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Zang Y, Li H, Liu S, Zhao R, Zhang K, Zang Y, Wang Y, Xue F. The roles and clinical applications of interleukins in endometrial carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1001693. [PMID: 36531027 PMCID: PMC9748080 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common malignant tumor of the female reproductive system, endometrial carcinoma (EC) seriously endangers women's health with an increasing incidence. The oncogenesis and progression of cancer are closely linked with immune microenvironment, of which interleukins are the important components. In order to illustrate the roles and clinical applications of interleukins in EC, literature of interleukins and EC were reviewed. Based on the present studies, interleukins play crucial roles in the oncogenesis and development of EC via regulating the proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy of EC as well as the immune function against EC. And some of the interleukins seems to have prospective clinical applications in EC, such as evaluating the risk of tumorigenesis, discriminating the malignancy from benign disorders or normal condition, indicating cancer aggressiveness, predicting the prognosis of patients and serving as the novel therapy. However, there is still a long way to go before the clinical applications of interleukins in EC come into reality. Nevertheless, it is certain that the exploration of interleukins will definitely be of great benefit to the screening, diagnosis and treatment of EC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanrong Li
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuqi Zang
- Hangzhou College of Preschool Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingmei Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengxia Xue
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Health and Eugenics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Gauthier T, Filloux M, Guillaudeau A, Essig M, Bibes R, Pacha AF, Piver P, Aubard Y, Marquet P, Drouet M. Uterus human leucocyte antigen expression in the perspective of transplantation. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2016; 42:1789-1795. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Gauthier
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; CHU Limoges; France
- UMR-850 INSERM; University of Medicine; Limoges France
| | - Matthieu Filloux
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics; CHU Limoges; France
| | | | - Marie Essig
- Nephrology, Dialysis; Transplantation CHU Limoges; France
| | - Romain Bibes
- University of Limoges; EA 3842 Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, University of Medicine; Limoges France
| | - Adam Fodil Pacha
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics; CHU Limoges; France
| | - Pascal Piver
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; CHU Limoges; France
- UMR-850 INSERM; University of Medicine; Limoges France
| | - Yves Aubard
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department; CHU Limoges; France
- UMR-850 INSERM; University of Medicine; Limoges France
| | | | - Mireille Drouet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunogenetics; CHU Limoges; France
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Hafner LM, Cunningham K, Beagley KW. Ovarian steroid hormones: effects on immune responses and Chlamydia trachomatis infections of the female genital tract. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:859-75. [PMID: 23860476 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Female sex hormones are known to regulate the adaptive and innate immune functions of the female reproductive tract. This review aims to update our current knowledge of the effects of the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone in the female reproductive tract on innate immunity, antigen presentation, specific immune responses, antibody secretion, genital tract infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hafner
- Infectious Diseases Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
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Hel Z, Stringer E, Mestecky J. Sex steroid hormones, hormonal contraception, and the immunobiology of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:79-97. [PMID: 19903932 PMCID: PMC2852204 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, an increasing number of women use oral or injectable hormonal contraceptives. However, inadequate information is available to aid women and health care professionals in weighing the potential risks of hormonal contraceptive use in individuals living with HIV-1 or at high risk of infection. Numerous epidemiological studies and challenge studies in a rhesus macaque model suggest that progesterone-based contraceptives increase the risk of HIV-1 infection in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in macaques, accelerate disease progression, and increase viral shedding in the genital tract. However, because several other studies in humans have not observed any effect of exogenously administered progesterone on HIV-1 acquisition and disease progression, the issue continues to be a topic of intense research and ongoing discussion. In contrast to progesterone, systemic or intravaginal treatment with estrogen efficiently protects female rhesus macaques against the transmission of SIV, likely by enhancing the natural protective properties of the lower genital tract mucosal tissue. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effect of sex steroid hormones on HIV-1 and SIV acquisition and disease progression are not well understood, progesterone and estrogen are known to regulate a number of immune mechanisms that may exert an effect on retroviral infection. This review summarizes current knowledge of the effects of various types of sex steroid hormones on immune processes involved in the biology of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Hel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA.
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Wassen L, Jertborn M. Influence of exogenous reproductive hormones on specific antibody production in genital secretions after vaginal vaccination with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in humans. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:202-7. [PMID: 16467326 PMCID: PMC1391940 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.2.202-207.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of exogenous reproductive hormones on the local and systemic production of specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies after vaginal vaccination with recombinant cholera toxin subunit B (CTB). Three groups of women using either progesterone-containing intrauterine devices (n=9), oral contraceptives (n=8), or no hormonal contraceptive methods (n=9) were vaginally immunized twice, 2 weeks apart. Cervical secretions, vaginal fluids, and serum were collected before and after vaccination. Total and CTB-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in genital secretions and serum were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A majority of the women presented strong CTB-specific IgA and IgG antibody responses in cervicovaginal secretions after vaccination, whereas the antitoxin responses in serum were weaker. Exogenously administered steroid hormones did not seem to have any impact on the production of specific antibodies. Both the frequencies and the magnitudes of IgA and IgG antitoxin responses in genital secretions were comparable among the three immunization groups. An association, in particular for IgA, was found between the magnitudes of the CTB-specific antibody responses in cervical secretions and vaginal fluids after vaccination. The sensitivities and positive predictive values of vaginal antibody analyses to reflect responses in cervical secretions were also high, suggesting that vaginal fluids alone might be used for evaluation of genital immune responses in large-scale vaccination studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Göteborg University Vaccine Institute-GUVAX, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, SE-416 85 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Wira CR, Fahey JV, Sentman CL, Pioli PA, Shen L. Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: cellular responses and interactions. Immunol Rev 2005; 206:306-35. [PMID: 16048557 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system in the female reproductive tract (FRT) has evolved to meet the unique requirements of dealing with sexually transmitted bacterial and viral pathogens, allogeneic spermatozoa, and the immunologically distinct fetus. Analysis of the FRT indicates that the key cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems are present and functionally responsive to antigens. Acting through Toll-like receptors in the Fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and in the vagina, epithelial cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and neutrophils confer protection through the production of chemokines and cytokines, which recruit and activate immune cells, as well as bactericidal and virucidal agents, which confer protection at times when adaptive immunity is downregulated by sex hormones to meet the constraints of procreation. The overall goal of this paper is to define the innate immune system in the FRT and, where possible, to define the regulatory influences that occur during the menstrual cycle that contribute to protection from and susceptibility to potential pathogens. By understanding the nature of this protection and the ways in which innate and adaptive immunity interact, these studies provide the opportunity to contribute to the foundation of information essential for ensuring reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Wira
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Mecanismos de enfermedad en la infección por Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Manifestaciones clínicas y complicaciones. Rev Clin Esp 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(04)71486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mestecky J. Homeostasis of the mucosal immune system: human milk and lactation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 501:197-205. [PMID: 11787683 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1371-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
External secretions, including milk, contain large amounts of immunoglobulins (Ig) and innate factors of humoral immunity The Ig isotype distribution, their origin, transport, and absorbability from the gut lumen differ greatly among various species. Milk of primates contains mainly secretory IgA (sIgA) which has unique biological properties. The functional advantages of sIgA compared with other Ig isotypes include its resistance to proteolysis, presence of 4 to 8 antigen-binding sites, carbohydrate moiety-mediated antiadherence properties, and inhibition of complement activation. Although IgA exhibits its protective effect mainly on mucosal surfaces, internalization by cells expressing various IgA receptors suggests additional protective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mestecky
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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Al-Harthi L, Kovacs A, Coombs RW, Reichelderfer PS, Wright DJ, Cohen MH, Cohn J, Cu-Uvin S, Watts H, Lewis S, Beckner S, Landay A. A menstrual cycle pattern for cytokine levels exists in HIV-positive women: implication for HIV vaginal and plasma shedding. AIDS 2001; 15:1535-43. [PMID: 11504986 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200108170-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the menstrual cycle in HIV-positive women on plasma and genital cytokine levels, interrelationships between vaginal and plasma cytokines, CD4 and CD8 T cell fluctuations, and genital and plasma viral loads. METHODS Plasma and cervicovaginal lavage specimens were collected from 55 HIV-positive women with CD4 cell counts < 350 cells/microl during phases of the menstrual cycle. Samples were assayed for IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, TGFbeta, TNFalpha, INFgamma, MIP1alpha, MIP1beta, RANTES, and TNFR-II using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. CD4 and CD8 T cell expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Repeated measures regression models were used to assess the effect of the menstrual cycle on cytokines and viral load. Multivariate repeated regression models were used to assess the correlation among selected cytokines and between selected cytokines and HIV viral load. RESULTS Vaginal IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MIP1beta, RANTES, TGFbeta, and TNFR-II were significantly elevated during menses but were not altered during other phases. Plasma cytokine levels were not altered during the menstrual cycle. A positive Candida culture increased vaginal IL-8 during menses, whereas vaginal discharge was associated with a reduction in vaginal IL-4, IL-10, and RANTES. CD4 and CD8 cell numbers did not vary with the menstrual cycle. Vaginal cytokine levels correlated only with vaginal viral load, in a sampling method-dependent manner. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of elevated vaginal cytokine levels during menses, which appear to regulate vaginal and not plasma HIV shedding, suggesting that a menstrual cycle pattern exists for cytokine production in HIV-positive women impacting vaginal shedding of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology at Rush-Presbyterian St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Kutteh WH, Franklin RD. Quantification of immunoglobulins and cytokines in human cervical mucus during each trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184:865-72; discussion 872-4. [PMID: 11303193 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2001.113853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aims were to determine immunoglobulin and cytokine levels in cervical mucus obtained from women during each trimester of pregnancy and to compare these levels with those reported in normally menstruating women and in women taking oral contraceptives. STUDY DESIGN Cervical mucus samples were collected at specified intervals from 36 pregnant women. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantitate the presence of immunoglobulins A and G and interleukins 1 beta, 6, and 10 in cervical mucus. RESULTS Immunoglobulin A in cervical mucus remained stable during each trimester of pregnancy (26 mg/dL). Cervical mucus immunoglobulin G decreased from a first-trimester high of 44.4 mg/dL to lower levels in the second and third trimesters. Levels of interleukin 1 beta increased significantly from the first trimester (4261 pg/mL) to 12,899 pg/mL in the second trimester (P <.01). CONCLUSION These data suggest a possible correlation of reproductive hormones and immunologic factors in the female reproductive tract during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Kutteh
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, 38163-2116, USA
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Al-Harthi L, Wright DJ, Anderson D, Cohen M, Matity Ahu D, Cohn J, Cu-Unvin S, Burns D, Reichelderfer P, Lewis S, Beckner S, Kovacs A, Landay A. The impact of the ovulatory cycle on cytokine production: evaluation of systemic, cervicovaginal, and salivary compartments. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2000; 20:719-24. [PMID: 10954915 DOI: 10.1089/10799900050116426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the impact of the menstrual cycle on immunologic parameters, we measured the level of cytokines and chemokines from plasma, cervicovaginal lavage (CVL), and saliva samples of 6 premenopausal women during the follicular and luteal phases of the ovulatory cycle. We demonstrate that the level of plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) was 4-fold higher during the follicular phase than the luteal phase (p = 0.004), whereas plasma IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), and TNF receptor II (TNFR II) were not altered during the ovulatory cycle. In the vaginal compartment, as measured from CVL samples, the levels of IL-6 and IL-1beta were both 5-fold higher in the follicular than the luteal phase (p = 0.0002 and 0.03, respectively). Salivary cytokine and chemokine samples were similar when measured during the luteal and the follicular phases. Additional analysis of lymphocyte subsets for phenotypic and functional markers indicated that they were not influenced by the ovulatory cycle. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1beta are differentially regulated during the ovulatory cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Franklin RD, Kutteh WH. Characterization of immunoglobulins and cytokines in human cervical mucus: influence of exogenous and endogenous hormones. J Reprod Immunol 1999; 42:93-106. [PMID: 10221733 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(98)00086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity in the female reproductive tract is influenced by immunoglobulins (Igs), cytokines, and reproductive hormones. Previous studies of reproductive-aged women demonstrated that IgA and IgG increases in cervical mucus corresponded to elevated levels of IL-1beta which occurred 1 day before the peak of endogenous estradiol production prior to ovulation. We sought to determine the effect of exogenous hormones on reproductive tract immunity in women on oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and to compare the results with respect to naturally cycling women. Twelve women of reproductive age who had negative cervical cultures, a normal pap smear, and agreed to abstain from sexual intercourse during the study initiated OCPs. Cervical mucus and vaginal washes were collected at six intervals (2-3 days apart) throughout the treatment cycle. Fifteen naturally cycling women had similar samples collected prior to, during, and subsequent to ovulation. Cervical mucus samples were assayed for IgA, IgG, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IgA, IgG and IL-1beta levels in women on OCPs paralleled increasing levels of norethindrone. Mean values of IgA increased from a low of 14.4+/-3.1 to 41.1+/-9.4 mg/dl and decreased significantly after the cessation of the pills (P < 0.001). In naturally cycling women, the largest quantities of Igs were detected prior to ovulation. By comparison, mean values of IgA in the cervical mucus of women on OCPs (24.4 mg/dl) exceeded peak levels of IgA in the cervical mucus of naturally cycling women (14.6 mg/dl). IgA was the predominant Ig detected in cervical mucus of women on OCPs. Both immunoglobulins in each group exhibited changes relative to their hormonal status. The increased levels of IgA in the cervical mucus of women on OCPs may explain the clinical observation of a lower incidence of sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Franklin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163-2116, USA
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Fahey JV, Humphrey SL, Stern JE, Wira CR. Secretory component production by polarized epithelial cells from the human female reproductive tract. Immunol Invest 1998; 27:167-80. [PMID: 9653665 DOI: 10.3109/08820139809089454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
At mucosal surfaces, the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) is responsible for transporting polymeric IgA across epithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether normal epithelial cells from the female reproductive tract form tight junctions and produce secretory component, the external domain of the pIgR. Uterine, cervical and vaginal tissues from women at different stages of the menstrual cycle and following menopause were used to prepare purified epithelial cell sheets, which were cultured in cell chambers. Transepithelial resistance was measured and the media from apical and basolateral compartments assayed for secretory component. Secretory component produced by uterine epithelial cells accumulated preferentially in apical compartment and correlated with increased transepithelial resistance. Seeding as epithelial sheets at 1 x 10(6) cells/cm2 of matrix coated cell chambers was required for growth. Epithelial cells from endo-cervix and ecto-cervix, but not the vagina, also showed preferential production and release of secretory component into the apical chamber. In conclusion, normal epithelial cells from the human female reproductive tract grow to confluence, become polarized and produce secretory component. Our results suggest that uterine and cervical epithelial cells play a key regulatory role in the control of IgA transcytosis from tissue into secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Fahey
- Department of Physiology, Dartmouth Medical School, New Hampshire 03756, USA
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Johansen FE, Bosløven BA, Krajci P, Brandtzaeg P. A composite DNA element in the promoter of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor regulates its constitutive expression. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:1161-71. [PMID: 9565355 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199804)28:04<1161::aid-immu1161>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), which is constitutively expressed on the basolateral surface of secretory epithelial cells, mediates external translocation of polymeric IgA and pentameric IgM (collectively called pIg) to exocrine secretions. A high level of synthesis must be maintained because the receptor is continuously cleaved to release bound secretory component (SC) in secretory IgA and secretory IgM, as well as free SC from unoccupied receptor. We have isolated the promoter of the pIgR gene and identified a short activating region that is required for the expression of pIgR promoter-driven reporter genes. This region contained an E-box and an inverted repeat sequence (IRS). Gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays with nuclear extracts from different pIgR-expressing epithelial cell lines demonstrated proteins that bind independently to both the E-box and the IRS sequence of the pIgR promoter. In addition, a DNA probe that contained both the E-box and the IRS gave rise to a larger complex that could not be competed by either element on its own. Binding was confirmed by DNase I footprinting of the E-box and IRS sequences with nuclear extracts, and by dimethyl sulfide footprinting in living HT-29 epithelial cells. Finally, a mutation in the pIgR promoter that inhibited protein binding to the E-box and the formation of the larger complex, abolished activated transcription from the reporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Johansen
- Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway.
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells in mucosal tissues represent quantitatively the most important humoral immune system of the body. All exocrine tissue sites contain immunocytes (B-cell blasts and plasma cells) that mainly synthesize dimers and larger polymers of IgA (collectively called pIgA) with incorporated J chain. Such pIgA is actively transported to external secretions as secretory IgA (SIgA) by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), a transmembrane epithelial glycoprotein also called the secretory component (SC). The same transport mechanism includes pentameric IgM to generate SIgM. Although the most active SIgA system occurs in the gut, secretory immunity also operates in the female genital tract, with considerable pIgA production in the cervical mucosa and fallopian tubes. The origin of these local IgA immunocytes remains undefined. In mice, both lymphoid tissue in the large bowel (GALT) and nasopharynx (NALT) have been suggested as inductive sites for B cells homing to the urogenital tract. It is well established that integrin alpha 4 beta 7 is used by primed lymphoid cells to enter the intestinal lamina propria through interactions with mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM)-1 expressed on venule endothelium. However, alpha 4 beta 7 does not appear to be an important homing molecule in the airways, and the same might be true for the urogenital tract; this could explain that high levels of IgA antibodies occur in cervicovaginal secretions of mice after nasal immunization. The endometrium can likewise perform pIgR-mediated external translocation of pIgA that in this tissue appears to be mainly derived from serum, partly under hormonal regulation. In addition, paracellular diffusion of serum-derived and locally produced IgG through epithelia is an important part of humoral immunity in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Norway.
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Talavera F, Bergman C, Pearl ML, Connor P, Roberts JA, Menon KM. cAMP and PMA enhance the effects of IGF-I in the proliferation of endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line HEC-1-A by acting at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Cell Prolif 1995; 28:121-36. [PMID: 7734622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1995.tb00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to determine whether endometrial cancer cell line HEC-1-A differ from nontransformed cells, in that the cAMP and protein kinase C pathways may enhance IGF-I effects in mitogenesis by acting at the G1 phase of the cell cycle instead of G0. Immunofluorescence staining of HEC-1-A cells using the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoclonal antibody and flow cytometric analysis determined that HEC-1-A cells do not enter the G0 phase of the cell cycle when incubated in a serum-free medium. Approximately 51% of the cells were in G1, 12% were in S and 37% in G2 phase of the cell cycle prior to treatment. Forskolin and phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were used to stimulate cAMP production and protein kinase C activity, respectively. IGF-I, forskolin and PMA each increased (P < 0.01) [3H]-thymidine incorporation in a dose and time dependent manner. The interaction of forskolin and PMA with IGF-I was then determined. Cells preincubated with forskolin or PMA followed by incubation with IFG-I incorporated significantly more (P < 0.01) [3H]-thymidine into DNA than controls or any treatment alone. It is concluded that forskolin and, to a lesser extent, PMA exert their effect at the G1 phase of the cycle to enhance IGF-I effects in cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Talavera
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0278, USA
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Ball JM, Moldoveanu Z, Melsen LR, Kozlowski PA, Jackson S, Mulligan MJ, Mestecky JF, Compans RW. A polarized human endometrial cell line that binds and transports polymeric IgA. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:196-206. [PMID: 7757302 DOI: 10.1007/bf02639434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that a human endometrial cell line, HEC-1, maintains a transepithelial electrical resistance, directionally transports fluids across the cell monolayer, and releases enveloped viruses at distinct plasma membrane domains: influenza virus is released at the apical surfaces and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) at the basolateral surfaces. In addition, we have examined the expression of domain-specific endogenous proteins, including the polyimmunoglobulin receptor. Multiple endogenous polypeptides were found to be secreted into the culture medium at basolateral surfaces, whereas no secretion of specific polypeptides was observed from apical cell surfaces. Distinct patterns of endogenous proteins were also observed on apical and basolateral cell surfaces, with a much more complex polypeptide pattern on the basolateral membranes. Using surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence, the polyimmunoglobulin receptor was found to be expressed on the basolateral surface of HEC-1 monolayers. The specific binding of poly-immunoglobulin A (pIgA) was found to occur on the basolateral surface, and was followed by transcytosis to the apical surface and release into the apical medium. The observed characteristics indicate that the endometrium-derived HEC-1 epithelial cell line can be employed as a model for studies of protein transport in polarized epithelial cells of human endometrial tissues, as well as for studies of the interaction of microorganisms with epithelial cells in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ball
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA
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