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Kiss L, Fűr G, Pisipati S, Rajalingamgari P, Ewald N, Singh V, Rakonczay Z. Mechanisms linking hypertriglyceridemia to acute pancreatitis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13916. [PMID: 36599412 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a metabolic disorder, defined when serum or plasma triglyceride concentration (seTG) is >1.7 mM. HTG can be categorized as mild to very severe groups based on the seTG value. The risk of acute pancreatitis (AP), a serious disease with high mortality and without specific therapy, increases with the degree of HTG. Furthermore, even mild or moderate HTG aggravates AP initiated by other important etiological factors, including alcohol or bile stone. This review briefly summarizes the pathophysiology of HTG, the epidemiology of HTG-induced AP and the clinically observed effects of HTG on the outcomes of AP. Our main focus is to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms linking HTG to AP. HTG is accompanied by an increased serum fatty acid (FA) concentration, and experimental results have demonstrated that these FAs have the most prominent role in causing the consequences of HTG during AP. FAs inhibit mitochondrial complexes in pancreatic acinar cells, induce pathological elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration, cytokine release and tissue injury, and reduce the function of pancreatic ducts. Furthermore, high FA concentrations can induce respiratory, kidney, and cardiovascular failure in AP. All these effects may contribute to the observed increased AP severity and frequent organ failure in patients. Importantly, experimental results suggest that the reduction of FA production by lipase inhibitors can open up new therapeutic options of AP. Overall, investigating the pathophysiology of HTG-induced AP or AP in the presence of HTG and determining possible treatments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránd Kiss
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Fűr
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sailaja Pisipati
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Prasad Rajalingamgari
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Nils Ewald
- Institute for Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Minden, Minden, Germany.,Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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2
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Hakim M, Fathi M, Abdulraziq M, Al Shehri M. Incidence of adhesions in patients using liraglutide before laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:8503-8508. [PMID: 35488131 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09294-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study objectively identified the incidence of adhesions between the stomach and pancreas in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) patients on liraglutide (cases group) and off (control group) liraglutide. METHODS This observational prospective study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery at Saudi German Hospital, Al-Aseer, Saudi Arabia (SGH) after approval by the Institutional Review Board. 117 patients with prior use of liraglutide and 101 patients with no liraglutide use scheduled for LSG over 12 months were included. Inclusion criteria included patients undergoing LSG with or without prior use of liraglutide. Exclusion criteria included patients with prior abdominal surgeries, bariatric surgery revisions, prior upper GI scope showing gastritis, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) or any other pathology, and other known causes of other causes of pancreatitis. Using laparoscopy obtained imaging during LSG cases adhesions between the posterior stomach and pancreas were identified. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in the cases and control groups was 32.44 ± 9.90 years and 28.23 ± 8.48 years (p = 0.001). The mean BMI of patients in the cases and control groups was 43.56 ± 4.59 and 45.00 ± 4.78, respectively (p = 0.024). 85% of the patients were females, while 17.0% were males in the cases group. 53.5% of the patients were females, while 47.0% were males in the control group (p < 0.001). In the cases group, 48.7% of patients had stopped liraglutide for no obvious reason. Under the cases group, 77.8% of the patients had no adhesions, while 22.2% had adhesions. Under the controls group, no adhesions were seen (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results for the first time demonstrate an incidence of adhesions in 22.2% of patients undergoing LSG on prior liraglutide intake (p < 0.001). This study brings to light the possibility of adhesions in patients with prior exposure to liraglutide undergoing LSG. Surgeons performing LSG in patients with prior exposure to liraglutide should be cognizant of this possibility, thereby requiring careful meticulous dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Hakim
- Department of General Surgery, Saudi German Hospital, Khamis Mushait, Al-Aseer, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Mohammed Fathi
- Department of General Surgery, Saudi German Hospital, Khamis Mushait, Al-Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdulraziq
- Department of General Surgery, Saudi German Hospital, Khamis Mushait, Al-Aseer, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Shehri
- Department of General Surgery, Saudi German Hospital, Khamis Mushait, Al-Aseer, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Vakilian M, Ghaedi K. A new hypothetical model for pancreatic development based on change in the cell division orientation. Gene 2021; 785:145607. [PMID: 33775847 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although lifelong renewal and additional compensatory growth in response to demand are undeniable facts, so far, no specific stem cells have been found for pancreatic cells. According to the consensus model, the development of pancreas results from the hierarchical differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards the appearance of the first endocrine and exocrine cells at approximately 7.5 to 8th gestation week (GW) of human embryo. However, the primitive endocrine cells arising from the embryonic phase of development do not appear to be mature or fully functional. Asymmetric localization of cellular components, such as Numb, partition protein complexes (PAR), planar cell polarity components, and certain mRNAs on the apical and basal sides of epithelial cells, causes cellular polarization. According to our model, the equal distribution of cellular components during symmetric cell division yields similar daughter cells that are associated with duct expansion. In contrast, asymmetric cell division is associated with uneven distribution of cellular components among daughter cells, resulting in different fates. Asymmetric cell division leads to duct branching and the development of acinar and stellate cells by a daughter cell, as well as the development of islet progenitor cells through partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and delamination of another daughter cell. Recently, we have developed an efficient method to obtain insulin-secreting cells from the transdifferentiation of hESC-derived ductal cells inducing a partial EMT by treatment with Wnt3A and activin A in a hypoxic environment. Similar models can be offered for other tissues and organs such as mammary glands, lungs, prostate, liver, etc. This model may open a new horizon in the field of regenerative medicine and be useful in explaining the cause of certain abnormalities, such as the occurrence of certain cysts and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Vakilian
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga (UMA), The Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science & Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., Isfahan, Iran.
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4
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Liraglutide-Induced Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis in a Nondiabetic Patient. ACG Case Rep J 2020; 7:e00380. [PMID: 32607380 PMCID: PMC7289281 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog with a primary effect of increased glucose-dependent insulin secretion and decreased gastric emptying. It serves as a feasible medical weight loss option because of the drug's effect of invoking satiety and lowering caloric intake. Despite emerging efficacy, the GLP-1 class has been associated with severe, although rare, adverse events, including pancreatitis. Previous investigations demonstrated the greatest association between GLP-1 agonist-associated pancreatitis in diabetic populations; however, liraglutide dosing is higher in weight loss formulations, placing the weight loss population at higher risk. We present a case of liraglutide-induced acute pancreatitis in a patient without diabetes.
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Novel 3D organoid culture techniques have enabled long-term expansion of pancreatic tissue. This review comprehensively summarizes and evaluates the applications of primary tissue-derived pancreatic organoids in regenerative studies, disease modelling, and personalized medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Organoids derived from human fetal and adult pancreatic tissue have been used to study pancreas development and repair. Generated adult human pancreatic organoids harbor the capacity for clonal expansion and endocrine cell formation. In addition, organoids have been generated from human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in order to study tumor behavior and assess drug responses. Pancreatic organoids constitute an important translational bridge between in vitro and in vivo models, enhancing our understanding of pancreatic cell biology. Current applications for pancreatic organoid technology include studies on tissue regeneration, disease modelling, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetindra R. A. Balak
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juri Juksar
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Lo Nigro
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco J. P. de Koning
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- 0000 0000 9471 3191grid.419927.0Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Wen HJ, Gao S, Wang Y, Ray M, Magnuson MA, Wright CV, Di Magliano MP, Frankel TL, Crawford HC. Myeloid Cell-Derived HB-EGF Drives Tissue Recovery After Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:173-192. [PMID: 31125624 PMCID: PMC6661420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is a risk factor for pancreatic tumorigenesis. Upon tissue damage, an inflammatory response, made up largely of macrophages, provides multiple growth factors that promote repair. Here, we examine the molecular pathways initiated by macrophages to promote pancreas recovery from pancreatitis. METHODS To induce organ damage, mice were subjected to cerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis and analyzed at various times of recovery. CD11b-DTR mice were used to deplete myeloid cells. Hbegff/f;LysM-Cre mice were used to ablate myeloid cell-derived heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF). To ablate EGFR specifically during recovery, pancreatitis was induced in Egfrf/f;Ptf1aFlpO/+;FSF-Rosa26CAG-CreERT2 mice followed by tamoxifen treatment. RESULTS Macrophages infiltrating the pancreas in experimental pancreatitis make high levels of HB-EGF. Both depletion of myeloid cells and ablation of myeloid cell HB-EGF delayed recovery from experimental pancreatitis, resulting from a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis. Mechanistically, ablation of myeloid cell HB-EGF impaired epithelial cell DNA repair, ultimately leading to cell death. Soluble HB-EGF induced EGFR nuclear translocation and methylation of histone H4, facilitating resolution of DNA damage in pancreatic acinar cells in vitro. Consistent with its role as the primary receptor of HB-EGF, in vivo ablation of EGFR from pancreatic epithelium during recovery from pancreatitis resulted in accumulation of DNA damage. CONCLUSIONS By using novel conditional knockout mouse models, we determined that HB-EGF derived exclusively from myeloid cells induces epithelial cell proliferation and EGFR-dependent DNA repair, facilitating pancreas healing after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Wen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael Ray
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Marina Pasca Di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Rogel Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Howard Crawford, PhD, University of Michigan, 4304 Rogel Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5936, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5936. fax: (734) 647–9654.
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7
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Quan S, Principe DR, Dean AE, Park SH, Grippo PJ, Gius D, Horikoshi N. Loss of Sirt2 increases and prolongs a caerulein-induced pancreatitis permissive phenotype and induces spontaneous oncogenic Kras mutations in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16501. [PMID: 30405152 PMCID: PMC6220268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking Sirt2 spontaneously develop tumors in multiple organs, as well as when expressed in combination with oncogenic KrasG12D, leading to pancreatic tumors. Here, we report that after caerulein-induced pancreatitis, Sirt2-deficient mice exhibited an increased inflammatory phenotype and delayed pancreatic tissue recovery. Seven days post injury, the pancreas of Sirt2-/- mice display active inflammation, whereas wild-type mice had mostly recovered. In addition, the pancreas from the Sirt2-/- mice exhibited extensive tissue fibrosis, which was still present at six weeks after exposure. The mice lacking Sirt2 also demonstrated an enhanced whole body pro-inflammatory phenotype that was most obvious with increasing age. Importantly, an accumulation of a cell population with spontaneous cancerous KrasG12D mutations was observed in the Sirt2-/- mice that is enhanced in the recovering pancreas after exposure to caerulein. Finally, transcriptome analysis of the pancreas of the Sirt2-/- mice exhibited a pro-inflammatory genomic signature. These results suggest that loss of Sirt2, as well as increased age, enhanced the immune response to pancreatic injury and induced an inflammatory phenotype permissive for the accumulation of cells carrying oncogenic Kras mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhua Quan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Angela E Dean
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of General and Applied Toxicology, Genetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Gius
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Nobuo Horikoshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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8
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Abstract
The pancreas is made from two distinct components: the exocrine pancreas, a reservoir of digestive enzymes, and the endocrine islets, the source of the vital metabolic hormone insulin. Human islets possess limited regenerative ability; loss of islet β-cells in diseases such as type 1 diabetes requires therapeutic intervention. The leading strategy for restoration of β-cell mass is through the generation and transplantation of new β-cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Other approaches include stimulating endogenous β-cell proliferation, reprogramming non-β-cells to β-like cells, and harvesting islets from genetically engineered animals. Together these approaches form a rich pipeline of therapeutic development for pancreatic regeneration.
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9
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Boggs K, Wang T, Orabi AI, Mukherjee A, Eisses JF, Sun T, Wen L, Javed TA, Esni F, Chen W, Husain SZ. Pancreatic gene expression during recovery after pancreatitis reveals unique transcriptome profiles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1406. [PMID: 29362419 PMCID: PMC5780441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that pancreatic recovery after a single episode of injury such as an isolated bout of pancreatitis occurs rapidly. It is unclear, however, what changes are inflicted in such conditions to the molecular landscape of the pancreas. In the caerulein hyperstimulation model of pancreatitis, the murine pancreas has the ability to recover within one week based on histological appearance. In this study, we sought to characterize by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) the transcriptional profile of the recovering pancreas up to two weeks post-injury. We found that one week after injury there were 319 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared with baseline and that after two weeks there were 53 DEGs. Forty (12.5%) of the DEGs persisted from week one to week two, and another 13 DEGs newly emerged in the second week. Amongst the top up-regulated DEGs were several trypsinogen genes (trypsinogen 4, 5, 12, 15, and 16). To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of the transcriptome during pancreatic recovery by deep sequencing, and it reveals on a molecular basis that there is an ongoing recovery of the pancreas even after apparent histological resolution. The findings also raise the possibility of an emerging novel transcriptome upon pancreatic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Boggs
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Abrahim I Orabi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - John F Eisses
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Tanveer A Javed
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Farzad Esni
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Sohail Z Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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10
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Basturk O, Hong SM, Wood LD, Adsay NV, Albores-Saavedra J, Biankin AV, Brosens LA, Fukushima N, Goggins M, Hruban RH, Kato Y, Klimstra DS, Klöppel G, Krasinskas A, Longnecker DS, Matthaei H, Offerhaus GJA, Shimizu M, Takaori K, Terris B, Yachida S, Esposito I, Furukawa T. A Revised Classification System and Recommendations From the Baltimore Consensus Meeting for Neoplastic Precursor Lesions in the Pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39:1730-41. [PMID: 26559377 PMCID: PMC4646710 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
International experts met to discuss recent advances and to revise the 2004 recommendations for assessing and reporting precursor lesions to invasive carcinomas of the pancreas, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), mucinous cystic neoplasm, and other lesions. Consensus recommendations include the following: (1) To improve concordance and to align with practical consequences, a 2-tiered system (low vs. high grade) is proposed for all precursor lesions, with the provision that the current PanIN-2 and neoplasms with intermediate-grade dysplasia now be categorized as low grade. Thus, "high-grade dysplasia" is to be reserved for only the uppermost end of the spectrum ("carcinoma in situ"-type lesions). (2) Current data indicate that PanIN of any grade at a margin of a resected pancreas with invasive carcinoma does not have prognostic implications; the clinical significance of dysplasia at a margin in a resected pancreas with IPMN lacking invasive carcinoma remains to be determined. (3) Intraductal lesions 0.5 to 1 cm can be either large PanINs or small IPMNs. The term "incipient IPMN" should be reserved for lesions in this size with intestinal or oncocytic papillae or GNAS mutations. (4) Measurement of the distance between an IPMN and invasive carcinoma and sampling of intervening tissue are recommended to assess concomitant versus associated status. Conceptually, concomitant invasive carcinoma (in contrast with the "associated" group) ought to be genetically distinct from an IPMN elsewhere in the gland. (5) "Intraductal spread of invasive carcinoma" (aka, "colonization") is recommended to describe lesions of invasive carcinoma invading back into and extending along the ductal system, which may morphologically mimic high-grade PanIN or even IPMN. (6) "Simple mucinous cyst" is recommended to describe cysts >1 cm having gastric-type flat mucinous lining at most minimal atypia without ovarian-type stroma to distinguish them from IPMN. (7) Human lesions resembling the acinar to ductal metaplasia and atypical flat lesions of genetically engineered mouse models exist and may reflect an alternate pathway of carcinogenesis; however, their biological significance requires further study. These revised recommendations are expected to improve our management and understanding of precursor lesions in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Laura D. Wood
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael Goggins
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD
| | - Yo Kato
- Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Esposito
- Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Germany
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11
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Esposito I, Segler A, Steiger K, Klöppel G. Pathology, genetics and precursors of human and experimental pancreatic neoplasms: An update. Pancreatology 2015; 15:598-610. [PMID: 26365060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there have been substantial improvements in our knowledge of pancreatic neoplasms and their precursor lesions. Extensive genetic analyses, recently using high-throughput molecular techniques and next-generation sequencing methodologies, and the development of sophisticated genetically engineered mouse models closely recapitulating human disease, have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of pancreatic neoplasms. These advances are paving the way for refined, molecular-based classifications of pancreatic neoplasms with the potential to better predict prognosis and, possibly, response to therapy. Another major development resides in the identification of subsets of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine neoplasms which occur in the context of hereditary syndromes and whose genetic basis and tumor development have been at least partially defined. However, despite all molecular progress, correct and careful morphological characterization of tissue specimens both in the context of experimental and routine diagnostic pathology represents the basis for any further genetic investigation or clinical decision. This review focuses on the current and new concepts of classification and on the current models of tumor development, both in the field of exocrine and endocrine neoplasms, and underscores the importance of applying standardized terminology to allow adequate data interpretation and promote scientific exchange in the field of pancreas research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Angela Segler
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Klöppel
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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12
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Leipig M, Abenthum K, Wollanke B, Czupalla I, Esposito I, Steiger K, Hermanns W, Herbach N. Chronic Pancreatitis with Acinar-Ductal Metaplasia and Ductal Dysplasia in a Horse. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:131-4. [PMID: 26142615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 16-year-old Friesian gelding with relapsing colic was humanely destroyed during diagnostic laparotomy due to suspected abdominal neoplasia. On post-mortem examination, the pancreas appeared as a firm mass (20 × 8 × 8 cm). The cut surface had a lobular structure with multiple cavities. Histological examination revealed severe chronic fibrosing pancreatitis with acinar-ductal metaplasia and duct dysplasia, which was considered to be the cause of the recurrent colic. Formation of tubular complexes within a background of acinar-ductal metaplasia is similar to the regressive lesions detected in the human pancreas in the context of inflammation, duct obstruction, cystic fibrosis and neoplasia. Pancreatic acinar-ductal metaplasia and ductal dysplasia are considered to be preneoplastic conditions in man and in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leipig
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - K Abenthum
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - B Wollanke
- Clinic for Horses at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - I Czupalla
- Clinic for Horses at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - I Esposito
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - K Steiger
- Department of Pathology, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - W Hermanns
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - N Herbach
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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13
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Abstract
We found that the secreted protein periostin (Postn) is highly induced after partial pancreatectomy in regenerating areas containing mesenchymal stroma and tubular complexes. Importantly, after partial pancreatectomy, Postn-deficient mice exhibit impaired mesenchymal formation and reduced regeneration specifically within the pancreatic β-cell compartment. Furthermore, Postn-deficient mice demonstrate an increased sensitivity to streptozotocin. Notably, injection of Postn directly into the pancreas stimulated proliferation of vimentin-expressing cells within 24 hours, and by 3 days, a mesenchymal stroma was present containing proliferating duct-like cells expressing the progenitor markers Ngn3 and Pdx1. Intraperitoneal injection of Postn resulted in increased numbers of islets and long-term glucoregulatory benefits with no adverse effects found in other tissues. Delivery of Postn throughout the pancreas via the common bile duct resulted in increased numbers of small insulin-expressing clusters and a significant improvement in glucose tolerance. Therefore, Postn is novel molecule capable of potentiating pancreatic β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan K Smid
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research (J.K.S., S.F., M.A.R.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Regenerative Medicine Program, and University of Ottawa (J.K.S., M.A.R.), Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
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14
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Abstract
Pancreatitis is caused by inflammatory injury to the exocrine pancreas, from which both humans and animal models appear to recover via regeneration of digestive enzyme-producing acinar cells. This regenerative process involves transient phases of inflammation, metaplasia, and redifferentiation, driven by cell-cell interactions between acinar cells, leukocytes, and resident fibroblasts. The NFκB signaling pathway is a critical determinant of pancreatic inflammation and metaplasia, whereas a number of developmental signals and transcription factors are devoted to promoting acinar redifferentiation after injury. Imbalances between these proinflammatory and prodifferentiation pathways contribute to chronic pancreatitis, characterized by persistent inflammation, fibrosis, and acinar dedifferentiation. Loss of acinar cell differentiation also drives pancreatic cancer initiation, providing a mechanistic link between pancreatitis and cancer risk. Unraveling the molecular bases of exocrine regeneration may identify new therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention of both of these deadly diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Charles Murtaugh
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112;
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15
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Acinar-to-ductal metaplasia induced by adenovirus-mediated pancreatic expression of Isl1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47536. [PMID: 23077629 PMCID: PMC3471997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular complexes (TCs) are aggregates of duct-like monolayered cells in the developing and regenerating pancreas. Recent studies showed that TCs have regenerative potential, including islet neogenesis. We previously delivered adenovirus vector (AdV) into exocrine cells of the pancreas by intra-common bile ductal (ICBD) injection, and found that AdV expressing Pdx1, a pancreas-specific transcription factor, causes TC formation and islet neogenesis. We also established RTF-Pdx1-EGFP mice, which ubiquitously express Pdx1 when tetracycline is removed from the drinking water. However, exogenous Pdx1 expression in adult RTF-Pdx1-EGFP mice did not cause any pathological changes in the pancreas during three weeks of observation after tetracycline withdrawal. To examine whether the host immune response induced by AdV was involved in TC formation, we delivered AdVs expressing pancreas-related transcription factors or an irrelevant protein into the pancreas of RTF-Pdx1-EGFP mice. Histological analyses showed that both AdV injection and Pdx1 expression are required for TC formation. We also analyzed the effects of these ICBD-injected AdVs. AdV expressing Isl1, a proendocrine transcription factor, effectively induced TC formation through acinar-to-ductal metaplasia, and exogenous Pdx1 expression facilitated this process. Considering the regenerative potential of TCs, a strategy that efficiently induces TC formation may lead to novel therapies for diabetes.
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16
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Scarlett CJ, Colvin EK, Pinese M, Chang DK, Morey AL, Musgrove EA, Pajic M, Apte M, Henshall SM, Sutherland RL, Kench JG, Biankin AV. Recruitment and activation of pancreatic stellate cells from the bone marrow in pancreatic cancer: a model of tumor-host interaction. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26088. [PMID: 22022519 PMCID: PMC3193536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are characterised by extensive stellate cell mediated fibrosis, and current therapeutic development includes targeting pancreatic cancer stroma and tumor-host interactions. Recent evidence has suggested that circulating bone marrow derived stem cells (BMDC) contribute to solid organs. We aimed to define the role of circulating haematopoietic cells in the normal and diseased pancreas. Methods Whole bone marrow was harvested from male β-actin-EGFP donor mice and transplanted into irradiated female recipient C57/BL6 mice. Chronic pancreatitis was induced with repeat injections of caerulein, while carcinogenesis was induced with an intrapancreatic injection of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA). Phenotype of engrafted donor-derived cells within the pancreas was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and in situ hybridisation. Results GFP positive cells were visible in the exocrine pancreatic epithelia from 3 months post transplantation. These exhibited acinar morphology and were positive for amylase and peanut agglutinin. Mice administered caerulein developed chronic pancreatitis while DMBA mice exhibited precursor lesions and pancreatic cancer. No acinar cells were identified to be donor-derived upon cessation of cerulein treatment, however rare occurrences of bone marrow-derived acinar cells were observed during pancreatic regeneration. Increased recruitment of BMDC was observed within the desmoplastic stroma, contributing to the activated pancreatic stellate cell (PaSC) population in both diseases. Expression of stellate cell markers CELSR3, PBX1 and GFAP was observed in BMD cancer-associated PaSCs, however cancer-associated, but not pancreatitis-associated BMD PaSCs, expressed the cancer PaSC specific marker CELSR3. Conclusions This study demonstrates that BMDC can incorporate into the pancreas and adopt the differentiated state of the exocrine compartment. BMDC that contribute to the activated PaSC population in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer have different phenotypes, and may play important roles in these diseases. Further, bone marrow transplantation may provide a useful model for the study of tumor-host interactions in cancer and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Scarlett
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily K. Colvin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - David K. Chang
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adrienne L. Morey
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. Musgrove
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minoti Apte
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan M. Henshall
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert L. Sutherland
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
| | - James G. Kench
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, Australia
- Division of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Eldridge Road, Bankstown, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Butler AE, Galasso R, Matveyenko A, Rizza RA, Dry S, Butler PC. Pancreatic duct replication is increased with obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. Diabetologia 2010; 53:21-6. [PMID: 19844672 PMCID: PMC2789928 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1556-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In a high-fat-fed rat model of type 2 diabetes we noted increased exocrine duct replication. This is a predisposing factor for pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, both of which are more common in type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study reported here was to establish if obesity and/or type 2 diabetes are associated with increased pancreatic ductal replication in humans. METHODS We obtained pancreas at autopsy from 45 humans, divided into four groups: lean (BMI <25 kg/m(2)); obese (BMI >27 kg/m(2)); non-diabetic; and with type 2 diabetes. Pancreases were evaluated after immunostaining for the duct cell marker cytokeratin and Ki67 for replication. RESULTS We show for the first time that both obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans are associated with increased pancreatic ductal replication. Specifically, we report that (1) replication of pancreatic duct cells is increased tenfold by obesity, and (2) lean subjects with type 2 diabetes demonstrate a fourfold increase in replication of pancreatic duct cells compared with their lean non-diabetic controls. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Pancreatic duct cell replication is increased in humans in response to both obesity and type 2 diabetes, potentially providing a mechanism for the increased risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer in those with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Butler
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 900 Weyburn Place #A, Los Angeles, CA 90024-2852 USA
| | - R. Galasso
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 900 Weyburn Place #A, Los Angeles, CA 90024-2852 USA
| | - A. Matveyenko
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 900 Weyburn Place #A, Los Angeles, CA 90024-2852 USA
| | - R. A. Rizza
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Medical College, Rochester, MN USA
| | - S. Dry
- Department of Pathology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - P. C. Butler
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, 900 Weyburn Place #A, Los Angeles, CA 90024-2852 USA
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18
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IDA S, OHMURAYA M, HIROTA M, OZAKI N, HIRAMATSU S, UEHARA H, TAKAMORI H, ARAKI K, BABA H, YAMAMURA KI. Chronic Pancreatitis in Mice by Treatment with Choline-Deficient Ethionine-Supplemented Diet. Exp Anim 2010; 59:421-9. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi IDA
- Insitute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Masaki OHMURAYA
- Insitute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University
- Priority Organization for Innovation and Excellence, Kumamoto University
| | | | - Nobuyuki OZAKI
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Sayaka HIRAMATSU
- Insitute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University
| | - Hitoshi UEHARA
- Insitute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University
| | - Hiroshi TAKAMORI
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Kimi ARAKI
- Insitute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University
| | - Hideo BABA
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University
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19
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Pan JJ, Oh SH, Lee WC, Petersen BE. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells could modulate pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis via peritumoral microenvironment in a rat model. Oncol Res 2009; 17:339-45. [PMID: 19544970 DOI: 10.3727/096504009788428424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic tubular complexes (MTC) have been proposed as precursor lesions for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we investigated the potential role of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMPC) in the formation of MTC and PDAC in a rat model. F344 rats defective for CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPPIV) expression were sublethally irradiated and received rescue bone marrow cells from wild-type F344 rats that express CD26. After confirming engraftment, recipient animals received dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) implantation in their pancreas. Animals were sacrificed monthly from 3 to 7 months. We observed both MTC and tumors in animals that received DMBA. These MTC were ductal complexes because they stained positive for cytokeratin but were negative for chymotrypsin and chromogranin A. Cells that expressed both CD26 and cytokeratin were rarely observed in the MTC. Cells expressing either both CD26 and CD45 or CD26 and smooth muscle actin were also found near the MTC. However, no CD26 signal was detected in the tumors. Within this model, there appeared to be no evidence supporting that BMPC turned into tumor cells directly. BMPC could modulate pancreatic cancer growth through tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jung Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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20
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Pan JJ, Oh SH, Lee WC, Petersen BE. Bone marrow-derived progenitor cells could modulate pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis via peritumoral microenvironment in a rat model. Oncol Res 2009. [PMID: 19544970 DOI: 10.3727/09650400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metaplastic tubular complexes (MTC) have been proposed as precursor lesions for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we investigated the potential role of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells (BMPC) in the formation of MTC and PDAC in a rat model. F344 rats defective for CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPPIV) expression were sublethally irradiated and received rescue bone marrow cells from wild-type F344 rats that express CD26. After confirming engraftment, recipient animals received dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) implantation in their pancreas. Animals were sacrificed monthly from 3 to 7 months. We observed both MTC and tumors in animals that received DMBA. These MTC were ductal complexes because they stained positive for cytokeratin but were negative for chymotrypsin and chromogranin A. Cells that expressed both CD26 and cytokeratin were rarely observed in the MTC. Cells expressing either both CD26 and CD45 or CD26 and smooth muscle actin were also found near the MTC. However, no CD26 signal was detected in the tumors. Within this model, there appeared to be no evidence supporting that BMPC turned into tumor cells directly. BMPC could modulate pancreatic cancer growth through tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jung Pan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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21
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Matveyenko AV, Dry S, Cox HI, Moshtaghian A, Gurlo T, Galasso R, Butler AE, Butler PC. Beneficial endocrine but adverse exocrine effects of sitagliptin in the human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes: interactions with metformin. Diabetes 2009; 58:1604-15. [PMID: 19403868 PMCID: PMC2699878 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to establish the extent and mechanisms by which sitagliptin and metformin singly and in combination modify islet disease progression in human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic (HIP) rats, a model for type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS HIP rats were treated with sitagliptin, metformin, sitagliptin plus metformin, or no drug as controls for 12 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell mass, function, and turnover were measured in each group. RESULTS Sitagliptin plus metformin had synergistic effects to preserve beta-cell mass in HIP rats. Metformin more than sitagliptin inhibited beta-cell apoptosis. Metformin enhanced hepatic insulin sensitivity; sitagliptin enhanced extrahepatic insulin sensitivity with a synergistic effect in combination. beta-Cell function was partially preserved by sitagliptin plus metformin. However, sitagliptin treatment was associated with increased pancreatic ductal turnover, ductal metaplasia, and, in one rat, pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS The combination of metformin and sitagliptin had synergistic actions to preserve beta-cell mass and function and enhance insulin sensitivity in the HIP rat model of type 2 diabetes. However, adverse actions of sitagliptin treatment on exocrine pancreas raise concerns that require further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Larry Hillblom Islet Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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22
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Transition to pancreatic cancer in response to carcinogen. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393:557-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Strobel O, Dor Y, Alsina J, Stirman A, Lauwers G, Trainor A, Fernández-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL, Thayer SP. In vivo lineage tracing defines the role of acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation in inflammatory ductal metaplasia. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1999-2009. [PMID: 18054571 PMCID: PMC2254582 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic injury results in regeneration of normal pancreatic tissue and formation of a metaplasia of ductal phenotype. Metaplastic ductal lesions are seen in pancreatitis as well as in specimens of pancreatic cancer and are thought to represent a condition with increased risk of neoplasia. Acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation is thought to be the source of this metaplasia. This has been suggested for flat duct-like lesions called tubular complexes and for lesions exhibiting a mucinous metaplasia. However, available studies are based on interpretation of static data rather than on direct evidence. Transdifferentiation from acinar to ductal cells has never been confirmed in the adult pancreas. METHODS Here, we use Cre-loxP-based genetic lineage tracing in vivo to investigate whether transdifferentiation of acinar cells contributes to regeneration and metaplasia in pancreatitis. RESULTS The results show that transdifferentiation does not play a role in regeneration of normal tissue. Acinar cells are regenerated by preexisting acinar cells and not from other cell types. Three different types of metaplastic ductal lesions are observed and analyzed. Whereas the majority of metaplastic lesions are not of acinar origin, acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation is identified in a minority of mucinous metaplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS Here, we provide direct evidence that acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation occurs in the adult pancreas in vivo. However, it accounts for only a minority of metaplastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Strobel
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA,Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuval Dor
- The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Janivette Alsina
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy Stirman
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amanda Trainor
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew L. Warshaw
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah P. Thayer
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Strobel O, Dor Y, Stirman A, Trainor A, Fernández-del Castillo C, Warshaw AL, Thayer SP. Beta cell transdifferentiation does not contribute to preneoplastic/metaplastic ductal lesions of the pancreas by genetic lineage tracing in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4419-24. [PMID: 17360539 PMCID: PMC1815470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605248104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory injury to the pancreas results in regeneration of normal tissue and formation of metaplastic lesions of a ductal phenotype. These metaplastic ductal lesions (MDL) are called tubular complexes (TC), mucinous metaplasia, or pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Because they are regularly found in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, their formation is thought to represent a step in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis. Despite these lesions' ductal character, their origin is controversial. All known pancreatic cell lineages have been suggested as the origin. In vitro studies suggest that differentiated cells in the pancreas remain highly plastic and can transdifferentiate as a mechanism of regeneration and metaplasia. In vivo studies suggest that islets, specifically beta cells, may be the cell of origin. However, in vitro studies are subject to ductal cell contamination, and previous in vivo studies interpret static data rather than direct evidence. Using genetic lineage tracing in vivo, we investigate whether transdifferentiation of beta cells contributes to regeneration or metaplasia in pancreatitis. RIP-CreER;Z/AP mice were used to heritably tag beta cells in the adult pancreas. Injury by cerulein pancreatitis resulted in regeneration of normal tissue and metaplasia with formation of two distinct types of TC and mucinous lesions. Lineage tracing revealed that none of these MDL are of beta cell origin; nor do beta cells contribute to regeneration of normal acinar and ductal tissue, which indicates that the plasticity of differentiated pancreatic islet cells, suggested by earlier static and in vitro studies, plays no role in regeneration, metaplasia, and carcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Strobel
- *Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Human Genetics, The Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amy Stirman
- *Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Amanda Trainor
- *Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | | | - Andrew L. Warshaw
- *Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Sarah P. Thayer
- *Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15 Parkman Street, WACC 460, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
The underlying mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis are ill understood. The mortality rate of this disease has not significantly improved over the past few decades. Current treatment options are limited, and predominantly aimed at supportive therapy. A key feature of severe acute pancreatitis is the presence of extensive tissue necrosis with both local and systemic manifestations of inflammatory response syndromes. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of severe acute pancreatitis may lead to more targeted therapeutic options, potentially leading to improved survival. Animal models of acute pancreatitis are therefore an essential investigative tool for these aims to be achieved. This review discusses the suitability of recent non-invasive models of acute pancreatitis such as hormone-induced, alcohol-induced, immune-mediated, diet-induced, gene knockout and L-arginine; and invasive models including closed duodenal loop, antegrade pancreatic duct perfusion, biliopancreatic duct injection, combination of secretory hyperstimulation with minimal intraductal bile acid exposure, vascular-induced, ischaemia/reperfusion and duct ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hue Su
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin HospitalMelbourne VictoriaAustralia
| | - Christine Cuthbertson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin HospitalMelbourne VictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin HospitalMelbourne VictoriaAustralia
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26
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Ishiwata T, Naito Z, Lu YP, Kawahara K, Fujii T, Kawamoto Y, Teduka K, Sugisaki Y. Differential distribution of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7 and FGF-10 in L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis. Exp Mol Pathol 2002; 73:181-90. [PMID: 12565793 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2002.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative process of the pancreas after acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by acinar and ductal cell proliferation with synthesis and transient deposition of extracellular matrices. Various growth factors were reported to be highly expressed in AP, but their regulation has not yet been clarified. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7, also known as keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), and FGF-10 are members of the FGF family and show high structural homology and similar biological characteristics. Both are mainly synthesized by mesenchymal cells and stimulate epithelial cells via KGF receptor (KGFR) which is a splice variant of FGFR-2. In the present study, we attempted to immunohistochemically determine the localization of FGF-7 and FGF-10 in pancreatic tissues of an L-arginine-induced rat pancreatitis model. Furthermore, highly specific KGFR antibodies were prepared and used for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. In the normal pancreas, FGF-7 was localized in alpha cells of islets, but FGF-10 was not detected. KGFR was also localized in islet cells, ductal cells, and centroacinar cells in the normal pancreas. In the pancreatic tissues of rats with L-arginine-induced pancreatitis, FGF-7 was localized in alpha cells, whereas FGF-10 was expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). KGFR was not expressed in centroacinar cells and its level decreased after L-arginine treatment. However, KGFR was detected instead in some acinar cells and VSMCs in addition to islet cells. These findings suggest that FGF-7 and FGF-10 contribute to the regeneration and differentiation of acinar cells and angiogenesis in AP through KGFR.
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27
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Pinto RM, de Dios I, Uruñuela A, Orfao A, Manso MA. Alterations in the glycoconjugates of pancreatic cell membrane induced by acute pancreatitis. Eur J Cell Biol 2000; 79:62-9. [PMID: 10711427 DOI: 10.1078/s0171-9335(04)70008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alterations that progressively appear in plasma membrane glycoconjugates of rat pancreatic cells at different stages of acute pancreatitis induced by duct obstruction have been analyzed on individual cells by flow cytometry using the fluoresceinated lectins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Tetragonolobus purpureus agglutinin (TP) and Concanavalin A (Con A), which specifically bind to N-acetyl D-glucosamine, L-fucose and D-mannose, respectively. Two populations of pancreatic cells were differentiated according to the forward scatter (size), which showed different density of saccharidic terminals located at external positions in the glycoconjugates of the plasma membrane. A significant increase in WGA and TP binding was found 1.5 h after pancreatic obstruction, which could be due to the fusion of zymogen granules with the plasma membrane as suggested by the basolateral exocytosis observed by electron microscopy at this stage. The most external sugar residues of membrane glycoconjugates are removed 12 h after pancreatic duct obstruction as a consequence of an advanced state of pancreatitis. The hydrolytic process reaches greater depths in the membrane 48 h after obstruction. At this stage a significant decrease in WGA, TP and ConA binding was found in all pancreatic cells, indicating the loss of N-acetyl D-glucosamine and/or sialic acid, L-fucose and even D-mannose which is located in the core of the glycan. The results provide information about the progressive degradation induced by acute pancreatitis in pancreatic cell membrane glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Pinto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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28
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Kruse P, Lasson A, Hage E. Proteases and protease inhibitors in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. J Surg Res 1999; 85:294-300. [PMID: 10423332 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases and protease inhibitors are important in acute pancreatitis (AP), although little is known about the time course in cerulein-induced AP in the rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS AP was induced by supramaximal stimulation of cerulein, 10 microgram/kg/h, and during 72 h we measured lipase, amylase, albumin, prekallikrein, factor X, alpha(1)-protease inhibitor, alpha(1)-macroglobulin, alpha(2)-antiplasmin, antithrombin III (all in plasma) and macroscopic and histologic variables. RESULTS Within 12 h an edematous pancreatitis was evident with peak values of peritoneal exudate, pancreatic wet weight ratio, and plasma amylase and lipase activities. Histologically, edema and vacuolization were prominent already after 3 and 6 h, respectively, while inflammation, necrosis, and total histological score gradually increase to reach peak levels at 48 h. Proenzymes and most plasma protease inhibitors decreased to low levels after 6-12 h followed by a gradual increase. The sequential changes over time indicate that kallikrein - kinin activation, and plasminogen activation are probably early events in cerulein-induced AP in rats. alpha(1)-Macroglobulin and alpha(1)-protease inhibitor gradually decreased during the whole study period, probably being "second line" defense inhibitors. Levels above normal were seen for alpha(2)-antiplasmin and factor X at 48 h, normalizing at 72 h. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that protease activation and protease inhibitor consumption occur in cerulein-induced AP in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kruse
- Department of Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Andrzejewska A, Dlugosz JW, Jurkowska G. The effect of antecedent acute ethanol ingestion on the pancreas ultrastructure in taurocholate pancreatitis in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 1998; 65:64-77. [PMID: 9828148 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.1998.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rat pancreas ultrastructure was examined 6, 12, and 18 h after (1) taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis and after (2) pancreatitis preceded 6 h earlier by intragastric acute 40% ethanol ingestion (5 g/kg b.w.). Pancreatic specific trypsin activity and plasma alpha-amylase were assayed at the same time intervals. The antecedent acute ethanol ingestion resulted in the evident aggravation of pancreas ultrastructural alterations. Acute pancreatitis preceded by ethanol resulted in the increase of zymogen granules number, RER channels were more irregularly distributed, autophagosomes were more abundant and degeneration of mitochondria was more advanced when compared to acute pancreatitis without ethanol ingestion. Tryptic activity increased to higher degree in all pancreatitis groups preceded by ethanol, but this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01) only after 18 h. These morphological (but not biochemical) differences progressed 12 h after pancreatitis induction. After 18 h of acute pancreatitis the number of zymogen granules decreased in previously alcoholized rats, but tryptic activity remained twofold higher that in animals not given ethanol. Other signs of cellular impairment were still more prominent in alcoholized rats. The obtained results suggest that even single acute ethanol abuse prior to acute pancreatitis does aggravate the morphological and biochemical lesions observed in this disease with possible negative consequences for the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Andrzejewska
- Pathomorphology Department, Gastroenterology Department, Medical Academy of Bialystok, Waszyngtona Street 13, Bialystok, 15-269, Poland
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31
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Ramsingh AI, Lee WT, Collins DN, Armstrong LE. Differential recruitment of B and T cells in coxsackievirus B4-induced pancreatitis is influenced by a capsid protein. J Virol 1997; 71:8690-7. [PMID: 9343227 PMCID: PMC192333 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.11.8690-8697.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two genetically similar variants of coxsackievirus B4, CB4-P and CB4-V, cause distinct disease syndromes in mice. A multidisciplinary approach was used to examine the events occurring in situ. The CB4-P variant induced acute pancreatitis, followed by repair of the exocrine tissues, while the CB4-V variant induced chronic pancreatitis, characterized by extensive destruction of the exocrine tissues. Since CB4-V replicated more efficiently than CB4-P in vivo, the more extensive tissue injury associated with CB4-V infection could be explained as the result of a higher level of viral replication. However, the fact that CB4-V replicated more efficiently in a mouse strain that survives infection than in a strain that succumbs to infection suggests that immune-mediated mechanisms as well as viral cytolysis may contribute to pancreatic tissue injury. To address the role of the immune system in virus-induced pancreatitis, the cell types within the inflammatory infiltrate were analyzed by flow cytometry. B cells (34 to 75%) were the most abundant, followed by T cells (10 to 30%), natural killer cells (4 to 8%), and macrophages (0 to 6%). Recruitment (and perhaps proliferation) of B and T cells to the pancreatic tissues was influenced by viral strain. Differential recruitment of T and B cells may reflect altered antigenic sites between CB4-P and CB4-V. The viral sequence that affected T- and B-cell recruitment was identified as a threonine residue at position 129 of the VP1 capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Ramsingh
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-2002, USA.
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32
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Abstract
It has been assumed in the past that pancreatic acinar cells represent an irreversible end stage in development. Consequently, when there was an increase in structures that had the morphology of ductules, the interpretation was that they were derived from the proliferation of stem cells and/or pre-existing ductular cells. Pancreatitis, however, is regressive in nature [Bockman (1984) In: Pancreatitis: Concepts and Classification. Gyr, K.E., Singer, M.V., Sarles, H., eds. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 11-15]. That is, it is characterized by parenchymal destruction and loss, rather than by expansion of parenchyma. Furthermore, it was assumed that the organization of the pancreatic parenchyma is like bunches of grapes, with spheroidal acini representing the grapes, and the ductules representing the stems. Given this organization, it would be difficult to understand how regressive changes could lead to clusters of ductular structures. Investigations using three-dimensional reconstruction and retrograde injections have altered our idea of pancreatic organization. In addition to spheroidal acini, there also are other shapes, including tubular acini. Moreover, ductules do not necessarily stop when they encounter an acinus. They may emerge on the other side. Combined ductular and acinar lumina may anastomose with each other. It is now clear that pancreatic acini may undergo redifferentiation, taking on the morphology of ductules and forming tubular complexes during pancreatitis, as well as in response to pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis, or blockage of the ductal system. With this understanding of pancreatic architecture and morphological plasticity, it is easier to understand the changes one sees with pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bockman
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2000, USA
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Wirth C, Schwuchow J, Jonas L. Internalization of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) by rat pancreatic cells in vivo and in vitro. Acta Histochem 1996; 98:165-72. [PMID: 8739301 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(96)80035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The uptake of the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) by the rat pancreas was studied after intraperitoneal injection of FITC-labelled WGA. Strong fluorescence was seen in the interstitial space of the pancreatic parenchyma and on the basolateral surface of acinar cells after one h. Two or four h after injection there was also a fluorescence inside the acinar cells. After intraparenchymal injection of colloidal gold-labelled WGA into the pancreatic gland in situ or in vitro incubation of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells with WGA-gold, an internalization of the lectin by receptor mediated endocytosis was observed electron microscopically. Clathrin-coated pits or vesicles could not be observed. The results suggest a direct uptake of WGA from the peritoneum into the gland by diffusion and its binding as well as internalization by the pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wirth
- Department of Pathology, University of Rostock, Germany
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34
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Rattner DW. Experimental models of acute pancreatitis and their relevance to human disease. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 219:6-9. [PMID: 8865463 DOI: 10.3109/00365529609104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There are no experimental models which mimic the most common causes of human acute pancreatitis, i.e. gallstones and alcohol abuse. However, existing models can reproduce the morphology and physiological derangements of certain phases of the illness. Current models have been useful in elucidating the earliest events involved in the initiation and progression of pancreatitis. However, very few animal studies demonstrate effective therapeutic intervention when treatment is given after the induction of experimental pancreatitis. Since immediate intervention is unachievable in human disease, most experimental therapies have not been successfully applied to clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Rattner
- Dept. of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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Ebert M, Friess H, Büchler MW, Korc M. Differential distribution of human epidermal growth factor receptor family in acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:2134-42. [PMID: 7587780 DOI: 10.1007/bf02208997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using northern blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, we assessed the expression and distribution of human epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (HER-1), HER-2, and HER-3 in pancreatic tissues obtained from patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Overall, HER-1, HER-2, and HER-3 mRNA levels were similar in the normal pancreas and in the pancreas of AP patients. However, three patients exhibited a significant increase in HER-1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, the distribution of the receptors differed with respect to the various cell types in the human pancreas. In the normal pancreas, moderate HER-1 and strong HER-3 immunoreactivity was present predominantly in the cytoplasm of acinar cells and to a lesser extent in the ductal cells, whereas strong HER-2 immunoreactivity was present in the islet cells. In the AP tissues, there was a marked increase in HER-1 immunoreactivity in acinar and ductal-like cells, whereas HER-3 immunoreactivity was less prominent in acini and increased in ductal-like cells. HER-2 immunoreactivity was again mainly evident in islet cells, but was also present in the ductal-like cells. These findings indicate that there is altered distribution of HERs in the pancreas following AP and raise the possibility that HERs may be involved in the process of pancreatic regeneration during recovery from AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ebert
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA
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Jonas L, Fulda G, Damm I, Nebe B, Rychly J. Flow cytometric measurements of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells after hormone stimulation and action of lectins. Acta Histochem 1995; 97:81-8. [PMID: 7771186 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells were loaded with the Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescence dye Fluo 3 in vitro and the intracellular Ca2+ changes were analysed by flow cytometry. Morphology, viability, and loading with the dye were studied by light microscopy. Stimulation with cholecystokinin/pancreozymin (CCK) and its agonist caerulein as well as with carbamylcholine (Jestryl) led to an increase of intracellular calcium ions and a fluorescence peak. The slope and height of the Ca2+ signals were found to be influenced by preincubation of cells with some plant lectins (WGA, UEA, PHA, Con A, LCA, PNA). These effects are discussed with respect to the interaction of lectins with the carbohydrate chains of cell membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jonas
- Department of Pathology, University of Rostock, Germany
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Jonas L, Walzel H, Fulda G, Schulz U. Fluorescence microscopic studies and flow cytometric measurements of lectin and hormone binding to isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells. Acta Histochem 1993; 95:169-76. [PMID: 8135089 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The binding of fluorescence-labelled lectins and a fluorescence-marked hormone to the cell surface of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells was studied by light microscopy and flow cytometric measurements. The pancreatic acinar cells were prepared by collagenase digestion. The fluorescence of cells was studied after binding of FITC-labelled WGA or UEA I as well as of FITC-marked pancreocymin/cholecystokinin (CCK-FITC) in a fluorescence microscope or FACScan. The strong binding of lectins was inhibited by preabsorption with the specific sugars. In comparison to the lectins the binding of CCK-FITC was low. There were two populations of acinar cells with different CCK-FITC binding capacity as detected by flow cytometry. The CCK-FITC cell surface fluorescence was significantly decreased by preincubation with unmarked hormone as well as with the non-labelled lectins. The inhibition of CCK-FITC binding by lectins is discussed in respect to a possible competition of the lectins and CCK for the CCK receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jonas
- Department of Pathology, University of Rostock, Germany
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Jonas L, Fulda G, Walzel H, Schulz U. Lectin binding studies with FITC-marked WGA and UEA I and flowcytometric measurements on isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells. Acta Histochem 1993; 95:45-52. [PMID: 8279234 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-1281(11)80386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lectin binding to the glycocalyx of isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells was studied by flowcytometric measurements. The pancreatic exocrine cells were prepared after collagenase digestion and cleaned in a density gradient. The fluorescence of cells was measured in a FACScan after binding of FITC marked WGA or UEA I. The binding of lectins was inhibited by preabsorption of WGA-FITC with N-acetyl-glucosamine, sialic acid or chitinous and by preabsorption of UEA-FITC with alpha-L-fucose, respectively. Furthermore, we were able to measure a decreased WGA-FITC and UEA-FITC binding after a short preincubation of isolated cells with the peptide hormone cholecystokinin and its agonists (caerulein, pentagastrin).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jonas
- Medical Faculty, University of Rostock, FRG
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Willemer S, Bialek R, Köhler H, Adler G. Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: changes in glycoprotein-composition of subcellular membrane systems in acinar cells. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1990; 95:87-96. [PMID: 2286536 DOI: 10.1007/bf00737232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis is characterized by the occurrence of two membrane-bound vacuolar systems in acinar cells. Beside digestive enzymes containing secretory vacuoles, lysosomal autophagic structures can be identified at the ultrastructural level. In the present study glycoconjugate patterns of the surrounding membranes were characterized by ultrastructural lectin-binding experiments using five colloidal-gold labeled lectins with distinct sugar specificities. Furthermore, the profile of membrane glycoproteins of isolated vacuolar fractions was studied by SDS-PAGE and lectin-blotting. In pancreatitis, membranes of secretory vacuoles showed a significant lower degree of lectin-binding compared to normal zymogen granules. In contrast, newly appearing autophagic vacuoles in pancreatitis revealed a strong membrane labelling for most lectins used. The pattern of membrane glycoproteins of secretory and autophagic vacuoles as determined by SDS-PAGE and lectin-blotting differed from those of normal zymogen granules resembling the protein profile of smooth microsomes. Since this pattern requires a previous passage through Golgi stacks, it is assumed that the two types of vacuoles derive from Golgi elements. For the pathogenesis of caerulein pancreatitis these vacuolar post-Golgi structures seem to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Willemer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Willemer S, Klöppel G, Kern HF, Adler G. Immunocytochemical and morphometric analysis of acinar zymogen granules in human acute pancreatitis. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1989; 415:115-23. [PMID: 2500766 DOI: 10.1007/bf00784348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study fine structural changes of acinar zymogen granules were investigated in human acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue was obtained at surgery from 6 patients, prepared for ultrastructural analysis, and stained immunocytochemically for trypsinogen. Stereological parameters of zymogen granules were evaluated. The density of the immunocytochemical labelling for trypsinogen was estimated over zymogen granules, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and the acinar lumina. In acute pancreatitis the number of zymogen granules was diminished and their size reduced. The density of the labelling for trypsinogen was unchanged over zymogen granules but showed a significant reduction over the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and the acinar lumina. In general the integrity of zymogen granules was well preserved. Focally degenerative changes of zymogen granules and large autophagosomes were observed. From the immunogold labelling a disturbance of enzyme synthesis and secretion was suggested. Evidence is given that a disruption of the zymogen granule membranes and a fusion with lysosomal bodies might contribute to the pathogenesis of human acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Willemer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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