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Welsch R, Li L. Golden Rice—Lessons learned for inspiring future metabolic engineering strategies and synthetic biology solutions. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Phillip DM, Young AJ. Preferential inhibition of the lycopene epsilon-cyclase by the substituted triethylamine compound MPTA in higher plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:383-91. [PMID: 16455351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the usual complement of carotenoids found in the plant leaf tissues, lettuce (Lactuca sativa), unusually, possesses large amounts of the diol lactucaxanthin. This carotenoid possesses two epsilon-end-groups and its presence provides a good model in which to study the effects of the substituted triethylamine compound 2-(4-methylphenoxy)triethylamine (MPTA) on the cyclisation of beta- and epsilon-end-groups during the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Treatment with 10 or 20microM MPTA significantly reduced levels of both beta-carotene and neoxanthin (up to 18-fold), whilst levels of violaxanthin and lutein were less affected (4-fold reduction). In contrast, levels of lactucaxanthin were not reduced even at the highest inhibitor concentration, and at 10microM MPTA levels of this xanthophyll doubled. The pigment stoichiometry of the bulk light-harvesting complex (LHCIIb) isolated from treated plants shows that lactucaxanthin successfully substituted for lutein and neoxanthin in two of the xanthophyll binding sites, namely L2 and N1. Inhibition of cyclisation was accompanied by the accumulation of lycopene and trace amounts of delta-carotene and a number of oxygenated derivatives of these precursors. Two forms of mono-hydroxy lycopene were identified together with mono-epoxy delta-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Phillip
- School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom St., Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Raschke M, Fellermeier M, Zenk MH. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of intermediates of the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway. Anal Biochem 2004; 335:235-43. [PMID: 15556562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and versatile ion pair radio high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the investigation of the deoxyxylulose phosphate (DXP) pathway has been developed, allowing the simultaneous separation of phosphorylated, nonphosphorylated, and nucleotide moieties bearing intermediates. Moreover, this method addresses the problem of separating the isomers isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP). Because the majority of the intermediates of this isoprenoid pathway lack a chromophore, the combination with an on-line radiodetector provides a highly sensitive tool for their detection. Chromoplasts isolated from Capsicum annuum and Narcissus pseudonarcissus served as model systems for the testing of the analytical procedures after the application of radiolabeled precursors. This HPLC system, which represents an improvement in analytical methods developed for the analysis of the mevalonic acid pathway, should be easily adaptable to other plant and bacterial systems and should permit further elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms that control the flow of intermediates through the DXP pathway and the coordination with related metabolic pathways. Moreover, the system can serve as an analytical tool in the screening for inhibitors of this pathway, allowing the development of new antibiotics as well as herbicides, because this pathway is absent in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Raschke
- Biozentrum der Universität Halle, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Clarke IE, Sandmann G, Bramley PM, Böger P. Carotene biosynthesis with isolated photosynthetic membranes. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(82)80894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Camara B, Hugueney P, Bouvier F, Kuntz M, Monéger R. Biochemistry and molecular biology of chromoplast development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1995; 163:175-247. [PMID: 8522420 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells contain a unique class of organelles, designated the plastids, which distinguish them from animal cells. According to the largely accepted endosymbiotic theory of evolution, plastids are descendants of prokaryotes. This process requires several adaptative changes which involve the maintenance and the expression of part of the plastid genome, as well as the integration of the plastid activity to the cellular metabolism. This is illustrated by the diversity of plastids encountered in plant cells. For instance, in tissues undergoing color changes, i.e., flowers and fruits, the chromoplasts produce and accumulate excess carotenoids. In this paper we attempt to review the basic aspects of chromoplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Camara
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sandmann
- Botanisches Institut, FB Biologie, J.W. Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
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Cunningham FX, Chamovitz D, Misawa N, Gantt E, Hirschberg J. Cloning and functional expression in Escherichia coli of a cyanobacterial gene for lycopene cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of beta-carotene. FEBS Lett 1993; 328:130-8. [PMID: 8344419 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids with cyclic end groups are essential components of the photosynthetic membrane in all known oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. These yellow pigments serve the vital role of protecting against potentially lethal photo-oxidative damage. Many of the enzymes and genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in cyanobacteria, algae and plants remain to be isolated or identified. We have cloned a cyanobacterial gene encoding lycopene cyclase, an enzyme that converts the acyclic carotenoid lycopene to the bicyclic molecule beta-carotene. The gene was identified through the use of an experimental herbicide, 2-(4-methylphenoxy)triethylamine hydrochloride (MPTA), that prevents the cyclization of lycopene in plants and cyanobacteria. Chemically-induced mutants of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 were selected for resistance to MPTA, and a mutation responsible for this resistance was mapped to a genomic DNA region of 200 bp by genetic complementation of the resistance in wild-type cells. A 1.5 kb genomic DNA fragment containing this MPTA-resistance mutation was expressed in a lycopene-accumulating strain of Escherichia coli. The conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene in these cells demonstrated that this fragment encodes the enzyme lycopene cyclase. The results indicate that a single gene product, designated lcy, catalyzes both of the cyclization reactions that are required to produce beta-carotene from lycopene, and prove that this enzyme is a target site of the herbicide MPTA. The cloned cyanobacterial lcy gene hybridized well with genomic DNA from eukaryotic algae, thus it will enable the identification and cloning of homologous genes for lycopene cyclase in algae and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Cunningham
- Department of Botany, University of Maryland, College Park 20742
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Mayer MP, Beyer P, Kleinig H. Quinone compounds are able to replace molecular oxygen as terminal electron acceptor in phytoene desaturation in chromoplasts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 191:359-63. [PMID: 2384084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1990.tb19130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The desaturation of phytoene to zeta-carotene and of zeta-carotene to lycopene employs molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. 2,3,5,6-Tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (duroquinone) and other artificial quinones are able to replace oxygen, which demonstrates that oxygen does not act in a mixed-function oxygenase-like mechanism at the desaturase itself, but at a spatially separate site. Evidence for additional redox elements mediating between desaturase and oxygen is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Mayer
- Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Bäuerle R, Lütke-Brinkhaus F, Ortmann B, Berger S, Kleinig H. Prenyl lipid and fatty-acid synthesis in isolatedAcetabularia chloroplasts. PLANTA 1990; 181:229-233. [PMID: 24196741 DOI: 10.1007/bf02411543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1989] [Accepted: 01/09/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A gentle procedure allowed the isolation of intact and highly active chloroplasts from the unicellular green algaAcetabularia mediterranea. These chloroplasts incorporated carbon from NaH(14)CO3 into fatty acids and prenyl lipids at a rate of about 20-50 nmol carbon· (mg chlorophyll)(-1)·h(-1). Most of the fatty acids formed in vitro were esterified in galactolipids. The main prenyl lipids synthesized were the chlorophyll side chain, intermediates of the carotenogenic path, α-and β-carotene, as well as lutein. Large amounts of [1-(14)C]acetate were incorporated, but exclusively into fatty acids.Isopentenyl diphosphate was a good substrate for prenyl-lipid formation in hypotonically treated chloroplasts. The envelope of intact chloroplasts, however, was impermeable to this compound. Intermediates of the mevalonate pathway were not accepted as precursors under conditions whereisopentenyl diphosphate was well incorporated. The results show that the lipid biosynthetic pathways in the plastids ofAcetabularia, a member of the ancient family of Dasycladaceae, are very similar to those in higher-plant plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bäuerle
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg
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Lützow M, Kleinig H. Chlorophyll-free chromoplasts from daffodil contain most of the enzymes for chlorophyll synthesis in a highly active form. Arch Biochem Biophys 1990; 277:94-100. [PMID: 2306129 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(90)90555-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromoplasts isolated from chlorophyll-free daffodil flowers utilize in vitro delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as precursor for the synthesis of large amounts of at least nine different products. Their identification as intermediates of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway demonstrates the presence of the majority of the respective enzymes in this nongreen plastid preparation. Porphobilinogen synthase was investigated more closely and found to be similar in its properties to the corresponding enzyme from other plastid sources. Protoporphyrin IX was also accepted as a substrate by chromoplast homogenate; here, as in the case of ALA as a substrate, Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester was the last product formed. Formation of the isocyclic chlorophyll ring was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lützow
- Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Beyer P, Mayer M, Kleinig H. Molecular oxygen and the state of geometric isomerism of intermediates are essential in the carotene desaturation and cyclization reactions in daffodil chromoplasts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 184:141-50. [PMID: 2776764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound carotenogenic reaction sequence in daffodil chromoplasts can be subdivided in vitro into three reaction segments by varying the incubation parameters O2 and light. In the first segment, 15-cis-phytoene is desaturated to 15-cis-zeta-carotene (trans elimination of hydrogen) in the dark and in the presence of O2 as an essential cofactor. A photoisomerization of the 15-cis double bond of the accumulated zeta-carotene to trans is the prerequisite for the function of the second segment, the desaturation to 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (prolycopene, cis elimination of hydrogen). The role of O2 as an electron acceptor is discussed and evidence for an oxidoreductase acting as a redox mediator between the desaturase (forming the polyene chromophore) and O2 is presented. A certain analogy to the desaturation of stearoyl-carrier protein, which also occurs in plastids, is proposed. The third segment, the cyclization of prolycopene, is active only in the absence of O2 and involves additional cis-trans isomerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beyer
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Brinkhaus FL, Rilling HC. Purification of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Phycomyces blakesleanus. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 266:607-12. [PMID: 3190245 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase has been purified to homogeneity from the carotene-overproducing strain M1 of Phycomyces blakesleanus. Usually two activity peaks with molecular weights of 60,000 and 30,000 eluted on gel exclusion chromatography, suggesting that the enzyme consists of two subunits, with a tendency to dissociate. With homogeneous protein, a single-staining band with molecular weight of 30,000 appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, confirming a subunit molecular weight of 30,000. Only isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate were accepted by this enzyme for geranylgeranyl diphosphate formation. The smaller allylic compounds, dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphate, were utilized at less than 1/20th the rate of farnesyl diphosphate. Michaelis constants of 9 microM for isopentenyl diphosphate and 60 microM for farnesyl diphosphate were found. The isoelectric point is 4.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Brinkhaus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84108
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The isopentenyl-diphosphate Δ-isomerase and its relation to the phytoene synthase complex in daffodil chromoplasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(88)90022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Mettal U, Boland W, Beyer P, Kleinig H. Biosynthesis of monoterpene hydrocarbons by isolated chromoplasts from daffodil flowers. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 170:613-6. [PMID: 3338457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Incubation studies using [1-14C]isopentenyl diphosphate and [1-2H2]isopentenyl diphosphate as substrates revealed that isolated chromoplasts from flowers of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. are able to synthesize monoterpene hydrocarbons and linalool in high yields. The enzymes involved are soluble in the chromoplast stroma. It is hypothesized that in the plant cell plastids are the site of monoterpene biosynthesis, whereas the formation of sesquiterpenes may be restricted to the cytoplasm/endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Mettal
- Institut für Biologie II, Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, Federal Republic of Germany
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Bramley PM, Mackenzie A. Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1988; 29:291-343. [PMID: 3293927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152829-4.50009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P M Bramley
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London, Egham, Surrey, England
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Rhodes S, Netting A, Milborrow B. Normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of carotenes. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anding C. [61] Pesticides and lipid synthesis in plant membranes. Methods Enzymol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)48063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Lütke-Brinkhaus F, Kleinig H. Carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis in isolated plastids from mustard seedling cotyledons (Sinapis alba L.) during etioplast-chloroplast conversion. PLANTA 1987; 170:121-129. [PMID: 24232849 DOI: 10.1007/bf00392388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/1986] [Accepted: 09/01/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Etioplasts and etiochloroplasts, isolated from seedlings of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) grown in continuous far-red light, and chloroplasts isolated from cotyledons and primary leaves of white-light-grown seedlings exhibit high prenyl-lipid-forming activities. Only the etioplasts and etiochloroplasts, and to a much lesser extent chloroplasts from cotyledons are capable of forming carotenes from isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate, whereas in chloroplasts from primary leaves no such activities could be detected. By subfractionation experiments, it could be demonstrated that the phytoene-synthase complex in etioplasts and etiochloroplasts is present in a soluble form in the stroma, whereas the subsequent enzymes, i.e. the dehydrogenase, cis-trans isomerase and cyclase are bound to both membrane fractions, the prolamellar bodies/prothylakoids and the envelopes. In good agreement with previous results using isolated chromoplasts and chloroplasts, it is concluded that the phytoene-synthase complex may change its topology from a peripheral membrane protein in non-green plastids to a tightly membrane-associated protein in chloroplasts. This change is apparently paralleled by altered functional properties which render the complex undetectable in isolated chloroplasts. Further experiments concerning the reduction of chlorophyll a containing a geranylgeranyl side chain to chlorophyll a indicate that the light-induced etioplast-chloroplast conversion is accompanied by a certain reorganization of the polyprenoid-forming enzymatic equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lütke-Brinkhaus
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Beyer P. [36] Solubilization and reconstitution of carotenogenic enzymes from daffodil chromoplast membranes using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate. Methods Enzymol 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(87)48038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Mayfield SP, Nelson T, Taylor WC, Malkin R. Carotenoid synthesis and pleiotropic effects in carotenoid-deficient seedlings of maize. PLANTA 1986; 169:23-32. [PMID: 24232425 DOI: 10.1007/bf01369771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/1985] [Accepted: 03/22/1986] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastid-envelope membranes from seedlings ofZea mays L. made carotenoid-deficient by either norflurazon treatment or mutation lack an activity permitting conversion of phytoene to β-carotene. This activity in membrane fractions was measured by coincubation in vitro with a soluble system from spinach chloroplasts capable of converting [(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate into phytoene. When grown in light, the carotenoid-deficient seedlings lack many soluble chloroplast proteins, including NADP-dependent malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40), pyruvate phosphate dikinase (EC 2.7.9.1), and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39), but apparently still contain the soluble activities permitting synthesis of phytoene.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mayfield
- Department of Genetics, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Beyer P, Weiss G, Kleinig H. Solubilization and reconstitution of the membrane-bound carotenogenic enzymes from daffodil chromoplasts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 153:341-6. [PMID: 4076182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-bound carotenogenic enzymes of daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) chromoplast membranes, i.e. dehydrogenation, cis-trans isomerization and cyclization activities, were solubilized in an enzymatically inactive form using the zwitterionic detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylamino]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps). Full enzymatic activities were regained upon reconstitution of the solubilized proteins into liposomes. These preparations converted radiolabelled cis-phytoene into beta-carotene in a high yield. The reconstituted enzymatic sequence behaved as a tight 'assembly line'. In the enzymatic sequence of the reconstituted system the cis-trans isomerization reaction occurred on the stage of cis-phytofluene after a dehydrogenation of cis-phytoene.
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Kaethner TM, Ap Rees T. Intracellular location of ATP citrate lyase in leaves of Pisum sativum L. PLANTA 1985; 163:290-294. [PMID: 24249352 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/1984] [Accepted: 07/07/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to discover if there is enough ATP citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8) in the cytosol of the leaves of Pisum sativum L. to catalyse the synthesis of the acetyl CoA needed for terpenoid synthesis. Estimates of the maximum catalytic activity of the enzyme in leaves of 7-d-old peas gave values of 113 nmol min(-1) g(-1) fresh weight. The rate of carotenoid accumulation in these leaves corresponded to a requirement for acetyl CoA of 0.7 nmol min(-1) g(-1) fresh weight. The distribution of marker enzymes during fractionation of homogenates of leaves from 7 to 10-d-old peas showed that differential centrifugation led to the isolation in reasonable yields of chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endomembrane system. None of the above components of the leaf contained appreciable detectable activity of ATP citrate lyase, the distribution of which closely paralleled that of the cytosolic marker. It was concluded that in young leaves of pea most of the ATP citrate lyase is in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Kaethner
- Botany School, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CB2 3EA, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Lütke-Brinkhaus F, Weiss G, Kleinig H. Prenyl lipid formation in spinach chloroplasts and in a cell-free system of Synechococcus (Cyanobacteria): polyprenols, chlorophylls, and fatty acid prenyl esters. PLANTA 1985; 163:68-74. [PMID: 24249270 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/1984] [Accepted: 06/14/1984] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Isolated chloroplasts from spinach leaf cells, chloroplast subfractions, and a cell-free system of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus CCAP 6312 incorporated [1-(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate in high yields into prenyl lipids. Products were polyprenols (C20, C45) chlorophylls, quinoid compounds, and fatty acid prenyl esters; prenyl pyrophosphates occurred in trace amounts, and carotenes were only formed to a limited extent in the Synechococcus system. The formation of fatty acid prenyl esters, which is described here for the first time, was found to occur in two different ways in the chloroplast system; by an acyl-CoA: polyprenol acyltransferase reaction associated with the envelope membranes and by a transesterification reaction from chlorophyll associated with the thylakoids. Endogenous fatty acid prenyl esters made up about 3% by weight of total lipids in spinach chloroplasts and were also found to be natural constituents of the cyanobacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lütke-Brinkhaus
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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[30] Carotene synthesis in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts and daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) chromoplasts. Methods Enzymol 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(85)10083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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30
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Kreuz K, Kleinig H. Synthesis of prenyl lipids in cells of spinach leaf. Compartmentation of enzymes for formation of isopentenyl diphosphate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 141:531-5. [PMID: 6086332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purified spinach chloroplasts incorporate [1-14C]isopentenyl diphosphate into prenyl lipids in high yields. The immediate biosynthetic precursors of isopentenyl diphosphate (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, mevalonate, mevalonate-5-phosphate, mevalonate-5-diphosphate), on the other hand, are not accepted as substrates and the corresponding enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, phosphomevalonate kinase, and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase are not present in the organelles. These enzymes can only be detected in a membrane-bound form at the endoplasmic reticulum (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) and as soluble activities in the cytoplasm. The concept is developed that isopentenyl diphosphate is formed in the cytoplasm as a 'central intermediate' and is distributed then to other cellular compartments (endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, mitochondria) for further biosynthetic utilization.
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Lütke-Brinkhaus F, Liedvogel B, Kleinig H. On the biosynthesis of ubiquinones in plant mitochondria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 141:537-41. [PMID: 6745257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Isolated mitochondria from potato tubers, spinach leaves, and daffodil petals from intermediates of the ubiquinone biosynthetic pathway (prenylated 4-hydroxybenzoate, prenylated phenols, and quinoid compounds) from [1-14C]isopentenyl diphosphate and endogenous or exogenous 4-hydroxybenzoate. In contrast [2-14C]mevalonate 5-diphosphate, the immediate precursor of isopentenyl diphosphate was not accepted as a substrate. These results suggest that plant mitochondria have their own prenyltransferase and prenylation system, similar to the plastid compartment which also starts by the use of isopentenyl diphosphate [see Kreuz, K. and Kleinig, H. (1984) Eur. J. Biochem. 141, 531-535].
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Douce R, Block MA, Dorne AJ, Joyard J. The plastid envelope membranes: their structure, composition, and role in chloroplast biogenesis. Subcell Biochem 1984; 10:1-84. [PMID: 6382702 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2709-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Particulate fractions from Chloroflexus aurantiacus and distribution of lipids and polyprenoid forming activities. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00429408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lütke-Brinkhaus F, Liedvogel B, Kreuz K, Kleinig H. Phytoene synthase and phytoene dehydrogenase associated with envelope membranes from spinach chloroplasts. PLANTA 1982; 156:176-180. [PMID: 24272314 DOI: 10.1007/bf00395433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/1982] [Accepted: 07/01/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Envelope membranes of spinach chloroplasts contain appreciable activities of the carotenogenic enzymes phytoene synthase (formation of phytoene by condensation of two molecules geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate) and phytoene dehydrogenase (formation of lycopene from phytoene), plus a phosphatase activity. These results were obtained by coincubation experiments using isolated envelope membranes and either a phytoene-forming in vitro system (from [1-(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate) or [(14)C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate or a geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate-forming in vitro system (from [1-(14)C]isopentenyl pyrophosphate). Within thylakoids carotenogenic enzymes could not be detected. It is concluded that the chloroplast envelope is at least a principal site of the membrane-bound steps of carotenoid biosynthesis in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lütke-Brinkhaus
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kreuz K, Beyer P, Kleinig H. The site of carotenogenic enzymes in chromoplasts from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. PLANTA 1982; 154:66-69. [PMID: 24275919 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1981] [Accepted: 10/08/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The membranes from the chromoplasts of Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. which are derived from the inner envelope membrane are the site of β-carotene synthesis from [1-(14)C]isopentenyl diphosphate. The enzymes involved are partly peripheral membrane proteins (prenyltransferase, phytoene synthase) and partly integral membrane proteins (cis-trans isomerase, dehydrogenase(s), cyclase(s)). Metabolic channeling is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kreuz
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kreuz K, Kleinig H. On the compartmentation of isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis and utilization in plant cells. PLANTA 1981; 153:578-281. [PMID: 24275878 DOI: 10.1007/bf00385544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/1981] [Accepted: 09/10/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Purified spinach chloroplast and daffodil chromoplast preparations do not use mevalonate, phosphomevalonate, and diphosphomevalonate for the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate. Isopentenyl diphosphate, on the other hand, is incorporated into plastidal polyprenoids in large amounts. In the presence of a cytoplasmic supernatant, however, mevalonate and the phosphomevalonates were incorporated into the plastidal polyprenoids in equally large amounts, which demonstrates that the enzymes mevalonate kinase (EC 2.7.1.36), phosphomevalonate kinase (EC 2.7.4.2), and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.33) are soluble cytoplasmic enzymes and that they apparently do not occur as isoenzymes within the plastids. The concept is developed that isopentenyl diphosphate is a central intermediate in plant polyprenoid formation which is channeled into several compartment for different biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kreuz
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kreuz K, Kleinig H. Chlorophyll synthetase in chlorophyll-free chromoplasts. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1981; 1:40-42. [PMID: 24258755 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/1981] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A considerable incorporation of [1-(14)C]isopentenyl diphosphate into chlorophyll in chromoplast preparations from daffodil flowers (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) was observed when exogenous chlorophyllide a was added. The enzyme chlorophyll synthetase showed properties of a peripheral membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kreuz
- Institut für Biologie II, Zellbiologie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-7800, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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