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Abstract
Studies on bacterial enterotoxin-epithelium interactions require model systems capable of mimicking the events occurring at the molecular and cellular levels during intoxication. In this chapter, we describe organ culture as an often neglected alternative to whole-animal experiments or enterocyte-like cell lines. Like cell culture, organ culture is versatile and suitable for studying rapidly occurring events, such as enterotoxin binding and uptake. In addition, it is advantageous in offering an epithelium with more authentic permeability/barrier properties than any cell line, as well as a subepithelial lamina propria, harboring the immune cells of the gut mucosa.
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Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and mRNA Expression of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein ( I-FABP) in Columba Livia. J Poult Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Resau JH, Sakamoto K, Cottrell JR, Hudson EA, Meltzer SJ. Explant organ culture: a review. Cytotechnology 1992; 7:137-49. [PMID: 1368116 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ explant culture models offer several significant advantages for studies of patho-physiologic mechanisms like cell injury, secretion, differentiation and structure development. Organs or small explants/slices can be removed in vivo and maintained in vitro for extended periods of time if careful attention is paid to the media composition, substrate selection, and atmosphere. In the case of human tissues obtained from autopsy or surgery, additional attention must be paid to the postmortem interval, temperature, hydration, and cause of death. Explant organ culture has been effectively utilized to establish outgrowth cell cultures and characterize the histiotypic relationships between the various cell types within an organ or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Resau
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
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4
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Abstract
The culture of animal cells and tissues is a widely used technique in the field of cellular and molecular biology; one of the most interesting aspect being linked to the study of the mechanisms of cell differentiation. In the specific case of intestinal epithelial cells, various tissue culture technologies have proved to be important tools for the study of precise facets related to intestinal function, pathology and differentiation. Concerning this latter aspect, organ culture experiments have brought about interesting data on the hormonal or nutritional control of intestinal maturation. Nevertheless, the study of the precise mechanisms underlying epithelial proliferation and/or differentiation at the cellular level needs more adequate cell culture model systems. One of them has been described for two cell lines derived from human colonic adenocarcinomas, in which the cells can be induced to achieve enterocytic-like differentiation. Up to date, none of the continuous cell lines starting from normal undifferentiated cells have allowed generation of morphological or functional enterocytic polarity. In contrast, primary cell cultures which allow maintenance of a more physiological environment for the epithelial cells like contacts with their in vivo counterparts, mesenchymal cells or extracellular matrix molecules, have proved to be promising approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kedinger
- INSERM Unité 61 (Biologie Cellulaire et Physiopathologie Digestive), Strasbourg, France
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Senior PV, Sunter JP, Appleton DR, Watson AJ. Morphological studies on the long-term organ culture of colonic mucosa from normal and dimethylhydrazine treated rats. Br J Cancer 1984; 49:281-90. [PMID: 6704302 PMCID: PMC1976755 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1984.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal explants were prepared from the colons of normal rats and from the non-neoplastic colonic mucosa of rats which had been treated chronically with the intestinal carcinogen dimethylhydrazine. They were maintained in an organ culture system which permitted survival up to at least 25 days. Morphological preservation of the mucosa was excellent up to 6 days in culture and thereafter changes began to occur. But even at 25 days normal crypt structures were still evident. The hyperplastic and dysplastic changes seen in pre-culture samples of DMH-treated mucosae remained recognisable during the first two days in culture. They were no longer seen in explants examined after this time however and, indeed, there appeared to be no difference in the morphology and survival of control and DMH-treated mucosae. It is possible that our culture system does not permit further neoplastic progression, but an alternative explanation is that the system discriminates specifically against the survival of neoplastic elements.
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Kendrick NC, Barr CR, De Luca HF. Stimulation of rat intestinal protein synthesis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1983; 220:280-5. [PMID: 6687521 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(83)90411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To study general stimulatory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal protein synthesis, slices of duodenal villi from 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-treated and vitamin D-deficient rats were incubated in vitro for 90 min at the surface of medium containing [3H]leucine. Incorporation of the [3H]leucine into TCA-precipitated protein, which was shown to be linear for 12 h and 90% inhibited by cycloheximide, was increased by 50-60% at 26 h after a single injection of 125 ng of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (three experiments, P less than 0.001). The increase, which was not due to circadian rhythm fluctuations of the intestine, was in synchrony with the second Ca2+ transport response observed by Halloran and DeLuca (Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 208, 477-486, 1981). However, no significant difference in [3H]leucine incorporation was observed before or during the initial Ca2+ transport response observed by Halloran and DeLuca, i.e., at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.5 h following an injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The late onset of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced increase in total protein synthesis implies that it is an indirect rather than a direct effect of the hormone.
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Danielsen EM, Sjöström H, Norén O, Bro B, Dabelsteen E. Biosynthesis of intestinal microvillar proteins. Characterization of intestinal explants in organ culture and evidence for the existence of pro-forms of the microvillar enzymes. Biochem J 1982; 202:647-54. [PMID: 7092836 PMCID: PMC1158158 DOI: 10.1042/bj2020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Explants of pig small intestine were maintained at 37 degrees C in organ culture for periods up to 24 h in a system using Trowell T-8 medium supplemented with 10% foetal-calf serum. The mucosal morphology was well preserved during culture, as judged by light and electron microscopy. The explant contents of protein and two brush-border enzymes, microvillus aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (EC 3.4.14.5), were not significantly modified during culture compared with controls, but a moderate, continuous release of both protein and enzyme activities into the medium was observed. Continuous labelling with [35S]methionine resulted in an even incorporation of radioactivity in the protein components, and the rate of labelling only moderately decreased over the 24 h period. The polypeptide compositions of sucrase (EC 3.2.1.48)--isomaltase (EC 3.2.1.10), maltase--glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.20) lactase (EC 3.2.1.23)--phlorizin hydrolase (EC 3.2.1.62), microvillus aminopeptidase and aspartate aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.7) synthesized during culture were studied, and some were found to be similar to those of the pro-forms of the enzymes isolated from animals that had had their pancreatic duct disconnected 3 days before being killed. These results confirmed earlier findings of the existence of pro-forms of some of the microvillar enzymes and thus indicate a low activity of pancreatic proteinases in the culture system.
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Ohta C, Yanagawa R, Kida H. Growth of avian and human influenza viruses in organ cultures of duck and chicken colons. Arch Virol 1981; 70:137-45. [PMID: 7332490 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Colons from ducks and chicken 1, 7, 14 and 28 days old maintained near-normal morphology up to 48 and 96 hours respectively in a system using NCTC135 medium (a part) + Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (9 parts ), at 37 degrees C and 95 per cent O2/5 per cent CO2. In the colon of 1 and 28 day-old ducks, duck influenza virus (Hav7N2) and budgerigar influenza virus (Hav4Nav1) grew to peak titer by hour 72, whereas human influenza virus (H3N2) did not grow. In the colon of 1 day-old chicken, the three viruses grew in the order of first duck virus, then budgerigar virus and then human virus, but in the colon of 28 day-old chicken, the growth of human virus was much less. Specific fluorescence was demonstrated in the mucosal epithelium of the colon of ducks and chicken, and intensity of fluorescence correlated with virus yield. THe fact that the avian and not the human influenza viruses showed good growth in the duck colons coincided with the fact that influenza viruses possessing avian hemagglutinin subtypes have frequently been isolated in nature from duck intestines.
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Fluge G, Aksnes L. Labelling indices after 3H-thymidine incorporation during organ culture of duodenal mucosa in coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16:921-8. [PMID: 7323718 DOI: 10.3109/00365528109181823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of 3H-thymidine during organ culture of duodenal biopsy specimens from 34 coeliac and 10 non-coeliac patients was studied by autoradiography. High labelling indices were found in flat, coeliac mucosas. Gluten fractions, which provoked histological deterioration during culture, induced labelling of a greater proportion of crypt cells and higher migration rate than parallelly cultured specimens on gluten-free medium. No influences on crypt cell kinetics could be observed after culture with gluten fractions incapable of producing histological damage or with alpha-lactalbumin. In coeliac remission mucosas, labelling indices were at the same level as in non-coeliac biopsies, and no significant effects of gluten were observed. Autoradiography seems to be a fairly sensitive and reliable determinant of gluten toxicity by organ culture in coeliac disease and should supplement the histological appraisal of the biopsies. The increment of labelling indices provoked by gluten exposure seemed not merely to be a consequence of increased desquamation of cells from the biopsy surface but could imply a direct influence of gluten on crypt cell kinetics in coeliac disease.
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Fluge G, Aksnes L. Morphological and morphometric assessment of human duodenal biopsies maintained in organ culture. In vitro influences of gluten in coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16:555-67. [PMID: 7323692 DOI: 10.3109/00365528109182012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Duodenal biopsy specimens from 51 coeliac patients (children and young adults) and 13 non-coeliac controls were maintained in organ culture for 24 h. Morphometric determinants were compared after culture in the presence of different gluten fractions, after culture on gluten-free medium, and in non-cultured specimens. Biopsies from patients with untreated coeliac disease were susceptible to gluten fractions, which provoked disorganization of crypt architecture, reduced height and irregularities of enterocytes and crypt cells, together with detrition of surface epithelial cells and even tissue necrosis. In latent coeliac disease (silent relapse) biopsies were more resistant to gluten, and higher concentrations were required to induce signs of morphological deterioration. Remission mucosa and biopsies from non-coeliac controls showed no signs of impairment after gluten exposure in vitro.
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Abstract
A system for maintaining adult rat colonic mucosa in organ culture for up to 28 days is described. Distal colonic mucosa physically separated from the muscle layers was cultured at 37 degrees C on a substrate of human fibrin foam in HEPES- and bicarbonate-buffered Waymouth's MB 752/1 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, bovine albumin, ascorbic acid, hydrocortisone, insulin, and ferrous sulfate; the optimal atmostphere for culture was 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Viability of explants was demonstrated by tissue morphology with light microscopy, incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]leucine into DNA and protein, [14C]glucosamine and [3H]fucose incorporation, and glycoprotein synthesis. Two days after initiation of culture, degeneration of surface and crypt cells was observed. Secreted mucosubstances covered the explants. Explants maintained in 95% O2 retained a variable number of glandular crypts with normal columnar epithelium for 14 to 21 days in culture. At 28 days, explants contained a single layer of cuboidal surface epithelium and a rare cryptlike gland.
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Kedinger M, Simon PM, Raul F, Grenier JF, Haffen K. The effect of dexamethasone on the development of rat intestinal brush border enzymes in organ culture. Dev Biol 1980; 74:9-21. [PMID: 6765934 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Reiss B, Williams GM. Conditions affecting prolonged maintenance of mouse and rat colon in organ culture. IN VITRO 1979; 15:877-90. [PMID: 540914 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of variations in culture conditions on survival of fragments of mouse and rat descending colon in organ culture was studied by morphological and functional criteria. A combination of conditions demonstrated to be beneficial permitted maintenance for at least 35 days. These included: a gaseous environment of 95% O2:5% CO2, an attachment matrix consisting of a Metricel GA-4 membrane (pore size, 0.8 mu), intermittent exposure to the gas and fluid phases by rocking in 5 ml medium and supplementation of the medium with 1.0 microM dexamethasone and 10% FBS. During this time, the crypt structure of the mucosal epithelium was well preserved, and DNA synthesis in the crypts and mucin production in the crypts and superficial epithelium continued. In addition, the synthetic trophic hormone, pentagastrin, stimulated DNA synthesis in the mucosal epithelium of mouse colon fragment in short-term organ culture.
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Ferland S, Hugon JS. Organ culture of adult mouse intestine. I. Morphological results after 24 and 48 hours of culture. IN VITRO 1979; 15:278-87. [PMID: 222669 DOI: 10.1007/bf02618952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Explants of adult mouse intestine have been maintained in organ culture for 24 to 48 hr. The best results have been obtained with a mixture of DMEM-HEPES medium and NCTC-135 enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum. The morphology of the mucosa is well preserved at the light and electron microscopic level: absorbing cells exhibit an increase in secondary lysosomes; goblet cells and Paneth cells remain active; numerous mitoses are observed in the crypts; and vigorous re-epithelization takes place on the margin of the explants.
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Ginsel LA, van der Want JJ, Daems WT. Qualitative and quantitative preservation of the fine structure of absorptive cells in cultured biopsies of human small-intestine. Cell Tissue Res 1977; 181:143-62. [PMID: 880627 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the absorptive cells in human small-intestinal biopsies cultured for 6, 24, and 48 h was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings show generally good preservation of the cultured absorptive cells and a normal distribution, size, and relative volume of their cell organelles, but there was a systematic decrease in the apical cell surface and an increase in the number of apical vesicles and tubules after culturing. Since the apical vesicles and tubules are thought to have a function in the transport of cell-coat material from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface, these findings raise the question of whether a delayed transport or extrusion of cell surface material occurs. The diminished relative volume of the mitochondria and the increased signs of autophagy in some poorly preserved absorptive cells, are assumed to be an adaption to less favourable culture conditions.
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Kedinger M, Haffen K, Hugon JS. Organ culture of adult guinea-pig intestine. III. Mitotic-activity and cellular migration. Cell Tissue Res 1975; 156:353-8. [PMID: 1122524 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic activity and the cellular migration have been studied in explants of adult guinea pig intestine cultured for 24 hours. The mitotic index after a significant increase in the first hours of culture, decreases steadily thereafter. The DNA synthesis persists in the crypts for 24 hours at least and cell migration can be observed. These results demonstrate that organ culture of adult intestine may be used as a model for the study of intestinal function.
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Kedinger M, Berteloot A, Haffen K, Hugon JS. Organ culture of adult guinea-pig intestine. II. Biochemical and ultracytochemical findings. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1974; 40:311-21. [PMID: 4372204 DOI: 10.1007/bf00495038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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