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Mohammed ASA, Soloviov D, Jeffries CM. Perspectives on solution-based small angle X-ray scattering for protein and biological macromolecule structural biology. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:25268-25286. [PMID: 39323216 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to extract structural information from a wide variety of non-crystalline samples in different fields (e.g., materials science, physics, chemistry, and biology). This review provides an overview of SAXS as applied to structural biology, specifically for proteins and other biomacromolecules in solution with an emphasis on extracting key structural parameters and the interpretation of SAXS data using a diverse array of techniques. These techniques cover aspects of building and assessing models to describe data measured from monodispersed and ideal dilute samples through to more complicated structurally polydisperse systems. Ab initio modelling, rigid body modelling as well as normal-mode analysis, molecular dynamics, mixed component and structural ensemble modelling are discussed. Dealing with polydispersity both physically in terms of component separation as well as approaching the analysis and modelling of data of mixtures and evolving systems are described, including methods for data decomposition such as single value decomposition/principle component analysis and evolving factor analysis. This review aims to highlight that solution SAXS, with the cohort of developments in data analysis and modelling, is well positioned to build upon the traditional 'single particle view' foundation of structural biology to take the field into new areas for interpreting the structures of proteins and biomacromolecules as population-states and dynamic structural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S A Mohammed
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, co/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, 63514 Fayoum, Egypt
- Department of Biomedical Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dmytro Soloviov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, co/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, co/DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Vu PNH, Radlinski AP, Blach T, Schweins R, Lemmel H, Daniels J, Regenauer-Lieb K. Revealing nanoscale sorption mechanisms of gases in a highly porous silica aerogel. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:1311-1322. [PMID: 39387088 PMCID: PMC11460400 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724006794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Geological formations provide a promising environment for the long-term and short-term storage of gases, including carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydro-carbons, controlled by the rock-specific small-scale pore structure. This study investigates the nanoscale structure and gas uptake in a highly porous silica aerogel (a synthetic proxy for natural rocks) using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and small-angle and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering with a tracer of deuterated methane (CD4) at pressures up to 1000 bar. The results show that the adsorption of CD4 in the porous silica matrix is scale dependent. The pore space of the silica aerogel is fully accessible to the invading gas, which quickly equilibrates with the external pressure and shows no condensation on the sub-nanometre scale. In the 2.5-50 nm pore size region a classical two-phase adsorption behaviour is observed. The structure of the aerogel returns to its original state after the CD4 pressure has been released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phung Nhu Hao Vu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUNSW SydneySydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Andrzej P. Radlinski
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical EngineeringCurtin UniversityPerthWestern Australia6102Australia
| | - Tomasz Blach
- Queensland Micro Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQueensland4111Australia
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS/LSSInstitut Laue–Langevin71 avenue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance
| | - Hartmut Lemmel
- AtominstitutTU WienStadionallee 21020WienAustria
- Institut Laue–Langevin38000GrenobleFrance
| | - John Daniels
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUNSW SydneySydneyNew South Wales2052Australia
| | - Klaus Regenauer-Lieb
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical EngineeringCurtin UniversityPerthWestern Australia6102Australia
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3
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Vidallon MLP, Williams AP, Moon MJ, Liu H, Trépout S, Bishop AI, Teo BM, Tabor RF, Peter K, de Campo L, Wang X. Revealing the Structural Intricacies of Biomembrane-Interfaced Emulsions with Small- and Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2400348. [PMID: 39087373 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing cell membranes from diverse cell types for biointerfacing has demonstrated significant advantages in enhancing colloidal stability and incorporating biological properties, tailored specifically for various biomedical applications. However, the structures of these materials, particularly emulsions interfaced with red blood cell (RBC) or platelet (PLT) membranes, remain an underexplored area. This study systematically employs small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) with contrast variation to investigate the structure of emulsions containing perfluorohexane within RBC (RBC/PFH) and PLT membranes (PLT/PFH). The findings reveal that the scattering length density of RBC and PLT membranes is 1.5 × 10-6 Å-2, similar to 30% (w/w) deuterium oxide. Using this solvent as a cell membrane-matching medium, estimated droplet diameters are 770 nm (RBC/PFH) and 1.5 µm (PLT/PFH), based on polydispersed sphere model fitting. Intriguingly, calculated patterns and invariant analysis reveal native droplet architectures featuring entirely liquid PFH cores, differing significantly from the observed bubble-droplet core system in electron microscopy. This highlights the advantage of SANS and USANS in differentiating genuine colloidal structures in complex dispersions. In summary, this work underscores the pivotal role of SANS and USANS in characterizing biointerfaced colloids and in uncovering novel colloidal structures with significant potential for biomedical applications and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Louis P Vidallon
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ashley P Williams
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mitchell J Moon
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Haikun Liu
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sylvain Trépout
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Alexis I Bishop
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Boon Mian Teo
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liliana de Campo
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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Rummler M, Ziouti F, Snyder L, Zimmermann EA, Lynch M, Donnelly E, Wagermaier W, Jundt F, Willie BM. Bone mechanical properties were altered in a mouse model of multiple myeloma bone disease. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 166:214047. [PMID: 39303656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.214047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma bone disease (MMBD) is characterized by the growth of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow, leading to an imbalance in bone (re)modeling favoring excessive resorption. Loss of bone mass and altered microstructure characterize MMBD in humans and preclinical animal models, although, no study to date has examined bone composition or material properties. We hypothesized that MMBD alters bone composition, mineral crystal properties and mechanical properties in the MOPC315.BM.Luc model after intra-tibial injection of myeloma cells and three weeks of daily in vivo tibial loading. Decreased cortical bone elastic modulus and hardness measured by nanoindentation of tibiae were observed in MM-injected mice compared to PBS-injected mice, whereas cortical bone composition, mineral crystal properties measured by Fourier-transform infrared imaging or small angle X-ray scattering, respectively remained unchanged. However, MM-injected mice had thinner cancellous bone mineral particles compared to PBS-injected mice. Mechanical loading did not lead to altered cortical bone composition, mineral structure, or mechanical properties in the context of MM. Unexpectedly, we observed the intra-tibial injection itself altered the material composition of bone, manifested by increased matrix mineralization and crystal size of the hydroxyapatite crystals in the bone matrix. In conclusion, our data suggest that mechanical stimuli can be used as an adjuvant bone anabolic therapy in patients with MMBD to rebuild bone with unaltered composition and mineral structure to reduce subsequent fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Rummler
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fani Ziouti
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leah Snyder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Maureen Lynch
- University of Colorado, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Franziska Jundt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina M Willie
- Research Centre, Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Canada; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Schiele C, Ruiz-Caldas MX, Wu T, Nocerino E, Åhl A, Mathew AP, Nyström G, Bergström L, Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura V. The influence of drying routes on the properties of anisotropic all-cellulose composite foams from post-consumer cotton clothing. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14275-14286. [PMID: 38952181 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01720j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Biopolymer-based functional materials are essential for reducing the carbon footprint and providing high-quality lightweight materials suitable for packaging and thermal insulation. Here, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were efficiently upcycled from post-consumer cotton clothing by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and HCl hydrolysis with a yield of 62% and combined with wood cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to produce anisotropic foams by unidirectional freeze-casting followed by freeze drying (FD) or supercritical-drying (SCD). Unidirectional freeze-casting resulted in foams with aligned macropores irrespective of the drying method, but the particle packing in the foam wall was significantly affected by how the ice was removed. The FD foams showed tightly packed and aligned CNC and CNF particles while the SCD foams displayed a more network-like structure in the foam walls. The SCD compared to FD foams had more pores smaller than 300 nm and higher specific surface area but they were more susceptible to moisture-induced shrinkage, especially at relative humidities (RH) > 50%. The FD and SCD foams displayed low radial thermal conductivity, and the FD foams displayed a higher mechanical strength and stiffness in compression in the direction of the aligned particles. Better understanding how drying influences the structural, thermal, mechanical and moisture-related properties of foams based on repurposed cotton is important for the development of sustainable nanostructured materials for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Schiele
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria-Ximena Ruiz-Caldas
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tingting Wu
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island 627833, Singapore
| | - Elisabetta Nocerino
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Åhl
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Aji P Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Varvara Apostolopoulou-Kalkavoura
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Napieraj M, Lutton E, Perez J, Boué F, Brûlet A. Destructuration of Canola Protein Gels during In Situ Gastrointestinal Digestion Studied by X-ray Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:16226-16238. [PMID: 39041952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
We are studying the destructuration of canola protein gels, as a solid food model, during in situ gastrointestinal digestion using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Digestion of two gels, prepared by heating pH 8 and pH 11 solutions, was carried out by diffusion of enzymatic juices into the gel from the top of the capillary and monitored for several tens of hours. Very similar time evolutions of SAXS curves occur at different positions of the gel in the capillary, with a delay determined by the distance from the surface initially in contact with the digestive juice. The main phenomena observed are (i) at the scale of the protein conformation (1-5 nm). The scattering curve is a power law, the exponent of which measures the compactness (related to the degree of unfolding). It can be plotted as a function of the characteristic size of proteins/and interprotein distances and as a function of the scattering intensity. Such diagrams clearly show successive digestion processes. For the pH 11 gel, in which proteins are initially hardly unfolded, the digestive processes are unfolding (1st step), recompaction-aggregation phenomena (2nd step) due to gastrointestinal pH conditions and enzymatic cleavage, further unfolding-disaggregation (3rd step), and final protein cleavage (4th step) down to small peptides. For the pH 8 gel, proteins are initially unfolded, and only the last three steps are observed, showing the influence of easier access for the enzymes. (ii) At the scale of large aggregates (10-50 nm), we observe for both gels a decrease in the size and/or number of these aggregates during digestion and alteration of their interfaces. (iii) At the scale of the secondary protein structure, wide-angle X-ray scattering is very useful for detecting the degradation of the secondary protein structure at different steps of digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Napieraj
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Lutton
- Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquée─Paris, UMR518 AgroParisTech-INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
- Institut des Systèmes Complexes, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Javier Perez
- SWING, Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin - BP 48, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - François Boué
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR12 CEA-CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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Schlattmann D, Weber B, Wyszynski L, Schönhoff M, Haas H. Molecular localization and exchange kinetics in pharmaceutical liposome and mRNA lipoplex nanoparticle products determined by small angle X-ray scattering and pulsed field gradient NMR diffusion measurements. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114380. [PMID: 38960290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We have used pulsed field gradient (PFG)-NMR diffusion experiments, also known as DOSY, in combination with small angle X-ray scattering measurements to investigate structure and molecular exchange dynamics between pharmaceutical lipid nanoparticles and the bulk phase. Using liposomes and lipoplexes formed after complexation of the liposomes with messenger mRNA as test systems, information on dynamics of encapsulated water molecules, lipids and excipients was obtained. The encapsulated fraction, having a diffusivity similar to that of the liposomes, could be clearly identified and quantified by the NMR diffusion measurements. The unilamellar liposome membranes allowed a fast exchange of water molecules, while sucrose, used as an osmolyte and model solute, showed very slow exchange. Upon interactions with mRNA a topological transition from a vesicular to a lamellar organization took place, where the mRNA was inserted in repeating lipid bilayer stacks. In the lipoplexes, a small fraction of tightly bound water molecules was present, with a diffusivity that was influenced by the additional presence of sucrose. This extended information on dynamic coherencies inside pharmaceutical nanoparticle products, provided by the combined application of SAXS and PFG-NMR diffusion measurements, can be valuable for evaluation of quality and comparability of nanoscaled pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schlattmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Leonard Wyszynski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Haas
- BioNTech SE. Mainz, Germany; Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Li H, Vargo E, Xie Z, Ma L, Pieters PF, Shelton SW, Alivisatos AP, Xu T, Liu Y. Multilaminate Energy Storage Films from Entropy-Driven Self-Assembled Supramolecular Nanocomposites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401954. [PMID: 38669470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Composite materials comprising polymers and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are promising for energy storage applications, though challenges in controlling NP dispersion often result in performance bottlenecks. Realizing nanocomposites with controlled NP locations and distributions within polymer microdomains is highly desirable for improving energy storage capabilities but is a persistent challenge, impeding the in-depth understanding of the structure-performance relationship. In this study, a facile entropy-driven self-assembly approach is employed to fabricate block copolymer-based supramolecular nanocomposite films with highly ordered lamellar structures, which are then used in electrostatic film capacitors. The oriented interfacial barriers and well-distributed inorganic NPs within the self-assembled multilaminate nanocomposites effectively suppress leakage current and mitigate the risk of breakdown, showing superior dielectric strength compared to their disordered counterparts. Consequently, the lamellar nanocomposite films with optimized composition exhibit high energy efficiency (>90% at 650 MV m-1), along with remarkable energy density and power density. Moreover, finite element simulations and statistical modeling have provided theoretical insights into the impact of the lamellar structure on electrical conduction, electric field distribution, and electrical tree propagation. This work marks a significant advancement in the design of organic-inorganic hybrids for energy storage, establishing a well-defined correlation between microstructure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emma Vargo
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zongliang Xie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - Steve W Shelton
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Armand Paul Alivisatos
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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9
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Thwal S, Majumder S. Interplay of phase segregation and chemical reaction: Crossover and effect on growth laws. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:064131. [PMID: 39020944 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.064131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
By combining the nonconserved spin-flip dynamics driving ferromagnetic ordering with the conserved Kawasaki-exchange dynamics driving phase segregation, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of the nearest-neighbor Ising model. This kind of mixed dynamics is found in a system consisting of a binary mixture of isomers, simultaneously undergoing a segregation and an interconversion reaction among themselves. Here, we study such a system following a quench from the high-temperature homogeneous phase to a temperature below the demixing transition. We monitor the growth of domains of both the winner; the isomer, which survives as the majority; and the loser, the isomer that perishes. Our results show a strong interplay of the two dynamics at early times, leading to a growth of the average domain size of both the winner and loser as ∼t^{1/7}, slower than a purely phase-segregating system. At later times, eventually the dynamics becomes reaction dominated and the winner exhibits a ∼t^{1/2} growth, expected for a system with purely nonconserved dynamics. On the other hand, the loser at first show a faster growth, albeit, slower than the winner, and then starts to decay before it almost vanishes. Further, we estimate the time τ_{s} marking the crossover from the early-time slow growth to the late-time reaction-dominated faster growth. As a function of the reaction probability p_{r}, we observe a power-law scaling τ_{s}∼p_{r}^{-x}, where x≈1.05, irrespective of the temperature. For a fixed value of p_{r} too, τ_{s} appears to be independent of the temperature.
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Shimma Y, Sato T, Baglioni P, Ogura T. Hierarchical Emulsion Structure and Functionality Regulated by Coexisting Bicontinuous Microemulsion and Liquid Crystal Domains. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4077-4086. [PMID: 38346388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Since microemulsions are usually low viscosity fluids, enhanced rheological properties while maintaining their structure-derived functionality have long been desired from an industrial application point of view. However, for instance, it is practically difficult to thicken bicontinuous microemulsions (BCMEs) without perturbing their alternating domain structure or to emulsify oils using BCME having ultralow interfacial tension as an external phase. In this study, a methodology called a BCLC emulsification technique has been constructed to obtain oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by coexisting BCME and liquid crystal (LC) phases. The produced emulsions based on polyglyceryl-10 diisostearate, polyglyceryl-6 dicaprate, cetyl ethylhexanoate, and water are structurally scrutinized by means of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SWAXS), freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM), and scanning electron assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM). The data provide experimental evidence that this methodology enables one to control the bending elasticity of the interfacial membranes and consequent long-range order of the BCME domains. Moreover, closely correlated with the interfacial membrane properties, submicrometer-sized fine oil droplets are supported by the LC networks and agglomerated into spongy or network-like phase-separation patterns. The resulting nonfluidic, jelly emulsions are particularly useful in cosmetics because of combined BCME-derived high cleansing performance and excellent usability owing to the enhanced viscosity. The thickening mechanisms are essentially different from those of common lamellar-gel-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, which utilize crystalline lamellar gel networks as oil droplet stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shimma
- ALBION Co., Ltd., 2-24-11 Higashi-Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0004, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Taku Ogura
- NIKKOL GROUP, Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd., 1-4-8 Nihonbashibakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
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Jiang L, Liu X, Hu S, Li M, Yang L, Feng Y, Li S. Manipulating Cis-Trans Copolymer Chain Conformation to Simultaneously Improve Permittivity and DC Breakdown Strength in Polythiourea. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300501. [PMID: 37878266 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Polythioureas (PTUs) show great potentials for applications in the new generation of film capacitors due to their excellent dielectric properties. Herein, the cis-trans copolymer chain of PTU is successfully tailored by employing cis and trans cyclohexyl spacers. The relationship between the copolymer chain conformation, microstructure, and dielectric properties is carefully explored by a series of analysis. Compared with cis conformation, the trans with less steric hindrance can promote the formation of H-bonds. The enhanced H-bonding interactions not only reduce the molecular inter-chain spacing, but also drive the self-assembly of molecular chains to form cylindrical and droplet nano-morphologies. The phase separation between cis and trans PTUs is confirmed by combining the experimental results of TEM and DSC, and the CT64-PTU with the most two-phase interface thus obtains the highest permittivity of 5.5 (@10 Hz). The reduced molecular inter-chain spacing is accompanied by a decreased hopping distance of charges, which improves breakdown strength by 17% from 498 MV/m to 580 MV/m. Therefore, the cis-trans copolymer chain conformation in PTU provides a simultaneous high permittivity and breakdown strength. This research offers a strategy to further design high-performance dielectrics via regulation of copolymer chain conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuhao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shichun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Mingru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Shengtao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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12
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Iwase H, Kobayashi J, Kasama Y, Fujii W, Nanbu H. Structural analysis of polyglycerol fatty acid ester-coenzyme Q10 aggregates in solution. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113741. [PMID: 38128993 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyglycerol fatty acid esters (PGFEs) are common food additives. PGFE-based formulations exhibit high structural stability, however, the stability mechanism of the micellar structures has not been yet elucidated. In this study, nanostructural analysis was performed using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) measurements to reveal the mechanism of the structural stability of PGFE-coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) mixtures as a CoQ10 formulation. Pure PGFE formed multilamellar vesicles, whereas PGFE-CoQ10 formed spherical micelles. Furthermore, when the amount of added water increased, the PGFE-CoQ10 micellar size and the amount of water in the micelles remained unchanged. A model-fitting analysis of the SANS results suggested that the CoQ10 molecules were introduced between the surfactants, forming a palisade-type structure. The high structural stability of the PGFE-CoQ10 micelles was attributed to two factors: proper spreading of the hydrophilic head chains and inhibition of the change of the amount of water inside the micelles by the PGFE heads and quinone ring of CoQ10. This indicates that PGFE-CoQ10 can function in water while maintaining the micellar structure formed in the storage solution. The findings of this study are important for the safety and nano-hazard aspects of PGFE-CoQ10 formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iwase
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan.
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, 1-3 Takara-machi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kasama
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, 1-3 Takara-machi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, 1-3 Takara-machi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan
| | - Hironobu Nanbu
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, 1-3 Takara-machi, Yokkaichi, Mie 510-0844, Japan
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13
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Völkle Nee Evgrafov E, Schulz F, Kanold JM, Michaelis M, Wissel K, Brümmer F, Schenk AS, Ludwigs S, Bill J, Rothenstein D. Functional mimicry of sea urchin biomineralization proteins with CaCO 3-binding peptides selected by phage display. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:10174-10188. [PMID: 37850271 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01584j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The intricate process of biomineralization, e.g. in sea urchins, involves the precise interplay of highly regulated mineralization proteins and the spatiotemporal coordination achieved through compartmentalization. However, the investigation of biomineralization effector molecules, e.g. proteins, is challenging, due to their very low abundance. Therefore, we investigate the functional mimicry in the bioinspired precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with artificial peptides selected from a peptide library by phage display based on peptide-binding to calcite and aragonite, respectively. The structure-directing effects of the identified peptides were compared to those of natural protein mixes isolated from skeletal (test) structures of two sea urchin species (Arbacia lixula and Paracentrotus lividus). The calcium carbonate samples deposited in the absence or presence of peptides were analyzed with a set of complementary techniques with regard to morphology, polymorph, and nanostructural motifs. Remarkably, some of the CaCO3-binding peptides induced morphological features in calcite that appeared similar to those obtained in the presence of the natural protein mixes. Many of the peptides identified as most effective in exerting a structure-directing effect on calcium carbonate crystallization were rich in basic amino acid residues. Hence, our in vitro mineralization study further highlights the important, but often neglected, role of positively charged soluble organic matrices associated with biological and bioinspired CaCO3 deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Völkle Nee Evgrafov
- Dept. Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Fabian Schulz
- Dept. Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Julia Maxi Kanold
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems & Scientific Diving Group (WiTUS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monika Michaelis
- Biomolecular and Materials Interface Research Group, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Kerstin Wissel
- Dept. Chemical Materials Synthesis, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraβe 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Franz Brümmer
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems & Scientific Diving Group (WiTUS), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Physical Chemistry IV, Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC - Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry (IPOC), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Dept. Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Dirk Rothenstein
- Dept. Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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14
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Ettich J, Wittich C, Moll JM, Behnke K, Floss DM, Reiners J, Christmann A, Lang PA, Smits SHJ, Kolmar H, Scheller J. Respiratory syncytial virus-approved mAb Palivizumab as ligand for anti-idiotype nanobody-based synthetic cytokine receptors. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105270. [PMID: 37734558 PMCID: PMC10630626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cytokine receptors can modulate cellular functions based on an artificial ligand to avoid off-target and/or unspecific effects. However, ligands that can modulate receptor activity so far have not been used clinically because of unknown toxicity and immunity against the ligands. Here, we developed a fully synthetic cytokine/cytokine receptor pair based on the antigen-binding domain of the respiratory syncytial virus-approved mAb Palivizumab as a synthetic cytokine and a set of anti-idiotype nanobodies (AIPVHH) as synthetic receptors. Importantly, Palivizumab is neither cross-reactive with human proteins nor immunogenic. For the synthetic receptors, AIPVHH were fused to the activating interleukin-6 cytokine receptor gp130 and the apoptosis-inducing receptor Fas. We found that the synthetic cytokine receptor AIPVHHgp130 was efficiently activated by dimeric Palivizumab single-chain variable fragments. In summary, we created an in vitro nonimmunogenic full-synthetic cytokine/cytokine receptor pair as a proof of concept for future in vivo therapeutic strategies utilizing nonphysiological targets during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ettich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; PROvendis GmbH, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Kristina Behnke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen M Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Christmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany; Centre of Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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15
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Anthuparambil ND, Girelli A, Timmermann S, Kowalski M, Akhundzadeh MS, Retzbach S, Senft MD, Dargasz M, Gutmüller D, Hiremath A, Moron M, Öztürk Ö, Poggemann HF, Ragulskaya A, Begam N, Tosson A, Paulus M, Westermeier F, Zhang F, Sprung M, Schreiber F, Gutt C. Exploring non-equilibrium processes and spatio-temporal scaling laws in heated egg yolk using coherent X-rays. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5580. [PMID: 37696830 PMCID: PMC10495384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The soft-grainy microstructure of cooked egg yolk is the result of a series of out-of-equilibrium processes of its protein-lipid contents; however, it is unclear how egg yolk constituents contribute to these processes to create the desired microstructure. By employing X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we investigate the functional contribution of egg yolk constituents: proteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and yolk-granules to the development of grainy-gel microstructure and microscopic dynamics during cooking. We find that the viscosity of the heated egg yolk is solely determined by the degree of protein gelation, whereas the grainy-gel microstructure is controlled by the extent of LDL aggregation. Overall, protein denaturation-aggregation-gelation and LDL-aggregation follows Arrhenius-type time-temperature superposition (TTS), indicating an identical mechanism with a temperature-dependent reaction rate. However, above 75 °C TTS breaks down and temperature-independent gelation dynamics is observed, demonstrating that the temperature can no longer accelerate certain non-equilibrium processes above a threshold value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmi Das Anthuparambil
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
| | - Anita Girelli
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Marvin Kowalski
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Retzbach
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Senft
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Gutmüller
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anusha Hiremath
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Moron
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Özgül Öztürk
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | | | | | - Nafisa Begam
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Amir Tosson
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Paulus
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fajun Zhang
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gutt
- Department Physik, Universität Siegen, 57072, Siegen, Germany.
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16
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Hirai M, Arai S, Iwase H. Fibrillization Process of Human Amyloid-Beta Protein (1-40) under a Molecular Crowding Environment Mimicking the Interior of Living Cells Using Cell Debris. Molecules 2023; 28:6555. [PMID: 37764331 PMCID: PMC10535490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular crowding environments play a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of biological reactions. Inside living cells, a diverse array of molecules coexists within a volume fraction ranging from 10% to 30% v/v. However, conventional spectroscopic methods often face difficulties in selectively observing the structures of particular proteins or membranes within such molecularly crowded environments due to the presence of high background signals. Therefore, it is crucial to establish in vitro measurement conditions that closely resemble the intracellular environment. Meanwhile, the neutron scattering method offers a significant advantage in selectively observing target biological components, even within crowded environments. Recently, we have demonstrated a novel scattering method capable of selectively detecting the structures of targeted proteins or membranes in a closely mimicking intracellular milieu achieved utilizing whole-cell contents (deuterated-cell debris). This method relies on the inverse contrast matching technique in neutron scattering. By employing this method, we successfully observed the fibrillization process of human amyloid beta-protein (Aβ 1-40) under a molecular crowding environment (13.1% w/v cell debris, Aβ/cell debris = ~1/25 w/w) that closely mimics the interior of living cells. Aβ protein is well known as a major pathogenic component of Alzheimer's disease. The present results combining model simulation analyses clearly show that the intracellular environment facilitates the potential formation of even more intricate higher-order aggregates of Aβ proteins than those previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki, Maebashi 371-8510, Gunma, Japan
| | - Shigeki Arai
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan;
| | - Hiroki Iwase
- Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan;
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17
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Schmidt RF, Prévost S, Gradzielski M, Zemb T. Structure of microemulsions in the continuous phase channel. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:76. [PMID: 37668863 PMCID: PMC10480248 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the microemulsion and lamellar phases of two of the most commonly described systems based on nonionic C12E5 and ionic AOT surfactants. We show that C12E5 is best described by the symmetric disordered open connected lamellar model (DOC-lamellar), contrary to the more commonly employed standard flexible model. In the case of AOT, the bicontinuous microemulsion structure is best described by the standard flexible model at high temperatures. Around room temperature, connected cylinders in a molten cubic crystal phase are the only description which corresponds to the data. In the lamellar phase, around one third of the available surface area is lost in fluctuations and defects. Comparing structurally predictive models with results from conductivity measurements show that salt adsorption in the hydrated ethoxy groups is dominant for C12E5 (nonionic). For AOT, our conductivity measurements clarify the role of tortuosity versus cation absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Franz Schmidt
- Stranski-Laboratorium Für Physikalische Und Theoretische Chemie, Institut Für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße Des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue Des Martyrs CS 20156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium Für Physikalische Und Theoretische Chemie, Institut Für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße Des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zemb
- UMR 5257 - CEA/CNRS/UM/ENSCM, Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule, ICSM, 30207, Marcoule, France.
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18
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Abitaev K, Atanasova P, Bill J, Preisig N, Kuzmenko I, Ilavsky J, Liu Y, Sottmann T. In Situ Ultra-Small- and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study of ZnO Nanoparticle Formation and Growth through Chemical Bath Deposition in the Presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2180. [PMID: 37570497 PMCID: PMC10421471 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ZnO inverse opals combine the outstanding properties of the semiconductor ZnO with the high surface area of the open-porous framework, making them valuable photonic and catalysis support materials. One route to produce inverse opals is to mineralize the voids of close-packed polymer nanoparticle templates by chemical bath deposition (CBD) using a ZnO precursor solution, followed by template removal. To ensure synthesis control, the formation and growth of ZnO nanoparticles in a precursor solution containing the organic additive polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was investigated by in situ ultra-small- and small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS/SAXS). Before that, we studied the precursor solution by in-house SAXS at T = 25 °C, revealing the presence of a PVP network with semiflexible chain behavior. Heating the precursor solution to 58 °C or 63 °C initiates the formation of small ZnO nanoparticles that cluster together, as shown by complementary transmission electron microscopy images (TEM) taken after synthesis. The underlying kinetics of this process could be deciphered by quantitatively analyzing the USAXS/SAXS data considering the scattering contributions of particles, clusters, and the PVP network. A nearly quantitative description of both the nucleation and growth period could be achieved using the two-step Finke-Watzky model with slow, continuous nucleation followed by autocatalytic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Abitaev
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Petia Atanasova
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (P.A.); (J.B.)
| | - Natalie Preisig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; (I.K.); (J.I.)
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA; (I.K.); (J.I.)
| | - Yun Liu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Thomas Sottmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.A.); (N.P.)
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19
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Sakaguchi Y, Takata SI, Kawakita Y, Fujimura Y, Kondo K. Direct observation of concentration fluctuations in Au-Si eutectic liquid by small-angle neutron scattering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:415403. [PMID: 37419121 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ace577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that eutectic gold-silicon (Au-Si) alloys exhibit anomalous melting point depression, which is more than 1000 °C from the melting point of elemental Si (1414 °C). The melting point depression in eutectic alloys is generally explained in terms of a decrease of the free energy by mixing. However, it is difficult to understand the anomalous melting point depression only from the stability of the homogeneous mixing. Some researchers suggest that there are concentration fluctuations in the liquids, where the atoms are inhomogeneously mixed. In this paper, we measure the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) of Au81.4Si18.6(eutectic composition) and Au75Si25(off-eutectic composition) at temperatures from room temperature to 900 °C in both solid and liquid states to observe such concentration fluctuations directly. It is surprising that large SANS signals are observed in the liquids. This indicates that there are concentration fluctuations in the liquids. The concentration fluctuations are characterized by either the correlation lengths in multiple length scales or surface fractals. This finding yields new insight into the mixing state in the eutectic liquids. The mechanism of the anomalous melting point depression is discussed based on the concentration fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Sakaguchi
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Takata
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yukinobu Kawakita
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujimura
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Keietsu Kondo
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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20
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Buchheiser S, Kistner F, Rhein F, Nirschl H. Spray Flame Synthesis and Multiscale Characterization of Carbon Black-Silica Hetero-Aggregates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1893. [PMID: 37368323 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with the goal of opening up more choices for polymeric binders. The main focus of this research lies in the multiscale characterization of the aggregate properties via small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical disc centrifugation and electron microscopy. The results show successful formation of sinter-bridges between silica and carbon black leading to an increase in hydrodynamic aggregate diameter from 201 nm to up to 357 nm, with no significant changes in primary particle properties. However, segregation and coalescence of silica particles was identified for higher mass ratios of silica to carbon black, resulting in a reduction in the homogeneity of the hetero-aggregates. This effect was particularly evident for silica particles with larger diameters of 60 nm. Consequently, optimal conditions for hetero-aggregation were identified at mass ratios below 1 and particle sizes around 10 nm, at which homogenous distributions of silica within the carbon black structure were achieved. The results emphasise the general applicability of hetero-aggregation via spray flames with possible applications as battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Buchheiser
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Kistner
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Rhein
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Buchheiser S, Deutschmann MP, Rhein F, Allmang A, Fedoryk M, Stelzner B, Harth S, Trimis D, Nirschl H. Particle and Phase Analysis of Combusted Iron Particles for Energy Storage and Release. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2009. [PMID: 36903120 PMCID: PMC10004356 DOI: 10.3390/ma16052009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The combustion of metal fuels as energy carriers in a closed-cycle carbon-free process is a promising approach for reducing CO2 emissions in the energy sector. For a possible large-scale implementation, the influence of process conditions on particle properties and vice versa has to be well understood. In this study, the influence of different fuel-air equivalence ratios on particle morphology, size and degree of oxidation in an iron-air model burner is investigated by means of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, laser diffraction analysis and electron microscopy. The results show a decrease in median particle size and an increase in the degree of oxidation for leaner combustion conditions. The difference of 1.94 μm in median particle size between lean and rich conditions is twentyfold greater than the expected amount and can be connected to an increased intensity of microexplosions and nanoparticle formation for oxygen-rich atmospheres. Furthermore, the influence of the process conditions on the fuel usage efficiency is investigated, yielding efficiencies of up to 0.93. Furthermore, by choosing a suitable particle size range of 1 to 10 μm, the amount of residual iron content can be minimized. The results emphasize that particle size plays a key role in optimizing this process for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Buchheiser
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Philipp Deutschmann
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Rhein
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Amanda Allmang
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michal Fedoryk
- Combustion Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Björn Stelzner
- Combustion Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Harth
- Combustion Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dimosthenis Trimis
- Combustion Technology, Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Process Machines, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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22
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Fast calculation of scattering patterns using hypergeometric function algorithms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:780. [PMID: 36642747 PMCID: PMC9841017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The scattering of light, X-rays, electrons or neutrons by matter is used widespread for structural characterization from atomic to macroscopic length scales. With the advent of high-brilliance beam sources and the development fast, large area pixelated detectors, scattering patterns are now acquired at unprecedented frame rates and frame sizes. The slow analysis of these scattering patterns has evolved into a severe bottleneck retarding scientific insight. Here we introduce an algorithm based on the use of hypergeometric functions providing gains in computational speed of up to 105 compared to present numerical integration algorithms. Hypergeometric functions provide analytical descriptions of geometrical shapes, can be rapidly computed as series and asymptotic expansions, and can be efficiently implemented in GPUs. The algorithm provides the necessary computational speed to calculate scattering patterns on timescales required for real-time experiment feedback, the analysis of large volumes of scattering data, and for the generation of training data sets for machine learning.
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23
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Iyer C, Das A, Barma M. Coarsening, condensates, and extremes in aggregation-fragmentation models. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014122. [PMID: 36797867 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We use extreme value statistics to study the dynamics of coarsening in aggregation-fragmentation models which form condensates in the steady state. The dynamics is dominated by the formation of local condensates on a coarsening length scale which grows in time in both the zero range process and conserved mass aggregation model. The local condensate mass distribution exhibits scaling, which implies anomalously large fluctuations, with mean and standard deviation both proportional to the coarsening length. Remarkably, the state of the system during coarsening is governed not by the steady state, but rather a preasymptotic state in which the condensate mass fluctuates strongly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekar Iyer
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India.,UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Arghya Das
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mustansir Barma
- TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, India
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24
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Teshigawara M, Ikeda Y, Yan M, Muramatsu K, Sutani K, Fukuzumi M, Noda Y, Koizumi S, Saruta K, Otake Y. New Material Exploration to Enhance Neutron Intensity below Cold Neutrons: Nanosized Graphene Flower Aggregation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:76. [PMID: 36615985 PMCID: PMC9824194 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed that nanosized graphene aggregation could facilitate coherent neutron scattering under particle size conditions similar to nanodiamonds to enhance neutron intensity below cold neutrons. Using the RIKEN accelerator-driven compact neutron source and iMATERIA at J-PARC, we performed neutron measurement experiments, total neutron cross-section and small-angle neutron scattering on nanosized graphene aggregation. For the first time, the measured data revealed that nanosized graphene aggregation increased the total neutron cross-sections and small-angle scattering in the cold neutron energy region. This is most likely due to coherent scattering, resulting in higher neutron intensities, similar to nanodiamonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Teshigawara
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yujiro Ikeda
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mingfei Yan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Muramatsu
- INCUBATION ALLIANCE INC. 1-2-25, Wadayama-dori, Hyogo-ku, Kobe 652-0884, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichi Sutani
- INCUBATION ALLIANCE INC. 1-2-25, Wadayama-dori, Hyogo-ku, Kobe 652-0884, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fukuzumi
- Department of Materials and Analysis, Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Technology, Yukihira-cho, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0037, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Ibaraki University, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Ibaraki University, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka 319-1106, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Saruta
- J-PARC Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata, Tokai-mura, Naka 319-1195, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshie Otake
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
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25
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Langkilde AE, Vestergaard B. Protein fibrillation from another small angle-SAXS data analysis of developing systems. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:377-409. [PMID: 36641215 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During the fibrillation process amyloid proteins undergo structural changes at very different length and time scales. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a method that is uniquely suitable for the structural analysis of this process. Careful measures must, however, be taken both in the sample preparation, data collection and data analysis procedures to ensure proper data quality, coverage of the process and reliable interpretation. With this chapter, we provide many details about the data analysis of such developing systems. The recommendations are based on our own experience with analysis of data from several amyloid and amyloid-like proteins, with data decomposition being a central point in the procedure. We focus on two alternative approaches, one being a laborious, hands-on, iterative approach, the other being more automated, applying a chemometrics based software, developed for the purpose. Both methods can equally well be applied to other developing mixtures, but specific recommendations for amyloid samples are emphasized in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Eva Langkilde
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Bente Vestergaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Whitten AE, Jeffries CM. Data analysis and modeling of small-angle neutron scattering data with contrast variation from bio-macromolecular complexes. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:55-96. [PMID: 36641217 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) with contrast variation (CV) is a valuable technique in the structural biology toolchest. Accurate structural parameters-e.g., radii of gyration, volumes, dimensions, and distance distribution(s)-can be derived from the SANS-CV data to yield the shape and disposition of the individual components within stable complexes. Contrast variation is achieved through the substitution of hydrogen isotopes (1H for 2H) in molecules and solvents to alter the neutron scattering properties of each component of a complex. While SANS-CV can be used a stand-alone technique for interrogating the overall structure of biomacromolecules in solution, it also complements other methods such as small-angle X-ray scattering, crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance, and cryo-electron microscopy. Undertaking a SANS-CV experiment is challenging, due in part to the preparation of significant quantities of monodisperse samples that may require deuterium (2H) labeling. Nevertheless, SANS-CV can be used to study a diverse range biomacromolecular complexes including protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid systems, membrane proteins, and flexible systems resistant to crystallization. This chapter describes how to approach the data analysis and modeling of SANS data, including: (1) Analysis of the forward scattering (I(0)) and calculation of theoretical estimates of contrast; (2) Analysis of the contrast dependence of the radius of gyration using the Stuhrmann plot and parallel axis theorem; (3) Calculation of composite scattering functions to evaluate the size, shape, and dispositions of individual components within a complex, and; (4) Development of real-space models to fit the SANS-CV data using volume-element bead modeling or atomistic rigid body modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Whitten
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia.
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Unit, c/o Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany.
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27
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Mertens HDT. Computational methods for the analysis of solution small-angle X-ray scattering of biomolecules: ATSAS. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:193-236. [PMID: 36641208 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ATSAS software suite provides a comprehensive set of programs for the processing, analysis and modeling of small-angle scattering data, tailored for but not limited to data acquired on biological macromolecules. In this review the major components and developments in the ATSAS package are described, with a focus on user driven application. Data reduction, analysis and modeling approaches and strategies will be introduced and discussed. At the time of writing the latest package, ATSAS 3.1, is freely available for academic users at: https://www.embl-hamburg.de/biosaxs/software.html.
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28
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Jones BE, Kelly EA, Cowieson N, Divitini G, Evans RC. Light-Responsive Molecular Release from Cubosomes Using Swell-Squeeze Lattice Control. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19532-19541. [PMID: 36222426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials are crucial to advance controlled delivery systems for drugs and catalysts. Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) have well-defined internal structures suitable to entrap small molecules and can be broken up into low-viscosity dispersions, aiding their application as delivery systems. In this work, we demonstrate the first example of light-responsive cubic LLC dispersions, or cubosomes, using photoswitchable amphiphiles to enable external control over the LLC structure and subsequent on-demand release of entrapped guest molecules. Azobenzene photosurfactants (AzoPS), containing a neutral tetraethylene glycol head group and azobenzene-alkyl tail, are combined (from 10-30 wt %) into monoolein-water systems to create LLC phases. Homogenization of the bulk LLC forms dispersions of particles, ∼200 nm in diameter with internal bicontinuous primitive cubic phases, as seen using small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. Notably, increasing the AzoPS concentration leads to swelling of the cubic lattice, offering a method to tune the internal nanoscale structure. Upon UV irradiation, AzoPS within the cubosomes isomerizes within seconds, which in turn leads to squeezing of the cubic lattice and a decrease in the lattice parameter. This squeeze mechanism was successfully harnessed to enable phototriggerable release of trapped Nile Red guest molecules from the cubosome structure in minutes. The ability to control the internal structure of LLC dispersions using light, and the dramatic effect this has on the retention of entrapped molecules, suggests that these systems may have huge potential for the next-generation of nanodelivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice E Jones
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine A Kelly
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Cowieson
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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29
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The investigation of the structure of biocarbon synthesized from wheat straw after weakly concentrated phosphoric acid pretreatment. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Wang S, Luo Z, Liang J, Hu J, Jiang N, He J, Li Q. Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics: Understanding the Matrix/Particle Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13612-13656. [PMID: 36107156 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposite dielectrics possess exceptional electric properties that are absent in the pristine dielectric polymers. The matrix/particle interface in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics is suggested to play decisive roles on the bulk material performance. Herein, we present a critical overview of recent research advances and important insights in understanding the matrix/particle interfacial characteristics in polymer nanocomposite dielectrics. The primary experimental strategies and state-of-the-art characterization techniques for resolving the local property-structure correlation of the matrix/particle interface are dissected in depth, with a focus on the characterization capabilities of each strategy or technique that other approaches cannot compete with. Limitations to each of the experimental strategy are evaluated as well. In the last section of this Review, we summarize and compare the three experimental strategies from multiple aspects and point out their advantages and disadvantages, critical issues, and possible experimental schemes to be established. Finally, the authors' personal viewpoints regarding the challenges of the existing experimental strategies are presented, and potential directions for the interface study are proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiajie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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31
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Coldstream JG, Camp PJ, Phillips DJ, Dowding PJ. Gradient copolymers versus block copolymers: self-assembly in solution and surface adsorption. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6538-6549. [PMID: 35943121 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The structures of amphiphilic block and gradient copolymers in solution and adsorbed onto surfaces are surveyed using molecular-dynamics simulations. A bead-spring model is used to identify the general effects of the different architectures: block and gradient copolymers have equal numbers of solvophilic and solvophobic beads, and the gradient copolymer is represented by a linear concentration profile along the chain. Each type of isolated copolymer forms a structure with a globular head of solvophobic beads, and a coil-like tail of solvophilic beads. The radius of gyration of a gradient copolymer is found to be much more sensitive to temperature than that of a block copolymer due to an unravelling mechanism. At finite concentrations, both gradient and block copolymers self-assemble into micelles, with the gradient copolymers again showing a larger temperature dependence. The micelles are characterised using simulated scattering profiles, which compare favourably to existing experimental data. The adsorption of copolymers onto structureless surfaces is modelled with an attractive potential that is selective for the solvophobic beads, and the surface structures are characterised using the average height of the molecules, and the proportion of beads adsorbed. Both types of copolymer form adsorbed films with persistent micelle-like structures, but the gradient copolymers show a stronger dependence on the strength of the surface interactions and the temperature. Coarse-grained, bead-spring models allow a rapid survey and comparison of the block and gradient architectures, and the results set the scene for future work with atomistic simulations. A superficial but favourable comparison is made between the results from the bead-spring models, and atomistic simulations of a butyl prop-2-enoate/prop-2-enoic acid (butyl acrylate/acrylic acid) copolymer in n-dodecane at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Coldstream
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Philip J Camp
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Daniel J Phillips
- Infineum UK Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, England, UK
| | - Peter J Dowding
- Infineum UK Ltd., P.O. Box 1, Milton Hill, Abingdon OX13 6BB, England, UK
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32
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Kühnhammer M, Braun L, Ludwig M, Soltwedel O, Chiappisi L, von Klitzing R. A new model to describe small-angle neutron scattering from foams. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:758-768. [PMID: 35974727 PMCID: PMC9348883 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722004691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The modelling of scattering data from foams is very challenging due to the complex structure of foams and is therefore often reduced to the fitting of single peak positions or feature mimicking. This article presents a more elaborate model to describe the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data from foams. The model takes into account the geometry of the foam bubbles and is based on an incoherent superposition of the reflectivity curves arising from the foam films and the small-angle scattering (SAS) contribution from the plateau borders. The model is capable of describing the complete scattering curve of a foam stabilized by the standard cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C14TAB) with different water contents, i.e. different drainage states, and provides information on the thickness distribution of liquid films inside the foam. The mean film thickness decreases with decreasing water content because of drainage, from 28 to 22 nm, while the polydispersity increases. These results are in good agreement with the film thicknesses of individual horizontal foam films studied with a thin-film pressure balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kühnhammer
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Larissa Braun
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olaf Soltwedel
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Regine von Klitzing
- Institut für Physik Kondensierter Materie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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33
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Nagaratnam N, Martin-Garcia JM, Yang JH, Goode MR, Ketawala G, Craciunescu FM, Zook JD, Sonowal M, Williams D, Grant TD, Fromme R, Hansen DT, Fromme P. Structural and biophysical properties of FopA, a major outer membrane protein of Francisella tularensis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267370. [PMID: 35913965 PMCID: PMC9342783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is an extremely infectious pathogen and a category A bioterrorism agent. It causes the highly contagious zoonosis, Tularemia. Currently, FDA approved vaccines against tularemia are unavailable. F. tularensis outer membrane protein A (FopA) is a well-studied virulence determinant and protective antigen against tularemia. It is a major outer membrane protein (Omp) of F. tularensis. However, FopA-based therapeutic intervention is hindered due to lack of complete structural information for membrane localized mature FopA. In our study, we established recombinant expression, monodisperse purification, crystallization and X-ray diffraction (~6.5 Å) of membrane localized mature FopA. Further, we performed bioinformatics and biophysical experiments to unveil its structural organization in the outer membrane. FopA consists of 393 amino acids and has less than 40% sequence identity to known bacterial Omps. Using comprehensive sequence alignments and structure predictions together with existing partial structural information, we propose a two-domain organization for FopA. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and heat modifiability assay confirmed FopA has a β-barrel domain consistent with alphafold2’s prediction of an eight stranded β-barrel at the N-terminus. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed FopA purified in detergent micelles is predominantly dimeric. Molecular density derived from SAXS at 31 Å shows putative dimeric N-terminal β-barrels surrounded by detergent corona and connected to C-terminal domains via flexible linker. Disorder analysis predicts N- and C-terminal domains are interspersed by a long intrinsically disordered region and alphafold2 predicts this region to be largely unstructured. Taken together, we propose a dimeric, two-domain organization of FopA in the outer membrane: the N-terminal β-barrel is membrane embedded, provides dimerization interface and tethers to membrane extrinsic C-terminal domain via long flexible linker. Structure determination of membrane localized mature FopA is essential to understand its role in pathogenesis and develop anti-tularemia therapeutics. Our results pave the way towards it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Nagaratnam
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jose M. Martin-Garcia
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jay-How Yang
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Goode
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Gihan Ketawala
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Felicia M. Craciunescu
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James D. Zook
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Manashi Sonowal
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dewight Williams
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Grant
- Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Raimund Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Debra T. Hansen
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Center for Innovations in Medicine, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Chen R, Li Z, Shi Y, Liu LZ, Li D, Zhao Y, Lv B. In situ study of the preoxidation of polyacrylonitrile fibers. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722006690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the production of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers (PAN-CFs), preoxidation is a key step to improving the thermal stability of the fibers and forming their structural prototype. However, structural evaluation of PAN fibers during preoxidation remains ambiguous, partly due to a lack of in situ studies. This contribution reports an in situ study of the preoxidation of PAN fibers using wide-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques on a synchrotron radiation beamline. The structural changes of the skeleton and pores in the fibers are revealed and correspond to five kinds of diffraction spots (peaks) and two kinds of scattering streaks, respectively. The preoxidation shows obvious stages, and the corresponding possible mechanism is analyzed.
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Hübner H, Niebuur B, Janka O, Gemmer L, Koch M, Kraus T, Kickelbick G, Stühn B, Gallei M. Crystalline Carbosilane‐Based Block Copolymers: Synthesis by Anionic Polymerization and Morphology Evaluation in the Bulk State. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hübner
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry Universität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Bart‐Jan Niebuur
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Oliver Janka
- Inorganic Solid‐State Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Lea Gemmer
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry Universität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM – Leibniz Institute for New Materials Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Saarland University Campus D2 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Guido Kickelbick
- Inorganic Solid‐State Chemistry Saarland University Campus C4 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Bernd Stühn
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics Technical University of Darmstadt Hochschulstraße 8 64289 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry Universität des Saarlandes Campus Saarbrücken Saarbrücken 66123 Germany
- Saarene, Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability Campus C4 2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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36
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DiPasquale M, Deering TG, Desai D, Sharma AK, Amin S, Fox TE, Kester M, Katsaras J, Marquardt D, Heberle FA. Influence of ceramide on lipid domain stability studied with small-angle neutron scattering: The role of acyl chain length and unsaturation. Chem Phys Lipids 2022; 245:105205. [PMID: 35483419 PMCID: PMC9320172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides and diacylglycerols are groups of lipids capable of nucleating and stabilizing ordered lipid domains, structures that have been implicated in a range of biological processes. Previous studies have used fluorescence reporter molecules to explore the influence of ceramide acyl chain structure on sphingolipid-rich ordered phases. Here, we use small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to examine the ability of ceramides and diacylglycerols to promote lipid domain formation in the well-characterized domain-forming mixture DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol. SANS is a powerful, probe-free technique for interrogating membrane heterogeneity, as it is differentially sensitive to hydrogen's stable isotopes protium and deuterium. Specifically, neutron contrast is generated through selective deuteration of lipid species, thus enabling the detection of nanoscopic domains enriched in deuterated saturated lipids dispersed in a matrix of protiated unsaturated lipids. Using large unilamellar vesicles, we found that upon replacing 10 mol% DPPC with either C16:0 or C18:0 ceramide, or 16:0 diacylglycerol (dag), lipid domains persisted to higher temperatures. However, when DPPC was replaced with short chain (C6:0 or C12:0) or very long chain (C24:0) ceramides, or ceramides with unsaturated acyl chains of any length (C6:1(3), C6:1(5), C18:1, and C24:1), as well as C18:1-dag, lipid domains were destabilized, melting at lower temperatures than those in the DPPC/DOPC/cholesterol system. These results show how ceramide acyl chain length and unsaturation influence lipid domains and have implications for how cell membranes might modify their function through the generation of different ceramide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell DiPasquale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor N9B 3P4, ON, Canada
| | - Tye G Deering
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, VA, USA
| | - Dhimant Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University, University Park 16801, PA, USA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University, University Park 16801, PA, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University, University Park 16801, PA, USA
| | - Todd E Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, VA, USA
| | - Mark Kester
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, VA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, VA, USA
| | - John Katsaras
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37831, TN, USA; Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge 37831, TN, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, TN, USA.
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor N9B 3P4, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor N9B 3P4, ON, Canada.
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37
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Ghernaouti F, Perrin A, Causse J, Chandre F, Cornu D, Cambedouzou J. Small angle x-ray scattering to investigate the specific surface of hydrated alginate microbeads. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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38
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Ciccariello S. Determination of the specific surface of a granular porous material by the USAXS–SAXS intensity of a loosely packed powder sample. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing an earlier suggestion by Spalla, Lyonnard & Testard [J. Appl. Cryst. (2003), 36, 338–347], it is shown that the porosity and the specific surface of a porous material can be determined by the small- and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and USAXS, respectively) intensity of a sample made up of loosely packed and rather large grains of the material, provided the Porod plot of the intensity shows two plateaux within the range of the explored scattering vectors. To this end, it is necessary to consider the system geometrically as formed by three phases: the bulk matter, the macropores and the micropores.
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39
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Molodenskiy DS, Svergun DI, Kikhney AG. Artificial neural networks for solution scattering data analysis. Structure 2022; 30:900-908.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Kim C, Jarumaneeroj C, Rungswang W, Jin KS, Ree M. A comprehensive small angle X-ray scattering analysis on morphological structure of semicrystalline linear polymer in bulk state. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Kureha T, Ohira M, Takahashi Y, Li X, Gilbert EP, Shibayama M. Nanoscale Structures of Poly(oligo ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) Hydrogels Revealed by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kureha
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Masashi Ohira
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8685, Japan
| | - Yuki Takahashi
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Elliot P. Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibayama
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society, 162-1 Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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42
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Spitz O, Erenburg IN, Kanonenberg K, Peherstorfer S, Lenders MHH, Reiners J, Ma M, Luisi BF, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Identity Determinants of the Translocation Signal for a Type 1 Secretion System. Front Physiol 2022; 12:804646. [PMID: 35222063 PMCID: PMC8870123 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.804646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxin hemolysin A was first identified in uropathogenic E. coli strains and shown to be secreted in a one-step mechanism by a dedicated secretion machinery. This machinery, which belongs to the Type I secretion system family of the Gram-negative bacteria, is composed of the outer membrane protein TolC, the membrane fusion protein HlyD and the ABC transporter HlyB. The N-terminal domain of HlyA represents the toxin which is followed by a RTX (Repeats in Toxins) domain harboring nonapeptide repeat sequences and the secretion signal at the extreme C-terminus. This secretion signal, which is necessary and sufficient for secretion, does not appear to require a defined sequence, and the nature of the encoded signal remains unknown. Here, we have combined structure prediction based on the AlphaFold algorithm together with functional and in silico data to examine the role of secondary structure in secretion. Based on the presented data, a C-terminal, amphipathic helix is proposed between residues 975 and 987 that plays an essential role in the early steps of the secretion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Spitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabelle N. Erenburg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kanonenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sandra Peherstorfer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael H. H. Lenders
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Reiners
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben F. Luisi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sander H. J. Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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Gilbert PH, Zhang Z, Qian KK, Allen DP, Ford R, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Aggregation Kinetics of Polysorbate 80/ m-Cresol Solutions: A Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:862-875. [PMID: 35138864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate 80 (PS80), a nonionic surfactant used in pharmaceutical formulation, is known to be incompatible with m-cresol, an antimicrobial agent for multi-dose injectable formulations. This incompatibility results in increased turbidity caused by micelle aggregation progressing over weeks or longer, where storage temperature, ionic strength, and component concentration influence the aggregation kinetics. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) analysis of PS80/m-cresol solutions over a pharmaceutically relevant concentration range of each component reveals the cause of aggregation, the coalescence mechanism, and aggregate structure. PS80 solutions containing m-cresol concentrations below ≈2.0 mg/mL and above ≈4.5 mg/mL are kinetically stable and do not aggregate over a 50 h period. At 5 mg/mL of m-cresol, the mixture forms a kinetically stable microemulsion phase, despite being well below the aqueous solubility limit of m-cresol. Solutions containing intermediate m-cresol concentrations (2.0-4.5 mg/mL) are unstable, resulting in aggregation, coalescence, and eventual phase separation. In unstable solutions, two stages of aggregate growth (nucleation and power-law growth) are observed at m-cresol concentrations at or below ≈3.6 mg/mL. At higher m-cresol concentrations, aggregates experience a third stage of exponential growth. A single kinetic model is developed to explain the stages of aggregate growth observed in both kinetic mechanisms. This work establishes the phase diagram of PS80/m-cresol solution stability and identifies component concentrations necessary for producing stable formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Gilbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Ken K Qian
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - David P Allen
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, United States
| | - Rachel Ford
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Norman J Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Center for Neutron Science, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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44
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Trewhella J. Recent advances in small-angle scattering and its expanding impact in structural biology. Structure 2022; 30:15-23. [PMID: 34995477 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Applications of small-angle scattering (SAS) in structural biology have benefited from continuing developments in instrumentation, tools for data analysis, modeling capabilities, standards for data and model presentation, and data archiving. The interplay of these capabilities has enabled SAS to contribute to advances in structural biology as the field pushes the boundaries in studies of biomolecular complexes and assemblies as large as whole cells, membrane proteins in lipid environments, and dynamic systems on time scales ranging from femtoseconds to hours. This review covers some of the important advances in biomolecular SAS capabilities for structural biology focused on over the last 5 years and presents highlights of recent applications that demonstrate how the technique is exploring new territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Trewhella
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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45
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Krueger S. Planning, executing and assessing the validity of SANS contrast variation experiments. Methods Enzymol 2022; 677:127-155. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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46
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Imidazole-based surface-active gelator: Thermo responsive gel-to-gel transition of 1-hexadecyl-3-methyl imidazolium salicylate for multidimensional applications. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Almeida RAL, Takeuchi KA. Phase-ordering kinetics in the Allen-Cahn (Model A) class: Universal aspects elucidated by electrically induced transition in liquid crystals. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:054103. [PMID: 34942720 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.054103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) Ising model is the statistical physics textbook example for phase transitions and their kinetics. Quenched through the Curie point with Glauber rates, the late-time description of the ferromagnetic domain coarsening finds its place at the scalar sector of the Allen-Cahn (or Model A) class, which encompasses phase-ordering kinetics endowed with a nonconserved order parameter. Resisting exact results sought for theoreticians since Lifshitz's first account in 1962, the central quantities of 2D Model A-most scaling exponents and correlation functions-remain known up to approximate theories whose disparate outcomes urge experimental assessment. Here we perform such assessment based on a comprehensive study of the coarsening of 2D twisted nematic liquid crystals whose kinetics is induced by a superfast electrical switching from a spatiotemporally chaotic (disordered) state to a two-phase concurrent, equilibrium one. Tracking the dynamics via optical microscopy, we first show the sharp evidence of well-established Model A aspects, such as the dynamic exponent z=2 and the dynamic scaling hypothesis, to then move forward. We confirm the Bray-Humayun theory for Porod's regime describing intradomain length scales of the two-point spatial correlators and show that their nontrivial decay beyond the Porod's scale can be captured in a free-from-parameter fashion by Gaussian theories, namely the Ohta-Jasnow-Kawasaki (OJK) and Mazenko theories. Regarding time-related statistics, we corroborate the aging hypothesis in Model A systems, which includes the collapse of two-time correlators into a master curve whose format is, actually, best accounted for by a solution of the local scaling invariance theory: the same solution that fits the 2D nonconserved Ising model correlator along with the Fisher-Huse conjecture. We also suggest the true value for the local persistence exponent in Model A class, in disfavor of the exact outcome for the diffusion and OJK equations. Finally, we observe a fractal morphology for persistence clusters and extract their universal dimension. Given its accuracy and possibilities, this experimental setup may work as a prototype to address further universality issues in the realm of nonequilibrium systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan A L Almeida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.,Departmento de Física, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.,Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kazumasa A Takeuchi
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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48
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Yeh W, Huang Y, Wu C, Hong P. Structure and morphological changes of multilayer separators for lithium‐ion batteries under abuse/overcharge conditions. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ting Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | | | | | - Po‐Da Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan
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49
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Hu M, Li X, Rzayev J, Russell TP. Hydrolysis-Induced Self-Assembly of High-χ–Low-N Bottlebrush Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Hu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xindi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Javid Rzayev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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50
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Abdul Rehman SA, Armstrong LA, Lange SM, Kristariyanto YA, Gräwert TW, Knebel A, Svergun DI, Kulathu Y. Mechanism of activation and regulation of deubiquitinase activity in MINDY1 and MINDY2. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4176-4190.e6. [PMID: 34529927 PMCID: PMC8550791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Of the eight distinct polyubiquitin (polyUb) linkages that can be assembled, the roles of K48-linked polyUb (K48-polyUb) are the most established, with K48-polyUb modified proteins being targeted for degradation. MINDY1 and MINDY2 are members of the MINDY family of deubiquitinases (DUBs) that have exquisite specificity for cleaving K48-polyUb, yet we have a poor understanding of their catalytic mechanism. Here, we analyze the crystal structures of MINDY1 and MINDY2 alone and in complex with monoUb, di-, and penta-K48-polyUb, identifying 5 distinct Ub binding sites in the catalytic domain that explain how these DUBs sense both Ub chain length and linkage type to cleave K48-polyUb chains. The activity of MINDY1/2 is inhibited by the Cys-loop, and we find that substrate interaction relieves autoinhibition to activate these DUBs. We also find that MINDY1/2 use a non-canonical catalytic triad composed of Cys-His-Thr. Our findings highlight multiple layers of regulation modulating DUB activity in MINDY1 and MINDY2. The catalytic domain of MINDY1/2 has five distinct Ub binding sites Dynamics of the Cys loop regulate DUB activity Non-canonical catalytic triad composed of Cys-His-Thr MINDY1/2 uses an exo- or endo-cleavage mode that is determined by Ub chain length
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Arif Abdul Rehman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Lee A Armstrong
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sven M Lange
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Yosua Adi Kristariyanto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Tobias W Gräwert
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, EMBL c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Knebel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, EMBL c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yogesh Kulathu
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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