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Bandzevičiūtė R, Platkevičius G, Čeponkus J, Želvys A, Čekauskas A, Šablinskas V. Differentiation of Urothelial Carcinoma and Normal Bladder Tissues by Means of Fiber-Based ATR IR Spectroscopy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020499. [PMID: 36672447 PMCID: PMC9857111 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical treatment is widely applied curative approach for bladder cancer. White light cystoscopy (WLC) is currently used for intraoperative diagnostics of malignant lesions but has relatively high false-negative rate. Here we represent an application of label free fiber-based attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR IR) for freshly resected human bladder tissue examination for 54 patients. Defined molecular spectral markers allow to identify normal and urothelial carcinoma tissues. While methods of statistical analysis (Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and Principal component analysis (PCA)) used for spectral data treatment allow to discriminate tissue types with 91% sensitivity and 96-98% specificity. In the present study the described method was applied for tissue examination under ex vivo conditions. However, after method validation the equipment could be translated from laboratory studies to in situ or even in vivo studies in operating room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimantė Bandzevičiūtė
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Gediminas Platkevičius
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (G.P.)
| | - Justinas Čeponkus
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Želvys
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Albertas Čekauskas
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio g. 21/27, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valdas Šablinskas
- Institute of Chemical Physics, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Venkatachalam K, Vinayagam R, Arokia Vijaya Anand M, Isa NM, Ponnaiyan R. Biochemical and molecular aspects of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis: a review. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:2-18. [PMID: 32440334 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is a member in the class of hydrazines, strong DNA alkylating agent, naturally present in cycads. DMH is widely used as a carcinogen to induce colon cancer in animal models. Exploration of DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in rodent models provides the knowledge to perceive the biochemical, molecular, and histological mechanisms of different stages of colon carcinogenesis. The procarcinogen DMH, after a series of metabolic reactions, finally reaches the colon, there produces the ultimate carcinogen and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further alkylate the DNA and initiate the development of colon carcinogenesis. The preneolpastic lesions and histopathological observations of DMH-induced colon tumors may provide typical understanding about the disease in rodents and humans. In addition, this review discusses about the action of biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes involved in DMH intoxication. This understanding is essential to accurately identify and interpret alterations that occur in the colonic mucosa when evaluating natural or pharmacological compounds in DMH-induced animal colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain-17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632 115, India
| | | | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajasekar Ponnaiyan
- Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620020, India
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Hsieh CJ, Sun M, Osborne G, Ricker K, Tsai FC, Li K, Tomar R, Phuong J, Schmitz R, Sandy MS. Cancer Hazard Identification Integrating Human Variability: The Case of Coumarin. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:501-552. [PMID: 31845612 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819884544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is a naturally occurring sweet-smelling benzopyrone that may be extracted from plants or synthesized for commercial uses. Its uses include as a flavoring agent, fragrance enhancer, and odor-masking additive. We reviewed and evaluated the scientific evidence on the carcinogenicity of coumarin, integrating information from carcinogenicity studies in animals with mechanistic and other relevant data, including data from toxicogenomic, genotoxicity, and metabolism studies, and studies of human variability of a key enzyme, CYP2A6. Increases in tumors were observed in multiple studies in rats and mice in multiple tissues. Our functional pathway analysis identified several common cancer-related biological processes/pathways affected by coumarin in rat liver following in vivo exposure and in human primary hepatocytes exposed in vitro. When coumarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2A6 is compromised, this can lead to a shift in metabolism to the 3,4-epoxidation pathway and increased generation of electrophilic metabolites. Mechanistic data align with 3 key characteristics of carcinogens, namely formation of electrophilic metabolites, genotoxicity, and induction of oxidative stress. Considerations of metabolism, human variability in CYP2A6 activity, and coumarin hepatotoxicity in susceptible individuals provide additional support for carcinogenicity concern. Our analysis illustrates the importance of integrating information on human variability in the cancer hazard identification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChingYi Jennifer Hsieh
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Meng Sun
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Osborne
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Karin Ricker
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Feng C Tsai
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kate Li
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Rajpal Tomar
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA.,Retired
| | - Jimmy Phuong
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rose Schmitz
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Sandy
- Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA, Sacramento and Oakland, CA, USA
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Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Hard GC, Seely JC. Histological Investigation of Diagnostically Challenging Tubule Profiles in Advanced Chronic Progressive Nephropathy (CPN) in the Fischer 344 RaT. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 34:941-8. [PMID: 17178694 DOI: 10.1080/01926230601083381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, guidelines were suggested for discriminating proliferative-appearing tubule profiles encountered in advanced spontaneous chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) of rats, from hyperplastic precursors of renal tubule tumors ( Hard and Seely, 2005 ). These recommendations were based on histological evaluation of a large number of cases of severe to end-stage CPN in male F344 rats from 8 separate 2-year carcinogenicity studies held in the Archives of the National Toxicology Program, NIEHS. This work has now been extended to characterize the various lesions further, mainly by serial sectioning to track their origin and fate within the adjacent renal tissue, but also by applying special staining procedures such as immunohistochemical assessment of proliferative activity, as well as fluorescence microscopy, to seek further differences from atypical tubule hyperplasia. The results obtained from these additional investigations support the contention that certain tubule profiles with a misleading proliferative appearance, sometimes found in advanced CPN, should be distinguished from preneoplastic tubule foci, and regarded as components of the nephropathy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Hard
- National Toxicology Program Archives, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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KIM YOUNGHEE, KWAK KYUNGA, KANG JINSEOK. Expression of neighbor of Punc E11 in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1043-9. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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He G, Dhar D, Nakagawa H, Font-Burgada J, Ogata H, Jiang Y, Shalapour S, Seki E, Yost SE, Jepsen K, Frazer KA, Harismendy O, Hatziapostolou M, Iliopoulos D, Suetsugu A, Hoffman RM, Tateishi R, Koike K, Karin M. Identification of liver cancer progenitors whose malignant progression depends on autocrine IL-6 signaling. Cell 2013; 155:384-96. [PMID: 24120137 PMCID: PMC4015514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a slowly developing malignancy postulated to evolve from premalignant lesions in chronically damaged livers. However, it was never established that premalignant lesions actually contain tumor progenitors that give rise to cancer. Here, we describe isolation and characterization of HCC progenitor cells (HcPCs) from different mouse HCC models. Unlike fully malignant HCC, HcPCs give rise to cancer only when introduced into a liver undergoing chronic damage and compensatory proliferation. Although HcPCs exhibit a similar transcriptomic profile to bipotential hepatobiliary progenitors, the latter do not give rise to tumors. Cells resembling HcPCs reside within dysplastic lesions that appear several months before HCC nodules. Unlike early hepatocarcinogenesis, which depends on paracrine IL-6 production by inflammatory cells, due to upregulation of LIN28 expression, HcPCs had acquired autocrine IL-6 signaling that stimulates their in vivo growth and malignant progression. This may be a general mechanism that drives other IL-6-producing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hisanobu Ogata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shawn E. Yost
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Atsushi Suetsugu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Hailey JR, Nold JB, Brown RH, Cullen JM, Holder JC, Jordan HL, Ennulat D, Miller RT. Biliary Proliferative Lesions in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:844-54. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313499976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Whether biliary proliferative lesions in nonclinical species are predictive of potential hepatotoxicity in humans depends, at least in part, on the nature and severity of such changes in the nonclinical species. We reviewed published literature (clinical and nonclinical) and experimental data from rat toxicology studies conducted by GlaxoSmithKline and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences’ National Toxicology Program in an effort to better characterize the relative risk of hepatobiliary effects in humans. Available evidence supports the interpretation that minimal “typical” appearing bile duct hyperplasia limited to the portal triads may be considered non-adverse in the rat and is of little to no concern to humans. The toxicological relevance of mild to moderate “typical” hyperplasia is less certain, and may be considered adverse in the rat and potentially pose a risk for humans, particularly if accompanied by evidence of hepatobiliary injury or functional compromise. In addition, any proliferative lesion that includes atypical or dysplastic epithelial changes, oval cell proliferation, and/or significant extension beyond the portal tracts is considered more ominous and may be considered adverse in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Hailey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James B. Nold
- WIL Research/Biotechnics, Hillsborough, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roger H. Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M. Cullen
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Holly L. Jordan
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Liau SS, Qureshi MS, Praseedom R, Huguet E. Molecular pathogenesis of hepatic adenomas and its implications for surgical management. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:1869-82. [PMID: 23835731 PMCID: PMC3782654 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic adenomas (HAs) are benign tumors of the liver, which can be solitary or multiple, and have a definite risk of malignant degeneration. DISCUSSION The pathogenesis and natural history of this disease entity were previously unknown. Recent research into the molecular pathogenesis of this condition has provided evidence for the malignant transformation of some of these adenomas. In the current article, we discuss the current evidence on the molecular biology underlying malignant transformation of hepatic adenomas and the implications for the surgical management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siong-Seng Liau
- />Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK , />Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - M. Saeed Qureshi
- />Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raaj Praseedom
- />Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel Huguet
- />Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Frazier KS, Seely JC, Hard GC, Betton G, Burnett R, Nakatsuji S, Nishikawa A, Durchfeld-Meyer B, Bube A. Proliferative and nonproliferative lesions of the rat and mouse urinary system. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:14S-86S. [PMID: 22637735 DOI: 10.1177/0192623312438736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in the urinary tract of rats and mice. The standardized nomenclature of urinary tract lesions presented in this document is also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous developmental and aging lesions as well as those induced by exposure to test materials. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for urinary tract lesions in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall S Frazier
- GlaxoSmithKline-Safety Assessment, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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Effect of antisense oligomer in controlling c-raf.1 overexpression during diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rat. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 65:309-18. [PMID: 19499222 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In ras-mediated signal transduction pathway, c-raf.1 is believed to have predominant oncogenic potential and has been found to be highly expressed in certain human and animal malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma. In the present study, anticancer efficacy of antisense c-raf.1 oligomer on the inhibition of c-raf.1 mRNA overexpression during hepatocarcinogenesis was determined. METHODS Initially antiproliferating effect of the antisense oligomers was studied in vitro by measuring the rate of tritiated thymidine incorporation into DNA in rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells in culture medium. Based on the findings, the antisense treatment was carried out in rat hepatocarcinogenesis model-initiated with diethylnitrosamine and promoted using 2-acetylaminoflourene. Different drug-metabolizing enzymes, lipid peroxidation, liver morphology and histopathological studies along with c-raf.1 gene expression by in situ hybridization were performed. RESULTS c-raf.1 antisense oligomers exhibited an inhibitory effect (approximately 68%) on cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Gross and microscopic examination of liver showed fewer (29%) and smaller hyperplastic nodules and preneoplastic lesions (30%) in carcinogen and antisense oligomer-treated group as compared with carcinogen control group. Treatment of antisense c-raf.1 oligomers enhanced cytochrome P-450 content (81%) and reduced glutathione S-transferase activity (33%), UDP glucuronosyltransferase activity (74%) and MDA concentration (30%) in carcinogen and antisense oligomer-treated group as compared with carcinogen control animals. The oligomer treatment also resulted in less expression in terms of c-raf.1 expressed lesion count as compared to carcinogen control group. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that the antisense oligomer targeted against c-raf.1 mRNA inhibits the overexpression of c-raf.1 gene during hepatocellular carcinoma in rats.
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Khan MS, Devaraj H, Devaraj N. Chrysin abrogates early hepatocarcinogenesis and induces apoptosis in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced preneoplastic nodules in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 251:85-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Mathur M, Nayak NC. Effect of Low Protein Diet on Low Dose Chronic Aflatoxin B1Induced Hepatic Injury in Rhesus Monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569548909059756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Sell S. Alpha-fetoprotein, stem cells and cancer: how study of the production of alpha-fetoprotein during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis led to reaffirmation of the stem cell theory of cancer. Tumour Biol 2008; 29:161-80. [PMID: 18612221 PMCID: PMC2679671 DOI: 10.1159/000143402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the cells in the liver that produce alpha-fetoprotein during development, in response to liver injury and during the early stages of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis led to the conclusion that maturation arrest of liver-determined tissue stem cells was the cellular process that gives rise to hepatocellular carcinomas. When the cellular changes in these processes were compared to that of the formation of teratocarcinomas, the hypothesis arose that all cancers arise from maturation arrest of tissue-determined stem cells. This was essentially a reinterpretation of the embryonal rest theory of cancer whereby tissue stem cells take the role of embryonal rests. A corollary of the stem cell theory of the origin of cancer is that cancers contain the same functional cell populations as normal tissues: stem cells, transit-amplifying cells and mature cells. Cancer stem cells retain the essential feature of normal stem cells: the ability to self-renew. Growth of cancers is due to continued proliferation of cancer transit-amplifying cells that do not differentiate to mature cells (maturation arrest). On the other hand, cancer stem cells generally divide very rarely and contribute little to tumor growth. However, the presence of cancer stem cells in tumors is believed to be responsible for the properties of immortalization, transplantability and resistance to therapy characteristic of cancers. Current therapies for cancer (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antiangiogenesis and differentiation therapy) are directed against the cancer transit-amplifying cells. When these therapies are discontinued, the cancer reforms from the cancer stem cells. Therapy directed toward interruption of the cell signaling pathways that maintain cancer stem cells could lead to new modalities to the prevention of regrowth of the cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center and Ordway Research Institute, Albany, NY, USA.
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Abstract
In an effort to review the evidence that liver cancer stem cells exist, two fundamental questions must be addressed. First, do hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) arise from liver stem cells? Second, do HCCs contain cells that possess properties of cancer stem cells? For many years the finding of preneoplastic nodules in the liver during experimental induction of HCCs by chemicals was interpreted to support the hypothesis that HCC arose by dedifferentiation of mature liver cells. More recently, recognition of the role of small oval cells in the carcinogenic process led to a new hypothesis that HCC arises by maturation arrest of liver stem cells. Analysis of the cells in HCC supports the presence of cells with stem-cell properties (ie, immortality, transplantability, and resistance to therapy). However, definitive markers for these putative cancer stem cells have not yet been found and a liver cancer stem cell has not been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, Ordway Research Institute, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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16
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Loumbourdis NS. Liver histopathologic alterations in the frog Rana ridibunda from a small river of Northern Greece. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2007; 53:418-25. [PMID: 17612783 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The various histopathologic alterations detected in the liver of the frog Rana ridibunda from a small river of Northern Greece were investigated. In the livers of the frogs collected from this river, there was an increase in the area occupied by melanomacrophages as well as an increase in their color intensity. Mild karyomegaly and polyploidy, together with solitary and focal accumulation of infiltrates (neutrophils and lymphocytes), was evident. Three different kinds of foci were detected basophilic focus, vacuolated focus, and a special type of focus with nodules surrounded by collagen. Some bile ducts were found to be filled with periodic acid schiff (PAS)-positive amorphous material mixed with cellular debris. In liver foci of dense connective tissue, with structures resembling bile ductuli, were detected. The latter finding supports the conclusion that this might be early holangiofibroma. Progressive fibrosis around bile ducts, which extended into the hepatic parenchyma, was obvious. Given that the river under study was previously characterized as being moderately to heavily polluted, it was concluded that a number of environmental factors, including heavy metals, might be responsible for these histopathologic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Loumbourdis
- Department of Zoology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Konishi N, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kawada Y, Nishimine M, Nagai H, Emi M. Specific genomic alterations in rat renal cell carcinomas induced by N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine. Toxicol Pathol 2001; 29:232-6. [PMID: 11421490 DOI: 10.1080/019262301317052503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
To characterize genetic alterations occurring in renal tumorigenesis, EHEN-induced renal cell tumors were examined using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) analysis, an electrophoretic separation technique that detects gene amplifications and deletions. Comparison of DNAs from tumor against those from corresponding nontumorous kidney and/or EHEN-treated kidney without development of renal tumors yielded specific alterations in terms of both amplified and reduced DNA spots. Two amplified spots were detected only in renal cell tumors and an additional four spots were frequent in EHEN-treated kidneys. One reduced spot was common to all tumor samples, and another was frequently detected in the tumors analyzed but not in EHEN-treated kidneys. A subset of the altered spots thus appeared to be specific for EHEN-induced renal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Konishi
- Second Department of Pathology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
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18
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Abstract
The cellular basis of AFP synthesis in normal development, liver regeneration, hepatocarcinogenesis and in tumors is discussed in the review. The attempt is made to interpret the production of AFP by germ cell and liver tumors as a consequence of their origin from the cell types producing AFP in normal conditions. Thus, AFP in germ cell tumors is explained by the development of the yolk sac visceral endoderm (YSVE) in teratocarcinomas, since YSVE is the first site of AFP synthesis in the embryo. The next site of AFP production is embryonal hepatoblast and just hepatoblastomas are the maximal producers of AFP among liver cancers. The reason for AFP resumption in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) is not yet clear. This problem is discussed in the light of possible role of oval cells in the HCC origin and the concept of the two states of the mature hepatocyte, associated and non-associated with AFP production. The crucial role of extracellular matrix in the control of AFP-producing state of hepatocyte is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Abelev
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Bannasch P, Klimek F, Mayer D. Early bioenergetic changes in hepatocarcinogenesis: preneoplastic phenotypes mimic responses to insulin and thyroid hormone. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1997; 29:303-13. [PMID: 9387091 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022438528634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and molecular biological approaches in situ have provided compelling evidence for early bioenergetic changes in hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatocellular neoplasms regularly develop from preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes, irrespective of whether they are caused by chemicals, radiation, viruses, or transgenic oncogenes. Two striking early metabolic aberrations were discovered: (1) a focal excessive storage of glycogen (glycogenosis) leading via various intermediate stages to neoplasms, the malignant phenotype of which is poor in glycogen but rich in ribosomes (basophilic), and (2) an accumulation of mitochondria in so-called oncocytes and amphophilic cells, giving rise to well-differentiated neoplasms. The metabolic pattern of human and experimentally induced focal hepatic glycogenosis mimics the phenotype of hepatocytes exposed to insulin. The conversion of the highly differentiated glycogenotic hepatocytes to the poorly differentiated cancer cells is usually associated with a reduction in gluconeogenesis, an activation of the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, and an ever increasing cell proliferation. The metabolic pattern of preneoplastic amphophilic cell populations has only been studied to a limited extent. The few available data suggest that thyromimetic effects of peroxisomal proliferators and hepadnaviral infection may be responsible for the emergence of the amphophilic cell lineage of hepatocarcinogenesis. The actions of both insulin and thyroid hormone are mediated by intracellular signal transduction. It is, thus, conceivable that the early changes in energy metabolism during hepatocarcinogenesis are the consequence of alterations in the complex network of signal transduction pathways, which may be caused by genetic as well as epigenetic primary lesions, and elicit adaptive metabolic changes eventually resulting in the malignant neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bannasch
- Abteilung für Cytopathologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Zusman I. Variability of neoplastic parameters in colon tumours, and its significance in diagnostic practice. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1995; 70:107-60. [PMID: 7718698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1995.tb01441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the value of individual variability in the reaction of tissues to treatment with carcinogens, and the manifestation of this variability in different morphological (histological, morphometric, and ultrastructural), histochemical and immunohistochemical parameters generated in tumorous tissues. Moreover, we also reviewed data in the literature on individual variability in the manifestation of some biochemical and immunochemical markers which are accumulated in the serum of tumour-bearing patients and which are characteristic for the different phases of tumourigenesis. The high variability of different tumorous parameters suggests that none can be utilized alone as a conclusive marker of neoplasia and that only their combined use can give objective information. We also reviewed the impact of this variability in the evaluation of various pathological methods to detect different stages of neoplastic transformation in the colon. It has been concluded that none of the present approaches can be absolutely conclusive and without false results, and that objective information regarding early cancerous changes may be obtained only by use of combined analyses utilizing several laboratory methods. The diagnostic procedures should be based on the complex utilization of all appropriate methods using the quantitative interpretation of the obtained data. Multivariate analysis of many parameters should be very effective for the prediction of therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zusman
- Laboratory of Teratology and Experimental Oncology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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22
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Kurata Y, Diwan BA, Uno H, Rice JM, Ward JM. Pathology of preneoplastic and neoplastic renal tubular lesions induced in F-344 rats by sodium barbital, a nongenotoxic renal carcinogen and nephrotoxin. Toxicol Pathol 1993; 21:35-45. [PMID: 8378705 DOI: 10.1177/019262339302100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sodium barbital (NaBB), a long-duration sedative/hypnotic barbiturate, is a nongenotoxic nephrotoxin and induces chronic persistent increases in rates of cell proliferation in renal cortical tubules of male F-344/NCr rats. In 5 of our 2-stage carcinogenesis experiments with NaBB at doses of 500, 1,000, or 4,000 ppm for periods of up to 106 wk of age, renal tubular cell tumors were found in incidences of up to 25% in rats receiving only NaBB while fewer than 1% of controls had renal epithelial tumors. We reviewed renal tubular proliferative lesions found in these studies and classified the lesions based on morphology, histogenesis, and immunohistochemical findings. Renal dysplastic tubules (DTs; atypical hyperplasia), putative preneoplastic lesions rarely seen in controls, were found in the renal cortex of more than 50% of the NaBB-exposed rats. DTs were classified into grades 1-3, based on lesion size and growth patterns. All renal adenomas were usually of the basophilic phenotype, and 70% of basophilic adenomas displayed solid patterns, while tumors with papillary, cystic, or tubular patterns were seen less commonly. By serial or step sectioning of the DTs and tumors, evidence was found indicating that the high grades (grade 2 or 3) of DTs, some of which arose in the P1 or P2 segment of the proximal tubules, were sometimes connected to the adenomas. Vimentin expression was demonstrated immunohistochemically in NaBB-induced renal tubular adenomas but not in normal tubules. Tumors were usually not immunoreactive for glutathione S-transferase, placental form, but heterogeneous immunoreactivity was also seen in some tumors. Lysozyme was absent in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions induced by NaBB, while some intact normal proximal convoluted tubules were immunoreactive. The common tumor phenotype induced by NaBB, the basophilic solid adenoma, was similar to the most common type of spontaneous renal tumor found in untreated aging F-344 rats. NaBB may promote naturally occurring renal preneoplastic or neoplastic tubular lesions of this unique phenotype, but it is also possible that it may induce these lesions de novo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kurata
- Tumor Pathology and Pathogenesis Section, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
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Kurata Y, Diwan BA, Ward JM. Lack of renal tumour-initiating activity of a single dose of potassium bromate, a genotoxic renal carcinogen in male F344/NCr rats. Food Chem Toxicol 1992; 30:251-9. [PMID: 1618449 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(92)90041-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renal tumour-initiating activity of potassium bromate (KBrO3), a known genotoxic rat renal carcinogen, was investigated in male F344/NCr rats. 6-wk-old rats were given KBrO3 intragastrically as a single dose of 300 mg/kg body weight, which was confirmed by our preliminary toxicity study as a maximum tolerated single dose for this strain of rat. Starting 2 wk after KBrO3 treatment, groups of 39 rats received either a basal diet or a diet containing 4000 ppm barbital sodium (BBNa) as a promoting regimen and were killed at 30, 52, or 104 wk. Control rats received either dietary BBNa (4000 ppm) or the basal diet alone from wk 2 to 52 or 104 wk. Nephropathy was observed in all rats treated with KBrO3 followed by BBNa at 30 wk and in rats receiving BBNa alone, but not in rats exposed to KBrO3 alone. Dysplastic renal tubular cell foci (DTF), putative preneoplastic renal tubular cell lesions were found associated with nephropathy in rats exposed to KBrO3 followed by BBNa from 47 wk. The incidences and multiplicities of DTF and renal tubular cell tumours observed from 31 to 104 wk revealed no initiating effect of KBrO3 treatment. These results indicate that the KBrO3 dose of 300 mg/kg did not initiate renal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kurata
- Tumour Pathology and Pathogenesis Section, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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24
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Abstract
The current status of the much-debated question of the still-hypothetical stem cells of the liver is reviewed, with an emphasis on their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. The widely held view of the primacy of the hepatocyte, notably of the mononuclear diploid type, in this process--the "hepatocytic theory"--has been compared with variants of the "stem cell hypothesis" based on the "non-parenchymal epithelial cells" of the liver--the "oval" or biliary ductular cells, the "nondescript periductular" cells and the "primitive" bipotential epithelial cells. An attempt has been made to concentrate mainly on the more recent publications, in an effort to balance the conflicting opinions expressed by comparing results obtained by the newer procedures currently in use. Despite some interesting and relevant findings it appears that the evidence in favour of the stem-cell hypothesis is still circumstantial and that the hepatocytic theory has not been invalidated. Presumably the question of the hepatic stem cells will be answered when the riddle of hepatocarcinogenesis has been solved.
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25
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Mathur M, Rizvi TA, Nayak NC. Effect of low protein diet on chronic aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury in rhesus monkeys. Mycopathologia 1991; 113:175-9. [PMID: 1906135 DOI: 10.1007/bf00436126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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26
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Freitas I. Lipid accumulation: the common feature to photosensitizer-retaining normal and malignant tissues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 7:359-61. [PMID: 2128330 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85169-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Berger MR, Schmähl D, Edler L. Implications of the carcinogenic hazard of low doses of three hepatocarcinogenic N-nitrosamines. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81:598-606. [PMID: 2119363 PMCID: PMC6504071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The data of a large-scale experiment on single and combination effects of very low doses of the hepatocarcinogenic N-nitrosamines N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDElA) were modeled by new statistical methods to derive implications of the carcinogenic hazard of dose ranges so low as to result in long-term toxic effects only slightly different from the background. According to this model a linear relationship was found to exist between daily exposure to low N-nitrosamine levels and time to death with liver tumor. Extrapolation of these data to zero exposure suggested the occurrence of one to ten percent of spontaneous liver tumors in animals surviving more than 1000 days. At this advanced age a further reduction of carcinogen-induced liver tumor incidence does not contribute to a longer overall survival due to competitive, probably independent, causes of death. A quasi-threshold in terms of a "no-observed-effect level" can thus be derived from the data. The observed combination effect indicates a mere additivity in liver tumor occurrence, even at very low doses which alone cause no significant carcinogenic effect during the animal's lifetime. Within the combination of NDEA, NPYR and NDElA, N-nitrosodiethylamine was found to be the most carcinogenic agent: it contributes by at least 17 orders of magnitude more to the relative risk of dying with liver tumor than the other two compounds, if the daily dose is increased by one unit (0.1 mg/kg). Likewise, NDEA shows the steepest slope when assessing the relationship between daily carcinogen doses and time to liver tumor occurrence; relative to NDElA--the least potent carcinogen on a weight basis--and NPYR a 40-fold and 9-fold quicker appearance of liver tumors has to be expected, if the daily doses are increased by an equivalent amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Berger
- Institute of Toxicology and Chemotherapy, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg
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28
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Huff JE, Eustis SL, Haseman JK. Occurrence and relevance of chemically induced benign neoplasms in long-term carcinogenicity studies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1989; 8:1-22. [PMID: 2667783 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent carcinogenicity studies conducted and evaluated by the National Toxicology Program/National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences were examined to determine the frequency of chemically increased incidences of neoplasia. Many of the chemicals originally selected for study were chosen because of an a priori suggestion that they might be carcinogens. Of the 143 chemical studies evaluated, usually involving male and female rats and mice, 42 (29%) did not induce any neoplasms, 20 (14%) gave marginal or equivocal neoplastic responses, and 81 (57%) showed positive neoplastic responses in one or more of the 524 species-gender experiments. Of these 81 positive studies, 60 (74%) were considered positive based on malignant neoplasia, 16 (20%) were positive due primarily to benign neoplasia, but had supporting evidence of malignant neoplasia in the same organ/tissue, and 5 (6%) were positive based only on benign neoplasia. These five chemicals are a) allyl isothiocyanate (transitional cell papillomas of the urinary bladder in male rats), b) 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (tubular cell adenomas of the kidney in male rats), c) asbestos intermediate range chrysotile (adenomatous polyps of the large intestine in male rats), d) decabromodiphenyl oxide (neoplastic nodules of the liver in male and female rats), and e) nitrofurazone (fibroadenomas of the mammary gland in female rats and benign mixed tumors and granulosa cell tumors of the ovary in female mice). For all but one of these lesions (mammary gland), the occurrence in historic controls is low. Thus, only 5 of the 143 chemicals studied (3.5%) induced benign neoplasia alone, and those observed benign neoplasms are known to progress to malignancy. Accordingly, we consider chemically induced benign neoplasia to be an important indicator of a chemical's carcinogenic potential in rodents, and believe it should continue to be made an integral part of the overall weight-of-the-evidence evaluation process for identifying potential human health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Huff
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Second Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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30
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Broxup BR, Valli VE, Losos GL, Percy DH, Farber E, McMillan I. Morphometric evaluation of hepatocellular proliferative lesions in the rat liver. Toxicol Pathol 1988; 16:401-17. [PMID: 3222623 DOI: 10.1177/019262338801600401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Classification of rat hepatocellular proliferative lesions can vary between pathologists as the many qualitative histologic criteria have not been satisfactorily evaluated and ranked for prognostic value. Computer-assisted morphometry offers an objective method to evaluate certain cellular features. The Solt-Farber resistant hepatocyte model was used in this study to produce populations of rats with a full range of hepatocellular proliferative lesions. Cellular features within the lesions were then measured morphometrically and the data were analyzed by animal age and by subjective lesion diagnosis. The nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio followed by the cell area and nuclear area were found to be the most important parameters for separating microscopic foci and islands of cellular alteration, an early hyperplastic lesion, from other hepatocellular proliferative lesions. The coefficient of variation, as a relative measure of heterogeneity, increased in a linear manner for cell, nuclear and nucleolar areas as the animals aged and was significantly higher for cell and nuclear area in hepatocellular carcinoma compared to other hepatocellular proliferative lesions. Hepatocyte nodules (representing primarily late hyperplastic lesions) and persistent hepatocyte nodules (lesions with similarities to hepatocellular adenoma) could not be satisfactorily separated within the limits of this study. As these borderline lesions show a continuum of cytologic change, other features, such as architectural change, are necessary to satisfactorily classify them on a subjective basis. An alternative approach is to use discriminant functions derived from morphometric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Broxup
- Division of Pathology, Bio-Research Laboratories, Ltd., Senneville, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- Second Department of Biochemistry, Hirosaki University School of Medicine
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32
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Hull MT, Eble JN. Myelinoid lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions in human renal adenocarcinomas: an ultrastructural study. Ultrastruct Pathol 1988; 12:41-8. [PMID: 2832991 DOI: 10.3109/01913128809048475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural study of 2 human renal adenocarcinomas demonstrated abundant myelinoid lamellated cytoplasmic inclusions, which were restricted to the neoplastic cells. They were structurally similar to those reported in renal adenocarcinomas chemically induced in rats; to those described in human diseases involving defects in lipid metabolism, including Gm2 gangliosidosis, Fabry's disease, Nieman-Pick disease, and juvenile-type neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis. Similar inclusions have also been reported to be induced by several drugs, none of which were taken by these patients. The occurrence of these lamellated inclusions in 2 human renal adenocarcinomas reinforces the phenotypic similarity between nitrosomorpholine-induced renal adenocarcinomas in rats and some renal adenocarcinomas seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hull
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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Fischer G, Domingo M, Lodder D, Katz N, Reinacher M, Eigenbrodt E. Immunohistochemical demonstration of decreased L-pyruvate kinase in enzyme altered rat liver lesions produced by different carcinogens. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1987; 53:359-64. [PMID: 2891220 DOI: 10.1007/bf02890264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preneoplastic liver lesions were produced in female Wistar rats by application of 25 mg/kg N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM), 14 mg/kg diethylnitrosamine (DENA), 0.075 mg/kg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or 160 mg/kg safrole. These carcinogens were administered in two equal doses 12 and 24 h after partial hepatectomy. The animals then received sodium phenobarbital (0.1% in tap water) for up to 410 days. Numerous altered hepatic foci (AHF) and hyperplastic nodules (HN) were detected enzyme histochemically by their negative ATPase reaction after application of AFB1, DENA and NNM; some AHF and HN were also caused by the weak carcinogen safrole. Immunohistochemically these lesions were also L-pyruvate kinase (L-PK)-negative with a high coincidence with regard to their number and area. These results confirm the role of L-PK, an enzyme affecting the pentose phosphate pathway, as a negative marker of preneoplastic liver lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fischer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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Gil R, Callaghan R, Boix J, Pellin A, Llombart-Bosch A. Morphometric and cytophotometric nuclear analysis of altered hepatocyte foci induced by N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in liver of Wistar rats. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1987; 54:341-9. [PMID: 2897742 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The progressive morphological changes in the liver during neoplastic transformation have been studied by histological, cytophotometric and morphometric methods in male Wistar rats treated with two carcinogens: N-nitrosomorpholine (NNM) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Cytophotometric and morphometric analysis of hepatocyte nuclei using Feulgen-stained tissue sections were performed in morphologically normal hepatic parenchyma and in early preneoplastic foci composed of altered hepatocytes. Foci of clear cells, mixed cells and large basophilic cells possessed a ploidy distribution similar to the surrounding non-transformed parenchyma, while the small hyperbasophilic cell foci were predominantly diploid. These findings confirm that the foci composed of PAS-negative, small hyperbasophilic cells with an unique diploid content may represent one of the earliest stages in the neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gil
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Valencia, Spain
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35
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Fischer G, Ruschenburg I, Eigenbrodt E, Katz N. Decrease in glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase and increase in hexokinase in putative preneoplastic lesions of rat liver. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:430-6. [PMID: 3040765 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Preneoplastic liver lesions were produced in female Wistar rats by oral administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene for 165 days succeeded by a carcinogen-free standard diet up to 420 days. During the treatment numerous altered hepatic foci (AHF) and hyperplastic nodules (HN) were detected histochemically by a focal decrease or lack of adenosine-5-triphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activities. In addition, the immunohistochemically demonstrable amount of L-type pyruvate kinase was clearly reduced. The histochemically demonstrated decrease of G-6-Pase was substantiated by microbiochemical determination of the enzyme activity in microdissected material. Moreover, during the experimental period a continuous decrease in glucokinase and an increase in hexokinase was detected microbiochemically within AHF and HN. These alterations indicate a shift in the carbohydrate metabolism from gluconeogenesis to glucose utilization and pentose-phosphate-pathway for biosynthesis of nucleic acids. Beside other oncofetal markers, HK may be used as indicator of the early stages of liver carcinogenesis.
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36
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Dragani TA, Manenti G, Della Porta G. Genetic susceptibility to murine hepatocarcinogenesis is associated with high growth rate of NDEA-initiated hepatocytes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:223-9. [PMID: 3584213 DOI: 10.1007/bf00396377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The murine hybrids (C57BL/6J X C3Hf)F1 (B6C3) and (C57BL/6J X BALB/c)F1 (B6C), which have a high and low spontaneous and induced incidence of hepatocellular tumors, respectively, were treated with a single dose of NDEA at 1 week of age followed by TCPOBOP, a phenobarbital-like promoter of liver carcinogenesis, or by vehicle, and sacrificed at 30 weeks of age. The frequency per liver of hepatocellular nodules was similar in the two hybrids. However, in male mice the mean volume of nodules was about 10-fold greater in B6C3 than in B6C mice receiving NDEA followed by vehicle, and the treatment with TCPOBOP after NDEA stimulated nodule growth, with a much greater response in B6C3 mice. In female mice no differences in the mean volume of nodules were seen between hybrids after NDEA and vehicle, whereas upon NDEA and TCPOBOP treatment the mean volume of nodules was 25-fold greater in B6C3 than in B6C females. In addition, a few hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas were observed, mostly in animals treated with NDEA and TCPOBOP, and they were 3-fold more numerous among B6C3 than B6C mice. TCPOBOP alone induced the same biochemical and hyperplastic effects in the liver of both hybrids. Using DNA probes homologous to Moloney murine leukemia virus, intracisternal A particle and virus-like 30S sequences, no correlation was apparent between the expression of any of these endogenous retroviral families and the strain susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis. We hypothesize that the different susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis between B6C3 and B6C mice is related to a higher growth rate of B6C3 than B6C initiated liver cells.
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38
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Bannasch P, Hacker HJ, Tsuda H, Zerban H. Aberrant regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and metamorphosis during renal carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1986; 25:279-96. [PMID: 2949538 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(86)90019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Systematic studies of the sequence of cellular changes during renal carcinogenesis induced in rats by stop experiments with N-nitrosomorpholine or streptozotocin and of human renal cell carcinomas led to the following main results and conclusions: All types of epithelial kidney tumors known from human pathology, namely clear-cell, acidophilic (granular), basophilic, chromophobic and oncocytic tumors, can be induced by the chemicals. Phenotypically altered epithelia resembling those in the tumors appear in single or multiple tubules long before unequivocal tumors develop. The progression from the preneoplastic tubular lesions to the tumors is an autogenous process which is independent of the further action of the carcinogen. At least three different types of tubular lesions can be distinguished: (a) Clear cell tubules storing glycogen in excess, (b) chromophobic or basophilic tubules frequently accumulating acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans), and (c) oncocytic tubules accumulating atypical mitochondria. Whereas the precise site of origin of the clear cell tubules within the nephron remains unclear, the fine structural and cytochemical findings suggest that the chromophobic and basophilic tubules originate from the proximal and the oncocytic tubules from the distal nephron. Each type of tubular lesion is apparently the precursor of a cytologically specific tumor type. The well-known aberration in carbohydrate metabolism in renal tumors might occur in response to a carcinogen-induced metabolic derangement which is frequently associated with excessive storage of polysaccharides or lipids persisting for weeks and months until fast-growing tumors appear. Whereas the primary biochemical lesion leading to the persisting storage phenomena is most probably fixed at the genetic level, epigenetic changes, namely an adaptation of cellular enzymes gradually activating alternative metabolic pathways, might be responsible for the ultimate neoplastic transformation of the cell.
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Hard GC. Experimental models for the sequential analysis of chemically-induced renal carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol 1986; 14:112-22. [PMID: 3012758 DOI: 10.1177/019262338601400114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to discriminate non-specific toxicity from the early precursor lesions of neoplasia, emphasis in these studies has been on the use of models requiring only a single administration of chemical. Our interests have focussed on three neoplastic entities in the kidney, renal mesenchymal neoplasia, renal cell carcinoma, and nephroblastoma. Dimethylnitrosamine administered as a single intraperitoneal injection to immature female Wistar rats, pre-conditioned for several days with a no-protein/sugar-only diet, has been used for investigating the complex morphological nature of renal mesenchymal tumors, their pathogenesis and the development of cell culture correlates. The near 100% tumor incidence and its facility for cell culture manipulation makes this a particularly potent model for studying chemical carcinogenesis and the evolution of cell transformation. Discovery that the rat kidney response to DMN was biphasic with respect to the time of treatment led to the subsequent development of a high incidence system for inducing renal adenocarcinoma, using older rats. Renal cell carcinomas could also be induced in mice by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin. The tumor frequency in female CBA/H/T6J mice was almost 100%, providing a new model for the investigation of renal carcinogenesis in this species. Nephroblastoma has been a poorly comprehended neoplasm in both lower animals and man because of the lack of a high incidence model in conventional laboratory mammals. Recently, we have exploited an increased spontaneous predisposition of the Nb rat to nephroblastoma using a single intraperitoneal dose of N-ethylnitrosourea in pregnant females on day 18 of gestation, producing a frequency of 50% for this tumor type. More potent however, was a system which utilized the partially inbred IIIVO/J strain of rabbit using the same carcinogen and transplacental route of administration. The resultant incidence of nephroblastomas in the progeny was in excess of 90%, and like their counterparts in man, the neoplasms developed rapidly and had a potential for distant metastasis. Each one of these animal models is suitable for the sequential tracing of tumor pathogenesis, and in depth analysis of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in the initiation and formation of different types of renal cancer.
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