1
|
Temperature as competitive strategy determining factor in pulse-fed aerobic bioreactors. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:3112-3125. [PMID: 31477820 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposing a microbial community to alternating absence and presence of carbon substrate in aerobic conditions is an effective strategy for enrichment of storage polymers (polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB) producing microorganisms. In this work we investigate to which extent intermediate storage polymer production is a temperature independent microbial competition determining factor. Eight parallel bioreactors were operated in the temperature range of 20-40 °C, but intermediate storage polymer production was only obtained at 25-35 °C. Besides PHB production and consumption, cell decay and subsequent cryptic growth on lysis products was found to determine process properties and the microbial community structure at all operational temperatures. At 40 °C decay processes cannot be overcome with additional energy from storage polymers, and fast-growing microorganisms dominate the system. At 20 °C, highly competitive communities with ambiguous storage properties were enriched. The results described here demonstrate that a rigorous experimental approach could aid in the understanding of competitive strategies in microbial communities.
Collapse
|
2
|
Phillips KN, Godwin CM, Cotner JB. The Effects of Nutrient Imbalances and Temperature on the Biomass Stoichiometry of Freshwater Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1692. [PMID: 28943865 PMCID: PMC5596061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two contemporary effects of humans on aquatic ecosystems are increasing temperatures and increasing nutrient concentrations from fertilizers. The response of organisms to these perturbations has important implications for ecosystem processes. We examined the effects of phosphorus (P) supply and temperature on organismal carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (C, N, and P) content, cell size and allocation into internal P pools in three strains of recently isolated bacteria (Agrobacterium sp., Flavobacterium sp., and Arthrobacter sp.). We manipulated resource C:P in chemostats and also manipulated temperatures from 10 to 30°C. Dilution rates were maintained for all the strains at ~25% of their temperature-specific maximum growth rate to simulate low growth rates in natural systems. Under these conditions, there were large effects of resource stoichiometry and temperature on biomass stoichiometry, element quotas, and cell size. Each strain was smaller when C-limited and larger when P-limited. Temperature had weak effects on morphology, little effect on C quotas, no effect on N quotas and biomass C:N, but had strong effects on P quotas, biomass N:P and C:P, and RNA. RNA content per cell increased with increasing temperature at most C:P supply ratios, but was more strongly affected by resource stoichiometry than temperature. Because we used a uniform relative growth rate across temperatures, these findings mean that there are important nutrient and temperature affects on biomass composition and stoichiometry that are independent of growth rate. Changes in biomass stoichiometry with temperature were greatest at low P availability, suggesting tighter coupling between temperature and biomass stoichiometry in oligotrophic ecosystems than in eutrophic systems. Because the C:P stoichiometry of biomass affects how bacteria assimilate and remineralize C, increased P availability could disrupt a negative feedback between biomass stoichiometry and C availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, United States.,Science Department, Saint Paul CollegeSaint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Casey M Godwin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, United States.,School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James B Cotner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of MinnesotaSt. Paul, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sabath N, Ferrada E, Barve A, Wagner A. Growth temperature and genome size in bacteria are negatively correlated, suggesting genomic streamlining during thermal adaptation. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:966-77. [PMID: 23563968 PMCID: PMC3673621 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evt050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic genomes are small and compact. Either this feature is caused by neutral evolution or by natural selection favoring small genomes—genome streamlining. Three separate prior lines of evidence argue against streamlining for most prokaryotes. We find that the same three lines of evidence argue for streamlining in the genomes of thermophile bacteria. Specifically, with increasing habitat temperature and decreasing genome size, the proportion of genomic DNA in intergenic regions decreases. Furthermore, with increasing habitat temperature, generation time decreases. Genome-wide selective constraints do not decrease as in the reduced genomes of host-associated species. Reduced habitat variability is not a likely explanation for the smaller genomes of thermophiles. Genome size may be an indirect target of selection due to its association with cell volume. We use metabolic modeling to demonstrate that known changes in cell structure and physiology at high temperature can provide a selective advantage to reduce cell volume at high temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niv Sabath
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Minkevich IG, Fursova PV, Tjorlova LD, Tsygankov AA, Riznichenko GY. The stoichiometry and energetics of oxygenic phototrophic growth. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:55-78. [PMID: 23949414 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The values of gross metabolic flows in cells are essentially interconnected due to conservation laws of chemical elements and interrelations of biochemical coupling. Therefore, the overall stoichiometry of cellular metabolism, such as the biomass quantum yield, the ratio between linear and circular flows via the electron transport chain, etc., can be calculated using balances of metabolic flows in the network branching points and coupling ratios related to ATP formation and expenditures. This work has studied the energetic stoichiometry of photosynthetic cells by considering the transfer of reductivity in the course of biochemical reactions. This approach yielded rigorous mathematical expressions for biomass quantum yield and other integral bioenergetic indices of cellular growth as functions of ATP balance parameters. The effect of cellular substance turnover has been taken into account. The obtained theoretical estimation of biomass quantum yield is rather close to experimental data which confirms the predictive capacity of this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Minkevich
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang G, Post WM. A theoretical reassessment of microbial maintenance and implications for microbial ecology modeling. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 81:610-7. [PMID: 22500928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We attempted to reconcile three microbial maintenance models (Herbert, Pirt, and Compromise) through a theoretical reassessment. We provided a rigorous proof that the true growth yield coefficient (Y(G)) is the ratio of the specific maintenance rate (a in Herbert) to the maintenance coefficient (m in Pirt). Other findings from this study include: (1) the Compromise model is identical to the Herbert for computing microbial growth and substrate consumption, but it expresses the dependence of maintenance on both microbial biomass and substrate; (2) the maximum specific growth rate in the Herbert (μ(max,H)) is higher than those in the other two models (μ(max,P) and μ(max,C)), and the difference is the physiological maintenance factor (m(q) = a); and (3) the overall maintenance coefficient (m(T)) is more sensitive to m(q) than to the specific growth rate (μ(G)) and Y(G). Our critical reassessment of microbial maintenance provides a new approach for quantifying some important components in soil microbial ecology models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangsheng Wang
- Climate Change Science Institute and Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6301, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ordaz A, Favela E, Meneses M, Mendoza G, Loera O. Hyphal morphology modification in thermal adaptation by the white-rot fungus Fomes sp. EUM1. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 52:167-74. [PMID: 21953318 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A thermotolerant white-rot fungus was identified as Fomes sp. EUM1. The strain exhibited maximum growth at 30 °C, with activation and inactivation energy values of 68 and 32 kJ/mol, respectively. The temperature affected the hyphal morphology, which was related to the thermotolerance of the microorganism: A shift from 30 to 40 °C in the growth temperature caused a decrease (15%) in mycelium branching; also longer (32%) and thinner (13%) hyphae were produced. In addition, as the temperature rose from 25 to 45 °C, an increase was observed in both the hyphal surface area (43%) and the surface growth rate (193%). The modification of the hyphal morphology suggests a strategy to colonize nutrient-rich areas while spending minimal energy for biomass formation under thermal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ordaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Angelova B, Avramova T, Stefanova L, Mutafov S. Temperature effect on bacterial azo bond reduction kinetics: an Arrhenius plot analysis. Biodegradation 2007; 19:387-93. [PMID: 17653820 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-007-9144-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Studied was the effect of temperature in the range 12-46 degrees C on the rate of bacterial decolorization of the mono-azo dye Acid Orange 7 by Alcaligenes faecalis 6132 and Rhodococcus erythropolis 24. With both strains the raise of temperature led to a corresponding raise of decolorization rate better manifested by R. erythropolis. The analysis of the Arrhenius plot revealed a break near the middle of the temperature range. The regression analysis showed practically complete identity of the observed break point temperatures (T (BP)): 20.7 degrees C for Alc. faecalis and 20.8 degrees C for R. erythropolis. The values of the activation energy of the decolorization reaction (E (a)) were found to depend on both the organism and the temperature range. In the range below T (BP) the estimated values of E (a) were 138 +/- 7 kJ mol(-1) for Alc. faecalis and 160 +/- 8 kJ mol(-1) for R. erythropolis. In the range above T (BP) they were 54.2 +/- 1.8 kJ mol(-1) for Alc. faecalis and 37.6 +/- 4.1 kJ mol(-1) for R. erythropolis. Discussed are the possible reasons for the observed abrupt change of the activation energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blaga Angelova
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Acad. G. Bonchev St., Block 26, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Minkevich IG, Satroutdinov AD, Dedyukhina EG, Chistyakova TI, Kaparullina EN, Koshelev AV, Okunev ON. The effect of temperature on bacterial degradation of EDTA in pH-auxostat. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Lopez C, Pons MN, Morgenroth E. Endogenous processes during long-term starvation in activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal. WATER RESEARCH 2006; 40:1519-30. [PMID: 16631226 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In many biological wastewater treatment systems, bacterial growth and the amount of active biomass are limited by the availability of substrate. Under these low growth conditions, endogenous processes have a significant influence on the amount of active biomass and therefore, the overall system performance. In enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems endogenous processes can also influence the levels of the internal storage compounds of the polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO), directly affecting phosphorus removal performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of different endogenous processes that occur during the long-term starvation of EBPR sludge under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Activated sludge obtained from a laboratory sequencing batch reactor was used to perform a series of batch starvation experiments. Under aerobic starvation conditions we observed a significant decay of PAO (first-order decay rate of 0.15/d) together with a rapid utilization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and a slower utilization of glycogen and polyphosphate to generate maintenance energy. On the other hand, anaerobic starvation was best described by maintenance processes that rapidly reduce the levels of polyphosphate and glycogen under starvation conditions while no significant decay of PAO was observed. The endogenous utilization of glycogen for maintenance purposes is currently not included in available EBPR models. Our experimental results suggest that mathematical models for in EBPR should differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic endogenous processes, as they influence active biomass and storage products differently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lopez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3219 Newmark Civil Engineering Laboratory, 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
da Silva TL, Reis A, Kent CA, Roseiro JC, Hewitt CJ. The use of multi-parameter flow cytometry to study the impact of limiting substrate, agitation intensity, and dilution rate on cell aggregation during Bacillus licheniformis CCMI 1034 aerobic continuous culture fermentations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 92:568-78. [PMID: 16200573 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to establish those factors either physical (power input) or chemical (limiting substrate or dilution rate) that enhance cell aggregation (biofilm or floc formation) and cell physiological state during aerobic continuous cultures of Bacillus licheniformis. Glucose-limited steady-state continuous cultures growing at a dilution rate between 0.64 and 0.87/h and 1,000 rpm (mean specific energy dissipation rate (epsilonT) = 6.5 W/kg), led to the formation of a thin biofilm on the vessel wall characterized by the presence of a high proportion of healthy cells in the broth (after aggregate disruption by sonication) defined as having intact polarized cytoplasmic membranes. An increased epsilonT (from 6.5 W/kg to 38 W/kg) was found to hinder cell aggregation under carbon limitation. The carbon recovery calculated from glucose indicated that additional extracellular polymer was being produced at dilution rates >0.87/h. B. licheniformis growth under nitrogen limitation led to floc formation which increased in size with dilution rate. Counter-intuitively the flocs became more substantial with an increase in epsilonT from 6.5 W/kg to 38 W/kg under nitrogen limitation. Indeed the best culture conditions for enhanced metabolically active cell aggregate formation was under nitrogen limitation at epsilonT = 6.5 W/kg (leading to floc formation), and under carbon limitation at a dilution rate of between 0.64 and 0.87/h, at epsilonT = 6.5 W/kg (leading to vessel wall biofilm formation). This information could be used to optimize culture conditions for improved cell aggregation and hence biomass separation, during thermophilic aerobic bioremediation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lopes da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Tecnologia e Inovação, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038, Lisboa codex, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pavlostathis SG, Marchant R, Banat IM, Ternan NG, McMullan G. High growth rate and substrate exhaustion results in rapid cell death and lysis in the thermophilic bacteriumGeobacillus thermoleovorans. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 95:84-95. [PMID: 16683266 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Batch cultures of the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermoleovorans T80 attained extremely high-specific glucose utilization rates leading to high specific growth rates, followed by extensive cell death and lysis with the onset of substrate exhaustion. The dramatic decrease in live cell numbers, as determined by flow cytometry, was accompanied by the release of soluble protein. Once the growth phase reached the point of commitment to lysis created by the impending exhaustion of substrate, the addition of extra carbon substrate did not halt the rapid death rate and lysis, although, towards the end of the exponential growth phase, the substrate was utilized producing only a small additional biomass concentration as a result of the net effect of cell growth and death. This lytic phenomenon was observed when a range of different carbon substrates (glucose, pyruvate, acetate, n-hexadecane, nutrient broth), as well as ammonium (the nitrogen source) in the presence of excess carbon source, reached near exhaustion. The rate and extent of cell death and the ensuing lysis depend on the culture growth rate. Cultures batch grown with a lower initial substrate concentration, or at a lower temperature, or at lower dilution rates for continuous-flow cultures, exhibited a lower rate and extent of cell death and lysis. Batch re-culture of the persister cells resulted in a behavior identical to that of the original culture indicating that these cells were not genetically modified. The glucose utilization, cell growth and death rates were mathematically described based on Monod kinetics and estimated values of pertinent biokinetic constants are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vogelaar JCT, Klapwijk B, Temmink H, van Lier JB. Kinetic comparisons of mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic biomass. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2003; 30:81-8. [PMID: 12612781 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-002-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Accepted: 10/16/2002] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic parameters describing growth and decay of mesophilic (30 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) aerobic biomass were determined in continuous and batch experiments by using oxygen uptake rate measurements. Biomass was cultivated on a single soluble substrate (acetate) in a mineral medium. The intrinsic maximum growth rate ( micro (max)) at 55 degrees C was 0.71+/-0.09 h(-1), which is 1.5 times higher than the micro (max) at 30 degrees C (0.48+/-0.11 h(-1)). The biomass decay rates increased from 0.004 h(-1) at 30 degrees C to 0.017 h(-1) at 55 degrees C. Monod constants were very low for both types of biomass: 9+/-2 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) l(-1)at 30 degrees C and 3+/-2 mg COD l(-1)at 55 degrees C. Theoretical biomass yields were similar at 30 and 55 degrees C: 0.5 g biomass COD (g acetate COD)(-1). The observed biomass yields decreased under both temperature conditions as a function of the cell residence time. Under thermophilic conditions, this effect was more pronounced due to the higher decay rates, resulting in lower biomass production at 55 degrees C compared to 30 degrees C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaap C T Vogelaar
- Wageningen University and Research Center, Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Bomenweg 2, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Kobayashi H, Saito H, Futatsugi L, Kakegawa T. Cation movements at alkaline pH in bacteria growing without respiration. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 1999; 221:235-42; discussion 242-5. [PMID: 10207923 DOI: 10.1002/9780470515631.ch15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain has a central role in energy metabolism as a generator of a proton motive force in aerobic bacteria. In contrast, Enterococcus hirae (formerly Streptococcus faecalis), which lacks the respiratory chain, generates this proton gradient via a F-type H+ ATPase, but it works only at a pH below 8; no significant proton motive force is generated at a pH above 8. An Escherichia coli mutant deficient in both the respiratory chain and the H+ ATPase grew with a negligible proton motive force within the wide range of medium pH. It has been suggested that both E. hirae and E. coli are able to grow even when the cytoplasm is alkalinized beyond pH 8. These observations lead to the conclusion that bacteria can survive without operating cation transport systems driven by a proton motive force at alkaline pH. The activity of any transport system with optimum pH around neutrality should decline when both the outside and inside of cells are alkalinized. Thus, changes in transport systems as well as cellular metabolism may be essential for bacterial adaptation to changes in environmental pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Han CJ, Kelly RM. Biooxidation capacity of the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon metallosphaera sedula under bioenergetic challenge. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998; 58:617-24. [PMID: 10099299 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980620)58:6<617::aid-bit7>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The biooxidation capacity of an extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Metallosphaera sedula (DSMZ 5348) was examined under bioenergetic challenges imparted by thermal or chemical stress in regard to its potential use in microbial bioleaching processes. Within the normal growth temperature range of M. sedula (70-79 degrees C) at pH 2.0, upward temperature shifts resulted in bioleaching rates that followed an Arrhenius-like dependence. When the cells were subjected to supraoptimal temperatures through gradual thermal acclimation at 81 degrees C (Han et al., 1997), cell densities were reduced but 3 to 5 times faster specific leaching rates (Fe3+ released from iron pyrite/cell/h) could be achieved by the stressed cells compared to cells at 79 degrees C and 73 degrees C, respectively. The respiration capacity of M. sedula growing at 74 degrees C was challenged by poisoning the cells with uncouplers to generate chemical stress. When the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (5-10 μM) was added to a growing culture of M. sedula on iron pyrite, there was little effect on specific leaching rates compared to a culture with no protonophore at 74 degrees C; 25 μM levels proved to be toxic to M. sedula. However, a significant stimulation in specific rate was observed when the cells were subjected to 1 μM nigericin (+135%) and 2 μM (+63%); 5 μM levels of the ionophore completely arrested cell growth. The ionophore effect was further investigated in continuous culture growing on ferrous sulfate at 74 degrees C. When 1 μM nigericin was added as a pulse to a continuous culture, a 30% increase in specific iron oxidation rate was observed for short intervals, indicating a potential positive impact on leaching when periodic chemical stress is applied. This study suggests that biooxidation rates can be increased by strategic exposure of extreme thermoacidophiles to chemical or thermal stress, and this approach should be considered for improving process performance. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CJ Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tolner B, Poolman B, Konings WN. Adaptation of microorganisms and their transport systems to high temperatures. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART A, PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 118:423-8. [PMID: 9406426 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth of Bacteria and Archaea has been observed at temperatures up to 95 and 110 degrees C, respectively. These thermophiles are adapted to environments of high temperature by changes in the membrane lipid composition, higher thermostabilities of the (membrane) proteins, higher turnover rates of the energy transducing enzymes, and/or the (exclusive) use of sodium-ions rather than protons as coupling ion in energy transduction. The proton permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and archaea was observed to increase with the temperature. This increased proton permeability limits the maximum temperature of growth of bacteria. Higher growth temperatures can be reached by an increased proton pumping activity by using the less permeable sodium ions as coupling ions or by changing the lipid composition of the cytoplasmic membrane. The Na+/H+/glutamate transport proteins of the thermophiles Bacillus stearothermophilus (GltTBs) and Bacillus caldotenax (GltTBc) were studied extensively. These transportproteins have unique features. Transport of L-glutamate occurs in symport with 1 Na+ and 1 H+ when the transport proteins are expressed in their natural environment. The sodium ion dependency of the GltT transporters of these Bacillus strains was found to increase with temperature. However, when the GltT proteins are expressed in the mesophile Escherichia coli, electrogenic symport of L-glutamate occurs with > or = 2 H+. These observations suggest that the conformation of the transport proteins in the E. coli and the Bacillus membranes differs, and that the conformation influences the coupling ion selectivity. The Na+/H+/glutamate transport proteins of B. stearothermophilus (GltTBs) and B. caldotenax (GltTBc) are homologous to transport systems of glutamate and structurally related compounds from mesophilic organisms. Both sodium, as well as proton coupled transporters, belong to this family of carboxylate transporters (FCT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Tolner
- Department of Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Na+ as coupling ion in energy transduction in extremophilic Bacteria and Archaea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1995; 11:58-70. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00339136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
18
|
Tijhuis L, Van Loosdrecht MCM, Heijnen JJ. A thermodynamically based correlation for maintenance gibbs energy requirements in aerobic and anaerobic chemotrophic growth. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:509-19. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Schicho RN, Ma K, Adams MW, Kelly RM. Bioenergetics of sulfur reduction in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:1823-30. [PMID: 8449888 PMCID: PMC203983 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.6.1823-1830.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The bioenergetic role of the reduction of elemental sulfur (S0) in the hyperthermophilic archaeon (formerly archaebacterium) Pyrococcus furiosus was investigated with chemostat cultures with maltose as the limiting carbon source. The maximal yield coefficient was 99.8 g (dry weight) of cells (cdw) per mol of maltose in the presence of S0 but only 51.3 g (cdw) per mol of maltose if S0 was omitted. However, the corresponding maintenance coefficients were not found to be significantly different. The primary fermentation products detected were H2, CO2, and acetate, together with H2S, when S0 was also added to the growth medium. If H2S was summed with H2 to represent total reducing equivalents released during fermentation, the presence of S0 had no significant effect on the pattern of fermentation products. In addition, the presence of S0 did not significantly affect the specific activities in cell extracts of hydrogenase, sulfur reductase, alpha-glucosidase, or protease. These results suggest either that S0 reduction is an energy-conserving reaction, i.e., S0 respiration, or that S0 has a stimulatory effect on or helps overcome a process that is yield limiting. A modification of the Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway has been proposed as the primary route of glucose catabolism in P. furiosus (S. Mukund and M. W. W. Adams, J. Biol. Chem. 266:14208-14216, 1991). Operation of this pathway should yield 4 mol of ATP per mol of maltose oxidized, from which one can calculate a value of 12.9 g (cdw) per mol of ATP for non-S0 growth. Comparison of this value to the yield data for growth in the presence of S0 reduction is equivalent to an ATP yield of 0.5 mol of ATP per mol of S0 reduced. Possible mechanism to account for this apparent energy conservation are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R N Schicho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Konings WN, Tolner B, Speelmans G, Elferink MG, de Wit JG, Driessen AJ. Energy transduction and transport processes in thermophilic bacteria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1992; 24:601-9. [PMID: 1459990 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial growth at the extremes of temperature has remained a fascinating aspect in the study of membrane function and structure. The stability of the integral membrane proteins of thermophiles make them particularly amenable to study. Respiratory enzymes of thermophiles appear to be functionally similar to the mesophilic enzymes but differ in their thermostability and unusual high turnover rates. Energy coupling at extreme temperatures seems inefficient as suggested by the high maintenance coefficients and the high permeability of the cell membrane to protons. Nevertheless, membranes maintain their structure at these extremes through changes in fatty acid acyl chain composition. Archaebacteria synthesize novel membrane-spanning lipids with unique physical characteristics. Thermophiles have adapted to life at extreme temperatures by using sodium ions rather than protons as coupling ions in solute transport. Genetic and biochemical studies of these systems now reveal fundamental principles of such adaptations. The recent development of reconstitution techniques using membrane-spanning lipids allows a rigorous biochemical characterization of membrane proteins of extreme thermophiles in their natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W N Konings
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zentgraf B, Hedlich R, Gwenner C, Uyen NV, Thao NN. Isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria from natural and artificial habitats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/abio.370120507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Vrij W, Speelmans G, Heyne R, Konings W. Energy transduction and amino acid transport in thermophilic aerobic and fermentative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb04094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
23
|
Brooke AG, Watling EM, Attwood MM, Tempest DW. Environmental control of metabolic fluxes in thermotolerant methylotrophic Bacillus strains. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Edlin JD, Sundaram TK. Isocitrate dehydrogenase from thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria. Isolation and some characteristics. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 21:1203-10. [PMID: 2515075 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. Simple methods incorporating the principle of selective enzyme elution from a triazinyl dye adsorbent with a mixture of NADP+ and isocitrate are described for isolating NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase in pure state from several mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. 2. Several characteristics of the isocitrate dehydrogenases have been examined, viz. molecular size, amino acid composition including the content of sulphydryl groups, thermostability and structural homology by the criterion of immunological cross-section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Edlin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Metabolic and energetic aspects of the growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus in glucose-limited and glucose-sufficient chemostat culture. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00422286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Lacis LS, Lawford HG. Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus in a comparison of the growth efficiencies of thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobes. J Bacteriol 1985; 163:1275-8. [PMID: 4030696 PMCID: PMC219273 DOI: 10.1128/jb.163.3.1275-1278.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance coefficients and theoretical maximum growth yields, with respect to both substrate and ATP, were estimated for Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus growing in a glucose-limited, continuous culture. A comparison of these values with those for other bacteria showed that, contrary to predictions by others, anaerobic thermophiles had neither low observed growth yields nor high maintenance energy coefficients.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee YK, Tan HM, Hew CS. The effect of growth temperature on the bioenergetics of photosynthetic algal cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:555-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
Hamer G, Bryers J. Aerobic thermophilic sludge treatment some biotechnological concepts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0361-3658(85)90041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
29
|
Molin G, Nilsson I. Sand administration as an instrument for biofilm control ofPseudomonas putida ATCC 11172 in chemostat cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 1985; 27:117-20. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260270114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Microbial Biomass from Renewables: A Second Review of Alternatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-040307-3.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
31
|
Esener AA, Roels JA, Kossen NWF. Theory and applications of unstructured growth models: Kinetic and energetic aspects. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:2803-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260251202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
32
|
Aiba S, Imanaka T, Koizumi J. Transformation of Bacillus stearothermophilus with plasmid DNA and its application to molecular cloning. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1983; 413:57-70. [PMID: 6584074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb47878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
33
|
Farrand SG, Linton JD, Stephenson RJ, McCarthy WV. The use of response surface analysis to study the growth of Bacillus acidocaldarius throughout the growth range of temperature and pH. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
34
|
The effect of temperature and pH on the growth efficiency of the thermoacidophilic bacterium Bacillus acidocaldarius in continuous culture. Arch Microbiol 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00413481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Esener AA, Roels JA, Kossen NWF. The influence of temperature on the energetics ofKlebsiella pneumoniae. Biotechnol Bioeng 1983; 25:2093-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260250819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
36
|
|
37
|
Growth of the thermotolerant yeast, Candida valida, on ethanol: Dependences of maximal growth rate and cell biomass yield on temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00501513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Cometta S, Sonnleitner B, Sidler W, Fiechter A. Population distribution of aerobic extremely thermophilic microorganisms in an icelandic natural hot spring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00500745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
40
|
Sonnleitner B, Cometta S, Fiechter A. Growth kinetics of Thermus thermophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Cometta S, Sonnleitner B, Fiechter A. The growth behaviour of Thermus aquaticus in continuous cultivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Molin G. The impact of dilution rate and attached growth on steady-state characteristics of Pseudomonas putida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00499696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
44
|
Description of microbial growth behaviour during the wash-out phase; determination of the maximum specific growth rate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00703042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|