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Bouchnak I, Coulon D, Salis V, D’Andréa S, Bréhélin C. Lipid droplets are versatile organelles involved in plant development and plant response to environmental changes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1193905. [PMID: 37426978 PMCID: PMC10327486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1193905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Since decades plant lipid droplets (LDs) are described as storage organelles accumulated in seeds to provide energy for seedling growth after germination. Indeed, LDs are the site of accumulation for neutral lipids, predominantly triacylglycerols (TAGs), one of the most energy-dense molecules, and sterol esters. Such organelles are present in the whole plant kingdom, from microalgae to perennial trees, and can probably be found in all plant tissues. Several studies over the past decade have revealed that LDs are not merely simple energy storage compartments, but also dynamic structures involved in diverse cellular processes like membrane remodeling, regulation of energy homeostasis and stress responses. In this review, we aim to highlight the functions of LDs in plant development and response to environmental changes. In particular, we tackle the fate and roles of LDs during the plant post-stress recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Bouchnak
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Denis Coulon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vincent Salis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Sabine D’Andréa
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire UMR5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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2
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Pexophagy suppresses ROS-induced damage in leaf cells under high-intensity light. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7493. [PMID: 36470866 PMCID: PMC9722907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although light is essential for photosynthesis, it has the potential to elevate intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since high ROS levels are cytotoxic, plants must alleviate such damage. However, the cellular mechanism underlying ROS-induced leaf damage alleviation in peroxisomes was not fully explored. Here, we show that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the selective removal of ROS-generating peroxisomes, which protects plants from oxidative damage during photosynthesis. We present evidence that autophagy-deficient mutants show light intensity-dependent leaf damage and excess aggregation of ROS-accumulating peroxisomes. The peroxisome aggregates are specifically engulfed by pre-autophagosomal structures and vacuolar membranes in both leaf cells and isolated vacuoles, but they are not degraded in mutants. ATG18a-GFP and GFP-2×FYVE, which bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, preferentially target the peroxisomal membranes and pre-autophagosomal structures near peroxisomes in ROS-accumulating cells under high-intensity light. Our findings provide deeper insights into the plant stress response caused by light irradiation.
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3
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Molotkovsky RJ, Kuzmin PI. Fusion of Peroxisome and Lipid Droplet Membranes: Expansion of a π-Shaped Structure. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW), SUPPLEMENT SERIES A: MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747822050105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Scholz P, Chapman KD, Mullen RT, Ischebeck T. Finding new friends and revisiting old ones - how plant lipid droplets connect with other subcellular structures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:833-838. [PMID: 35851478 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The number of described contact sites between different subcellular compartments and structures in eukaryotic cells has increased dramatically in recent years and, as such, has substantially reinforced the well-known premise that these kinds of connections are essential for overall cellular organization and the proper functioning of cellular metabolic and signaling pathways. Here, we discuss contact sites involving plant lipid droplets (LDs), including LD-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) connections that mediate the biogenesis of new LDs at the ER, LD-peroxisome connections, that facilitate the degradation of LD-stored triacylglycerols (TAGs), and the more recently discovered LD-plasma membrane connections, which involve at least three novel proteins, but have a yet unknown physiological function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Bio-Discovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), Green Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143, Münster, Germany
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5
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Mano S, Hayashi Y, Hikino K, Otomo M, Kanai M, Nishimura M. Ubiquitin-conjugating activity by PEX4 is required for efficient protein transport to peroxisomes in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102038. [PMID: 35595097 PMCID: PMC9190015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein transport to peroxisomes requires various proteins, such as receptors in the cytosol and components of the transport machinery on peroxisomal membranes. The Arabidopsis apem (aberrant peroxisome morphology) mutant apem7 shows decreased efficiency of peroxisome targeting signal 1–dependent protein transport to peroxisomes. In apem7 mutants, peroxisome targeting signal 2–dependent protein transport is also disturbed, and plant growth is repressed. The APEM7 gene encodes a protein homologous to peroxin 4 (PEX4), which belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating (UBC) protein family; however, the UBC activity of Arabidopsis PEX4 remains to be investigated. Here, we show using electron microscopy and immunoblot analysis using specific PEX4 antibodies and in vitro transcription/translation assay that PEX4 localizes to peroxisomal membranes and possesses UBC activity. We found that the substitution of proline with leucine by apem7 mutation alters ubiquitination of PEX4. Furthermore, substitution of the active-site cysteine residue at position 90 in PEX4, which was predicted to be a ubiquitin-conjugation site, with alanine did not restore the apem7 phenotype. Taken together, these findings indicate that abnormal ubiquitination in the apem7 mutant alters ubiquitin signaling during the process of protein transport, suggesting that the UBC activity of PEX4 is indispensable for efficient protein transport to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Yasuko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otomo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Ikarashi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan
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6
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Xu C, Fan J. Links between autophagy and lipid droplet dynamics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2848-2858. [PMID: 35560198 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which cytoplasmic components are delivered to vacuoles or lysosomes for degradation and nutrient recycling. Autophagy-mediated degradation of membrane lipids provides a source of fatty acids for the synthesis of energy-rich, storage lipid esters such as triacylglycerol (TAG). In eukaryotes, storage lipids are packaged into dynamic subcellular organelles, lipid droplets. In times of energy scarcity, lipid droplets can be degraded via autophagy in a process termed lipophagy to release fatty acids for energy production via fatty acid β-oxidation. On the other hand, emerging evidence suggests that lipid droplets are required for the efficient execution of autophagic processes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of metabolic interactions between autophagy and TAG storage, and discuss mechanisms of lipophagy. Free fatty acids are cytotoxic due to their detergent-like properties and their incorporation into lipid intermediates that are toxic at high levels. Thus, we also discuss how cells manage lipotoxic stresses during autophagy-mediated mobilization of fatty acids from lipid droplets and organellar membranes for energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jilian Fan
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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7
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Goto-Yamada S, Oikawa K, Yamato KT, Kanai M, Hikino K, Nishimura M, Mano S. Image-Based Analysis Revealing the Molecular Mechanism of Peroxisome Dynamics in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883491. [PMID: 35592252 PMCID: PMC9110829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in various biological processes. Plant peroxisomes proliferate by de novo biosynthesis or division of pre-existing peroxisomes, degrade, or replace metabolic enzymes, in response to developmental stages, environmental changes, or external stimuli. Defects of peroxisome functions and biogenesis alter a variety of biological processes and cause aberrant plant growth. Traditionally, peroxisomal function-based screening has been employed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in peroxisomal metabolism, such as lipid degradation and photorespiration. These analyses have revealed that the number, subcellular localization, and activity of peroxisomes are closely related to their efficient function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisome dynamics including organelle biogenesis, protein transport, and organelle interactions must be understood. Various approaches have been adopted to identify factors involved in peroxisome dynamics. With the development of imaging techniques and fluorescent proteins, peroxisome research has been accelerated. Image-based analyses provide intriguing results concerning the movement, morphology, and number of peroxisomes that were hard to obtain by other approaches. This review addresses image-based analysis of peroxisome dynamics in plants, especially A. thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T. Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Mano
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Mathur J, Kroeker OF, Lobbezoo M, Mathur N. The ER Is a Common Mediator for the Behavior and Interactions of Other Organelles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846970. [PMID: 35401583 PMCID: PMC8990311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of a plant cell depends upon the efficient exchange of genetic information, ions, proteins and metabolites between the different organelles. Intuitively, increased proximity between organelles would be expected to play an important role in facilitating exchanges between them. However, it remains to be seen whether under normal, relatively non-stressed conditions organelles maintain close proximity at all. Moreover, does interactivity involve direct and frequent physical contact between the different organelles? Further, many organelles transition between spherical and tubular forms or sporadically produce thin tubular extensions, but it remains unclear whether changes in organelle morphology play a role in increasing their interactivity. Here, using targeted multicolored fluorescent fusion proteins, we report observations on the spatiotemporal relationship between plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in living plant cells. Under normal conditions of growth, we observe that the smaller organelles do not establish direct, physical contacts with each other but, irrespective of their individual form they all maintain intimate connectivity with the ER. Proximity between organelles does increase in response to stress through concomitant alterations in ER dynamics. Significantly, even under increased proximity the ER still remains sandwiched between the different organelles. Our observations provide strong live-imaging-based evidence for the ER acting as a common mediator in interactions between other organelles.
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9
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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10
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Board AJ, Crowther JM, Acevedo-Fani A, Meisrimler CN, Jameson GB, Dobson RCJ. How plants solubilise seed fats: revisiting oleosin structure and function to inform commercial applications. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:257-266. [PMID: 35340610 PMCID: PMC8921422 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants store triacylglycerides in organelles called oil bodies, which are important fuel sources for germination. Oil bodies consist of a lipid core surrounded by an interfacial single layer membrane of phospholipids and proteins. Oleosins are highly conserved plant proteins that are important for oil body formation, solubilising the triacylglycerides, stabilising oil bodies, and playing a role in mobilising the fuel during the germination process. The domain structure of oleosins is well established, with N- and C-terminal domains that are hydrophilic flanking a long hydrophobic domain that is proposed to protrude into the triacylglyceride core of the oil body. However, beyond this general understanding, little molecular level detail on the structure is available and what is known is disputed. This lack of knowledge limits our understanding of oleosin function and concomitantly our ability to engineer them. Here, we review the state of play in the literature regarding oleosin structure and function, and provide some examples of how oleosins can be used in commercial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Board
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer M. Crowther
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Claudia-Nicole Meisrimler
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ,School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041 New Zealand ,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand ,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
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11
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Silva BSC, DiGiovanni L, Kumar R, Carmichael RE, Kim PK, Schrader M. Maintaining social contacts: The physiological relevance of organelle interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118800. [PMID: 32712071 PMCID: PMC7377706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells form an interactive network to coordinate and facilitate cellular functions. The formation of close contacts, termed "membrane contact sites" (MCSs), represents an intriguing strategy for organelle interaction and coordinated interplay. Emerging research is rapidly revealing new details of MCSs. They represent ubiquitous and diverse structures, which are important for many aspects of cell physiology and homeostasis. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological relevance of organelle contacts. We focus on mitochondria, peroxisomes, the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane, and discuss the most recent findings on their interactions with other subcellular organelles and their multiple functions, including membrane contacts with the ER, lipid droplets and the endosomal/lysosomal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S C Silva
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Laura DiGiovanni
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Rechal Kumar
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK
| | - Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, Devon, UK.
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12
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Jiang G, Jin Y, Li M, Wang H, Xiong M, Zeng W, Yuan H, Liu C, Ren Z, Liu C. Faster and More Specific: Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer-Based Dyes for High-Fidelity Dynamic Imaging of Lipid Droplets within Cells and Tissues. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10342-10349. [PMID: 32615751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), a type of dynamic organelle residing at the center of cellular lipid storage, have been identified to play important roles in multiple biological processes, metabolic disorders, and diseases. The highly dynamic characters of LDs were found to correspond to their physiological and pathological functions. Hence, the fluorescent probes which enable dynamic tracking of LDs should be very helpful for better understanding the mechanisms of LDs involved biological processes and diseases. Herein we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first class of excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) fluorescence dyes (Flp-(11-13, 19)) for dynamic imaging of LDs based on 3-hydroxyflavone (3HF) derivatives. Flp-(11-13, 19) display strong fluorescence from yellow to NIR in lipid but exhibit almost nonfluorescence in aqueous solution. Besides, they also show large Stokes shifts (>150 nm), narrow absorption and emission peaks, and good oil-water separation efficiency, which makes them specifically target and stain LDs with very low background noisy in both living cells and fixed cells. They stain intracellular LDs quite quickly (within 30 s) with very low dosage (as low as 500 nM). Benefitting from these advantages, Flp-(11-13, 19) are applied successfully in tracking the dynamic nature of LDs and accumulation of LDs in both aqueous solution and living cells, 3D imaging of LDs for visualization of their repartition within the cells, and visualizing LDs in tissues of diseases mice models including adipose, skeletal muscle, and fatty liver tissues, underscoring the potential utility of these dyes in both LDs biology research and medical diagnosis of LDs involved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Mengyao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Changlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Chemical Biology Center, College of Chemistry, and International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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13
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Hernández ML, Lima-Cabello E, Alché JDD, Martínez-Rivas JM, Castro AJ. Lipid Composition and Associated Gene Expression Patterns during Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Olive (Olea europaea L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1348-1364. [PMID: 32384163 PMCID: PMC7377348 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen lipids are essential for sexual reproduction, but our current knowledge regarding lipid dynamics in growing pollen tubes is still very scarce. Here, we report unique lipid composition and associated gene expression patterns during olive pollen germination. Up to 376 genes involved in the biosynthesis of all lipid classes, except suberin, cutin and lipopolysaccharides, are expressed in olive pollen. The fatty acid profile of olive pollen is markedly different compared with other plant organs. Triacylglycerol (TAG), containing mostly C12-C16 saturated fatty acids, constitutes the bulk of olive pollen lipids. These compounds are partially mobilized, and the released fatty acids enter the β-oxidation pathway to yield acetyl-CoA, which is converted into sugars through the glyoxylate cycle during the course of pollen germination. Our data suggest that fatty acids are synthesized de novo and incorporated into glycerolipids by the 'eukaryotic pathway' in elongating pollen tubes. Phosphatidic acid is synthesized de novo in the endomembrane system during pollen germination and seems to have a central role in pollen tube lipid metabolism. The coordinated action of fatty acid desaturases FAD2-3 and FAD3B might explain the increase in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids observed in germinating pollen. Continuous synthesis of TAG by the action of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme, but not phosphoplipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), also seems plausible. All these data allow for a better understanding of lipid metabolism during the olive reproductive process, which can impact, in the future, on the increase in olive fruit yield and, therefore, olive oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Elena Lima-Cabello
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Juan de D Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio J Castro
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +34-958-181609
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003—CiM), University of Münster
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15
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Leyland B, Boussiba S, Khozin-Goldberg I. A Review of Diatom Lipid Droplets. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9020038. [PMID: 32098118 PMCID: PMC7168155 DOI: 10.3390/biology9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic nutrient availability and photon flux density of diatom habitats necessitate buffering capabilities in order to maintain metabolic homeostasis. This is accomplished by the biosynthesis and turnover of storage lipids, which are sequestered in lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are an organelle conserved among eukaryotes, composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a polar lipid monolayer. LDs shield the intracellular environment from the accumulation of hydrophobic compounds and function as a carbon and electron sink. These functions are implemented by interconnections with other intracellular systems, including photosynthesis and autophagy. Since diatom lipid production may be a promising objective for biotechnological exploitation, a deeper understanding of LDs may offer targets for metabolic engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of diatom LD biology and biotechnological potential.
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16
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Oikawa K, Hayashi M, Hayashi Y, Nishimura M. Re-evaluation of physical interaction between plant peroxisomes and other organelles using live-cell imaging techniques. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 61:836-852. [PMID: 30916439 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic behavior of organelles is essential for plant survival under various environmental conditions. Plant organelles, with various functions, migrate along actin filaments and contact other types of organelles, leading to physical interactions at a specific site called the membrane contact site. Recent studies have revealed the importance of physical interactions in maintaining efficient metabolite flow between organelles. In this review, we first summarize peroxisome function under different environmental conditions and growth stages to understand organelle interactions. We then discuss current knowledge regarding the interactions between peroxisome and other organelles, i.e., the oil bodies, chloroplast, and mitochondria from the perspective of metabolic and physiological regulation, with reference to various organelle interactions and techniques for estimating organelle interactions occurring in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusato Oikawa
- Biomacromolecules Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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17
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Chang CL, Weigel AV, Ioannou MS, Pasolli HA, Xu CS, Peale DR, Shtengel G, Freeman M, Hess HF, Blackstone C, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Spastin tethers lipid droplets to peroxisomes and directs fatty acid trafficking through ESCRT-III. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2583-2599. [PMID: 31227594 PMCID: PMC6683741 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are neutral lipid storage organelles that transfer lipids to various organelles including peroxisomes. Here, we show that the hereditary spastic paraplegia protein M1 Spastin, a membrane-bound AAA ATPase found on LDs, coordinates fatty acid (FA) trafficking from LDs to peroxisomes through two interrelated mechanisms. First, M1 Spastin forms a tethering complex with peroxisomal ABCD1 to promote LD-peroxisome contact formation. Second, M1 Spastin recruits the membrane-shaping ESCRT-III proteins IST1 and CHMP1B to LDs via its MIT domain to facilitate LD-to-peroxisome FA trafficking, possibly through IST1- and CHMP1B-dependent modifications in LD membrane morphology. Furthermore, LD-to-peroxisome FA trafficking mediated by M1 Spastin is required to relieve LDs of lipid peroxidation. M1 Spastin's dual roles in tethering LDs to peroxisomes and in recruiting ESCRT-III components to LD-peroxisome contact sites for FA trafficking may underlie the pathogenesis of diseases associated with defective FA metabolism in LDs and peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lun Chang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Aubrey V Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Maria S Ioannou
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - David R Peale
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Gleb Shtengel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Melanie Freeman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Harald F Hess
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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18
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Nettebrock NT, Bohnert M. Born this way - Biogenesis of lipid droplets from specialized ER subdomains. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158448. [PMID: 31028912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs) are key players in lipid handling. In addition to this functional connection, the two organelles are also tightly linked due to the fact that the ER is the birthplace of LDs. LDs have an atypical architecture, consisting of a neutral lipid core that is covered by a phospholipid monolayer. LD biogenesis starts with neutral lipid synthesis in the ER membrane and formation of small neutral lipid lenses between its leaflets, followed by budding of mature LDs toward the cytosol. Several ER proteins have been identified that are required for efficient LD formation, among them seipin, Pex30, and FIT2. Recent evidence indicates that these LD biogenesis factors might cooperate with specific lipids, thus generating ER subdomains optimized for LD assembly. Intriguingly, LD biogenesis reacts dynamically to nutrient stress, resulting in a spatial reorganization of LD formation in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas T Nettebrock
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Germany
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, Germany.
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19
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Exner T, Romero-Brey I, Yifrach E, Rivera-Monroy J, Schrul B, Zouboulis CC, Stremmel W, Honsho M, Bartenschlager R, Zalckvar E, Poppelreuther M, Füllekrug J. An alternative membrane topology permits lipid droplet localization of peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223016. [PMID: 30745342 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acyl-CoA reductase 1 (Far1) is a ubiquitously expressed peroxisomal membrane protein that generates the fatty alcohols required for the biosynthesis of ether lipids. Lipid droplet localization of exogenously expressed and endogenous human Far1 was observed by fluorescence microscopy under conditions of increased triglyceride synthesis in tissue culture cells. This unexpected finding was supported further by correlative light electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation. Selective permeabilization, protease sensitivity and N-glycosylation tagging suggested that Far1 is able to assume two different membrane topologies, differing in the orientation of the short hydrophilic C-terminus towards the lumen or the cytosol, respectively. Two closely spaced hydrophobic domains are contained within the C-terminal region. When analyzed separately, the second domain was sufficient for the localization of a fluorescent reporter to lipid droplets. Targeting of Far1 to lipid droplets was not impaired in either Pex19 or ASNA1 (also known as TRC40) CRISPR/Cas9 knockout cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that Far1 is a novel member of the rather exclusive group of dual topology membrane proteins. At the same time, Far1 shows lipid metabolism-dependent differential subcellular localizations to peroxisomes and lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Exner
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inés Romero-Brey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eden Yifrach
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jhon Rivera-Monroy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Schrul
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 06847 Dessau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masanori Honsho
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 812-8582 Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Einat Zalckvar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Margarete Poppelreuther
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Füllekrug
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory Internal Medicine IV, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Su T, Li W, Wang P, Ma C. Dynamics of Peroxisome Homeostasis and Its Role in Stress Response and Signaling in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31214223 PMCID: PMC6557986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play vital roles in plant growth, development, and environmental stress response. During plant development and in response to environmental stresses, the number and morphology of peroxisomes are dynamically regulated to maintain peroxisome homeostasis in cells. To execute their various functions in the cell, peroxisomes associate and communicate with other organelles. Under stress conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in peroxisomes and other organelles activate signal transduction pathways, in a process known as retrograde signaling, to synergistically regulate defense systems. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in the plant peroxisome field to provide an overview of peroxisome biogenesis, degradation, crosstalk with other organelles, and their role in response to environmental stresses.
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21
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are key metabolic organelles, which contribute to cellular lipid metabolism, e.g. the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the synthesis of myelin sheath lipids, as well as cellular redox balance. Peroxisomal dysfunction has been linked to severe metabolic disorders in man, but peroxisomes are now also recognized as protective organelles with a wider significance in human health and potential impact on a large number of globally important human diseases such as neurodegeneration, obesity, cancer, and age-related disorders. Therefore, the interest in peroxisomes and their physiological functions has significantly increased in recent years. In this review, we intend to highlight recent discoveries, advancements and trends in peroxisome research, and present an update as well as a continuation of two former review articles addressing the unsolved mysteries of this astonishing organelle. We summarize novel findings on the biological functions of peroxisomes, their biogenesis, formation, membrane dynamics and division, as well as on peroxisome-organelle contacts and cooperation. Furthermore, novel peroxisomal proteins and machineries at the peroxisomal membrane are discussed. Finally, we address recent findings on the role of peroxisomes in the brain, in neurological disorders, and in the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Islinger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Center for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Manheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alfred Voelkl
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Dariush Fahimi
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Wang S, Idrissi FZ, Hermansson M, Grippa A, Ejsing CS, Carvalho P. Seipin and the membrane-shaping protein Pex30 cooperate in organelle budding from the endoplasmic reticulum. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2939. [PMID: 30054465 PMCID: PMC6063905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) and peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles with central roles in eukaryotic cells. Although the mechanisms involved in biogenesis of these organelles remain elusive, both seem to require the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we show that in yeast the ER budding of these structurally unrelated organelles has remarkably similar requirements and involves cooperation between Pex30 and the seipin complex. In the absence of these components, budding of both LDs and peroxisomes is inhibited, leading to the ER accumulation of their respective constituent molecules, such as triacylglycerols and peroxisomal membrane proteins, whereas COPII vesicle formation remains unaffected. This phenotype can be reversed by remodeling ER phospholipid composition highlighting a key function of these lipids in organelle biogenesis. We propose that seipin and Pex30 act in concert to organize membrane domains permissive for organelle budding, and that may have a lipid composition distinct from the bulk ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihui Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Fatima-Zahra Idrissi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Hermansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Grippa
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro Carvalho
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
- Cell and Developmental Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Abstract
Long considered inert fat storage depots, it has become clear that lipid droplets (LDs) are bona fide organelles. Like other organelles, they have a characteristic complement of proteins and lipids, and undergo a life cycle that includes biogenesis, maturation, interactions with other organelles, and turnover. I will discuss recent insights into mechanisms governing the life cycle of LDs, and compare and contrast the LD life cycle with that of other metabolic organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagosomes, highlighting open questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cohen
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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24
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Gonzalez KL, Fleming WA, Kao YT, Wright ZJ, Venkova SV, Ventura MJ, Bartel B. Disparate peroxisome-related defects in Arabidopsis pex6 and pex26 mutants link peroxisomal retrotranslocation and oil body utilization. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:110-128. [PMID: 28742939 PMCID: PMC5605450 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Catabolism of fatty acids stored in oil bodies is essential for seed germination and seedling development in Arabidopsis. This fatty acid breakdown occurs in peroxisomes, organelles that sequester oxidative reactions. Import of peroxisomal enzymes is facilitated by peroxins including PEX5, a receptor that delivers cargo proteins from the cytosol to the peroxisomal matrix. After cargo delivery, a complex of the PEX1 and PEX6 ATPases and the PEX26 tail-anchored membrane protein removes ubiquitinated PEX5 from the peroxisomal membrane. We identified Arabidopsis pex6 and pex26 mutants by screening for inefficient seedling β-oxidation phenotypes. The mutants displayed distinct defects in growth, response to a peroxisomally metabolized auxin precursor, and peroxisomal protein import. The low PEX5 levels in these mutants were increased by treatment with a proteasome inhibitor or by combining pex26 with peroxisome-associated ubiquitination machinery mutants, suggesting that ubiquitinated PEX5 is degraded by the proteasome when the function of PEX6 or PEX26 is reduced. Combining pex26 with mutations that increase PEX5 levels either worsened or improved pex26 physiological and molecular defects, depending on the introduced lesion. Moreover, elevating PEX5 levels via a 35S:PEX5 transgene exacerbated pex26 defects and ameliorated the defects of only a subset of pex6 alleles, implying that decreased PEX5 is not the sole molecular deficiency in these mutants. We found peroxisomes clustered around persisting oil bodies in pex6 and pex26 seedlings, suggesting a role for peroxisomal retrotranslocation machinery in oil body utilization. The disparate phenotypes of these pex alleles may reflect unanticipated functions of the peroxisomal ATPase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bonnie Bartel
- Corresponding author: Bonnie Bartel, Department of Biosciences, MS-140, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston TX, USA. Phone: 713-348-5602, Fax: 713-348-5154;
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25
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Hayashi M, Tanaka M, Yamamoto S, Nakagawa T, Kanai M, Anegawa A, Ohnishi M, Mimura T, Nishimura M. Plastidial Folate Prevents Starch Biosynthesis Triggered by Sugar Influx into Non-Photosynthetic Plastids of Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1328-1338. [PMID: 28586467 PMCID: PMC5921527 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of sucrose-starch interconversion in plants is important to maintain energy supplies necessary for viability and growth. Arabidopsis mutants were screened for aberrant responses to sucrose to identify candidates with a defect in the regulation of starch biosynthesis. One such mutant, fpgs1-4, accumulated substantial amounts of starch in non-photosynthetic cells. Dark-grown mutant seedlings exhibited shortened hypocotyls and accumulated starch in etioplasts when supplied with exogenous sucrose/glucose. Similar starch accumulation from exogenous sucrose was observed in mutant chloroplasts, when photosynthesis was prevented by organ culture in darkness. Molecular genetic analyses revealed that the mutant was defective in plastidial folylpolyglutamate synthetase, one of the enzymes engaged in folate biosynthesis. Active folate derivatives are important biomolecules that function as cofactors for a variety of enzymes. Exogenously supplied 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate abrogated the mutant phenotypes, indicating that the fpgs1-4 mutant produced insufficient folate derivative levels. In addition, the antifolate agents methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil induced starch accumulation from exogenously supplied sucrose in dark-grown seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis. These results indicate that plastidial folate suppresses starch biosynthesis triggered by sugar influx into non-photosynthetic cells, demonstrating a hitherto unsuspected link between plastidial folate and starch metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- Corresponding author: E-mail,: ; Fax, +81-749-64-8101
| | - Mina Tanaka
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Saki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Taro Nakagawa
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Tamura 1266, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Aya Anegawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miwa Ohnishi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai 1-1, Nada-ku, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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26
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Schuldiner M, Bohnert M. A different kind of love - lipid droplet contact sites. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28627434 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) store lipids and hence serve as energy reservoir and as a source for building-blocks for the organelle membrane systems. LD biology therefore depends on tight communication with other organelles. The unique architecture of LDs, consisting of a neutral lipid core shielded by a phospholipid-monolayer, is however an obstacle to bulk-exchange of bilayer-bounded vesicles with other organelles. In recent years, it is emerging that contact sites, places where two organelles are positioned in close proximity allowing vesicle-independent communication, are an important way to integrate LDs into the organellar landscape. However, few LD contact sites have been studied in depth and our understanding of their structure, extent and function is only starting to emerge. Here, we highlight recent findings on the functions of LD contact sites and on the proteins involved in their formation and hypothesize about the unique characteristics of the contact sites formed by these intriguing organelles. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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27
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Waschatko G, Billecke N, Schwendy S, Jaurich H, Bonn M, Vilgis TA, Parekh SH. Label-free in situ imaging of oil body dynamics and chemistry in germination. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160677. [PMID: 27798279 PMCID: PMC5095225 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant oleosomes are uniquely emulsified lipid reservoirs that serve as the primary energy source during seed germination. These oil bodies undergo significant changes regarding their size, composition and structure during normal seedling development; however, a detailed characterization of these oil body dynamics, which critically affect oil body extractability and nutritional value, has remained challenging because of a limited ability to monitor oil body location and composition during germination in situ Here, we demonstrate via in situ, label-free imaging that oil bodies are highly dynamic intracellular organelles that are morphologically and biochemically remodelled extensively during germination. Label-free, coherent Raman microscopy (CRM) combined with bulk biochemical measurements revealed the temporal and spatial regulation of oil bodies in native soya bean cotyledons during the first eight days of germination. Oil bodies undergo a cycle of growth and shrinkage that is paralleled by lipid and protein compositional changes. Specifically, the total protein concentration associated with oil bodies increases in the first phase of germination and subsequently decreases. Lipids contained within the oil bodies change in saturation and chain length during germination. Our results show that CRM is a well-suited platform to monitor in situ lipid dynamics and local chemistry and that oil bodies are actively remodelled during germination. This underscores the dynamic role of lipid reservoirs in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Waschatko
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nils Billecke
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sascha Schwendy
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Henriette Jaurich
- Department of Polymer Theory, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas A Vilgis
- Department of Polymer Theory, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sapun H Parekh
- Department of Molecular Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
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28
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Lee MC, Han J, Lee SH, Kim DH, Kang HM, Won EJ, Hwang DS, Park JC, Om AS, Lee JS. A brominated flame retardant 2,2',4,4' tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47) leads to lipogenesis in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 178:19-26. [PMID: 27450237 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a fatty acid synthesis process that requires several genes, including sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). DNL up-regulation is able to induce fat accumulation through an increase in fatty acids. To investigate the relationship between DNL up-regulation and the accumulation of fatty acids and lipid droplets in response to 2,2',4,4' tetrabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-47), we examined DNL in the copepod Tigriopus japonicus. Transcription levels of DNL-related genes were increased after exposure to 2.5μg/L BDE-47 for 24h. After exposure to 2.5μg/L BDE-47, palmitic acid was significantly increased (P<0.05) at days 1 and 4, along with upregulation of fatty acid synthesis-related genes (e.g., desaturases and elongases). However, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid were down-regulated at days 1 and 4, showing an antagonistic effect. Lipid droplet area significantly increased in Nile red staining analysis after 24h of exposure to 2.5μg/L BDE-47 in T. japonicus, while DNL was down-regulated in response to 500μM salicylate (a lipogenesis inhibitor), indicating that BDE-47 exposure is closely associated with an increase in fatty acids in this copepod. This study provides a better understanding of the effects of BDE-47 on DNL in copepods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hwi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Science, Honam University, Gwangju 62399, South Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Hwang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Ae-Son Om
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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29
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Cui S, Hayashi Y, Otomo M, Mano S, Oikawa K, Hayashi M, Nishimura M. Sucrose Production Mediated by Lipid Metabolism Suppresses the Physical Interaction of Peroxisomes and Oil Bodies during Germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19734-45. [PMID: 27466365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical interaction between organelles is a flexible event and essential for cells to adapt rapidly to environmental stimuli. Germinating plants utilize oil bodies and peroxisomes to mobilize storage lipids for the generation of sucrose as the main energy source. Although membrane interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes has been widely observed, its underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here we present genetic evidence for control of the physical interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes. We identified alleles of the sdp1 mutant altered in oil body morphology. This mutant accumulates bigger and more oil body aggregates compared with the wild type and showed defects in lipid mobilization during germination. SUGAR DEPENDENT 1 (SDP1) encodes major triacylglycerol lipase in Arabidopsis Interestingly, sdp1 seedlings show enhanced physical interaction between oil bodies and peroxisomes compared with the wild type, whereas exogenous sucrose supplementation greatly suppresses the interaction. The same phenomenon occurs in the peroxisomal defective 1 (ped1) mutant, defective in lipid mobilization because of impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation, indicating that sucrose production is a key factor for oil body-peroxisomal dissociation. Peroxisomal dissociation and subsequent release from oil bodies is dependent on actin filaments. We also show that a peroxisomal ATP binding cassette transporter, PED3, is the potential anchor protein to the membranes of these organelles. Our results provide novel components linking lipid metabolism and oil body-peroxisome interaction whereby sucrose may act as a negative signal for the interaction of oil bodies and peroxisomes to fine-tune lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkui Cui
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, the Graduate School of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan, and
| | - Yasuko Hayashi
- the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi, Ninotyou, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otomo
- the Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi, Ninotyou, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan, the Laboratory of Biological Diversity, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- the Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- the Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama 526-0829, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- From the Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan,
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30
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No peroxisome is an island - Peroxisome contact sites. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1061-9. [PMID: 26384874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize their multiple cellular functions, peroxisomes must collaborate and communicate with the surrounding organelles. A common way of communication between organelles is through physical membrane contact sites where membranes of two organelles are tethered, facilitating exchange of small molecules and intracellular signaling. In addition contact sites are important for controlling processes such as metabolism, organelle trafficking, inheritance and division. How peroxisomes rely on contact sites for their various cellular activities is only recently starting to be appreciated and explored and the extent of peroxisomal communication, their contact sites and their functions are less characterized. In this review we summarize the identified peroxisomal contact sites, their tethering complexes and their potential physiological roles. Additionally, we highlight some of the preliminary evidence that exists in the field for unexplored peroxisomal contact sites.
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31
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Gao Q, Goodman JM. The lipid droplet-a well-connected organelle. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:49. [PMID: 26322308 PMCID: PMC4533013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge of inter-organellar communication has grown exponentially in recent years. This review focuses on the interactions that cytoplasmic lipid droplets have with other organelles. Twenty-five years ago droplets were considered simply particles of coalesced fat. Ten years ago there were hints from proteomics studies that droplets might interact with other structures to share lipids and proteins. Now it is clear that the droplets interact with many if not most cellular structures to maintain cellular homeostasis and to buffer against insults such as starvation. The evidence for this statement, as well as probes to understand the nature and results of droplet interactions, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel M Goodman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
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32
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D'Andrea S. Lipid droplet mobilization: The different ways to loosen the purse strings. Biochimie 2015; 120:17-27. [PMID: 26187474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic lipid droplets are dynamic lipid-storage organelles that play a crucial role as reservoirs of metabolic energy and membrane precursors. These organelles are present in virtually all cell types, from unicellular to pluricellular organisms. Despite similar structural organization, lipid droplets are heterogeneous in morphology, distribution and composition. The protein repertoire associated to lipid droplet controls the organelle dynamics. Distinct structural lipid droplet proteins are associated to specific lipolytic pathways. The role of these structural lipid droplet-associated proteins in the control of lipid droplet degradation and lipid store mobilization is discussed. The control of the strictly-regulated lipolysis in lipid-storing tissues is compared between mammals and plants. Differences in the cellular regulation of lipolysis between lipid-storing tissues and other cell types are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine D'Andrea
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France.
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33
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Deruyffelaere C, Bouchez I, Morin H, Guillot A, Miquel M, Froissard M, Chardot T, D'Andrea S. Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of Oleosins is Involved in Oil Body Mobilization During Post-Germinative Seedling Growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1374-87. [PMID: 25907570 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In oleaginous seeds, lipids--stored in organelles called oil bodies (OBs)--are degraded post-germinatively to provide carbon and energy for seedling growth. To date, little is known about how OB coat proteins, known as oleosins, control OB dynamics during seed germination. Here, we demonstrated that the sequential proteolysis of the five Arabidopsis thaliana oleosins OLE1-OLE5 begins just prior to lipid degradation. Several post-translational modifications (e.g. phosphorylation and ubiquination) of oleosins were concomitant with oleosin degradation. Phosphorylation occurred only on the minor OLE5 and on an 8 kDa proteolytic fragment of OLE2. A combination of immunochemical and proteomic approaches revealed ubiquitination of the four oleosins OLE1-OLE4 at the onset of OB mobilization. Ubiquitination topology was surprisingly complex. OLE1 and OLE2 were modified by three distinct and predominantly exclusive motifs: monoubiquitin, K48-linked diubiquitin (K48Ub(2)) and K63-linked diubiquitin. Ubiquitinated oleosins may be channeled towards specific degradation pathways according to ubiquitination type. One of these pathways was identified as the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A proteasome inhibitor (MG132) reduced oleosin degradation and induced cytosolic accumulation of K48Ub(2)-oleosin aggregates. These results indicate that K48Ub(2)-modified oleosins are selectively extracted from OB coat and degraded by the proteasome. Proteasome inhibition also reduced lipid hydrolysis, providing in vivo evidence that oleosin degradation is required for lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Deruyffelaere
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Isabelle Bouchez
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Halima Morin
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Alain Guillot
- INRA, UMR 1319, PAPPSO, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Martine Miquel
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Marine Froissard
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Thierry Chardot
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
| | - Sabine D'Andrea
- INRA, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, RD10, F-78026 Versailles, France
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34
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Goto-Yamada S, Mano S, Yamada K, Oikawa K, Hosokawa Y, Hara-Nishimura I, Nishimura M. Dynamics of the Light-Dependent Transition of Plant Peroxisomes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1264-71. [PMID: 26063394 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in almost all plant cells. These organelles are involved in various metabolic processes, such as lipid catabolism and photorespiration. A notable feature of plant peroxisomes is their flexible adaptive responses to environmental conditions such as light. When plants shift from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth during the post-germinative stage, peroxisomes undergo a dynamic response, i.e. enzymes involved in lipid catabolism are replaced with photorespiratory enzymes. Although the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the functional transition of peroxisomes have previously been unclear, recent analyses at the cellular level have enabled this detailed machinery to be characterized. During the functional transition, obsolete enzymes are degraded inside peroxisomes by Lon protease, while newly synthesized enzymes are transported into peroxisomes. In parallel, mature and oxidized peroxisomes are eliminated via autophagy; this functional transition occurs in an efficient manner. Moreover, it has become clear that quality control mechanisms are important for the peroxisomal response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we highlight recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms required for the regulation of peroxisomal roles in response to changes in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoji Mano
- Laboratory of Biological Diversity, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181 Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192 Japan
| | | | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan Present address: Research Enhancement Strategy Office, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan.
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35
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Oikawa K, Matsunaga S, Mano S, Kondo M, Yamada K, Hayashi M, Kagawa T, Kadota A, Sakamoto W, Higashi S, Watanabe M, Mitsui T, Shigemasa A, Iino T, Hosokawa Y, Nishimura M. Physical interaction between peroxisomes and chloroplasts elucidated by in situ laser analysis. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15035. [PMID: 27247035 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Life on earth relies upon photosynthesis, which consumes carbon dioxide and generates oxygen and carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is sustained by a dynamic environment within the plant cell involving numerous organelles with cytoplasmic streaming. Physiological studies of chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes show that these organelles actively communicate during photorespiration, a process by which by-products produced by photosynthesis are salvaged. Nevertheless, the mechanisms enabling efficient exchange of metabolites have not been clearly defined. We found that peroxisomes along chloroplasts changed shape from spherical to elliptical and their interaction area increased during photorespiration. We applied a recent femtosecond laser technology to analyse adhesion between the organelles inside palisade mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis leaves and succeeded in estimating their physical interactions under different environmental conditions. This is the first application of this estimation method within living cells. Our findings suggest that photosynthetic-dependent interactions play a critical role in ensuring efficient metabolite flow during photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Matsunaga
- Hayama Center for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maki Kondo
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kagawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akeo Kadota
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shoichi Higashi
- Okazaki Large Spectrograph, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Hayama Center for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Kanagawa, Japan
- Okazaki Large Spectrograph, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akinori Shigemasa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Takanori Iino
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Nara, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
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36
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Abstract
Lipid droplets/oil bodies (OBs) are lipid-storage organelles that play a crucial role as an energy resource in a variety of eukaryotic cells. Lipid stores are mobilized in the case of food deprivation or high energy demands--for example, during certain developmental processes in animals and plants. OB degradation is achieved by lipases that hydrolyze triacylglycerols (TAGs) into free fatty acids and glycerol. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, Sugar-Dependent 1 (SDP1) was identified as the major TAG lipase involved in lipid reserve mobilization during seedling establishment. Although the enzymatic activity of SDP1 is associated with the membrane of OBs, its targeting to the OB surface remains uncharacterized. Here we demonstrate that the core retromer, a complex involved in protein trafficking, participates in OB biogenesis, lipid store degradation, and SDP1 localization to OBs. We also report an as-yet-undescribed mechanism for lipase transport in eukaryotic cells, with SDP1 being first localized to the peroxisome membrane at early stages of seedling growth and then possibly moving to the OB surface through peroxisome tubulations. Finally, we show that the timely transfer of SDP1 to the OB membrane requires a functional core retromer. In addition to revealing previously unidentified functions of the retromer complex in plant cells, our work provides unanticipated evidence for the role of peroxisome dynamics in interorganelle communication and protein transport.
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Pagnussat LA, Oyarburo N, Cimmino C, Pinedo ML, de la Canal L. On the role of a Lipid-Transfer Protein. Arabidopsis ltp3 mutant is compromised in germination and seedling growth. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1105417. [PMID: 26479260 PMCID: PMC4854337 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1105417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant Lipid-Transfer Proteins (LTPs) exhibit the ability to reversibly bind/transport lipids in vitro. LTPs have been involved in diverse physiological processes but conclusive evidence on their role has only been presented for a few members, none of them related to seed physiology. Arabidopsis seeds rely on storage oil breakdown to supply carbon skeletons and energy for seedling growth. Here, Arabidopsis ltp3 mutant was analyzed for its ability to germinate and for seedling establishment. Ltp3 showed delayed germination and reduced germination frequency. Seedling growth appeared reduced in the mutant but this growth restriction was rescued by the addition of an exogenous carbon supply, suggesting a defective oil mobilization. Lipid breakdown analysis during seedling growth revealed a differential profile in the mutant compared to the wild type. The involvement of LTP3 in germination and seedling growth and its relationship with the lipid transfer ability of this protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana A Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Natalia Oyarburo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Carlos Cimmino
- Centro de Biotecnología Advanta Semillas S.A.I.C.; Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Marcela L Pinedo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET; Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura de la Canal
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata – CONICET; Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Correspondence to: Laura de la Canal;
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38
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Fujii S, Kobayashi K, Nakamura Y, Wada H. Inducible knockdown of MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE1 reveals roles of galactolipids in organelle differentiation in Arabidopsis cotyledons. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1436-49. [PMID: 25253888 PMCID: PMC4226381 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.250050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the major lipid constituent of thylakoid membranes and is essential for chloroplast biogenesis in plants. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), MGDG is predominantly synthesized by inner envelope-localized MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL SYNTHASE1 (MGD1); its knockout causes albino seedlings. Because of the lethal phenotype of the null MGD1 mutant, functional details of MGDG synthesis at seedling development have remained elusive. In this study, we used an inducible gene-suppression system to investigate the impact of MGDG synthesis on cotyledon development. We created transgenic Arabidopsis lines that express an artificial microRNA targeting MGD1 (amiR-MGD1) under the control of a dexamethasone-inducible promoter. The induction of amiR-MGD1 resulted in up to 75% suppression of MGD1 expression, although the resulting phenotypes related to chloroplast development were diverse, even within a line. The strong MGD1 suppression by continuous dexamethasone treatment caused substantial decreases in galactolipid content in cotyledons, leading to severe defects in the formation of thylakoid membranes and impaired photosynthetic electron transport. Time-course analyses of the MGD1 suppression during seedling germination revealed that MGDG synthesis at the very early germination stage is particularly important for chloroplast biogenesis. The MGD1 suppression down-regulated genes associated with the photorespiratory pathway in peroxisomes and mitochondria as well as those responsible for photosynthesis in chloroplasts and caused high expression of genes for the glyoxylate cycle. MGD1 function may link galactolipid synthesis with the coordinated transcriptional regulation of chloroplasts and other organelles during cotyledon greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Fujii
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan (S.F., K.K., H.W.);PRESTO (Y.N.) and CREST (H.W.), JST, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan; andInstitute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Tapei 11529, Taiwan (Y.N.)
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Goto-Yamada S, Mano S, Nakamori C, Kondo M, Yamawaki R, Kato A, Nishimura M. Chaperone and Protease Functions of LON Protease 2 Modulate the Peroxisomal Transition and Degradation with Autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:482-96. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Kuroiwa T, Ohnuma M, Imoto Y, Kuroiwa H. Lipid Droplet Formation in Cells of the Filamentous Green Alga Klebsormidium nitens as Revealed by BODIOY-DiOC6 and BODIPY-Nile Red Double-Staining Microscopy. CYTOLOGIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.79.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Yuuta Imoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
| | - Haruko Kuroiwa
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Faculty of Science, Rikkyo University
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Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Rejón JD, de Dios Alché J, Castro AJ, Rodríguez-García MI. Olive seed protein bodies store degrading enzymes involved in mobilization of oil bodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:103-15. [PMID: 24170742 PMCID: PMC3883284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The major seed storage reserves in oilseeds are accumulated in protein bodies and oil bodies, and serve as an energy, carbon, and nitrogen source during germination. Here, the spatio-temporal relationships between protein bodies and several key enzymes (phospholipase A, lipase, and lipoxygenase) involved in storage lipid mobilization in cotyledon cells was analysed during in vitro seed germination. Enzyme activities were assayed in-gel and their cellular localization were determined using microscopy techniques. At seed maturity, phospholipase A and triacylglycerol lipase activities were found exclusively in protein bodies. However, after seed imbibition, these activities were shifted to the cytoplasm and the surface of the oil bodies. The activity of neutral lipases was detected by using α-naphthyl palmitate and it was associated mainly with protein bodies during the whole course of germination. This pattern of distribution was highly similar to the localization of neutral lipids, which progressively appeared in protein bodies. Lipoxygenase activity was found in both the protein bodies and on the surface of the oil bodies during the initial phase of seed germination. The association of lipoxygenase with oil bodies was temporally correlated with the appearance of phospholipase A and lipase activities on the surface of oil bodies. It is concluded that protein bodies not only serve as simple storage structures, but are also dynamic and multifunctional organelles directly involved in storage lipid mobilization during olive seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87 - 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87 - 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Juan David Rejón
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Chen DH, Chyan CL, Jiang PL, Chen CS, Tzen JTC. The same oleosin isoforms are present in oil bodies of rice embryo and aleurone layer while caleosin exists only in those of the embryo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 60:18-24. [PMID: 22892331 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oil bodies of similar sizes were observed in the cells of embryo and aleurone layer of rice seeds, and remained their structural integrity in vitro after isolation. Comparably, two abundant oleosin isoforms were found in both preparations of oil bodies isolated from the embryo and the aleurone layer. Immunological detection and mass spectrometric analyses indicated that the two oleosin isoforms, termed oleosin-H and oleosin-L, in the embryo and those in the aleurone layer were identical proteins encoded by the same genes (BAF12898.1 and BAF15387.1 for oleosin-H and oleosin-L, respectively). In contrast, one caleosin was found in oil bodies isolated from the embryo but not those isolated from the aleurone layer. Immunological staining of rice seeds confirms that oleosin is present in both embryo and aleurone layer while caleosin exists only in embryo. Caleosin extracted from oil bodies of rice embryo migrated faster on SDS-PAGE in the presence of Ca(2+), in a manner identical to caleosin extracted from sesame oil bodies. Similar to other known monocot caleosins, the rice caleosin possesses an N-terminal appendix that is absent in dicotyledonous caleosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Huang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Pagnussat L, Burbach C, Baluska F, de la Canal L. An extracellular lipid transfer protein is relocalized intracellularly during seed germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6555-63. [PMID: 23162115 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) constitute a family of small proteins recognized as being extracellular. In agreement with this notion, several lines of evidence have shown the apoplastic localization of HaAP10, a LTP from Helianthus annuus dry seeds. However, HaAP10 was recently detected intracellularly in imbibing seeds. To clarify its distribution, immunolocalization experiments were performed during the course of germination and confirmed its intracellular localization upon early seed imbibition. Further assays using a hydrophobic dye, FM4-64, inhibitors of vesicular traffic, and immunolocalization of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-II, allowed the conclusion that endocytosis is activated as soon as seed imbibition starts. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that HaAP10 is endocytosed throughout imbibition. Biochemical and cellular approaches indicate that the intracellular fraction of this LTP appears associated with oil bodies and some evidence also suggest its presence in glyoxysomes. So, HaAP10 is apoplastic in dry seeds and upon imbibition is rapidly internalized and relocalized to organelles involved in lipid metabolism. The results suggest that HaAP10 may be acting as a fatty acid shuttle between the oil body and the glyoxysome during seed germination. This concept is consistent with the initial proposition that LTPs participate in the intracellular transfer of lipids which was further denied based on their apparent extracellular localization. This report reveals for the first time the relocalization of a lipid transfer protein and opens new perspectives on its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Funes 3250, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Abstract
Among organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) uniquely constitute a hydrophobic phase in the aqueous environment of the cytosol. Their hydrophobic core of neutral lipids stores metabolic energy and membrane components, making LDs hubs for lipid metabolism. In addition, LDs are implicated in a number of other cellular functions, ranging from protein storage and degradation to viral replication. These processes are functionally linked to many physiological and pathological conditions, including obesity and related metabolic diseases. Despite their important functions and nearly ubiquitous presence in cells, many aspects of LD biology are unknown. In the past few years, the pace of LD investigation has increased, providing new insights. Here, we review the current knowledge of LD cell biology and its translation to physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias C Walther
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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45
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Watkins PA, Ellis JM. Peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:1411-20. [PMID: 22366061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes carry out many essential lipid metabolic functions. Nearly all of these functions require that an acyl group-either a fatty acid or the acyl side chain of a steroid derivative-be thioesterified to coenzyme A (CoA) for subsequent reactions to proceed. This thioesterification, or "activation", reaction, catalyzed by enzymes belonging to the acyl-CoA synthetase family, is thus central to cellular lipid metabolism. However, despite our rather thorough understanding of peroxisomal metabolic pathways, surprisingly little is known about the specific peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetases that participate in these pathways. Of the 26 acyl-CoA synthetases encoded by the human and mouse genomes, only a few have been reported to be peroxisomal, including ACSL4, SLC27A2, and SLC27A4. In this review, we briefly describe the primary peroxisomal lipid metabolic pathways in which fatty acyl-CoAs participate. Then, we examine the evidence for presence and functions of acyl-CoA synthetases in peroxisomes, much of which was obtained before the existence of multiple acyl-CoA synthetase isoenzymes was known. Finally, we discuss the role(s) of peroxisome-specific acyl-CoA synthetase isoforms in lipid metabolism.
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Mano S, Nakamori C, Fukao Y, Araki M, Matsuda A, Kondo M, Nishimura M. A defect of peroxisomal membrane protein 38 causes enlargement of peroxisomes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:2157-72. [PMID: 22034551 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferation occurs through enlargement, elongation and division of pre-existing peroxisomes. In the Arabidopsis apem mutant, apem3, peroxisomes are dramatically enlarged and reduced in number, revealing a defect in peroxisome proliferation. The APEM3 gene was found to encode peroxisomal membrane protein 38 (PMP38). To examine the relative role of PMP38 during proliferation, a double mutant was constructed consisting of apem3 and the peroxisome division mutant, apem1, in which a defect in dynamin-related protein 3A (DRP3A) results in elongation of peroxisomes. In the double mutant, almost all peroxisomes were predominantly enlarged but not elongated. DRP3A is still able to localize at the peroxisomal membrane on enlarged peroxisomes in the apem3 mutants. PMP38 is revealed to be capable of interacting with itself, but not with DRP3A. These results indicate that PMP38 has a role at a different step that requires APEM1/DRP3A. PMP38 is expressed in various tissues throughout the plant, indicating that PMP38 may participate in multiple unidentified functions in these tissues. PMP38 belongs to a mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) protein. However, unlike Arabidopsis nucleotide carrier protein 1 (AtPNC1) and AtPNC2, two other peroxisome-resident MCF proteins that function as adenine nucleotide transporters, PMP38 has no ATP or ADP transport activity. In addition, unlike AtPNC1 and AtPNC2 knock-down plants, apem3 mutants do not exhibit any gross morphological abnormalities. These results demonstrate that APEM3/PMP38 plays a role distinct from that of AtPNC1 and AtPNC2. We discuss possible mechanism of enlargement of peroxisomes in the apem3 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585 Japan.
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van der Schoot C, Paul LK, Paul SB, Rinne PLH. Plant lipid bodies and cell-cell signaling: a new role for an old organelle? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1732-8. [PMID: 22057325 PMCID: PMC3329345 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant lipid droplets are found in seeds and in post-embryonic tissues. Lipid droplets in seeds have been intensively studied, but those in post-embryonic tissues are less well characterised. Although known by a variety of names, here we will refer to all of them as lipid bodies (LBs). LBs are unique spherical organelles which bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum, and are composed of a single phospholipid (PL) layer enclosing a core of triacylglycerides. The PL monolayer is coated with oleosin, a structural protein that stabilizes the LB, restricts its size, and prevents fusion with adjacent LBs. Oleosin is uniquely present at LBs and is regarded as a LB marker. Although initially viewed as simple stores for energy and carbon, the emerging view is that LBs also function in cytoplasmic signalling, with the minor LB proteins caleosin and steroleosin in a prominent role. Apart from seeds, a variety of vegetative and floral structures contain LBs. Recently, it was found that numerous LBs emerge in the shoot apex of perennial plants during seasonal growth arrest and bud formation. They appear to function in dormancy release by reconstituting cell-cell signalling paths in the apex. As apices and orthodox seeds proceed through comparable cycles of dormancy and dehydration, the question arises to what degree LBs in apices share functions with those in seeds. We here review what is known about LBs, particularly in seeds, and speculate about possible unique functions of LBs in post-embryonic tissues in general and in apices in particular.
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Zienkiewicz A, Jiménez-López JC, Zienkiewicz K, de Dios Alché J, Rodríguez-García MI. Development of the cotyledon cells during olive (Olea europaea L.) in vitro seed germination and seedling growth. PROTOPLASMA 2011; 248:751-65. [PMID: 21104420 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The structural changes occurred in differentiating olive cotyledon cells into mesophyll cells are described. Using histological and immunocytological methods as well as microscopic observations, we showed that in the cells of mature embryo, large electron-dense proteins bodies (PBs) are surrounded by numerous oil bodies (OBs). After 3 days of in vitro germination, the presence of large PBs originated by fusion of smaller PBs was observed. It was also detected a close spatial proximity between PBs and OBs, likely as a reflection of interconnected metabolic pathways. Between the 3rd and the 12th day of germination, the formation of a large vacuolar compartment takes place accompanied by a decrease in the PBs and OBs number. This was coincident with a progressive decrease in the amount of the 11S-type seed storage proteins (SSPs), showed in situ and after Western blot analysis of crude protein extracts. After 26 days germination, the cellular organization became typical for a leaf mesophyll cell, with well-differentiated chloroplasts surrounding a large central vacuole. Our results suggest that the olive cotyledon storage reserves are mobilized gradually until the seedling becomes autotrophic. Moreover, the specific accumulation of storage proteins in the intravacuolar material suggests that these structures may operate as a shuttle for SSPs and/or products of their degradation into the cytoplasm, where finally they supply amino acids for the differentiating mesophyll cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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The putative Saccharomyces cerevisiae hydrolase Ldh1p is localized to lipid droplets. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:770-5. [PMID: 21478430 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05038-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the identification of a novel hydrolase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ldh1p (systematic name, Ybr204cp) comprises the typical GXSXG-type lipase motif of members of the α/β-hydrolase family and shares some features with the peroxisomal lipase Lpx1p. Both proteins carry a putative peroxisomal targeting signal type1 (PTS1) and can be aligned with two regions of homology. While Lpx1p is known as a peroxisomal enzyme, subcellular localization studies revealed that Ldh1p is predominantly localized to lipid droplets, the storage compartment of nonpolar lipids. Ldh1p is not required for the function and biogenesis of peroxisomes, and targeting of Ldh1p to lipid droplets occurs independently of the PTS1 receptor Pex5p.
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Abstract
The lipid droplet (LD), an organelle that exists ubiquitously in various organisms, from bacteria to mammals, has attracted much attention from both medical and cell biology fields. The LD in white adipocytes is often treated as the prototype LD, but is rather a special example, considering that its size, intracellular localization and molecular composition are vastly different from those of non-adipocyte LDs. These differences confer distinct properties on adipocyte and non-adipocyte LDs. In this article, we address the current understanding of LDs by discussing the differences between adipocyte and non-adipocyte LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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