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Pedranti M, Isa MB, Riberi MI, Hernandez G, Alfaro J, Tenaglia M, Colazo Salbetti MB, Mladin JJ, Nates S, Adamo MP. Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence Among Children and Adolescents of Córdoba, Argentina: A Cross-Section Study in the Context of the Elimination Program. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:429-434. [PMID: 37102675 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined anti-rubella and anti-measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) in 7- to 19-year-old children and adolescents with vaccine only-induced immunity of Córdoba, Argentina, during a 6-month period over 2021-2022. Of the 180 individuals studied, 92.2% and 88.3% were positive for anti-measles and anti-rubella IgG, respectively. No significant differences were found comparing anti-rubella IgG concentrations (p = 0.144) and anti-measles IgG concentrations (p = 0.105) of individuals classified by age, but anti-measles IgG and anti-rubella IgG levels were significantly higher among female individuals compared with males (p = 0.031 and p = 0.036, respectively). Female subjects in the younger age group had higher concentrations of anti-rubella IgG as well (p = 0.020), even when anti-measles IgG concentrations did not differ among female age-subgroups (p = 0.187). In contrast, age subgroups of male individuals did not have significantly different IgG concentrations for rubella (p = 0.745) or measles (p = 0.124). Among samples with discordant results (22/180, 12.6%), 9.1% were negative for rubella but positive for measles; 13.6% were equivocal for rubella and positive for measles; 22.7% were equivocal for rubella and negative for measles, while 54.5% were positive for rubella but negative for measles. The findings indicate a seroprevalence below recommended for preventing measles in the population studied, while they evidence the need for standardization of serological tests for rubella IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Pedranti
- Rubella and Parvovirus Laboratory, Institute of Virology ''Dr. J. M. Vanella,'' Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Virology Department, Foundation for the Progress of Medicine, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Beatriz Isa
- Laboratory of Viral Gastroenteritis and Measles, Institute of Virology ''Dr. J. M. Vanella,'' Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Virology Laboratory, Catholic University of Córdoba, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Inés Riberi
- Virology Laboratory, Catholic University of Córdoba, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Hernandez
- Virology Laboratory, Catholic University of Córdoba, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jimena Alfaro
- Virology Laboratory, Catholic University of Córdoba, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magdalena Tenaglia
- Virology Laboratory, Catholic University of Córdoba, Reina Fabiola University Clinic, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Belén Colazo Salbetti
- Rubella and Parvovirus Laboratory, Institute of Virology ''Dr. J. M. Vanella,'' Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Silvia Nates
- Director of the Institute of Virology, Institute of Virology ''Dr. J. M. Vanella,'' Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Pilar Adamo
- Rubella and Parvovirus Laboratory, Institute of Virology ''Dr. J. M. Vanella,'' Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Kanbayashi D, Kurata T, Takahashi K, Kase T, Komano J. A novel cell-based high throughput assay to determine neutralizing antibody titers against circulating strains of rubella virus. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:86-93. [PMID: 29191395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large rubella outbreak occurred in Japan 2013, and 14,344 rubella and 45 congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) cases were reported. At that time, the populational immunity was above the protective threshold assessed by hemmaglutination inhibition (HI) titer. The genotype 2B rubella virus (RV) strains were responsible for the outbreak, which are non-indigenous in Japan. In this work, a cell-based high throughput assay was established to measure the neutralizing antibody (NA) titer against circulating RV isolates. RV infection poorly induces cytopathic effects in tissue culture, preventing the casual measurement of NA titer. Our assay system has overcome this hurdle. Using this assay, we re-evaluated the antibody prevalence rate against circulating viral isolates using human sera collected before the outbreak. Individuals with protective IgG titer (≥10 IU/ml) represented 88.1% of the population. Consistently, 85.2% of the population had protective neutralizing antibody titers (≥1:8) against the vaccine strain. In contrast, 50.5% of the population had protective neutralizing antibody titers against circulating genotype 2B RV strains. These data suggest that the herd immunity assessed by HI titer should have been appreciated deliberately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kanbayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Takako Kurata
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Takahashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Kase
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan.
| | - Jun Komano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology Division, Osaka Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi, 1-chome, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, 537-0025, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nagoya Medical Center, 1-1 4-chome, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-0001, Japan.
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3
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Standardization of Assays That Detect Anti-Rubella Virus IgG Antibodies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:163-74. [PMID: 26607813 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00045-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus usually causes a mild infection in humans but can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Vaccination programs have significantly decreased primary rubella virus infection and CRS; however, vaccinated individuals usually have lower levels of rubella virus IgG than those with natural infections. Rubella virus IgG is quantified with enzyme immunoassays that have been calibrated against the World Health Organization (WHO) international standard and report results in international units per milliliter. It is recognized that the results reported by these assays are not standardized. This investigation into the reasons for the lack of standardization found that the current WHO international standard (RUB-1-94) fails by three key metrological principles. The standard is not a pure analyte but is composed of pooled human immunoglobulin. It was not calibrated by certified reference methods; rather, superseded tests were used. Finally, no measurement uncertainty estimations have been provided. There is an analytical and clinical consequence to the lack of standardization of rubella virus IgG assays, which leads to misinterpretation of results. The current approach to standardization of rubella virus IgG assays has not achieved the desired results. A new approach is required.
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Petrova EK, Dmitrieva AA, Trifonova EA, Nikitin NA, Karpova OV. The key role of rubella virus glycoproteins in the formation of immune response, and perspectives on their use in the development of new recombinant vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:1006-11. [PMID: 26776468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease which is mostly threatens to women of reproductive age. Existent live attenuated vaccines are effective enough, but have some drawbacks and are unusable for a certain group of people, including pregnant women and people with AIDS and other immunodeficiency. Thereby the development of alternative non-replicating, recombinant vaccines undoubtedly is needed. This review discusses the protein E1 and E2 role in formation of immune response and perspectives in development of new generation recombinant vaccines using them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Petrova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia.
| | - Anastasia A Dmitrieva
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Trifonova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nikolai A Nikitin
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Olga V Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1/12 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119234, Russia
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Lai FY, Dover DC, Lee B, Fonseca K, Solomon N, Plitt SS, Jaipaul J, Tipples GA, Charlton CL. Determining rubella immunity in pregnant Alberta women 2009-2012. Vaccine 2014; 33:635-41. [PMID: 25533327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rubella IgG levels for 157,763 pregnant women residing in Alberta between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed. As there have been no reported cases of indigenous rubella infection in Canada since 2005, there has been a lack of naturally acquired immunity, and the current prenatal population depends almost entirely on vaccine induced immunity for protection. Rubella antibody levels are significantly lower in younger maternal cohorts with 16.8% of those born prior to universal vaccination programs (1971-1980), and 33.8% of those born after (1981-1990) having IgG levels that are not considered protective (<15 IU/mL). Analysis across pregnancies showed only 35.0% of women responded with a 4-fold increase in antibody levels following post-natal vaccination. Additionally, 41.2% of women with antibody levels <15 IU/mL had previously received 2 doses of rubella containing vaccine. These discordant interpretations generate a great deal of confusion for laboratorians and physicians alike, and result in significant patient follow-up by Public Health teams. To assess the current antibody levels in the prenatal population, latent class modeling was employed to generate a two class fit model representing women with an antibody response to rubella, and women without an antibody response. The declining level of vaccine-induced antibodies in our population is disconcerting, and a combined approach from the laboratory and Public Health may be required to provide appropriate follow up for women who are truly susceptible to rubella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Y Lai
- Surveillance and Assessment, Alberta Ministry of Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas C Dover
- Surveillance and Assessment, Alberta Ministry of Health, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bonita Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Infectious Diseases (MIID), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Natalia Solomon
- DynaLIFEDX Diagnostic Laboratory Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Joy Jaipaul
- Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Graham A Tipples
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carmen L Charlton
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Figueiredo CA, de Oliveira MI, Tarandachi PR, de Carvalho WB, Kanamura CT, Scatena RDS. Fatal acute liver failure in a child due to acquired rubella infection. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:1-2. [PMID: 25023706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Figueiredo CA, Oliveira MI, Curti SP, Afonso AMS, Frugis Yu AL, Araújo J, Oliveira DB, Durigon EL. Epidemiological and molecular characterization of rubella virus isolated in São Paulo, Brazil during 1997-2004. J Med Virol 2013; 84:1831-8. [PMID: 22997088 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RV) infection during the early stages of pregnancy can lead to serious birth defects, known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). In 2003, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) adopted a resolution calling for the elimination of rubella and the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the Americas by the year 2010. Brazil will have implemented the recommended PAHO strategy for elimination and interruption of endemic rubella virus transmission. The characterization of genotypes during the final stages of rubella elimination is important for determining whether new rubella isolates represent endemic transmission or importations. Samples (blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and throat swabs) collected from patients with symptoms suggestive of rubella infection in 1997-2004 were isolated in cell culture and genotyped. Twenty-eight sequences were analyzed and two genotypes were identified: 1a and 1G. The information reported in this paper will contribute to understanding the molecular epidemiology of RV in São Paulo, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Figueiredo
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz-Núcleo de Doenças Respiratórias, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cohen D, Muhsen K, Aboudy Y, Harari H, Mendelson E, Green MS. Use of rubella seroepidemiological data for assessment of previous vaccination policy and for decision making in response to epidemics in Israel. Vaccine 2006; 24:5604-8. [PMID: 16716460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the prevalence of rubella antibodies in a representative sample of the Israeli population. Three thousand three hundred and twenty-six sera collected during 1997 and 1998, from an age-stratified general population sample were tested for specific IgG antibodies against rubella. The sero-positivity rates to rubella were higher among females as compared with males (89.1% versus 82.3%, respectively (p < 0.001). This difference was the result of much lower sero-positivity rates among males in the age group 13-17, with the lowest value (56.3%) among subjects aged 16. Male subjects of this age group were in 2000 the target of an outbreak of rubella among 18-19-year old male recruits of the Israel Defense Force. The data of this study served to assess previous exposure to the wild virus or vaccine strains, to identify pockets of low level of immunity and contributed to decision making in response to the onset of a rubella outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Davidkin I, Peltola H, Leinikki P, Valle M. Duration of rubella immunity induced by two-dose measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination. A 15-year follow-up in Finland. Vaccine 2000; 18:3106-12. [PMID: 10856790 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A national two-dose vaccination program with a combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR-II) vaccine was introduced in Finland, in 1982, immunizing children at the ages of 14-18 months and 6 years. Antibody levels were determined from serial samples from a group of originally 350 children during 15 years. The latest samples were taken 15.5 years after the first vaccination and 70% of the children could still be reached. The aim of this study was to determine the kinetics of rubella antibodies induced by the MMR-II vaccine in these individuals. Rubella antibodies were analyzed from three different cohorts: Group I seronegative children (n=166) vaccinated at 14-18 months and 6 years, Group II seronegative children (n=139) and Group III seropositive children (n=16) vaccinated at 6 and 11-13 years. Samples collected 0-9 years after vaccination were analyzed by hemolysis-in-gel (HIG) and later samples by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) techniques. The primary vaccination induced 100% seropositivity in vaccinees with a mean zone diameter of 10 (+/-1.3), 10.2 (+/-1.1) and 11.5 (+/-0.9) mm, in Groups I, II and III, respectively. The seropositivity rate was still high at 15 years, 99%, 100% and 100% with the geometric mean titer 23, 46 and 105 IU/ml, respectively. At 15 years, antibody levels <15 IU/ml which is the suggested protective level, were found in 31, 9 and 0% of children in Groups I, II and III, respectively. Because almost a third of the individuals in Group I now, at the age of 17 years, had low levels of rubella antibodies, it is possible that rubella infections may re-emerge during pregnancy. A careful surveillance including serological follow-up is therefore very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Davidkin
- National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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Halloran ME, Anderson RM, Azevedo-Neto RS, Bellini WJ, Branch O, Burke MA, Compans R, Day K, Gooding L, Gupta S, Katz J, Kew O, Keyserling H, Krause R, Lal AA, Massad E, McLean AR, Rosa P, Rota P, Wiener P, Wynn SG, Zanetta DM. Population biology, evolution, and immunology of vaccination and vaccination programs. Am J Med Sci 1998; 315:76-86. [PMID: 9472906 DOI: 10.1097/00000441-199802000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of prophylactic vaccination is to reduce morbidity and mortality in a population. Many questions related to the design of vaccines and vaccination programs require a population standpoint for their sharp formulation and laboratory and field studies to understand their immunologic background. Practical suggestions of the workshop included increased studies of age-specific immunity, better immunoepidemiologic surveillance, better design of efficacy studies, and more systematic sampling of parasite strains to study the evolutionary pressure exerted by vaccines. Theoretical immunology has much to contribute. One of the realizations of the workshop was the value of a strong interdisciplinary approach in vaccine development, utilizing relevant contributions from immunology, population biology, mathematical modeling, epidemiology, molecular biology, and virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Halloran
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Halloran M, Anderson R, Azevedo-Neto R, Belllni W, Branch O, Burke M, Compans R, Day K, Gooding L, Gupta S, Katz J, Kew O, Keyserllng H, Krause R, Lal A, Massad E, Mclean A, Rosa P, Rota P, Wiener P, Wynn S, Zanetta D. Population Biology, Evolution, and Immunology of Vaccination and Vaccination Programs. Am J Med Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9629(15)40281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Barfield W, Gardner R, Lett S, Johnsen C. Congenital rubella reinfection in a mother with anti-cardiolipin and anti-platelet antibodies. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:249-51. [PMID: 9041611 DOI: 10.1097/00006454-199702000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Barfield
- Joint Program in Neonatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Specific IgG1 avidity maturation after rubella vaccination: A comparison with avidity maturation after primary infection with wild rubella virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0888-0786(95)95349-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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