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Gosch MA, Wilson DJD. Prediction of Covalent Metal-Metal Bonding in Cp-M-M'-Nacnac Complexes of Group 2 and 12 Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd, Hg). Chemistry 2024:e202402118. [PMID: 38935331 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bimetallic CpMM'Nacnac molecules with group 2 and 12 metals (M=Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd, Hg) that contain novel metal-metal bonding have been investigated in a theoretical study of their molecular and electronic structure, thermodynamic stability, and metal-metal bonding. In all cases the metal-metal bonds are characterized as electron-sharing covalent single bonds from natural bond orbital (NBO) and energy-decomposition analysis with natural orbitals of chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analysis. The sum of [MM'] charges is relatively constant, with all complexes exhibiting a [MM']2+ core. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis indicates the presence of non-nuclear attractors (NNA) in the metal-metal bonds of the BeBe, MgMg, and CaCa complexes. There is substantial electron density (0.75-1.33 e) associated with the NNAs, which indicates that these metal-metal bonds, while classified as covalent electron-sharing bonds, retain significant metallic character that can be associated with reducing reactivity of the complex. The predicted stability of these complexes, combined with their novel covalent metal-metal bonding and potential as reducing agents, make them appealing targets for the synthesis of new metal-metal bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Gosch
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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2
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Dunning TH, Xu LT. Electronic structure of Li 1,2,3 +,0,- and nature of the bonding in Li 2,3 +,0,. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:405-418. [PMID: 37966878 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study of the small lithium molecules Li2 +,0,- and Li3 +,0,- focuses on the nature of the bonding in these molecules as well as their structures and energetics (bond energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities). Valence CASSCF (2s,2p) calculations incorporate nondynamical electron correlation in the calculations, while the corresponding multireference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations incorporate dynamical electron correlation. Treatment of nondynamical correlation is critical for properly describing the Li2,3 +,0,- molecules as well as the Li- anion with dynamical correlation, in general, only fine-tuning the predictions. All lithium molecules and ions are bound, with the Li3 + and Li2 + ions being the most strongly bound, followed by Li3 - , Li2 , Li2 - and Li3 . The minimum energy structures of Li3 +,0,- are, respectively, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and a linear structure. The results of SCGVB calculations are analyzed to obtain insights into the nature of the bonding in these molecules. An important finding of this work is that interstitial orbitals, a concept first put forward by McAdon and Goddard in 1985, play an essential role in the bonding of all lithium molecules considered here except for Li2 . The interstitial orbitals found in the Li3 +,0 molecules likely give rise to the non-nuclear attractors/maxima observed in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Racioppi S, Storm CV, McMahon MI, Zurek E. On the Electride Nature of Na-hP4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310802. [PMID: 37796438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Early quantum mechanical models suggested that pressure drives solids towards free-electron metal behavior where the ions are locked into simple close-packed structures. The prediction and subsequent discovery of high-pressure electrides (HPEs), compounds assuming open structures where the valence electrons are localized in interstitial voids, required a paradigm shift. Our quantum chemical calculations on the iconic insulating Na-hP4 HPE show that increasing density causes a 3s→3pd electronic transition due to Pauli repulsion between the 1s2s and 3s states, and orthogonality of the 3pd states to the core. The large lobes of the resulting Na-pd hybrid orbitals point towards the center of an 11-membered penta-capped trigonal prism and overlap constructively, forming multicentered bonds, which are responsible for the emergence of the interstitial charge localization in Na-hP4. These multicentered bonds facilitate the increased density of this phase, which is key for its stabilization under pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Racioppi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo (USA), 777 Natural Science Complex, 14260-3000, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christian V Storm
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm I McMahon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, and Center for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Zurek
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo (USA), 777 Natural Science Complex, 14260-3000, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Karachi SS, Eskandari K. Bonding in the high spin lithium clusters: Non-nuclear attractors play a crucial role. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:962-968. [PMID: 36573786 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The bonding in lithium high-spin clusters contradicts the usual chemical bonding concept since there are no electron pairs between the atoms, and they are bound with parallel spin electrons. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules and interacting quantum atom analysis (IQA) were used to investigate the nature of bonding in the high-spin Li n n + 1 n = 2 - 5 clusters. Our findings demonstrate that the non-nuclear attractors (NNAs) are an essential component of the high-spin lithium clusters and play a key role in keeping them stable. Based on IQA energy terms, an electrostatic destabilizing interaction between the lithium atoms works against the cluster formation. On the other hand, the interactions between lithium atoms and NNA basins are stabilizing and outweigh the lithium-lithium destabilizing effects. In fact, NNAs tend to draw lithium atoms together and stabilize the resulting cluster. The high-spin clusters of lithium can be regarded as electrostatically driven compounds since the electrostatic components are primarily responsible for the stabilizing interactions between NNAs and Li atoms. The only exception is 3 Li2 , which lacks NNA and has a non-repellent lithium-lithium interaction. Indeed, in the 3 Li2 , the interatomic electrostatic component is negligibly small, and the exchange-correlation term leads to a weak bonding interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sadat Karachi
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kiamars Eskandari
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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5
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Non-Nuclear maxima and the universality of Bright Wilson’s justification of the first Hohenberg Kohn theorem revisited. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Electrostatic Potential Topology for Probing Molecular Structure, Bonding and Reactivity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113289. [PMID: 34072507 PMCID: PMC8198923 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the pioneering investigations of Bader on the topology of molecular electron density, the topology analysis of its sister field viz. molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) was taken up by the authors’ groups. Through these studies, MESP topology emerged as a powerful tool for exploring molecular bonding and reactivity patterns. The MESP topology features are mapped in terms of its critical points (CPs), such as bond critical points (BCPs), while the minima identify electron-rich locations, such as lone pairs and π-bonds. The gradient paths of MESP vividly bring out the atoms-in-molecule picture of neutral molecules and anions. The MESP-based characterization of a molecule in terms of electron-rich and -deficient regions provides a robust prediction about its interaction with other molecules. This leads to a clear picture of molecular aggregation, hydrogen bonding, lone pair–π interactions, π-conjugation, aromaticity and reaction mechanisms. This review summarizes the contributions of the authors’ groups over the last three decades and those of the other active groups towards understanding chemical bonding, molecular recognition, and reactivity through topology analysis of MESP.
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Klein J, Fleurat-Lessard P, Pilmé J. New insights in chemical reactivity from quantum chemical topology. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:840-854. [PMID: 33660292 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Based on the quantum chemical topology of the modified electron localization function ELFx , an efficient and robust mechanistic methodology designed to identify the favorable reaction pathway between two reactants is proposed. We first recall and reshape how the supermolecular interaction energy can be evaluated from only three distinct terms, namely the intermolecular coulomb energy, the intermolecular exchange-correlation energy and the intramolecular energies of reactants. Thereafter, we show that the reactivity between the reactants is driven by the first-order variation in the coulomb intermolecular energy defined in terms of the response to changes in the number of electrons. Illustrative examples with the formation of the dative bond B-N involved in the BH3 NH3 molecule and the typical formation of the hydrogen bond in the canonical water dimer are presented. For these selected systems, our approach unveils a noticeable mimicking of Edual onto the DFT intermolecular interaction energy surface calculated between the both reactants. An automated reaction-path algorithm aimed to determine the most favorable relative orientations when the two molecules approach each other is also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Klein
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université, Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC), Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), 9 avenue Alain Savary, Dijon Cedex, 21078, France
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris Cedex, France
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Firme CL. Local potential energy density model (LPE): Applications and limitations to quantify intra/intermolecular interactions. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Manz TA. Seven confluence principles: a case study of standardized statistical analysis for 26 methods that assign net atomic charges in molecules. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44121-44148. [PMID: 35517149 PMCID: PMC9058476 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06392d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article studies two kinds of information extracted from statistical correlations between methods for assigning net atomic charges (NACs) in molecules. First, relative charge transfer magnitudes are quantified by performing instant least squares fitting (ILSF) on the NACs reported by Cho et al. (ChemPhysChem, 2020, 21, 688-696) across 26 methods applied to ∼2000 molecules. The Hirshfeld and Voronoi deformation density (VDD) methods had the smallest charge transfer magnitudes, while the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) method had the largest charge transfer magnitude. Methods optimized to reproduce the molecular dipole moment (e.g., ACP, ADCH, CM5) have smaller charge transfer magnitudes than methods optimized to reproduce the molecular electrostatic potential (e.g., CHELPG, HLY, MK, RESP). Several methods had charge transfer magnitudes even larger than the electrostatic potential fitting group. Second, confluence between different charge assignment methods is quantified to identify which charge assignment method produces the best NAC values for predicting via linear correlations the results of 20 charge assignment methods having a complete basis set limit across the dataset of ∼2000 molecules. The DDEC6 NACs were the best such predictor of the entire dataset. Seven confluence principles are introduced explaining why confluent quantitative descriptors offer predictive advantages for modeling a broad range of physical properties and target applications. These confluence principles can be applied in various fields of scientific inquiry. A theory is derived showing confluence is better revealed by standardized statistical analysis (e.g., principal components analysis of the correlation matrix and standardized reversible linear regression) than by unstandardized statistical analysis. These confluence principles were used together with other key principles and the scientific method to make assigning atom-in-material properties non-arbitrary. The N@C60 system provides an unambiguous and non-arbitrary falsifiable test of atomic population analysis methods. The HLY, ISA, MK, and RESP methods failed for this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Manz
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003-3805 USA
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10
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Silva FT, Rocha-Santos A, Firme CL, De Souza LA, Anjos IC, Belchior JC. Application of a quantum genetic algorithm and QTAIM analysis in the study of structural and electronic properties of neutral bimetallic clusters Na xLi y (4 ≤ x + y ≤ 10). J Mol Model 2020; 26:317. [PMID: 33098445 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alloy clusters of NaxLiy (4 ≤ x + y ≤ 10) are studied by exploring the potential energy surface in the ab initio MP2 level with the support of a quantum genetic algorithm (QGA). In some cases, the structures have been also refined with DFT and coupled-cluster methods. The general trends of sodium-lithium structures are in line with previous studies. The ionization potentials and polarizabilities to all structures were calculated with MP2 method and the average error between these two properties compared with experimental data was 6% and 13%, respectively. The topological analysis based on quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) showed that by increasing the cluster size of the diatomic system there was a decrease of atomic interaction energies. The degree of degeneracy from D3BIA aromaticity index and the analysis of the atomic charges showed the influence (by charge transfer) of the chemical element in lower quantity in the cluster with respect to the other atoms. Our achievements of comparing our theoretical results with available experimental data have demonstrated that our approach can also predict satisfactorily quantum atomic and alloy clusters properties, at least, for low nuclearities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Teixeira Silva
- Fundamental Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50.670-901, Brazil
| | - Acassio Rocha-Santos
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Jardim Universitário s/n, Castelo Branco, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58.051-900, Brazil
| | - Caio L Firme
- Chemistry Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000, Lagoa Nova, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59.072-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A De Souza
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Italo C Anjos
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, 78.068-600, Brazil
| | - Jadson C Belchior
- Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil.
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11
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Tolborg K, Iversen BB. Electron Density Studies in Materials Research. Chemistry 2019; 25:15010-15029. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Tolborg
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center for Materials CrystallographyDepartment of Chemistry and iNANOAarhus University Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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12
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Tantardini C. When does a hydrogen bond become a van der Waals interaction? a topological answer. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:937-943. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tantardini
- Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage; SkolTech Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology; ul. Nobelya 3, Moscow, 143026 Russian Federation
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13
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Mojica-Sánchez JP, Flores-Moreno R, Pineda-Urbina K, Gómez-Sandoval Z. Exploring the Structure, Energetic, and Magnetic Properties of Neutral Small Lithium Clusters Doped with Yttrium: Supermagnetic Atom Research. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11252-11261. [PMID: 31459233 PMCID: PMC6645110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations based on magnetic and energetic stability criteria were performed to study a series of yttrium-doped lithium neutral clusters. A relativistic approximation was employed to properly describe the energy and multiplicity of the given clusters' fundamental states. The interaction of the 4d-Y atomic orbitals with the sp-Li states had an important role in the magnetic and energetic behavior of the selected systems. The spin density was concentrated over the yttrium atom regardless of the size of the cluster. Li7Y is a new stable superatom due to its enhanced magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mojica-Sánchez
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, Coquimatlán, Colima Col. C.P. 28400, México
| | - Roberto Flores-Moreno
- Departamento
de Química, Grupo de Estructura de la Materia, Universidad Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara, Jalisco C.P. 44430, México
| | - Kayim Pineda-Urbina
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, Coquimatlán, Colima Col. C.P. 28400, México
| | - Zeferino Gómez-Sandoval
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
de Colima, Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán km 9, Coquimatlán, Colima Col. C.P. 28400, México
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14
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Naskar P, Roy R, Talukder S, Chaudhury P. Structural, spectroscopic and thermodynamic aspects of azide–water clusters: an approach using a conjugated prescription of stochastic and quantum chemical methods. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1465605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Naskar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Rituparna Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Srijeeta Talukder
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India
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El Bakouri O, Postils V, Garcia-Borràs M, Duran M, Luis JM, Calvello S, Soncini A, Matito E, Feixas F, Solà M. Metal Cluster Electrides: A New Type of Molecular Electride with Delocalised Polyattractor Character. Chemistry 2018; 24:9853-9859. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Miquel Duran
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Simone Calvello
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea; Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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17
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Wick CR, Clark T. On bond-critical points in QTAIM and weak interactions. J Mol Model 2018; 24:142. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Lv J, Yang L, Sun Z, Meng L, Li X. Nature of non-nuclear (3, −3) π-attractor and π-bonding: Theoretical analysis on π-electron density. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Mirdha RH, Naskar P, Chaudhury P. Mapping out reaction paths for conformational changes in (M
g
O)
n
clusters: a study based on a stochastic procedure. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Lepetit C, Fau P, Fajerwerg K, Kahn ML, Silvi B. Topological analysis of the metal-metal bond: A tutorial review. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Gallo-Bueno A, Francisco E, Martín Pendás A. Decay rate of real space delocalization measures: a comparison between analytical and test systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:11772-80. [PMID: 26791809 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06098b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We examine in this contribution the possible relation between the spatial decay rate of real space delocalization measures and the insulating- or metallic-like character of molecular and extended systems. We first show that in simple one-electron models, like the Hückel or tight binding approximations, delocalization indices (DIs) are intimately linked to the first-order reduced density matrix (1RDM), whose decay rate is known to be exponential in gapped systems and algebraic in gapless ones. DIs are shown to behave equivalently, with wild oscillations in gapless 1D, 2D and 3D models that do only persist in one-dimensional real cases, as computed at the Hartree-Fock or Kohn-Sham levels. Oscillations are shown to be directly related to Pauling resonant structures and chemical mesomerism. DIs in insulating-like moieties decay extremely fast. We propose that examining the decay of DIs along different directions in real materials may be used to detect facile and non-facile conductivity channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gallo-Bueno
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain.
| | - E Francisco
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain.
| | - A Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo, Spain.
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Tantardini C, Benassi E. Topology vs. thermodynamics in chemical reactions: the instability of PH5. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:27779-27785. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06130g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The topological approach, based on Bader theory, is compared to the common thermodynamical methodology to study chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
- School of Science and Technology
- Nazarbayev University
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Tantardini C, Boldyreva EV, Benassi E. Hypervalency in Organic Crystals: A Case Study of the Oxicam Sulfonamide Group. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:10289-10296. [PMID: 27983840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tantardini
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation
| | - Elena V. Boldyreva
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry SB RAS, Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russian Federation
| | - Enrico Benassi
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
- Scuola Superiore Normale, Piazza
dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa 56126, Italy
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Molecular graphs of $$\hbox {Mo}_{2n}\hbox {C}_n$$ Mo 2 n C n (n = 1–10) clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-2003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Tantardini C, Ceresoli D, Benassi E. Source function and plane waves: Toward complete bader analysis. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2133-9. [PMID: 27364862 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The source function (SF) is a topological descriptor that was introduced and developed by C. Gatti and R.W. Bader in 1998. The SF describes the contribution of each atom to the total electron density at a given point. To date, this descriptor has only been calculable from electron densities generated by all-electron (AE) methods for the investigation of single molecules or periodic systems. This study broadens the accessibility of the SF, offering its calculation from electron densities generated by plane wave (PW) methods. The new algorithm has been implemented in the open source code, CRITIC2. Our novel approach has been validated on a series of test systems, comparing the results obtained at PW level with those previously obtained through AE methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Tantardini
- REC-008, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Davide Ceresoli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), UdR di Milano 20133, Italy.,Center for Materials Crystallography, University of Aarhus, 8000, Denmark.,CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Enrico Benassi
- REC-008, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation.,Scuola, Superiore Normale, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa, 56126, Italy
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Terrabuio LA, Teodoro TQ, Matta CF, Haiduke RLA. Nonnuclear Attractors in Heteronuclear Diatomic Systems. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1168-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Alberto Terrabuio
- Departamento
de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química
de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador
São-Carlense, 400- CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Tiago Quevedo Teodoro
- Departamento
de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química
de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador
São-Carlense, 400- CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3M
2J6
| | - Roberto Luiz Andrade Haiduke
- Departamento
de Química e Física Molecular, Instituto de Química
de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador
São-Carlense, 400- CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP Brazil
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31
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Geudtner G, Domínguez-Soria VD, Calaminici P, Köster AM. Molecular graphs of Lin, Nan and Cun (n=6–9) clusters from the density and the molecular electrostatic potential. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Postils V, Garcia-Borràs M, Solà M, Luis JM, Matito E. On the existence and characterization of molecular electrides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4865-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00215j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular electrides exist and can be designed using some guidelines and a set of computational criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
- and Departament de Química
- Univ. Girona
- Girona
- Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
- and Departament de Química
- Univ. Girona
- Girona
- Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
- and Departament de Química
- Univ. Girona
- Girona
- Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
- and Departament de Química
- Univ. Girona
- Girona
- Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC)
- and Departament de Química
- Univ. Girona
- Girona
- Spain
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Xiao CX, Xu T, Maza JR, Figueredo FA, Kirk SR, Jenkins S. A QTAIM perspective of the Si6Li6 potential energy surface using quantum topology phase diagrams. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Intemann J, Sirsch P, Harder S. Comparison of Hydrogen Elimination from Molecular Zinc and Magnesium Hydride Clusters. Chemistry 2014; 20:11204-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Glukhovtsev MN, Schleyer PVR. Polyatomic Molecules without Electron-Pair Bonds: High-Spin Trigonal, Tetrahedral, and Octahedral Lithium Clusters. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Terrabuio LA, Teodoro TQ, Rachid MG, Haiduke RLA. Systematic Theoretical Study of Non-nuclear Electron Density Maxima in Some Diatomic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10489-96. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406992q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A. Terrabuio
- Departamento de Quı́mica
e Fı́sica Molecular, Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Q. Teodoro
- Departamento de Quı́mica
e Fı́sica Molecular, Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina G. Rachid
- Departamento de Quı́mica
e Fı́sica Molecular, Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto L. A. Haiduke
- Departamento de Quı́mica
e Fı́sica Molecular, Instituto de Quı́mica de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 780, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hashimoto K, Ugajin S, Yoshida S, Tazawa R, Sato A. Theoretical study of OH-breaking reactions in Na(H2O)n clusters. Chem Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Intemann J, Spielmann J, Sirsch P, Harder S. Well-Defined Molecular Magnesium Hydride Clusters: Relationship between Size and Hydrogen-Elimination Temperature. Chemistry 2013; 19:8478-89. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yeole SD, López R, Gadre SR. Rapid topography mapping of scalar fields: large molecular clusters. J Chem Phys 2013; 137:074116. [PMID: 22920112 DOI: 10.1063/1.4746243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and rapid algorithm for topography mapping of scalar fields, molecular electron density (MED) and molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) is presented. The highlight of the work is the use of fast function evaluation by Deformed-atoms-in-molecules (DAM) method. The DAM method provides very rapid as well as sufficiently accurate function and gradient evaluation. For mapping the topography of large systems, the molecular tailoring approach (MTA) is invoked. This new code is tested out for mapping the MED and MESP critical points (CP's) of small systems. It is further applied to large molecular clusters viz. (H(2)O)(25), (C(6)H(6))(8) and also to a unit cell of valine crystal at MP2/6-31+G(d) level of theory. The completeness of the topography is checked by extensive search as well as applying the Poincaré-Hopf relation. The results obtained show that the DAM method in combination with MTA provides a rapid and efficient route for mapping the topography of large molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin D Yeole
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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42
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Density Functional Theory and Molecular Interactions: Dispersion Interactions. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-32750-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Sadjadi S, Matta CF, Lemke KH, Hamilton IP. Relativistic-consistent electron densities of the coinage metal clusters M2, M4, M4(2-), and M4Na2 (M = Cu, Ag, Au): a QTAIM study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13024-35. [PMID: 21842915 DOI: 10.1021/jp204993r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We employ second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory level in combination with recently developed pseudopotential-based correlation consistent basis sets to obtain accurate relativistic-consistent electron densities for small coinage metal clusters. Using calculated electron densities, we employ Bader's quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) to gain insights into the nature of metal-metal bonding in the clusters M(2), M(4), M(4)(2-), and M(4)Na(2) (M = Cu, Ag, Au). For the simplest case of the metal dimer, M(2), we correlate the strength of the metal-metal bond with the value of the electron density at the bond critical point, the total energy density at the bond critical point, the sharing (delocalization) index, and the values of the two principle negative curvatures. We then consider changes to the metal-metal bonding and charge density distribution upon the addition of two metal atoms to form the metal tetramer, M(4), and then followed by the addition of an electron pair to form M(4)(2-) and finally followed by the addition of two alkali metal (sodium) ions to form M(4)Na(2). Using topological properties of the electron density, we present evidence for the existence of σ-aromaticity in Au(4)(2-). We also report the existence of two non-nuclear attractors in the molecular graph of Cu(4)(2-) and large negative charge accumulation in the nonbonded Cu basins of this cluster.
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Alkorta I, Soteras I, Elguero J, Del Bene JE. The boron–boron single bond in diborane(4) as a non-classical electron donor for hydrogen bonding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:14026-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20560a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Gatti C. The Source Function Descriptor as a Tool to Extract Chemical Information from Theoretical and Experimental Electron Densities. ELECTRON DENSITY AND CHEMICAL BONDING II 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2010_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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46
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Platts JA, Overgaard J, Jones C, Iversen BB, Stasch A. First Experimental Characterization of a Non-nuclear Attractor in a Dimeric Magnesium(I) Compound. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:194-200. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109547w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andreas Stasch
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Otero-de-la-Roza A, Luaña V. A fast and accurate algorithm for QTAIM integration in solids. J Comput Chem 2010; 32:291-305. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Popov AA, Zhang L, Dunsch L. A pseudoatom in a cage: trimetallofullerene Y(3)@C(80) mimics y(3)n@c(80) with nitrogen substituted by a pseudoatom. ACS NANO 2010; 4:795-802. [PMID: 20073501 DOI: 10.1021/nn901422z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Y(3)C(80) obtained in the synthesis of nitride clusterfullerenes Y(3)N@C(2n) (2n = 80-88) by the reactive atmosphere method is found to be a genuine trimetallofullerene, Y(3)@C(80), with low ionization potential and divalent state of yttrium atoms. DFT studies of the electronic structure of Y(3)@C(80) show that this molecule mimics Y(3)N@C(80) with the pseudoatom (PA) instead of the nitrogen atom. Topology analysis of the electron density and electron localization function show that yttrium atoms form Y-PA bonds rather than direct Y-Y bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the Y(3)PA cluster is as rigid as Y(3)N and rotates inside the fullerene cage as a single entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Bond Orders in Metal–Metal Interactions Through Electron Density Analysis. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30802-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Bezugly V, Wielgus P, Kohout M, Wagner FR. Electron localizability indicators ELI-D and ELIA for highly correlated wavefunctions of homonuclear dimers. I. Li2, Be2, B2, and C2. J Comput Chem 2009; 31:1504-19. [PMID: 20020484 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electron localizability indicators based on the parallel-spin electron pair density (ELI-D) and the antiparallel-spin electron pair density (ELIA) are studied for the correlated ground-state wavefunctions of Li(2), Be(2), B(2), and C(2) diatomic molecules. Different basis sets and reference spaces are used for the multireference configuration interaction method following the complete active space calculations to investigate the local effect of electron correlation on the extent of electron localizability in position space determined by the two functionals. The results are complemented by calculations of effective bond order, vibrational frequency, and Laplacian of the electron density at the bond midpoint. It turns out that for Li(2), B(2), and C(2) the reliable topology of ELI-D is obtained only at the correlated level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Bezugly
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
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