1
|
Zhang YZ, Han QD, Fu LW, Wang YX, Sui ZH, Liu YG. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of fungal pathogens isolated from diseased fish in Xinjiang, China. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1887-1898. [PMID: 34472096 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreaks of fungal diseases in cultured fish have been severe in recent years, which is harmful to the healthy and sustainable development of fish farming. In this study, an investigation was conducted for significant fungal infections of 12 species of fish in four regions in Xinjiang, China, to understand the distribution of local fish fungal pathogens. Twenty-six fungal strains with pathogenicity were isolated, and the challenge experiment showed that eight strains from Changji area had high infection rate to fish eggs. Based on internal transcribed spacer sequence data and molecular analysis, the 26 strains were classified into nine different species of six fungal genera. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all strains were divided into two clades, namely Cluster 1 (contains only the genus Mucor) and Cluster 2 (consists of five small branches), and the distribution of strains from the same region was scattered in two clusters. There is no strict host selectivity for these fungi to infect fish. Mucor sp. are the main fungal pathogen of fish in these four regions, whereas Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Carassius auratus are two types of fish that were susceptible to pathogen. In addition, the environmental adaptability experiments showed that eight highly pathogenic strains have different adaptability to the environment, and their optimum temperature and pH were 25°C and 7.0, respectively, whereas the concentration of NaCl was negatively correlated with the growth of strains. Therefore, these results indicated that the coinfection of multiple fungal pathogens in a culture region should be considered in the future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Qing-Dian Han
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Long-Wei Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yong-Xing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Sui
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Yun-Guo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Genetic Analyses of Saprolegnia Strains Isolated from Salmonid Fish of Different Geographic Origin Document the Connection between Pathogenicity and Molecular Diversity. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090713. [PMID: 34575751 PMCID: PMC8470814 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saprolegnia parasitica is recognized as one of the most important oomycetes pests of salmon and trout species. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and method sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of Saprolegnia spp. collected from Canada, Chile, Japan, Norway and Scotland. AFLP analysis of 37 Saprolegnia spp. isolates using six primer combinations gave a total of 163 clear polymorphic bands. Bayesian cluster analysis using genetic similarity divided the isolates into three main groups, suggesting that there are genetic relationships among the isolates. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) confirmed the pattern of the cluster analyses. ITS analyses of 48 Saprolegnia sequences resulted in five well-defined clades. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed greater variation within countries (91.01%) than among countries (8.99%). We were able to distinguish the Saprolegnia isolates according to their species, ability to produce oogonia with and without long spines on the cysts and their ability to or not to cause mortality in salmonids. AFLP markers and ITS sequencing data obtained in the study, were found to be an efficient tool to characterize the genetic diversity and relationships of Saprolegnia spp. The comparison of AFLP analysis and ITS sequence data using the Mantel test showed a very high and significant correlation (r2 = 0.8317).
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali FF, Al-Taee SK, Al-Jumaa ZM. Isolation, molecular identification, and pathological lesions of Saprolegnia spp. isolated from common carp, Cyprinus carpio in floating cages in Mosul, Iraq. Vet World 2020; 13:2759-2764. [PMID: 33487995 PMCID: PMC7811552 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2759-2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Saprolegniasis is a fungal disease that infects freshwater fish. The condition is characterized by a cotton-like appearance in the gills and body. This study aimed to isolate Saprolegnia from common carp, Cyprinus carpio, raised in a floating cage in Wana district, Mosul, Iraq. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from 15 infected fish and examined microbiologically, molecularly, and histopathologically. Saprolegnia DNA was extracted which was amplified using universal primers give a 540 bp DNA fragment, and gill and muscle tissue were also examined for histopathological changes. Results: Isolated colonies of Saprolegnia were characterized by a circular, white cottony appearance with long hair. Lactophenol staining demonstrated hyphae as branched non-septate, transparent masses. The genomic DNA of isolates was consistent with Saprolegnia spp. The infected tissue samples showed variable pathology in gills. Severe hemorrhage and edema were observed in primary gill filaments with hyperplasia in epithelial cells and infusion in secondary gill filaments. Hyphae of Saprolegnia were seen between necrotic and edematous myofiber with inflammatory cells infiltration. Conclusion: Saprolegnia can cause economic impacts through lethal infection of fish. Clinical signs of Saprolegnia infection were confirmed molecularly and microscopically, and these findings were supported by histopathological lesions in gill and muscle tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fawwaz Fadhil Ali
- Department of Animal Production, Institute of Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Shahbaa Khalil Al-Taee
- Department of Pathology and poultry diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul, Iraq
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh M, Saha RK, Saha H, Parhi J. Effect of miconazole nitrate on immunological response and its preventive efficacy in Labeo rohita fingerlings against oomycetes Saprolegnia parasitica. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1539-1548. [PMID: 30105863 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of sublethal doses of antifungal drug miconazole nitrate (MCZ) on immunological responses and its role as a prophylactic drug against S. parasitica in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish were fed with sublethal doses of MCZ, that is, T1-6.30 mgMCZ kgBW-1 , T2-12.61 mgMCZ kgBW-1 and T3-25.22 mgMCZ kgBW-1 , and sampling was done at different time intervals for 240 hr. Immunological parameters viz. lysozyme activity, oxygen radical production and plasma antiprotease activity showed significant enhancement (p < 0.05) in fish fed with T2 and T3 doses. Expression of immune-relevant genes such as TLR-22 and β2-M showed significantly higher expression at 6 hr and 24 hr of sampling in both liver and head kidney. However, these genes showed a downregulation after 120 hr of sampling in both the tissues. Preventive efficacy study showed that single dose of MCZ provides protection against oomycetes up to the fourth day of infection. Significantly higher mortality was observed in control diet-fed fish as compared to fish fed with MCZ medicated diet. Thus, it can be concluded that the MCZ can act as a potent antifungal agent for preventing oomycetes infection as well as to enhance the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Singh
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Ratan Kumar Saha
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Himadri Saha
- Department of Aquatic Health and Environment, College of Fisheries, CAU, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Janmejay Parhi
- Department of Fish Genetics and Reproduction, College of Fisheries, CAU, Agartala, Tripura, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Petrisko JE, Pearl CA, Pilliod DS, Sheridan PP, Williams CF, Peterson CR, Bury RB. Saprolegniaceae identified on amphibian eggs throughout the Pacific Northwest, USA, by internal transcribed spacer sequences and phylogenetic analysis. Mycologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15572536.2008.11832474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E. Petrisko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209
| | - Christopher A. Pearl
- USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - David S. Pilliod
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, Montana 59801
| | | | | | - Charles R. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209
| | - R. Bruce Bury
- USGS Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandoval-Sierra JV, Diéguez-Uribeondo J. A Comprehensive Protocol for Improving the Description of Saprolegniales (Oomycota): Two Practical Examples (Saprolegnia aenigmatica sp. nov. and Saprolegnia racemosa sp. nov.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132999. [PMID: 26186364 PMCID: PMC4506062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The description, identification and classification of organisms are the pillar in biodiversity and evolutionary studies. The fungal-like organism Saprolegnia contains important animal pathogens. However, its taxonomy is weak, making it difficult to perform further studies. This problem mainly arises from the unavailability of suitable holotypes. We propose a standardized protocol for describing Saprolegnia spp. that includes good cultural practices and proper holotype preservation. In order to illustrate this new proposal, we describe two species, Saprolegnia aenigmatica sp. nov. and Saprolegnia racemosa sp. nov., based on the recently described molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), phylogenetic relationships, and the analyses of morphological features. We show that they belong to two different MOTUs that are grouped into two sister clades. Morphologically, we find that S. racemosa exhibits a species-specific character, i.e., aggrupation of oogonia in racemes, while S. aenigmatica does not have any specific characters. Analyses of a combined set of characters, i.e., length and breadth of sporangia, length/breadth ratio (l/b) of oogonia, cyst and oospore diameter, and the number of oospores per oogomium, allow distinguishing these two species. To improve Saprolegnia taxonomy, we propose to incorporate into the protologue: (i) several isolates of the new species; (ii) the rDNA sequences to compare them to data-bases of Saprolegnia sequences of reference; (iii) a phylogenetic analysis to check relationships with other species; (iv) to preserve holotypes in absolute ethanol and to include lyophilized material from holotype; and (v) the ex-type as a pure culture from single-spore isolates stored in at least two different collections.
Collapse
|
7
|
de la Bastide PY, Leung WL, Hintz WE. Species composition of the genus Saprolegnia in fin fish aquaculture environments, as determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of the nuclear rDNA ITS regions. Fungal Biol 2014; 119:27-43. [PMID: 25601147 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ITS region of the rDNA gene was compared for Saprolegnia spp. in order to improve our understanding of nucleotide sequence variability within and between species of this genus, determine species composition in Canadian fin fish aquaculture facilities, and to assess the utility of ITS sequence variability in genetic marker development. From a collection of more than 400 field isolates, ITS region nucleotide sequences were studied and it was determined that there was sufficient consistent inter-specific variation to support the designation of species identity based on ITS sequence data. This non-subjective approach to species identification does not rely upon transient morphological features. Phylogenetic analyses comparing our ITS sequences and species designations with data from previous studies generally supported the clade scheme of Diéguez-Uribeondo et al. (2007) and found agreement with the molecular taxonomic cluster system of Sandoval-Sierra et al. (2014). Our Canadian ITS sequence collection will thus contribute to the public database and assist the clarification of Saprolegnia spp. taxonomy. The analysis of ITS region sequence variability facilitated genus- and species-level identification of unknown samples from aquaculture facilities and provided useful information on species composition. A unique ITS-RFLP for the identification of S. parasitica was also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y de la Bastide
- Biology Department, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Wai Lam Leung
- Biology Department, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - William E Hintz
- Biology Department, Centre for Forest Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C. V8W 3N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Species identification in the genus Saprolegnia (Oomycetes): Defining DNA-based molecular operational taxonomic units. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:559-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Sarowar MN, van den Berg AH, McLaggan D, Young MR, van West P. Reprint of: Saprolegnia strains isolated from river insects and amphipods are broad spectrum pathogens. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:579-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
10
|
Sarowar MN, van den Berg AH, McLaggan D, Young MR, van West P. Saprolegnia strains isolated from river insects and amphipods are broad spectrum pathogens. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:752-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
The impact of the water moulds Saprolegnia diclina and Saprolegnia parasitica on natural ecosystems and the aquaculture industry. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
12
|
Ghiasi M, Khosravi A, Soltani M, Binaii M, Shokri H, Tootian Z, Rostamibashman M, Ebrahimzademousavi H. Characterization of Saprolegnia isolates from Persian sturgeon ( Acipencer persicus ) eggs based on physiological and molecular data. J Mycol Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Saprolegnia brachydanis, A New Oomycete Isolated from Zebra Fish. Mycopathologia 2008; 167:107-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-008-9150-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Diéguez-Uribeondo J, Fregeneda-Grandes JM, Cerenius L, Pérez-Iniesta E, Aller-Gancedo JM, Tellería MT, Söderhäll K, Martín MP. Re-evaluation of the enigmatic species complex Saprolegnia diclina–Saprolegnia parasitica based on morphological, physiological and molecular data. Fungal Genet Biol 2007; 44:585-601. [PMID: 17446097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships among isolates of the Saprolegnia diclina-Saprolegnia parasitica complex were investigated based on ITS rDNA sequences, and correlated with morphological and physiological characters. The isolates studied belong to five phylogenetically separate clades. The majority of presumed parasitic isolates, mostly isolated from fish lesions, fell within a clade that comprises isolates which has been variously named as S. diclina Type 1, S. parasitica, Saprolegnia salmonis or just as unnamed Saprolegnia sp. Presence of bundles of long-hooked hairs on secondary cysts, high frequency of retracted germination, and oogonia production at 7 degrees C (when occurring) were characteristic of this clade. A single isolate identified as S. diclina Type 2 clustered in a clade along with Saprolegnia ferax isolates. The isolates identified as S. diclina s. str. (S. diclina Type 3) distributed in two clades and appeared closely related to Saprolegnia multispora and to a number of Chilean isolates identified as Saprolegnia australis. The ITS sequences of clade I were almost identical even though the isolates were of diverse geographical origins and showed physiological and morphological differences and variations in their pathogenicity. This suggest these species reproduces clonally even in apparently sexually competent isolates. Adaptation to parasitism in Saprolegnia might have occurred at spore level by the development of long-hooked hairs to facilitate host attachment and selection of a retracting germination. The use of the name S. parasitica should be assigned to isolates of clade I that contained isolates forming cysts with bundles of long-hooked hairs.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lilley JH, Hart D, Panyawachira V, Kanchanakhan S, Chinabut S, Söderhäll K, Cerenius L. Molecular characterization of the fish-pathogenic fungus Aphanomyces invadans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:263-275. [PMID: 12962235 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aphanomyces invadans (Saprolegniaceae) is a peronosporomycete fungus associated with the serious fish disease, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), also known as mycotic granulomatosis. In this study, interspecific relationships were examined between A. invadans isolates and other aquatic animal pathogenic Saprolegniaceae, and saprophytic Saprolegniaceae from EUS-affected areas. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms and sequences of ribosomal DNA confirmed that A. invadans is distinct from all other species studied. A sequence from the internal transcribed spacer region ITS1, unique to A. invadans, was used to design primers for a PCR-based diagnostic test. Intraspecific relationships were also examined by random amplification of polymorphic DNA using 20 isolates of A. invadans from six countries. The isolates showed a high degree of genetic homogeneity using 14 random ten-mer primers. This provides evidence that the fungus has spread across Asia in one relatively rapid episode, which is consistent with reports of outbreaks of EUS. Physiological distinctions between A. invadans and other Aphanomyces species based on a data set of 16 growth parameters showed remarkable taxonomic congruence with the molecular phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Lilley
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oidtmann B, Bausewein S, Hölzle L, Hoffmann R, Wittenbrink M. Identification of the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Vet Microbiol 2002; 85:183-94. [PMID: 11844624 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00505-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To characterise the DNA of the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci, Saprolegniales (Oomycetes), primers were developed to amplify a 1050bp segment of the 28S rDNA region. Restriction enzymes were applied to the amplicon obtained, to distinguish A. astaci from 12 fungal species belonging also to the Saprolegniales and five more distantly related fungi. Most of the fungal species included in the study are either known parasites of freshwater crayfish cuticle or can be found in their natural environment. A. astaci DNA was distinguishable from the DNA of other fungal species tested by using the primers developed plus restriction enzymes AluI, HindIII and AvaI. Prior to this study, methods for A. astaci-species determination, e.g. spore production and infection experiments, required a protracted period to yield results; the method described in this study is quicker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Oidtmann
- Institute of Zoology, Fish Biology and Fish Diseases, University of Munich, Kaulbachstr. 37, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|