1
|
Yoshida Y, Takahashi M, Yamanishi H, Nakazawa Y, Kishimoto J, Ohyama M. Changes in the Expression of Smooth Muscle Cell–Related Genes in Human Dermal Sheath Cup Cells Associated with the Treatment Outcome of Autologous Cell–Based Therapy for Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137125. [PMID: 35806129 PMCID: PMC9266963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In a clinical study of autologous cell–based therapy using dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells, the treatment of hair loss showed improvements. However, the outcomes were variable. Here, correlations between marker gene expression in DSC cells and treatment outcomes were assessed to predict therapeutic efficacy. Overall, 32 DSC cell lines were used to evaluate correlations between marker gene expression and treatment outcomes. Correlations between vascular pericyte and preadipocyte marker expression and treatment outcomes were inconsistent. As smooth muscle cell markers, MYOCD correlated negatively with treatment outcomes and SRF consistently demonstrated an inverse correlation. Additionally, CALD1 correlated negatively and ACTA2 correlated inversely with treatment outcomes. DSC cell lines were divided into good and moderate/poor responders to further investigate the correlations. SRF and CALD1 were lower in a good responder compared with a moderate responder. Next, DSC cells were differentiated toward dermal papilla cells. Dermal papilla markers SOX2 and LEF1 before differentiation had moderate positive and inverse correlations with the treatment outcome, respectively. SOX2 after differentiation more consistently demonstrated a positive correlation. Significant downregulation of smooth muscle–related genes was also observed after differentiation. These findings revealed putative markers for preclinical evaluation of DSC cells to improve hair loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Yoshida
- Regenerative Medicine Research & Business Development Section, Shiseido FS Innovation Center, Yokohama 220-0011, Japan; (M.T.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (M.O.)
| | - Miki Takahashi
- Regenerative Medicine Research & Business Development Section, Shiseido FS Innovation Center, Yokohama 220-0011, Japan; (M.T.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Haruyo Yamanishi
- Regenerative Medicine Research & Business Development Section, Shiseido FS Innovation Center, Yokohama 220-0011, Japan; (M.T.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Yosuke Nakazawa
- Regenerative Medicine Research & Business Development Section, Shiseido FS Innovation Center, Yokohama 220-0011, Japan; (M.T.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiro Kishimoto
- Regenerative Medicine Research & Business Development Section, Shiseido FS Innovation Center, Yokohama 220-0011, Japan; (M.T.); (H.Y.); (Y.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (M.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy reveals distinct mesenchymal morphology in human anagen hair follicles. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 106:123-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Martino PA, Heitman N, Rendl M. The dermal sheath: An emerging component of the hair follicle stem cell niche. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:512-521. [PMID: 33006790 PMCID: PMC8016715 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles cyclically regenerate throughout adult mammalian life, owing to a resident population of epithelial hair follicle stem cells. Stem cell (SC) activity drives bouts of follicle growth, which are periodically interrupted by follicle regression and rest. These phases and the transitions between them are tightly spatiotemporally coordinated by signalling crosstalk between stem/progenitor cells and the various cell types of the microenvironment, or niche. The dermal papilla (DP) is a cluster of specialized mesenchymal cells that have long been recognized for important niche roles in regulating hair follicle SC activation, as well as progenitor proliferation and differentiation during follicle growth. In addition to the DP, the mesenchyme of the murine pelage follicle is also comprised of a follicle-lining smooth muscle known as the dermal sheath (DS), which has been far less studied than the DP yet may be equally specialized and important for hair cycling. In this review, we define the murine pelage DS in comparison with human DS and discuss recent work that highlights the emergent importance of the DS in the hair follicle SC niche. Last, we examine potential therapeutic applications for the DS in hair regeneration and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A. Martino
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Heitman
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Atran Building AB7-10C, Box 1020; 1428 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams R, Westgate GE, Pawlus AD, Sikkink SK, Thornton MJ. Age-Related Changes in Female Scalp Dermal Sheath and Dermal Fibroblasts: How the Hair Follicle Environment Impacts Hair Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1041-1051. [PMID: 33326808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In women, aging leads to reduced hair density and thinner fibers and can result in female-pattern hair loss. However, the impact of the aging dermal environment on female scalp hair follicles remains unclear. In this study, we document in situ changes in 22 women (aged 19-81 years) and primary cultures of dermal fibroblast and dermal sheath cells. In situ, the papillary reticular boundary was indistinguishable in the young scalp but prominent in the scalp of those aged >40 years, accompanied by reduced podoplanin (PDPN) expression, increased versican expression, and changes in collagen organization. Hair follicles were shorter, not reaching the adipose layer. Hyaluronic acid synthase 2 was highly expressed, whereas matrix metalloproteinase 1 was elevated in the dermal papilla and dermal sheath in situ. Primary dermal fibroblast cultures confirmed that matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA, MMP1, increased with aging, whereas in dermal sheath cells, hyaluronic acid synthase 2, HAS2, and PDPN increased and α-smooth muscle actin αSMA mRNA decreased. Both exhibited increased cartilage oligomeric protein, COMP mRNA expression. Proteomics revealed an increase in dermal sheath proteins in the dermal fibroblast secretome with aging. In summary, aging female scalp shows striking structural and biological changes in the hair follicle environment that may impact hair growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Williams
- The Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian E Westgate
- The Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison D Pawlus
- R&D, Hair Innovation & Technology, Aveda, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA; R&D, The Estée Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Stephen K Sikkink
- The Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - M Julie Thornton
- The Centre for Skin Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium. Dermatol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8125081. [PMID: 32425997 PMCID: PMC7222612 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8125081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular proteoglycans are key players with structural, functional, and regulatory roles in the growth and cycling behaviour of the hair follicles. The expression pattern of specific proteoglycans is strongly correlated with follicular phase transitions, which further affirms their functional involvement. Research shows that bioactive proteoglycans, e.g., versican and decorin, can actively trigger follicular phase shift by their anagen-inducing, anagen-maintaining, and immunoregulatory properties. This emerging insight has led to the recognition of “dysregulated proteoglycan metabolism” as a plausible causal or mediating pathology in hair growth disorders in both men and women. In support of this, declined expression of proteoglycans has been reported in cases of anagen shortening and follicular miniaturisation. To facilitate scientific communication, we propose designating this pathology “follicular hypoglycania (FHG),” which results from an impaired ability of follicular cells to replenish and maintain a minimum relative concentration of key proteoglycans during anagen. Lasting FHG may advance to structural decay, called proteoglycan follicular atrophy (PFA). This process is suggested to be an integral pathogenetic factor in pattern hair loss (PHL) and telogen effluvium (TE). To address FHG and PFA, a proteoglycan replacement therapy (PRT) program using oral administration of a marine-derived extract (Nourkrin® with Marilex®, produced by Pharma Medico Aps, Aarhus, Denmark) containing specific proteoglycans has been developed. In clinical studies, this treatment significantly reduced hair fall, promoted hair growth, and improved quality of life in patients with male- and female-pattern hair loss. Accordingly, PRT (using Nourkrin® with Marilex®) can be recommended as an add-on treatment or monotherapy in patients with PHL and TE.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The establishment of primary cells from fresh tissue is a widely used method for investigating human tissue in vitro. The skin harbors different cell populations in the dermis and the hair follicle, which can be isolated for downstream analysis. Here we describe the isolation of four dermal fibroblast populations from human haired skin and their maintenance in culture. The four cell populations for which isolation is described are papillary dermal fibroblast cells, reticular dermal fibroblast cells, hair follicle dermal sheath cells, and hair follicle dermal papilla cells.
Collapse
|
7
|
Grether-Beck S, Marini A, Jaenicke T, Goessens-Rück P, McElwee K, Hoffmann R, Krutmann J. Autologous Cell Therapy for Aged Human Skin: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase-I Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 33:9-16. [DOI: 10.1159/000502240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
8
|
Sasaki GH. Review of Human Hair Follicle Biology: Dynamics of Niches and Stem Cell Regulation for Possible Therapeutic Hair Stimulation for Plastic Surgeons. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2019; 43:253-266. [PMID: 30324295 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastic surgeons are frequently asked to manage male- and female-pattern hair loss in their practice. This article discusses the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and current management of androgenetic alopecia and emphasizes more recent knowledge of stem cell niches in hair follicles that drive hair cycling, alopecia, and its treatment. The many treatment programs available for hair loss include newer strategies that involve the usage of growth factors, platelet-rich plasma, and fat to stimulate follicle growth. Future research may clarify novel biomolecular mechanisms that target specific cells that promote hair regeneration.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Collapse
|
9
|
Sujitha P, Kavitha S, Shakilanishi S, Babu NKC, Shanthi C. Enzymatic dehairing: A comprehensive review on the mechanistic aspects with emphasis on enzyme specificity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:168-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
10
|
Harland DP. Environment of the Anagen Follicle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1054:97-108. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8195-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
11
|
Fernandez-Flores A, Cassarino DS, Riveiro-Falkenbach E, Rodriguez-Peralto JL, Fernandez-Figueras MT, Monteagudo C. Cutaneous dermal non-neural granular cell tumor is a granular cell dermal root sheath fibroma. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:582-587. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Hospital El Bierzo; Ponferrada Spain
- Biomedical Investigation Institute of A Coruña, CellCOM-ST Group; A Coruña Spain
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Hospital de la Reina; Ponferrada Spain
| | - David S. Cassarino
- Department of Dermatology; Los Angeles Medical Center (LAMC), Southern California Kaiser Permanente; Los Angeles California
| | - Erica Riveiro-Falkenbach
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
- Universidad Complutense, Medical School (UCM), Instituto i + 12; Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis Rodriguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
- Universidad Complutense, Medical School (UCM), Instituto i + 12; Madrid Spain
- Department of Histopathology; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre; Madrid Spain
| | | | - Carlos Monteagudo
- Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA; Valencia Spain
- University of Valencia, Medical School; Valencia Spain
- Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dermal sheath cells contribute to postnatal hair follicle growth and cycling. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:129-31. [PMID: 26897599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
13
|
Yang CC, Cotsarelis G. Review of hair follicle dermal cells. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 57:2-11. [PMID: 20022473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicle stem cells in the epithelial bulge are responsible for the continual regeneration of the hair follicle during cycling. The bulge cells reside in a niche composed of dermal cells. The dermal compartment of the hair follicle consists of the dermal papilla and dermal sheath. Interactions between hair follicle epithelial and dermal cells are necessary for hair follicle morphogenesis during development and in hair reconstitution assays. Dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells express specific markers and possess distinctive morphology and behavior in culture. These cells can induce hair follicle differentiation in epithelial cells and are required in hair reconstitution assays either in the form of intact tissue, dissociated freshly prepared cells or cultured cells. This review will focus on hair follicle dermal cells since most therapeutic efforts to date have concentrated on this aspect of the hair follicle, with the idea that enriching hair-inductive dermal cell populations and expanding their number by culture while maintaining their properties, will establish an efficient hair reconstitution assay that could eventually have therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
For many decades, androgens have dominated endocrine research in hair growth control. Androgen metabolism and the androgen receptor currently are the key targets for systemic, pharmacological hair growth control in clinical medicine. However, it has long been known that estrogens also profoundly alter hair follicle growth and cycling by binding to locally expressed high-affinity estrogen receptors (ERs). Besides altering the transcription of genes with estrogen-responsive elements, 17beta-estradiol (E2) also modifies androgen metabolism within distinct subunits of the pilosebaceous unit (i.e., hair follicle and sebaceous gland). The latter displays prominent aromatase activity, the key enzyme for androgen conversion to E2, and is both an estrogen source and target. Here, we chart the recent renaissance of estrogen research in hair research; explain why the hair follicle offers an ideal, clinically relevant test system for studying the role of sex steroids, their receptors, and interactions in neuroectodermal-mesodermal interaction systems in general; and illustrate how it can be exploited to identify novel functions and signaling cross talks of ER-mediated signaling. Emphasizing the long-underestimated complexity and species-, gender-, and site-dependence of E2-induced biological effects on the hair follicle, we explore targets for pharmacological intervention in clinically relevant hair cycle manipulation, ranging from androgenetic alopecia and hirsutism via telogen effluvium to chemotherapy-induced alopecia. While defining major open questions, unsolved clinical challenges, and particularly promising research avenues in this area, we argue that the time has come to pay estrogen-mediated signaling the full attention it deserves in future endocrinological therapy of common hair growth disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ohnemus
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Selleri S, Arnaboldi F, Vizzotto L, Balsari A, Rumio C. Epithelium-mesenchyme compartment interaction and oncosis on chemotherapy-induced hair damage. J Transl Med 2004; 84:1404-17. [PMID: 15378070 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that chemotherapy induces alopecia in humans, with important psychological and social implications in spite of its reversibility. Among chemotherapeutic drugs, anthracyclines are widely used, yet cause severe alopecia. One of the causes for the elevated sensibility of hair follicles to anthracyclines, and to drugs in general, is the high proliferation rate of follicular epithelium and the long duration of the growth phase (up to 7 years in humans). To clarify the mechanism of anthracycline toxicity, we used a rat model and focused our attention on the morphological alterations in hair follicles induced by doxorubicin. We observed the progression of hair follicle degeneration in the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments until alopecia arose, by both light and electron microscopy. As a first sign of damage, significant apoptosis was detected in the proximal perifollicular connective tissue sheath and sporadically in the matrix, near the interface between matrix and follicular papilla. We propose the apoptotic remodeling of the mesenchymal compartment as a process that is fundamental to the progression of events leading to alopecia. Regarding the epithelial compartment, it is important to note that oncosis was observed in a large number of follicular cells in the outer root sheath during the last stages of hair follicle regression. This indicates that oncosis is involved in a major way in the damage of epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Selleri
- Department of Human Morphology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chuang YH, Dean D, Allen J, Dawber R, Wojnarowska F. Comparison between the expression of basement membrane zone antigens of human interfollicular epidermis and anagen hair follicle using indirect immunofluorescence. Br J Dermatol 2003; 149:274-81. [PMID: 12932232 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of the basement membrane zone (BMZ) or dermal-epidermal junction in the interfollicular skin has been well documented. However, little is known about the BMZ or connective tissue-epithelial junction along the hair follicle. OBJECTIVES To determine whether the BMZ antigens in the interfollicular epidermis are also present in the BMZ of the anagen hair follicle and to compare whether the expression and distribution of the BMZ components vary between the interfollicular epidermis and the anagen follicle and within different regions of the hair follicle. METHODS Longitudinal cryostat sections of scalp margin specimens from four adult patients undergoing cosmetic surgery, and without known pathology were stained with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to different BMZ constituents using standard indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS All the BMZ antigens found in the normal interfollicular epidermis were expressed in the anagen follicle; however, there were regional variations in the intensity and patterns of fluorescence. All the antigens were expressed in a continuous linear pattern along the BMZ of the interfollicular skin, the infundibulum, and the middle part of the hair follicle. Differences were observed in the lower follicle and the hair bulb. There was continuous expression throughout the BMZ of the follicle of laminin-1 and collagen IV, but in contrast, expression of other antigens decreased down the lower follicle. There was weak or even negative staining with antibodies to alpha 6 beta 4 integrin, laminin-5, anchoring filaments, and type VII collagen in the outer aspect of the bulb compared with the hair papilla. In addition, there were special patterns observed along the bilateral middle and lower follicle. CONCLUSIONS Despite the common embryological origin between the interfollicular epidermis and the hair follicle, there is variation in the expression of the BMZ antigens. This may be explained by the histological specialization and functional requirements that reflect the dynamic hair growth cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Chuang
- Department of Dermatology, The Churchill, Oxford Radcliffe Hospital, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tobin DJ, Gunin A, Magerl M, Paus R. Plasticity and cytokinetic dynamics of the hair follicle mesenchyme during the hair growth cycle: implications for growth control and hair follicle transformations. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2003; 8:80-6. [PMID: 12895000 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hair fiber production is the macroscopic end-point of a highly complex set of interactions between the hair follicle's epithelial and mesenchymal components. The nature of this relationship is largely set during hair follicle morphogenesis, but is dramatically revisited in the adult during the unique tissue remodeling events required for hair follicle cycling. Whereas significant attention has focused on the fate of the hair follicle epithelium during these events, associated changes in hair follicle fibroblast subpopulations remain unclear. Here, we present a speculative review that represents a critical and innovative synthesis of the current literature and summarizes a recently submitted original study by the authors, on the nature of hair cycle-dependent fibroblast dynamics and on how perturbations thereof may lead to several clinical manifestations of altered human hair growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Desmond J Tobin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nomura K, Hashimoto I, Takahashi G, Ito M. Atrichia with papular lesions: electron microscopic observations of cystic lesions. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23:227-31. [PMID: 11391105 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200106000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Atrichia with papular lesions is a rare inherited skin disorder characterized by congenital atrichia with numerous papules. We describe a 27-year-old woman with atrichia, who had numerous papules on her scalp, nape, and axillae. Histologically, many keratinous cysts were seen in the middermis of a skin specimen from the nape. Electron microscopy showed that the developing keratinocytes in the walls of some cysts were rich in glycogen granules and had epidermoid keratinization with formation of keratohyaline granules and that laminated bodies were formed before keratinization. Langerhans cells were often seen in the walls of the cysts. In addition, a broad glassy vitreous layer surrounded the cyst wall. From these findings, it was suggested that the cystic lesions might have originated from immature or incomplete hair follicles. In particular, the structure of the cyst wall corresponded well to infundibular and/or isthmal portions of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital, Higashi-Tsukurimichi 2-1-1, Aomori 030-0913, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Nearly 50 years ago, Chase published a review of hair cycling in which he detailed hair growth in the mouse and integrated hair biology with the biology of his day. In this review we have used Chase as our model and tried to put the adult hair follicle growth cycle in perspective. We have tried to sketch the adult hair follicle cycle, as we know it today and what needs to be known. Above all, we hope that this work will serve as an introduction to basic biologists who are looking for a defined biological system that illustrates many of the challenges of modern biology: cell differentiation, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, stem cell biology, pattern formation, apoptosis, cell and organ growth cycles, and pigmentation. The most important theme in studying the cycling hair follicle is that the follicle is a regenerating system. By traversing the phases of the cycle (growth, regression, resting, shedding, then growth again), the follicle demonstrates the unusual ability to completely regenerate itself. The basis for this regeneration rests in the unique follicular epithelial and mesenchymal components and their interactions. Recently, some of the molecular signals making up these interactions have been defined. They involve gene families also found in other regenerating systems such as fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt pathway, Sonic hedgehog, neurotrophins, and homeobox. For the immediate future, our challenge is to define the molecular basis for hair follicle growth control, to regenerate a mature hair follicle in vitro from defined populations, and to offer real solutions to our patients' problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Stenn
- Beauty Genome Sciences Inc., Skillman, New Jersey, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yamamoto K, Yamauchi M. Characterization of dermal type I collagen of C3H mouse at different stages of the hair cycle. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:667-75. [PMID: 10583114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles develop or regress in accordance with the hair cycle. In this study, we partially characterized fibrillar type I collagen, the predominant component in the dermis, at two stages of the hair cycle: anagen and telogen. Skin samples were obtained from the backs of two groups of 11-week-old C3H mice: one at anagen stage induced by shaving and the other at telogen stage. The amount of neutral salt-soluble (newly synthesized) collagen obtained from anagen skin was about twofold that from telogen skin, while the level of acid-soluble collagen was not significantly different between the two groups. The degree of lysine hydroxylation of pepsinized type I collagen obtained from anagen skin was significantly higher than that in telogen (5.0% higher in alpha1 chain, and 15.6% higher in alpha2 chain). Proline hydroxylation at the anagen stage was also slightly higher than in the telogen stage. Two major collagen cross-links were found in both groups of skin; dehydro-hydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydro-histidinohydroxymerodesmosine. The concentration of the latter, a complex tetravalent cross-link, was significantly lower in anagen skin when compared with telogen skin (mean +/- SD 0.64 +/- 0. 07 vs. 0.78 +/- 0.06 mol/mol collagen). The former showed no significant difference between the two groups. In addition, a significant amount of lysyl-aldehyde (a cross-link precursor) was found in anagen (0.16 +/- 0.02 mol/mol collagen), while it was 0.12 mol/mol collagen in telogen. These results indicate that the remodelling of collagen is more active in anagen skin than in telogen, and that characteristic post-translational modifications of dermal collagen seen in anagen may play a part in facilitating an environment around hair follicles for their migration and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- CB7455 Dental Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jahoda CA, Oliver RF, Reynolds AJ, Forrester JC, Horne KA. Human hair follicle regeneration following amputation and grafting into the nude mouse. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:804-7. [PMID: 8941664 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12330565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the capacity of the human hair follicle to regenerate a fiber-forming bulb after its amputation. We removed the bases from terminal follicles from a variety of sites and transplanted the follicles onto athymic mice, either still attached to a skin graft or as subcutaneous implants of individual follicles. External hair growth was observed on the skin grafts, and histology of the follicles revealed restoration of dermal papillae and follicle bulb structures. This result suggests that the capacity of hair follicles to regenerate their lower structures after removal, which was first demonstrated on whisker follicles, may be a general phenomenon. It emphasizes the importance of specific cellular subpopulations within the follicle and the role of dermal-epidermal interactions in adult follicle activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Jahoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Obana N, Ito M, Kobayashi T, Nagai Y. Collagenolytic activities with differentiation of the cultured cells from the murine hair apparatus. J Dermatol Sci 1996; 13:83-6. [PMID: 8902658 DOI: 10.1016/0923-1811(95)00506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immature hair apparatus cells were cultured for 3 days to allow to proliferate and differentiate into several subpopulations including hair-shaft type cells on day 6. Zymographic and immunocytochemical studies of the culture media were performed to examine whether the differentiated and/or immature cells from the murine hair apparatus can secrete type IV collagenases. Zymography showed the presence of 72 and 92 kDa type IV collagenases in media, in which hair apparatus cells had been cultured for 3 and 6 days. Most of the cells cultured for 3 and 6 days showed positive reactions with the mouse anti-gelatinase monoclonal antibody in the perinuclear cytoplasm. These data suggest that the differentiated cells as well as immature cells in the hair apparatus may retain the ability to produce and secrete 72 and 92 kDa collagenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Obana
- Hair Care Research Laboratory, Sunstar Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alcaraz MV, Villena A, Pérez de Vargas I. Quantitative study of the human hair follicle in normal scalp and androgenetic alopecia. J Cutan Pathol 1993; 20:344-9. [PMID: 8227610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1993.tb01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a quantitative study of the matrix and dermal papilla of the human hair follicle of the scalp, both normal and in various degrees of androgenetic alopecia. A stereological study showed the measured parameters to decrease with increase in the degree of alopecia, particularly as regards the total volume of the matrix and its papilla. The ratio of the two volumes increased by 30%, indicating a much more marked decrease in size of the papilla than in the matrix size. The number of cell nuclei in the matrix and the papilla of alopecic scalp was found to be 30% and 50% smaller, respectively, than those of normal scalp. Finally, a morphometric study revealed enlarged nuclei in the matrix and papilla, as shown by their increased areas, perimeters, and maximal diameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Alcaraz
- Department of Normal and Pathological Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Urabe A, Furumura M, Imayama S, Nakayama J, Hori Y. Identification of a cell layer containing alpha-smooth muscle actin in the connective tissue sheath of human anagen hair. Arch Dermatol Res 1992; 284:246-9. [PMID: 1417073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00375803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopy studies revealed the presence of alpha-smooth muscle (alpha-SM) actin in fibroblasts located in the connective tissue sheath (CTS) of human anagen hair follicles. Immunostaining was positive from the base of the bulb to the upper part of the lower portion of the mature anagen hair follicles. The late catagen hair follicles did not stain. Ultrastructurally, alpha-SM actin was detected only in the fibroblasts located in the innermost layer of the transverse collagenous fibres. Since alpha-SM actin is located in cells with contractile potential, this newly identified layer may play an important role in the morphological changes of the lower portion of the hair follicle during the hair growth cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Urabe
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The hair follicle is composed of different epithelial layers under participation of mesenchymal and nerval factors. The present study is an attempt to localize differentiation and functional markers in the human hair follicle during anagen phases I to VI. Monoclonal antibody K 8.12 against keratins 13 and 16 showed an increasing reactivity with certain types of the follicle epithelia during anagen I to VI. Ki67 was expressed within the innermost layer of the outer hair root sheath. Scattered Ki67-positive matrix cells could be additionally identified during anagen V and VI but were absent in anagen I to IV. During anagen Merkel cells became more abundant in the bulbar area. Neuropeptide-like immunoreactivity expressed by bulbar (especially matrix) cells were evenly seen during the early anagen I and II. The findings are in favour of a neurohumoral modulatory role during anagen phases accompanied by an increase of expression of certain proliferation-associated antigens like keratin 16 and Ki67 among the complex epithelia of human hair follicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Wollina
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Japan
| |
Collapse
|