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Hinderlich S, Tauber R, Bertozzi CR, Hackenberger CPR. Werner Reutter: A Visionary Pioneer in Molecular Glycobiology. Chembiochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hinderlich
- Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin; Fachbereich Life Sciences and Technology; Seestrasse 64 13347 Berlin Germany
| | - Rudolf Tauber
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin; Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie; Augustenburger Platz 1 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Bertozzi Lab; Department of Chemistry; University of California; 380 Roth Way MC: 5080 Stanford CA 94305-4401 USA
| | - Christian P. R. Hackenberger
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie FMP; Department of Chemical Biology; Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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Renner AB, Rieger K, Grunow D, Zimmermann-Kordmann M, Gohlke M, Reutter W. Liver-specific increase of UTP and UDP-sugar concentrations in rats induced by dietary vitamin B6-deficiency and its relation to complex N-glycan structures of liver membrane-proteins. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:531-41. [PMID: 17577663 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This is the first known report on the influence of vitamin B6-deficiency on the concentration of UDP-sugars and other uracil nucleotides in rats. Animals aged 3 weeks or 2 months were fed a vitamin B6-free diet for periods varying from 3 days to 7 weeks. Nucleotides were quantified by enzymatic-photometry and by SAX-high precision liquid chromatography. In 3 week-old rats, vitamin B6-deficiency resulted in an up to 6.3-fold increase in the concentrations of UTP, UDP, UMP and UDP-sugars and less of CTP in rat liver, while no changes were observed in older rats. In young rats, the concentration of uracil nucleotides started to increase after 1 week diet, with a maximum after 2 weeks. After 5 weeks, the concentrations returned to normal values. In heart, lungs, kidney and brain, concentrations were measured after 2 weeks diet in young rats. In contrast to liver, the heart muscle uracil nucleotide concentrations were decreased by 40%. In kidney, the sum of UTP, UDP and UMP showed a decrease of 40%, whereas UDP-sugars were increased 1.4-fold. In the lungs, nucleotide concentrations were mostly unaffected by vitamin B6-deficiency, despite a 70% increase of UDP-GA. In brain, UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal and the sum of CTP and CDP showed an increase of 30-50%. We became surprised that the increased UDP-sugar concentrations did not influence the structure of liver plasma membrane-N-glycans. Despite the 4 to 6-fold increase of UTP and UDP-sugars, no changes in the complexity or sialylation of these N-glycans could be detected. This study demonstrates that, especially in liver, pyridoxal phosphate is closely involved in the control of uracil nucleotides during a defined period of development. In contrast to in vitro experiments, in vivo N-glycan biosynthesis in liver is regulated by a more complex or higher mechanism than substrate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Renner
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
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Leist M, Gantner F, Künstle G, Wendel A. Cytokine-mediated hepatic apoptosis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 133:109-55. [PMID: 9600012 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0000614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Leist
- Chair of Molecular Toxicology, Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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Rudi J, Schlenker T, Raedsch R, Waldherr R, Zorn M, Stremmel W. Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on biochemical parameters, hepatocyte proliferation and liver histology in galactosamine hepatitis in the rat. RESEARCH IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR DIE GESAMTE EXPERIMENTELLE MEDIZIN EINSCHLIESSLICH EXPERIMENTELLER CHIRURGIE 1995; 195:309-15. [PMID: 8579639 DOI: 10.1007/bf02576801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on biochemical parameters, liver histology and liver cell proliferation was investigated in rats with galactosamine hepatitis. Treatment with UDCA led to a decrease of aminotransferases, but did not show any significant changes in liver histology or liver cell proliferation. The improvement of liver enzymes without change of histology in this animal model of hepatitis following treatment with UDCA is in agreement with results obtained from clinical trials with UDCA in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Petkova DH, Momchilova AB, Markovska TT, Koumanov KS. D-galactosamine induced changes in rat liver plasma membranes lipid composition and some enzyme activities. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 19:289-91. [PMID: 3036613 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(87)90034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of D-galactosamine administration on rat liver plasma membranes lipid composition, fluidity and some enzyme activities was investigated. D-Galactosamine was found to induce an increase of the total phospholipids, the cholesterol level and membrane rigidity. In liver plasma membranes of D-galactosamine-treated rats the exogenous phospholipase A2 activity was enhanced about 2 fold, whereas the endogenous activity was slightly decreased. No alteration of the neutral sphingomyelinase activity was observed.
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Vömel T, Platt D. Age-dependent phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the isolated perfused rat liver after galactosamine hepatitis and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate cholestasis. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1986; 5:351-9. [PMID: 3827405 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(86)90038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/1986] [Revised: 10/13/1986] [Accepted: 10/18/1986] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Isolated rat livers were perfused with an immunoglobulin-free fluid containing homologous rat erythrocytes suspended in an isotonic saline solution. Galactosamine hepatitis and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate cholestasis were induced as experimental liver diseases. The glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and guanosine triphosphate (GPT) activities, the potassium level as well as the redox quotients of lactate/pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate were determined as liver function parameters. RESULTS The same dose of galactosamine led to two different types of reaction. The group suffering more damage (rendering maximum GOT activities) phagocytosed significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) more erythrocytes than the other group. Galactosamine hepatitis significantly slows down the phagocytosis of erythrocytes. The function of the mononuclear phagocytosing cells in the liver is intact. The alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) cholestasis significantly reduces the capacity of the mononuclear phagocytosing cells in the liver. Young erythrocytes were phagocytosed significantly better than old ones in either type of liver damage, in galactosamine hepatitis and in ANIT cholestasis as well as by healthy livers.
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Rumpelt HJ, Bode C. The pattern of D-galactosamine-induced hepatocellular injury modified by simultaneous application of D (--)-fructose. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1981; 36:235-45. [PMID: 6116337 DOI: 10.1007/bf02912069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
As shown by light and electron microscopy, and by biochemical investigation, D-galactosamine-induced hepatocellular injury in the rat can be prevented by giving fructose simultaneously. However, when injected 3 h after D-galactosamine, fructose has no protective effect. It is suggested that rapid fructose phosphorylation, with the consequent marked depression of the hepatocellular ATP pool, inhibits the more prolonged D-galactosamine phosphorylation and with it the injurious effects of D-galactosamine metabolism.
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Wands JR, Carter EA, Bucher NL, Isselbacher KJ. Effect of acute and chronic ethanol intoxication on hepatic regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 132:663-70. [PMID: 7191626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1419-7_69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effects of acute and chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic regeneration in rats following partial hepatectomy and toxic liver injury produced by D-galactosamine. Ethanol, when administered as a single dose (6 gm/kg), inhibited 3H-thymidine incorporation into hepatic DNA; this effect depended in part on the time of ethanol feeding following partial hepatectomy. Multiple ethanol feedings produced an even greater inhibition, which persisted for at least 48 hr after partial hepatectomy. Rats chronically fed ethanol for 30 days also failed to achieve a hepatic proliferative response to either partial hepatectomy or D-galactosamine induced hepatitis comparable to isocaloric pair-fed controls. These investigations suggest that there may be a certain metabolic state in the hepatocyte cell cycle which is most susceptible to the action(s) of ethanol; inhibition of liver regeneration by acute or chronic ethanol consumption may result in delayed recovery from prior or coincident liver injury.
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Lattke H, Koch HK, Lesch R, Keppler DO. Consequences of recurrent phosphate trapping induced by repeated injections of 2-deoxy-D-galactose. Biochemical and morphological studies in rats. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1979; 30:297-312. [PMID: 43010 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxy-D-galactose, in a dose of 3 mmol/kg, was administered intraperitoneally twice daily to young rats for periods up to 12 weeks. This dosage schedule resulted in recurrent phosphate trapping predominantly in liver. UTP deficiency was excluded by simultaneous uridine injections. Phosphate trapping was caused by the rapid accumulation of 2-deoxy-D-galactose 1-phosphate and was most pronounced in liver but also demonstrated in small intestine, brain, spleen, and thymus. The marked, although transient, drop in the hepatic content of inorganic phosphate triggered the catabolism of adenine nucleotides and a loss of ATP. Other metabolic pathways affected by phosphate deficiency include glycogenolysis and glycolysis. Increasing with time, repeated doses of the galactose analog led to retardation and arrest of growth, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The average relative liver and spleen weights were elevated 2.5- and 4.5-fold, respectively, after 12 weeks of treatment. Liver damage was indicated by hyperbilirubinaemia and a progressive rise in the activity in plasma of sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Examination by light and electron microscopy showed increasing numbers of vacuoles, surrounded by a single membrane, in hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. Focal cytoplasmic degeneration in hepatocytes was occasionally indicated by formation of autophagic vacuoles and finger print lysosomes. Hepatocytes of 2-deoxy-D-galactose-treated rats showed a dissociation and fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells were markedly enlarged, the latter contained a PAS-positive but amylase resistant substance. Extrahepatic changes included an increased occurrence of vacuolated cells in thymus. Phosphate trapping and its metabolic consequences are common phenomena in the experimental injury induced b 2-deoxy-D-galactose and in some hereditary diseases such as uridylyltransferase deficiency galactosaemia, fructose intolerance and glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.
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Krainski A, Sasse D, Teutsch HF, Lesch R. Histochemical studies on carbohydrate metabolism in rat liver after galactosamine administration. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1979; 30:131-42. [PMID: 38560 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of hepatitis, induced in 48 rats by the administration of galactosamine (GalN) in varying doses, was studied with the use of substrate and enzyme histochemical techniques. The so-called atypical glycogen, which is at first highly resistant to diastase, was shown to be digestible after deamination. The increasing accumulation of atypical glycogen during the course of GalN-hepatitis conceals the loss of normal glycogen when the PAS-reaction is used. Nevertheless glycogenolysis could also be demonstrated by the increasing activity of phosphorylase. The acid phosphatase activity was progressively diminished, which was interpreted as signifying early lysosomal damage. G6Pase activity remained nearly constant but SDH showed a decrease in activity after 12 h. These histochemical results are considered to provide deeper insight into the pathological mechanism of GalN-hepatitis.
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Büchsel R, Heissmeyer H, Lesch R, Stein U. Effect on vitamin A on the development of galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Pathol Res Pract 1978; 163:57-66. [PMID: 704484 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(78)80110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the role of lysosomes in experimental hepatitis caused by D-galactosamine in rats the activities of cathepsin A and D and acid carboxypeptidase were measured. Enzyme activities were assayed in liver homogenate, lysosomal supernatant fraction and lysosomal sediment fraction. Lysosomal enriched fractions were prepared according to De Duve. Vitamin A in high doses aggravates the morphological alterations observed in galactosamine treated rats. At the same time the labilization of lysosomes increases substantially. This effect was induced by doses of retinyl-palmitate that normally caused only an activation of Kupffer cells and no significant liberation of lysosomal peptidehydrolases. The activities of cathepsin A and D increased 2-fold in liver homogenate after combined treatment with galactosamine and vitamin A, whereas the activity of acid carboxypeptidase decreased markedly.
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Kuhlmann WD. Localization of alpha1-fetoprotein and DNA-synthesis in liver cell populations during experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Int J Cancer 1978; 21:368-80. [PMID: 75858 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910210319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liehr H, Grün M, Seelig HP, Seelig R, Reutter W, Heine WD. On the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis. Indications of extrahepatocellular mechanisms responsible for liver cell death. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1978; 26:331-44. [PMID: 416592 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the pathogenesis of galactosamine hepatitis, the action of galactosamine on mast cells, and alteration in the complement system suring the course of this experimental injury were studied. It has been previously demonstrated that rat livers after colectomy are refractory to galactosamine-induced liver cell necrosis and inflammation. For this reason colectomized animals were used to see whether the biochemical alterations produced by this aminosugar and thought to be responsible for cell death developed. Results showed: 1. galactosamine potently degranulates mast cells in vivo and in vitro, 2. the complement system is a) activated during the course of galactosamine hepatitis, probably by circulating endotoxins, and b) is essential for liver cell death in galactosamine hepatitis, and 3. colectomy does not prevent biochemical changes known to occur during galactosamine metabolism. It is concluded that death of galactosamine-injured liver cells is triggered by extrahepatocellular mechanisms, which lead ultimately to an activated complement system by endotoxins. It is postulated that related mechanism may also occur in viral hepatitis and in fulminant hepatic failure in man.
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Koch HK, Häberle B, Meinhardt K, Enzan H, Lesch R. Adaptive changes of rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. III-Light- and electron-microscopic investigations of hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1978; 26:233-47. [PMID: 416586 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In rats hepatocellular cytoplasmic changes after daily repeated D-galactosamine (GalN) intoxication--i.e. subacute GalN intoxication--were studied by light and electron microscopy. The number of GalN injections--and thus the days of survival--was between one and 30. The rats were killed six hours after the last GalN injection. Less degenerative changes were found after repeated GalN injections. An increased formation of atypical dense bodies (ADB), a temporary pronounced lipid accumulation and changes of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were prominent features of subacute GalN intoxication. The implications with respect to a modified GalN action in subacute GalN intoxication are discussed with special reference to biochemical data obtained in the same experimental model (Schuchhardt et al., 1977).
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Agostini B, Wieland T. Decreased phalloidin toxicity in rats pretreated with D-galactosamine. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1977; 64:649. [PMID: 593425 DOI: 10.1007/bf00440115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Schuchhardt C, Felgenhauer K, Wagner TW, Enzan H, Lesch R. Adaptive changes of rat liver cells induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of d-galactosamine. I. Light microscopic, autoradiographic and biochemical studies of parenchymal alteration, DNA and RNA synthesis. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1977; 26:43-57. [PMID: 414436 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bachmann W, Harms E, Hassels B, Henninger H, Reuitter W. Studies on rat liver plasma membrane. Altered protein and phospholipid metabolism after injection of D-galactosamine. Biochem J 1977; 166:455-62. [PMID: 597240 PMCID: PMC1165029 DOI: 10.1042/bj1660455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The metabolism of protein and phospholipid in rat liver plasma membranes isolated by the method of Neville [(1960) J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 413-422] was investigated 3 and 6 h after the injection of D-galactosamine in vivo. During this time, all the biochemical and morphological alterations associated with hepatitis developed. 2. After the injection of D-galactosamine the concentration of sphingomyelin in the plasma membrane decreased to below 60% of the control values. 3. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5), which has been purified as a sphingomyelin-protein complex, decreased in the total homogenate as well as in the plasma-membrane fraction of livers of rats treated with galactosamine, to about 60% of the control values. 4. Protein synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of [14C]leucine into plasma membranes, was decreased to 45% of that of the controls. However, only small differences were observed in the amino acid composition of the plasma membrane after D-galactosamine treatment. 5. The protein composition of the plasma membranes was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The results showed a change from low- to high-molecular-weight proteins after the injection of galactosamine. 6. These results demonstrate different metabolic processes of the plasma membrane altered during the induction of galactosamine hepatitis.
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Lesch R, Meinhardt K, Häberle B, Enzan H. The appearance and degradation of specific hepatocellular cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in rat liver due to D-galactosamine. I. The relation between the amount of liver glycogen and the appearance of the atypical dense bodies in the liver cell. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1976; 21:313-27. [PMID: 185785 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the most sensitive and specific signs of the galactosamine effect upon the rat liver cell is the appearance of PAS-positive and diastase-resistant granules within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Light-microscopic, histochemical, biochemical, and electron-microscopic findings reveal that the appearance of these ADB (= atypical dense bodies) depends upon a working glycogen metabolism at the time of GalN treatment. The ADB are composed of particles resembling, due to shape and size, ribosomes and beta particles of glycogen. Most of them are surrounded by the rER, but they are never enclosed by a limiting membrane. Due to sequential changes they can be generally classified into three types; the early, the intermediate, and the late type. In seven experiments it can be shown, that the appearance of the ADB depends upon the time and dosage after GalN treatment. They occur even if an additional treatment with galactose or uridine prevents the liver from the features of a hepatitis, as also shown in the livers of newborn animals up to 3 weeks of age. The histochemical response against various glucosidases, hexosaminidases, pronase, and RNAse as well as against various fixatives indicates that ADB are composed of, at least, two different constituents, the former RNAse-sensitive and visible with routine light-microscopic staining procedures, the latter RNA-resistant, PAS-positive, and invisible after staining with H & E or toluidine blue. The latter is diastase-resistant, suggesting that this portion of ADB does not represent the usual glycoproteins but some abnormal metabolite of glycogen. The ADB can be detected with maximal accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes at that time when the glycogen content determined in the liver homogenate by biochemical methods is greatly reduced.
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Schuchhardt C, Reutter W, Lesch R. Investigations on d-galactosamine hepatitis after pretreatment with alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1976; 157:45-55. [PMID: 57771 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(76)80147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
D-Galactosamine hepatitis cannot be induced in rapidly replicating liver tissue at various times after induction of proliferation. Proliferation was induced by administration of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane. The morphological features of galactosamine hepatitis do not appear or are very mild. The onset of DNA synthesis is delayed to about 12 hrs as also shown in partially hepatectomized rats.
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Lesch R, Deus B, Reutter W. The appearance of D-galactosamine-induced hepatitis and generalized edema in adrenalectomized rats. BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1975; 156:32-45. [PMID: 1180818 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(75)80083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In adrenalectomized female rats a single dose of 375 mg D-galactosamine.HCl per kg of body weight produces both hepatitis and generalized edema with ascites. These alterations depend upon the dose and the time interval after injection of the aminosugar. The effect is specific for D-galactosamine; 2-deoxy-galactose produces only edema and no hepatitis, whereas D-glucosamine and D-galactose are without any measurable effect. In male adrenalectomized animals D-galactosamine produced hepatitis alone; fluid extravasation occurs only after additional orchiectomy. Glucocorticoids given before or simultaneously with D-galactosamine are able to prevent the animals from gettin edema and to ameliorate hepatitis, while mineralcorticoids do not show any effect on these alterations. It is evident that the effects of D-galactosamine on the hepatocyte and on the endothelial cells are independent from each other. This leads to the conclusion that D-galactosamine acts at least upon two different target organs, the liver and the reticulo-endothelial system in general.
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Bauer CH, Lukaschek R, Reutter WG. Studies on the golgi apparatus. Cumulative inhibition of protein and glycoprotein secretion by D-galactosamine. Biochem J 1974; 142:221-30. [PMID: 4441378 PMCID: PMC1168272 DOI: 10.1042/bj1420221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The administration of d-galactosamine leads to inhibition of protein and glycoprotein secretion by rat liver. To test the secretory function, the secretion times for galactose-and fucose-containing glycoproteins were determined; they were lengthened from 6 to 9min and from 8 to 13min respectively. 2. The Golgi apparatus was enriched 100-120-fold relative to the homogenate. A new linked-assay system for the marker enzyme, UDP-galactose-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine galactosyltransferase, is presented. The activity of the enzyme was measured spectrophotometrically by following the formation of UDP coupled to nicotinamide nucleotide reduction. The Michaelis constants were calculated to be 0.11mm for UDP-galactose with N-acetyl-d-glucosamine as exogenous acceptor and 19mm for N-acetyl-d-glucosamine itself. 3. The physiological substrate of the galactosyltransferase, UDP-galactose, can be replaced by UDP-galactosamine, which accumulates after d-galactosamine administration. Under conditions in vitro the rate of d-galactosamine transfer to an endogenous acceptor protein of the Golgi fraction reaches 9% of that with d-galactose; this finding is noteworthy, because normally a non-acetylated amino sugar does not occur in glycoproteins. 4. The albumin content of the Golgi-rich fraction was diminished to 55% of the reference value 6h after the injection of 375mg of d-galactosamine hydrochloride/kg body wt. The transfer of d-[1-(14)C]galactose to an endogenous acceptor protein fell to 60% compared with Golgi-rich fractions from untreated animals. Analysis of the Golgi-rich fraction by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed a decrease or loss of several protein bands. 5. Protein synthesis can be restored by up to 80% if the UTP pool, decreased after d-galactosamine administration, is filled up by several injections of uridine. 6. From the results presented it can be concluded that the disturbed secretion of proteins and glycoproteins was due to a cumulative effect of galactosamine by: (a) inhibition of protein synthesis leading to a diminution of the endogenous acceptor pool of the galactosyltransferase; (b) inhibition of the galactosyltransferase activity by galactosamine metabolites and (c) replacement of UDP-galactose by UDP-galactosamine.
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Koff RS, Davidson LJ, Gordon G, Sabesin SM. D-galactosamine hepatotoxicity. 3. Normoactive smooth endoplasmic reticulum and modification by phenobarbital. Exp Mol Pathol 1973; 19:168-77. [PMID: 4356834 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(73)90076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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García-Ruiz JP, Moreno F, Sánchez-Medina F, Mayor F. Stimulation of rat kidney phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in experimental liver disease induced by galactosamine. FEBS Lett 1973; 34:113-6. [PMID: 4729908 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(73)80716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lesch R, Bachmann W, Reutter W. The alteration of the regenerative activity and the cell cycle of partially hepatectomized rat liver following administration of D-galactosamine. CELL AND TISSUE KINETICS 1973; 6:315-23. [PMID: 4700045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1973.tb01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Lesch R, Bauer C, Reutter W. The development of cholangiofibrosis and hepatomas in galactosamine induced cirrhotic rat livers. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY 1973; 12:285-9. [PMID: 4350480 DOI: 10.1007/bf02894005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Reynolds RD, Reutter W. Inhibition of Induction of Rat Liver Tyrosine Aminotransferase by d-Galactosamine. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bauer C, Reutter W. Inhibition of uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase by galactosamine-I-phosphate and UDP-galactosamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 293:11-4. [PMID: 4734370 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Meyer-Burg J. [Antihepatotoxic influence of silymarin on galactosamine hepatitis in the rat]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:1062-3. [PMID: 4637662 DOI: 10.1007/bf01486770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Müller-Berghaus G, Reuter C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in galactosamine-induced experimental hepatitis. Thromb Res 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(72)90054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liehr H, Grün M, Richter E, Thiel H, Krauss H, Brachtel D. [Hypovolaemia and haemoconcentration in rats with galactosamine-induced hepatitis]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:524-6. [PMID: 5042538 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Krause W, Hey D, Leinweber B. [Haemostasis during galactosamine hepatitis]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:386-7. [PMID: 5026045 DOI: 10.1007/bf01486836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Meyer-Burg J, Braun J, Körtge P. [Liver cirrhosis in rats after chronic intoxication with galactosamine]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1972; 50:263-4. [PMID: 5027774 DOI: 10.1007/bf01486535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Scharnbeck H, Schaffner F, Keppler D, Decker K. Ultrastructural studies on the effect of choline orotate on galactosamine induced hepatic injury in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1972; 16:33-46. [PMID: 4334021 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(72)90018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Reutter W, Hassels B, Lesch R. Induction of edema in the adrenalectomized rat by D-galactosamine. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1971; 58:576. [PMID: 5139297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00598740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Heissmeyer H, Stein U, Grub R, Lesch R, Reutter W. [Behavior of lysosomal enzymes in the genesis of galactosamine induced hepatitis]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1971; 58:369-70. [PMID: 5569297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00602810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Stein U, Heismeyer H, Wangemann G, Lesch R, Reutter W, Keppler D. [Distribution and activity of lysosomal protein catabolic-enzymes of rat liver in galactosamine hepatitis: catepsin D, cathepsin A and acid carboxypeptidase]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 49:550-4. [PMID: 5581599 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Meyer-Burg J, Grohme S, Bungert HJ, Körtge P. [Biochemical and morphological studies of galactosamine-hepatitis in the rat]. KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 1971; 49:562-3. [PMID: 5581600 DOI: 10.1007/bf01487999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Reutter W, Bauer C, Lesch R. On the mechanism of action of galactosamine: different response to D-galactosamine of rat liver during development. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1970; 57:674-5. [PMID: 5531365 DOI: 10.1007/bf00598804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Keppler DO, Rudigier JF, Bischoff E, Decker KF. The trapping of uridine phosphates by D-galactosamine. D-glucosamine, and 2-deoxy-D-galactose. A study on the mechanism of galactosamine hepatitis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 17:246-53. [PMID: 5500393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Lesch R, Reutter W, Keppler D, Decker K. Liver restitution after acute galactosamine hepatitis: autoradiographic and biochemical studies in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1970; 12:58-69. [PMID: 5418074 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(70)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Keppler D, Decker K. Studies on the mechanism of galactosamine-1-phosphate and its inhibition of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1969; 10:219-25. [PMID: 5823097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Keppler D, Fröhlich J, Reutter W, Wieland O, Decker K. Changes in uridine nucleotides during liver perfusion with D-galactosamine. FEBS Lett 1969; 4:278-280. [PMID: 11947203 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(69)80255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Keppler
- Biochemisches Institut der Universität Freiburg and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Städtisches Krankenhaus München-Schwabing, Germany
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Lesch R, Reutter W, Keppler D, Decker K. [Induction of liver cirrhosis by galactosamine]. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 1969; 56:377. [PMID: 5360909 DOI: 10.1007/bf00596949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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