interacted with more particular sets of pollinators (i.e. shared a low proportion of pollinators with other plants). Only two assemblages showed lower robustness under the scenario considering plant generalization, dependence on pollinators and dispersal ability than under the scenario where extinction sequences only depended on plant generalization (i.e. where higher generalization level was associated with lower probability of extinction). Overall, our results support the idea that species generalization and network topology may be good predictors of assemblage robustness to species loss, independently of plant dispersal ability and breeding system. In contrast, since ecological specialization among partners may increase the probability of disruption of interactions, the fact that the plants most sensitive to pollinator loss interacted with more particular pollinator assemblages suggest that the persistence of these plants and their pollinators might be highly compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Astegiano
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier—EPHE campus CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - François Massol
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier—EPHE campus CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire GEPV, CNRS UMR 8198, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Mariana Morais Vidal
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pierre-Olivier Cheptou
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS—Université de Montpellier—Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier—EPHE campus CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nemésio A, Santos Junior JE. Is the "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" a biodiversity hotspot for orchid bees? BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 74:S78-92. [PMID: 25627369 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.26412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The orchid-bee faunas (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Euglossina) of the three largest forest remnants in the "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco", northeastern Brazil, namely Estação Ecológica de Murici (ESEC Murici), RPPN Frei Caneca, and a forest preserve belonging to Usina Serra Grande, in the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco, were surveyed using seventeen different scents as baits to attract orchid-bee males. Eight sites were established in the three preserves, where samplings were carried out using two protocols: insect netting and bait trapping. We collected 3,479 orchid-bee males belonging to 29 species during 160 hours in early October, 2012. Seven species were collected in the "Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco" for the first time. Richness proved to be one of the highest of the entire Atlantic Forest domain, and diversity in some sites, especially at ESEC Murici, revealed to be one of the highest in the Neotropics. Eulaema felipei Nemésio, 2010, a species previously recorded only at ESEC Murici, was found in no other preserve in the region and its conservation status is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nemésio
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - J E Santos Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Rocha-Filho LC, Garófalo CA. Phenological Patterns and Preferences for Aromatic Compounds by Male Euglossine Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Two Coastal Ecosystems of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:9-20. [PMID: 27193399 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate phenological patterns and seasonal and geographic variations in the preference for fragrances of Euglossini males, monthly sampling was carried out from August 2007 to July 2009 in two coastal areas of Atlantic Forest in Ubatuba, northern coast of the state of São Paulo. Fourteen aromatic baits were used, 3 of them in the first year (August 2007 to July 2008) and the other 11 in the second year (August 2008 to July 2009). A total of 1,475 individuals from 22 species were collected. The highest frequency of the individuals of the majority of the sampled species occurred in the hot/super-humid season. However, Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius) showed peaks of abundance in the cold/less-humid season on Anchieta Island. Seasonal variation in fragrance choice by males was not registered. Males of El. cingulata showed preference for β-ionone on Anchieta Island and for benzyl acetate in the Picinguaba region, characterizing the single example of geographic variation in preference for scent baits we recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rocha-Filho
- Depto de Biologia, Fac de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-FFCLRP, Univ de São Paulo-USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
| | - C A Garófalo
- Depto de Biologia, Fac de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto-FFCLRP, Univ de São Paulo-USP, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Orchids display many unsurpassed floral specializations, as both rewarders and frauds in their interaction with animal pollinators. Accumulating evidence indicates that their floral evolution is driven by pollinator traits and that expenditure for maximized sexual reproduction is parcelled out over their lifetimes in strategies for coping with pollinator and resource limitations. Recent advances in orchid pollination biology center mainly on floral evolutionary processes, pseudocopulation and other deceptive pollination systems, and flower and fruit production in relation to costs of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Anders Nilsson
- Anders Nilsson is at the Dept of Systematic Botany, PO Box 54J, S-751 2J Uppsala, Sweden
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Ackerman JD, Roubik DW. Can extinction risk help explain plant-pollinator specificity among euglossine bee pollinated plants? OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Davies KL, Stpiczynska M. Comparative labellar micromorphology of Zygopetalinae (Orchidaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:945-964. [PMID: 21856635 PMCID: PMC3177679 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Molecular evidence indicates that the Neotropical sub-tribe Zygopetalinae is sister to Maxillariinae. Most members of the latter sub-tribe have deceit pollination strategies, but some species produce rewards such as nectar, pseudopollen, resin and wax, and are pollinated by a range of pollinators that include stingless bees (Meliponini), wasps and hummingbirds. By contrast, relatively little is known about the pollination of Zygopetalinae species. However, some are pollinated by fragrance-gathering, male euglossine bees or employ nectar deceit strategies. The aim of this study is to describe the labellar micromorphology of Zygopetalinae and to compare it with that of Maxillariinae sensu lato (s.l.) as part of an ongoing project to record the range of labellar characters found within the tribe Maxillarieae, and to assess whether these characters represent synapomorphies or homoplasies resulting from similar pollination pressures. METHODS The labella of 31 species of Zygopetalinae, including Cryptarrhena R. Br. and representatives of the Zygopetalum, Huntleya and Warrea clades, were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the range of labellar characters was recorded. These characters were subsequently compared with those of Maxillariinae s.l. which formed the subject of our previous investigations. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The labellar micromorphology of Zygopetalinae is less diverse than that of Maxillariinae and does not reflect the currently accepted phylogeny of the former sub-tribe based on molecular studies. Instead, the relative uniformity in labellar micromorphology of Zygopetalinae is probably due to homoplasies resulting from similar pollinator pressures. Labellar trichomes are relatively uncommon in Zygopetalinae, but occur in certain members of both the Zygopetalum and Huntleya clades. Trichomes are unbranched, uniseriate and multicellular with rounded apices, or unbranched and unicellular, with tapering, pointed and flexuose apices. Hitherto, unicellular trichomes of this kind have been observed only for euglossophilous orchid taxa, and the adoption of a relatively limited range of pollination strategies by Zygopetalinae may have resulted in reduced investment in micromorphological labellar characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff , UK.
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21
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Population genetic structure of orchid bees (Euglossini) in anthropogenically altered landscapes. CONSERV GENET 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-011-0221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Askew GN, Tregear RT, Ellington CP. The scaling of myofibrillar actomyosin ATPase activity in apid bee flight muscle in relation to hovering flight energetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 213:1195-206. [PMID: 20228356 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.034330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
For all types of locomotion, the overall efficiency with which chemical energy is converted into mechanical work increases with increasing body size. In order to gain insight into the determinants of the scaling of overall efficiency, we measured the scaling of the rate of ATP utilisation during cyclical contractions using glycerinated fibres from the dorsolongitudinal flight muscle of several species of apid bees, covering a ninefold range in body mass. The efficiency of ATP utilisation by the crossbridges is one of the stages that determines the overall efficiency of locomotion. The mechanochemical coefficient was calculated from the ratio of the net power output to the rate of ATP hydrolysis and ranged from 6.5 to 9.7 kJ mol(-1) ATP. The corresponding gross myofibrillar efficiency was 15-23%, increasing concomitantly with body mass (M(b)) and decreasing with increasing wingbeat frequency (n) and scaling as M(b)(0.184) and n(-1.168) in bumblebees and as M(b)(0.153) and n(-0.482) in euglossine bees. Overall efficiency of hovering in bumblebees and euglossine bees was calculated using previously published metabolic power data and revised estimates of the mechanical power output to take into account the drag due to the leading edge vortex that has not been included in previous models. The scaling of overall efficiency of hovering flight in apid bees was not as pronounced as the scaling of myofibrillar efficiency. Therefore the scaling of myofibrillar efficiency with body mass (or frequency) only explained part of the scaling of overall efficiency, and it is likely that the efficiency of other steps in the transduction of chemical energy into mechanical work (e.g. the efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative recovery) may also scale with body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham N Askew
- Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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RAMÍREZ SANTIAGOR, ROUBIK DAVIDW, SKOV CHARLOTTE, PIERCE NAOMIE. Phylogeny, diversification patterns and historical biogeography of euglossine orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Milet-Pinheiro P, Schlindwein C. Pollination in Jacaranda rugosa (Bignoniaceae): euglossine pollinators, nectar robbers and low fruit set. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11:131-141. [PMID: 19228320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nectar robbers access floral nectar in illegitimate flower visits without, in general, performing a pollination service. Nevertheless, their effect on fruit set can be indirectly positive if the nectar removal causes an incremental increase in the frequency of legitimate flower visits of effective pollinators, especially in obligate outcrossers. We studied pollination and the effect of nectar robbers on the reproductive fitness of Jacaranda rugosa, an endemic shrub of the National Park of Catimbau, in the Caatinga of Pernambuco, Brazil. Xenogamous J. rugosa flowers continuously produced nectar during the day at a rate of 1 mul.h(-1). Female and male Euglossa melanotricha were the main pollinators. Early morning flower visits substantially contributed to fruit set because stigmas with open lobes were almost absent in the afternoon. Ninety-nine per cent of the flowers showed damage caused by nectar robbers. Artificial addition of sugar water prolonged the duration of flower visits of legitimate flower visitors. Removal of nectar, simulating the impact of nectar robbers, resulted in shorter flower visits of euglossine bees. While flower visits of nectar-robbing carpenter bees (Xylocopa frontalis, X. grisescens, X. ordinaria) produced only a longitudinal slit in the corolla tube in the region of the nectar chamber, worker bees of Trigona spinipes damaged the gynoecium in 92% of the flowers. This explains the outstandingly low fruit set (1.5%) of J. rugosa in the National Park of Catimbau.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Milet-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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Davies KL, Stpiczynska M. Labellar micromorphology of two euglossine-pollinated orchid genera; Scuticaria Lindl. and Dichaea Lindl. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 102:805-24. [PMID: 18765439 PMCID: PMC2712378 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcn155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Until recently, there was no consensus regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical orchid genera Scuticaria Lindl. and Dichaea Lindl. However, recent evidence derived from both gross morphological and molecular studies supports the inclusion of Scuticaria and Dichaea in sub-tribes Maxillariinae and Zygopetalinae, respectively. The present paper describes the labellar micromorphology of both genera and seeks to establish whether labellar characters support the assignment of Scuticaria and Dichaea to these sub-tribes. METHODS The labella of four species of Scuticaria and 14 species of Dichaea were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and their micromorphology was compared with that of representative species of Maxillariinae sensu lato and Zygopetalinae (Huntleya clade). KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In most specimens of Scuticaria examined, the papillose labella bear uniseriate, multicellular, unbranched trichomes. However, in S. steelii (Lindl.) Lindl., branched hairs may also be present and some trichomes may fragment and form pseudopollen. Multicellular, leaf-like scales were also present in one species of Scuticaria. Similar, unbranched hairs are present in certain species of Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (Maxillariinae sensu stricto) and Chaubardia Rchb.f. (Huntleya clade). As yet, moniliform, pseudopollen-forming hairs have not been observed for Zygopetalinae, but their presence in Scuticaria steelii, Maxillaria and Heterotaxis Lindl. supports the placing of Scuticaria in Maxillariinae. As other genera are sampled, the presence of branched hairs, hitherto unknown for Maxillariinae sensu lato, may prove to be a useful character in taxonomy and phylogenetic studies. Euglossophily occurs in Dichaea, as well as Chondrorhyncha Lindl. and Pescatorea Rchb.f. (Huntleya clade), and all three genera tend to lack distinctive labellar features. Instead, lip micromorphology is relatively simple and glabrous or papillose. However, two of the Dichaea species examined bear unicellular, labellar trichomes very similar to those found in Bifrenaria Lindl. (pollinated by both euglossine bees and Bombus spp.), and this feature may have arisen by convergence in response to similar pollination pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
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26
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Anjos-Silva EJD. Discovery of Euglossa (Euglossa) cognata Moure (Apidae: Euglossini) in the Platina Basin, Mato Grosso state, Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032008000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By attracting male orchid bees with eight chemical baits in the gallery forest of the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Guimarães, southern Mato Grosso state, Brazil, I found several males belongs to all Euglossini bee genera. Male euglosine bees were collected monthly using an entomological net as they arrived at the baits. From September 2003 to July 2005, the baits were applied to absorbent paper pads from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM. From 24 collections, a total of 264 males were captured, spread throughout the five genera of the tribe and belonging to 30 valid species. Of all the males collected, only one was Euglossa cognata Moure, reported to occur from Costa Rica to southern Brazil, and herein recorded to the Platina Basin for the first time. The results clarify the distributional gap and amplified the geographic distributional range of E. cognata in South America.
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López-Uribe MM, Almanza MT, Ordoñez M. Diploid Male Frequencies in Colombian Populations of Euglossine Bees. Biotropica 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Almost 200 species of orchid bees are the exclusive pollinators of nearly 700 specialized orchids in the neotropics. This well-known mutualism involves orchids, called perfume orchids, which produce species-specific blends of floral fragrances, and male orchid bees, which collect and use these fragrance compounds during their courtship. We report here the naturalization of an orchid bee, Euglossa viridissima, in southern Florida, USA, where perfume orchids are absent. Chemical analysis of the contents of the fragrance storage organs in the hind tibias of 59 male bees collected in Florida identified 55 fragrance compounds, including 27 known from the perfumes of nine species of E. viridissima's orchid mutualists in Mesoamerica. Aromatic leaves, such as basil, were found to be important surrogate sources of needed fragrance compounds in Florida. The bee's ability to live and become abundant in the absence of its orchid mutualists suggests that the orchid bee-perfume orchid mutualism may be facultative for the bees, even though it is obligatory for the orchids. This invasive bee visits and potentially pollinates the flowers of many plants in Florida, behavior that could promote the abundance of selected exotic and native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Pemberton
- Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 3225 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314, USA.
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Pansarin ER, Bittrich V, Amaral MCE. At daybreak--reproductive biology and isolating mechanisms of Cirrhaea dependens (Orchidaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2006; 8:494-502. [PMID: 16906486 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-923800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Floral biology, reproduction, pollinator specificity, and fruit set of Cirrhaea dependens were recorded in forest areas of Southeastern Brazil. Cirrhaea dependens is a lithophytic or epiphytic herb occurring very sparsely below dense canopies. Nearly all the flowers of a single plant open simultaneously before dawn. They are short-lasting and offer floral fragrances as rewards, which are collected by male euglossine bees. Observations carried out in mesophytic forests at Serra do Japi revealed that Euglossa VIRIDIS is their principal pollinator, with Eufriesea violacea a sporadic co-pollinator. Visitation started soon after flower opening, and attractiveness remained high for about 2 h, decreasing abruptly at sunrise. Flower anthesis with subsequent fragrance release seems to be correlated with bee attraction. Observations using chemical baits were carried out at Serra do Japi, and in the Atlantic Rain Forest of Picinguaba. Three euglossine species were captured with pollinaria of C. dependens in Picinguaba, whereas only E. violacea was attracted in Serra do Japi. In Picinguaba, C. dependens occurs sympatrically with C. saccata and C. loddigesii. Each species attracted different pollinators. The specificity and resulting reproductive isolation are due to the production of different odours by each orchid species. Cirrhaea dependens is self-compatible but pollinator-dependent. The reproductive success was low and appears to result from a combination of factors discussed here, such as the production of short-lived flowers, presence of floral mechanisms avoiding self-pollination, non-synchronization of flower phases among plants, and populations with few and sparsely distributed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Pansarin
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.
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Milet-Pinheiro P, Schlindwein C. Do euglossine males (Apidae, Euglossini) leave tropical rainforest to collect fragrances in sugarcane monocultures? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752005000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Euglossine bees are known to be long-distance pollinators in tropical rainforests. But there is controversy concerning to the flight ranges of these bees between forest fragments. In an isolated fragment of Atlantic Rainforest in Pernambuco, NE Brazil, surrounded by sugarcane monocultures, it was examined if euglossine males leave closed rainforest to collect fragrances. In a straight-line transect leading from forest into a sugarcane plantation, euglossine males were simultaneously captured by scent baits at seven distinct points: inside the forest, forest edge, outside the forest in the sugarcane fields at distances of 10 m, 50 m, 100 m, 250 m and 500 m from the forest edge. A total of 945 euglossine bees of 16 species were recorded. The results demonstrate different relations of the Euglossini species to the closed forest. Males of 11 species did not leave the forest. Such species, together with the plants they are linked to, seem to be the most threatened by habitat fragmentation. Only bees of five species were found at the scent baits in the sugarcane fields. Already the 10 m sampling point outside the forest showed a drastic reduction in species richness, indicating that the forest edge functions as a barrier for most euglossine species.
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Darveau CA, Hochachka PW, Roubik DW, Suarez RK. Allometric scaling of flight energetics in orchid bees: evolution of flux capacities and flux rates. J Exp Biol 2005; 208:3593-602. [PMID: 16155230 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe evolution of metabolic pathways involved in energy production was studied in the flight muscles of 28 species of orchid bees. Previous work revealed that wingbeat frequencies and mass-specific metabolic rates decline in parallel by threefold as body mass increases interspecifically over a 20-fold range. We investigated the correlated evolution of metabolic rates during hovering flight and the flux capacities, i.e. Vmaxvalues, of flight muscle enzymes involved in substrate catabolism, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Vmax at the hexokinase (HK) step scales allometrically with an exponent almost identical to those obtained for wingbeat frequency and mass-specific metabolic rate. Analysis of this relationship using phylogenetically independent contrasts supports the hypothesis of correlated evolution between HK activity and mass-specific metabolic rate. Although other enzymes scale allometrically with respect to body mass, e.g. trehalase, glycogen phosphorylase and citrate synthase, no other enzyme activities were correlated with metabolic rate after controlling for phylogenetic relatedness. Pathway flux rates were used with enzyme Vmax values to estimate fractional velocities(fraction of Vmax at which enzymes operate) for various reactions to gain insights into enzyme function and how this varies with body mass. Fractional velocity is highly conserved across species at the HK step,but varied at all other steps examined. These results are discussed in the context of the regulation and evolution of pathways of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Araújo ED, Costa M, Chaud-Netto J, Fowler HG. Body size and flight distance in stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Meliponini): inference of flight range and possible ecological implications. BRAZ J BIOL 2005; 64:563-8. [PMID: 15619994 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842004000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the spatial implications of maximum flight distance for several species of stingless bees. Data suggested that maximum flight distance in Meliponini is a function of body size, especially generalized wing size, which can be estimated through principal component analysis. For six species of stingless bees, flight distances and generalized wing sizes were highly correlated (r = 0.938). This indicates that species of Meliponini occupy an effectively larger area as body size increases, which has important implications in the spatial dynamics of local populations restricted to forest fragments. We also used the fitted linear regression model to estimate the maximum flight distance for 12 other species of Meliponini. The results of this research may provide insights for future studies of biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Araújo
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Comportamento Animal, ITP, UNIT, CEP 49032-490, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.
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TREMBLAY RAYMONDL, ACKERMAN JAMESD, ZIMMERMAN JESSK, CALVO RICARDON. Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Borrell BJ, Medeiros MJ. Thermal stability and muscle efficiency in hovering orchid bees (Apidae:Euglossini). J Exp Biol 2004; 207:2925-33. [PMID: 15277548 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTo test whether variation in muscle efficiency contributes to thermal stability during flight in the orchid bee, Euglossa imperialis, we measured CO2 production, heat loss and flight kinematics at different air temperatures (Ta). We also examined the relationship between wingbeat frequency (WBF) and Ta in five additional species of orchid bees. Mean thoracic temperature (Tth) for Eg. imperialishovering in a screened insectary and in the field was 39.3±0.77°C(mean ± 95% C.I.), and the slope of Tth on Ta was 0.57. Head and abdominal temperature excess ratios declined with Ta, indicating that Eg. imperialiswere not increasing heat dissipation from the thorax at high Ta. Elevation of Tth above Ta was correlated with WBF, but Tth alone was not. Estimates of heat production from both respirometry and heat loss experiments decreased 33% as Tarose from 24 to 34°C. Mean muscle efficiency over this temperature range was 18% assuming perfect elastic energy storage and 22% assuming zero elastic energy storage. Both efficiency estimates increased significantly as Ta rose from 24 to 34°C. In all six species examined, WBF declined significantly with Ta. These data indicate that hovering orchid bees regulate heat production through changes in wingbeat kinematics and consequent changes in energy conversion by the flight motor. Temperature-dependent variation in elastic energy storage or muscle contraction efficiency or both may contribute to the observed trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Borrell
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Sofia SH, Santos AMD, Silva CRMD. Euglossine bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in Paraná State, Brazil. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s0073-47212004000200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dillon ME, Dudley R. Allometry of maximum vertical force production during hovering flight of neotropical orchid bees (Apidae: Euglossini). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:417-25. [PMID: 14691089 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of orchid bees to generate vertical forces was evaluated using a load-lifting method that imposed asymptotically increasing loads during ascending flight, ultimately eliciting maximum forces while hovering. Among 11 orchid bee species varying by approximately an order of magnitude in body mass, the capacity to produce vertical forces expressed relative either to body weight or to flight muscle weight declined linearly with increased body mass. Allometric analysis of log-transformed data, by contrast, found maximum vertical force to scale isometrically with body mass, but also to exhibit a slightly negative allometry with respect to flight muscle mass. Maximum stroke amplitude at limiting loads averaged 140 degrees and was remarkably constant among species, a result consistent with anatomical constraints of the hymenopteran thorax on wing motions. By contrast, wing-beat frequencies during maximum performance declined with increasing body mass. Repeated lifting by individual bees reduced performance only when the number of consecutive lifts exceeded 15. Variation in linear mass density of the lifted load did not systematically alter performance estimates, although measurements on one species in two consecutive years at different thermal environments yielded significant differences in estimates of maximum force production. These findings suggest an adverse scaling of vertical force production at greater body mass even if flight muscle mass scales isometrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Dillon
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Orchid bees (Euglossini), noted for their brilliant iridescence, are elusive pollinators throughout the American tropics. Males are especially important in the pollination of some orchids, from which they collect aromatic fragrances thought to play a role in territorial display and courtship. The tribe contains approximately 190 described species divided among five genera, distributed from Mexico to central Argentina. Relatively intense study of their biology in the 1960s through the mid-1980s shed light on their nesting biology, chemical ecology, and classification. Vigorous taxonomic research led to the naming of many new species, revisions, and checklists, but phylogenetic studies were scarce. In the two decades following the last comprehensive review, phylogenetic research has resulted in new hypotheses of generic relationships, and further examination of male display has led to additional interpretations. Females in natural and artificial nesting cavities have revealed social interactions and additional details of parasitism within the nest. This review emphasizes areas in need of more study, particularly phylogeny, phylogeography, chemosensory ecology, and comparative behavior, and highlights how historical context can guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney A Cameron
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Otero JT, Sandino JC. Capture Rates of Male Euglossine Bees across a Human Intervention Gradient, Choco Region, Colombia1. Biotropica 2003. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Otero JT, Sandino JC. Capture Rates of Male Euglossine Bees across a Human Intervention Gradient, Chocó Region, Colombia1. Biotropica 2003. [DOI: 10.1646/02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tonhasca A, Blackmer JL, Albuquerque GS. Abundance and Diversity of Euglossine Bees in the Fragmented Landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest1. Biotropica 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2002.tb00555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tonhasca A, Blackmer JL, Albuquerque GS. Abundance and Diversity of Euglossine Bees in the Fragmented Landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest1. Biotropica 2002. [DOI: 10.1646/0006-3606(2002)034[0416:aadoeb]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Venette RC, Moon RD, Hutchison WD. Strategies and statistics of sampling for rare individuals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 47:143-174. [PMID: 11729072 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Diverse subdisciplines within entomology recognize the detection of rare individuals as the precursor to effective management of these individuals. Unfortunately, detection methods have often developed on a case-by-case basis, and advances in one subdiscipline have not carried over to similarly related fields. The biology of a particular organism will certainly affect sampling methods, but the underlying principles governing the power of a sampling strategy to detect rare individuals will apply across taxa. Our review of the sampling literature demonstrates the common problem of detecting rare individuals, reviews the fundamentals of probability theory as a foundation for any monitoring program, and discusses the inferences that can be drawn from samples, especially when resources limit sampling efforts. Particular emphasis is placed on binomial-, beta-binomial-, and hypergeometric-based sampling strategies as they pertain to quarantine inspections for exotic pests, veterinary/medical entomology, and insecticide resistance monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Venette
- USDA-APHIS, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA.
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de Brito CM, Rêgo MM. Community of male Euglossini bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a secondary forest, Alcântara, MA, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2001; 61:631-8. [PMID: 12071319 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842001000400012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From September, 92 to August, 93 bee sampling was done in a secondary forest near the Pepital River, in Alcântara, MA, in order to study the local Euglossini fauna. Five aromatic compounds were used: eucaliptol, eugenol, methyl salicylate, vanillin, and benzoate. Four hundred sixty-seven male Euglossini bees were captured, distributed in 4 genus and 19 species. Euglossa was the most abundant and with high diversity (302 specimens and 14 species), followed by Eulaema (121; 3), Eufriesea (41; 1), and Exaerete (3; 1). The species which more frequently visited the bait were Euglossa piliventris (141 specimens; 30.19%), Euglossa cingulata (113; 24.21%), Euglossa ignita (45; 9.64%), Eufrieseapulchra (41; 8.78%), and Euglossa gaianii (33; 7.07%) corresponding to 79.88% of the sampling universe. The bees were active throughout the year, however during the rainy season more activity and diversity were observed. The most attractive essence was eucaliptol (44.32% specimens and 84.21% species). In spite of this study having been done in a forest fragment, a secondary vegetation area smaller than other areas studied in Maranhão, it showed a significant diversity rate. This result reinforces the importance of fragments in the conservation of local bee communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M de Brito
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Bezerra CP, Martins CF. Diversidade de Euglossinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em dois fragmentos de Mata Atlântica localizados na região urbana de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81752001000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Peruquetti RC, Campos LADO, Coelho CDP, Abrantes CVM, Lisboa LCDO. Abelhas Euglossini (Apidae) de áreas de Mata Atlântica: abundância, riqueza e aspectos biológicos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81751999000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Neves ELD, Viana BF. Inventário da fauna de Euglossinae (Hymenoptera, Apidae) do baixo sul da Bahia, Brasil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-81751997000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rebêlo JMM, Garófalo CA. Comunidades de machos de Euglossini (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em matas semidecíduas do Nordeste do estado de São Paulo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1590/s0301-80591997000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A composição, abundância e mudanças sazonais da fauna de Euglossini foram determinadas pela atração de machos por iscas de cineol, eugenol e vanilina. O estudo foi realizado em duas Reservas do Estado de São Paulo: Estação Experimental de Zootecnia (EEZ), município de Sertãozinho, e Fazenda Santa Carlota, Secção Itaoca (SI), município de Cajuru. As coletas foram realizadas a cada 15 dias, das 08:00 às 17:00h, durante um ano, em cada localidade. Machos de 10 e 14 espécies foram atraídos na EEZ e SI, respectivamente. Todas as espécies amostradas na EEZ ocorreram também na SI proporcionando um coeficiente de similaridade entre as áreas de 0,83. Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, Euglossa pleosticta Dressler e Euglossa fimbriata Rebêlo & Moure foram as espécies mais abundantes em ambas as áreas, correspondendo a 80.3% da amostra total na SI e 90,6% na EEZ. Em ambas as áreas os machos foram mais abundantes no outono (53.8% da amostragem da EEZ e 46.3% da SI) e menos no inverno (0.7% da EEZ e 4.8% da SI). A abundância de machos e o número de espécies amostradas por estação não foram significantemente correlacionados. Cineol foi a isca mais atrativa tanto na EEZ (58,7% do total de machos coletados e 9 espécies) como na SI (71,5% dos machos e 13 espécies) seguido por eugenol e vanilina.
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SPRINGATE ND. On the Use of Baited Traps for the Sampling of Hymenoptera. TROPICS 1997. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.7.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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The temporal variability of animal abundances: measures, methods and patterns. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From first principles, the temporal variability of a time series of abundances can be defined as the average deviation of values from a mean value on a proportional scale. In this paper we review: (i) the different kinds of temporal variability; (ii) the different ways in which it can be measured; (iii) the design of appropriate sampling schemes; (iv) methods of analysing variability; and (v) patterns in temporal variability. We emphasize that some commonly applied measures are not appropriate, that several do not measure the desired feature of time series, and the importance of considerations of trend and sampling error. A number of suggestions are made for the improvement of the basis for comparative analyses of levels of variability, and some of the potential pitfalls are identified. Given the serious faults in many previous analyses of ecological patterns in the temporal variability of animal abundances, emphasis is laid on the theoretical basis for different patterns, and hence a set of hypotheses for testing is generated.
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Pignata MIB, Diniz-Filho JAF. Phylogenetic autocorrelation and evolutionary constraints in worker body size of some neotropical stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Heredity (Edinb) 1996. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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