1
|
Unravelling the eco-specificity and pathophysiological properties of Cutibacterium species in the light of recent taxonomic changes. Anaerobe 2021; 71:102411. [PMID: 34265438 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2016, a new species name Cutibacterium acnes was coined for the well-documented species, Propionibacterium acnes, one of the most successful and clinically important skin commensals. The nomenclatural changes were brought about through creation of the genus Cutibacterium, when a group of propionibacteria isolates from the skin were transferred from the genus Propionibacterium and placed in the phylum Actinobacteria. Almost simultaneously, the discovery of two novel species of Cutibacterium occurred and the proposal of three subspecies of C. acnes were reported. These dramatic changes that occurred in a long-established taxon made it challenging for the non-specialist to correlate the huge volume of hitherto published work with current findings. In this review, we aim to correlate the eco-specificity and pathophysiological properties of these newly circumscribed taxa. We envisage that this information will shed light on the pathogenic potential of new isolates and enable better assessment of their clinical importance in the foreseeable future. Currently, five species are recognized within the genus: Cutibacterium acnes, Cutibacterium avidum, Cutibacterium granulosum, Cutibacterium modestum (previously, "Propionibacterium humerusii"), and Cutibacterium namnetense. These reside in different niches reflecting their uniqueness in their genetic makeup. Their pathogenicity includes acne inflammation, sarcoidosis, progressive macular hypomelanosis, prostate cancer, and infections (bone, lumbar disc, and heart). This is also the case for the three newly described subspecies of C. acnes, which are C. acnes subspecies acnes (C. acnes type I), subspecies defendens (C. acnes type II), and subspecies elongatum (C. acnes type III). C. acnes subspecies acnes is related to inflamed acne and sarcoidosis, while subspecies defendens to prostate cancer and subspecies elongatum to progressive macular hypomelanosis. Because the current nomenclature is based upon polyphasic analyses of the biochemical and pathogenic characteristics and comparative genomics, it provides a sound basis studying the pathophysiological roles of these species.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sakamoto Y, Suzuki Y, Iizuka I, Tateoka C, Roppongi S, Fujimoto M, Inaka K, Tanaka H, Yamada M, Ohta K, Gouda H, Nonaka T, Ogasawara W, Tanaka N. Structural and mutational analyses of dipeptidyl peptidase 11 from Porphyromonas gingivalis reveal the molecular basis for strict substrate specificity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11151. [PMID: 26057589 PMCID: PMC4460893 DOI: 10.1038/srep11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipeptidyl peptidase 11 from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgDPP11) belongs to the S46 family of serine peptidases and preferentially cleaves substrates with Asp/Glu at the P1 position. The molecular mechanism underlying the substrate specificity of PgDPP11, however, is unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure of PgDPP11. The enzyme contains a catalytic domain with a typical double β-barrel fold and a recently identified regulatory α-helical domain. Crystal structure analyses, docking studies, and biochemical studies revealed that the side chain of Arg673 in the S1 subsite is essential for recognition of the Asp/Glu side chain at the P1 position of the bound substrate. Because S46 peptidases are not found in mammals and the Arg673 is conserved among DPP11s, we anticipate that DPP11s could be utilised as targets for antibiotics. In addition, the present structure analyses could be useful templates for the design of specific inhibitors of DPP11s from pathogenic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Sakamoto
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Ippei Iizuka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Chika Tateoka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Saori Roppongi
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mayu Fujimoto
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Koji Inaka
- Maruwa Foods and Biosciences Inc., 170-1 Tsutsui-cho, Yamatokoriyama, Nara 639-1123, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Confocal Science Inc., 2-12-2 Iwamoto-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0032, Japan
| | - Mitsugu Yamada
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ohta
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gouda
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishitokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogasawara
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Nobutada Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daep CA, Novak EA, Lamont RJ, Demuth DR. Selective substitution of amino acids limits proteolytic cleavage and improves the bioactivity of an anti-biofilm peptide that targets the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Peptides 2010; 31:2173-8. [PMID: 20800634 PMCID: PMC2967622 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, with oral streptococci such as Streptococcus gordonii precedes colonization of the subgingival pocket and represents a target for limiting P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity. Previous studies showed that a synthetic peptide (designated BAR) derived from the antigen I/II protein of S. gordonii was a potent competitive inhibitor of P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii and subsequent biofilm formation. Here we show that despite its inhibitory activity, BAR is rapidly degraded by intact P. gingivalis cells in vitro. However, in the presence of soluble Mfa protein, the P. gingivalis receptor for BAR, the peptide is protected from proteolytic degradation suggesting that the affinity of BAR for Mfa is higher than for P. gingivalis proteases. The rate of BAR degradation was reduced when the P. gingivalis lysine-specific gingipain was inhibited using the specific protease inhibitor, z-FKcK, or when the gene encoding the Lys-gingipain was inactivated. In addition, substituting d-Lys for l-Lys residues in BAR prevented degradation of the peptide when incubated with the Lys-gingipain and increased its specific adherence inhibitory activity in a S. gordonii-P. gingivalis dual species biofilm model. These results suggest that Lys-gingipain accounts in large part for P. gingivalis-mediated degradation of BAR and that more effective peptide inhibitors of P. gingivalis adherence to streptococci can be produced by introducing modifications that limit the susceptibility of BAR to the Lys-gingipain and other P. gingivalis associated proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Elizabeth A. Novak
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Corresponding Author: Donald R. Demuth, Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Room 209, Louisville, KY 40292, Phone: 502-852-3807, FAX: 502-852-4052,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meuric V, Rouillon A, Chandad F, Bonnaure-Mallet M. Putative respiratory chain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:717-34. [PMID: 20441545 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron transfer chain in Porphyromonas gingivalis, or periodontopathogens, has not yet been characterized. P. gingivalis, a strict anaerobic bacteria and the second colonizer of the oral cavity, is considered to be a major causal agent involved in periodontal diseases. Primary colonizers create a favorable environment for P. gingivalis growth by decreasing oxygen pressure. Oxygen does not appear to be the final electron acceptor of the respiratory chain. Fumarate and cytochrome b have been implicated as major components of the respiratory activity. However, the P. gingivalis genome shows many other enzymes that could be implicated in aerobic or nitrite respiration. Using bioinformatic tools and literature studies of respiratory pathways, the ATP synthesis mechanism from the sodium cycle and nutrients metabolism, the putative respirasome of P. gingivalis has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Meuric
- Equipe de Microbiologie, UPRES-EA 1254, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Rennes I, UFR Odontologie, Bâtiment 15, 2 Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Seddon SV, Shah HN. The Distribution of Hydrolytic Enzymes Among Gram-negative Bacteria Associated with Periodontitis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608909140216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. V. Seddon
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
- Microbial Pathogenicity Research Group, Division of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Research Centre, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - H. N. Shah
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, Turner Street, Whitechapel, London, E1 2AD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shah HN, Gharbia SE, Kowlessur D, Wilkie E, Brocklehurst K. Gingivain; A Cysteine Proteinase Isolated fromPorphyromonas gingivalis. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609109140282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Shah
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, University of London, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - S. E. Gharbia
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, University of London, Turner Street, London, E1 2AD, UK
| | - D. Kowlessur
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - E. Wilkie
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - K. Brocklehurst
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ohta H, Gottschal JC, Fukui K, Kato K. Interrelationships betweenWolinella rectaandStreptococcus sanguisin Mixed Continuous Cultures. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609009140241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Ohta
- Department of Microbiology, Okayama University Dental School, Shikata-cho 2-chome, Okayama, 700, Japan
| | - J. C. Gottschal
- Department of Microbiology, Okayama University Dental School, Shikata-cho 2-chome, Okayama, 700, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751, NN Haren, The Netherlands
| | - K. Fukui
- Department of Microbiology, Okayama University Dental School, Shikata-cho 2-chome, Okayama, 700, Japan
| | - K. Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Okayama University Dental School, Shikata-cho 2-chome, Okayama, 700, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mazumdar V, Snitkin ES, Amar S, Segrè D. Metabolic network model of a human oral pathogen. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:74-90. [PMID: 18931137 PMCID: PMC2612419 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01123-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial community present in the human mouth is engaged in a complex network of diverse metabolic activities. In addition to serving as energy and building-block sources, metabolites are key players in interspecies and host-pathogen interactions. Metabolites are also implicated in triggering the local inflammatory response, which can affect systemic conditions such as atherosclerosis, obesity, and diabetes. While the genome of several oral pathogens has been sequenced, quantitative understanding of the metabolic functions of any oral pathogen at the system level has not been explored yet. Here we pursue the computational construction and analysis of the genome-scale metabolic network of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative anaerobe that is endemic in the human population and largely responsible for adult periodontitis. Integrating information from the genome, online databases, and literature screening, we built a stoichiometric model that encompasses 679 metabolic reactions. By using flux balance approaches and automated network visualization, we analyze the growth capacity under amino-acid-rich medium and provide evidence that amino acid preference and cytotoxic by-product secretion rates are suitably reproduced by the model. To provide further insight into the basic metabolic functions of P. gingivalis and suggest potential drug targets, we study systematically how the network responds to any reaction knockout. We focus specifically on the lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis pathway and identify eight putative targets, one of which has been recently verified experimentally. The current model, which is amenable to further experimental testing and refinements, could prove useful in evaluating the oral microbiome dynamics and in the development of novel biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Mazumdar
- Boston University, Bioinformatics Program, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Olsen I, Dahlen G. Salient virulence factors in anaerobic bacteria, with emphasis on their importance in endodontic infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-1546.2004.00085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Consumption of Peptide-derived Arginine by a Periodontopathogenic Bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Anaerobe 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/anae.2001.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Takahashi N, Sato T, Yamada T. Metabolic pathways for cytotoxic end product formation from glutamate- and aspartate-containing peptides by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:4704-10. [PMID: 10940008 PMCID: PMC111344 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.17.4704-4710.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways involved in the formation of cytotoxic end products by Porphyromonas gingivalis were studied. The washed cells of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 utilized peptides but not single amino acids. Since glutamate and aspartate moieties in the peptides were consumed most intensively, a dipeptide of glutamate or aspartate was then tested as a metabolic substrate of P. gingivalis. P. gingivalis cells metabolized glutamylglutamate to butyrate, propionate, acetate, and ammonia, and they metabolized aspartylaspartate to butyrate, succinate, acetate, and ammonia. Based on the detection of metabolic enzymes in the cell extracts and stoichiometric calculations (carbon recovery and oxidation/reduction ratio) during dipeptide degradation, the following metabolic pathways were proposed. Incorporated glutamylglutamate and aspartylaspartate are hydrolyzed to glutamate and aspartate, respectively, by dipeptidase. Glutamate is deaminated and oxidized to succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA) by glutamate dehydrogenase and 2-oxoglutarate oxidoreductase. Aspartate is deaminated into fumarate by aspartate ammonia-lyase and then reduced to succinyl-CoA by fumarate reductase and acyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase or oxidized to acetyl-CoA by a sequential reaction of fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and pyruvate oxidoreductase. The succinyl-CoA is reduced to butyryl-CoA by a series of enzymes, including succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, 4-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and butyryl-CoA oxidoreductase. A part of succinyl-CoA could be converted to propionyl-CoA through the reactions initiated by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. The butyryl- and propionyl-CoAs thus formed could then be converted into acetyl-CoA by acyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase with the formation of corresponding cytotoxic end products, butyrate and propionate. The formed acetyl-CoA could then be metabolized further to acetate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pearce MA, Devine DA, Dixon RA, van Steenbergen TJ. Genetic heterogeneity in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella corporis and related species isolated from oral and nonoral sites. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:89-95. [PMID: 11155171 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia (43 isolates), Prevotella nigrescens (55) and Prevotella corporis (8) from oral and nonoral sites were distinguished by species-specific DNA fragments, after hybridization of DNA fragments with ribosomal RNA (ribotyping). Eight strains previously identified as P. intermedia did not have these specific fragments. P. nigrescens, P. intermedia and P. corporis formed separate clusters in dendrograms constructed using clustering with an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages of similarity values derived from ribotype patterns, with 10 subclusters in P. intermedia isolates and 26 in P. nigrescens. Nine groups of P. intermedia isolates and 6 of P. nigrescens shared identical patterns. Specific ribotypes or species were not associated with particular diseases when all isolates were analyzed. However, results from organisms isolated by one laboratory using consistent clinical reporting indicated that P. intermedia was associated with more severe forms of periodontitis and P. nigrescens with mild to moderate disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Takahashi N, Yamada T. Pathways for amino acid metabolism by Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:96-102. [PMID: 11155172 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pathways for amino acid metabolism by Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens were investigated. Prevotella strains grew anaerobically in tryptone-based medium and their growth increased upon the addition of aspartate to the medium. Washed cells of tryptone-grown strains metabolized aspartate to succinate, acetate, fumarate, malate, formate and ammonia, while from tryptone they produced isobutyrate and isovalerate in addition to the end products from aspartate. Cell extracts obtained from the tryptone-grown cells had aspartate ammonia-lyase for the conversion of aspartate to fumarate. Methylviologen-dependent fumarate reductase was found to reduce fumarate to succinate. A series of enzymatic activities, including fumarase, NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, methylviologen-dependent pyruvate oxidoreductase, phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase, was detected for the oxidative conversion of fumarate to acetate. Pyruvate formate-lyase and NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase were also found for the production and consumption of formate, respectively. Methylviologen: NAD(P) oxidoreductase was found to be responsible for linkage between these reductive and oxidative pathways. Furthermore, the cell extracts had branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase and methylviologen-dependent branched-chain 2-oxoacid oxidoreductase, concomitantly with NAD-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Valine and leucine could be converted to isobutyryl CoA and isovaleryl CoA, respectively, through the sequential catalyses of these enzymes, and consequently to isobutyrate and isovalerate, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Takahashi
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Olsen I, Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Taxonomy and biochemical characteristics of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:14-52. [PMID: 10522221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Smalley JW, Birss AJ, McKee AS, Marsh PD. Haemin binding as a factor in the virulence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 141:65-70. [PMID: 8764510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemin (iron protoporphyrin IX) is an essential growth factor for the periodontal pathogen. Porphyromonas gingivalis. Iron protoporphyrin IX (IPP IX) binding to the avirulent P. gingivalis beige variant (W50/BE1) and the black-pigmenting parent wild-type strain W50 was quantified. W50/BE1 grown in a chemostat under haemin excess-bound IPP IX under both oxidising and reducing conditions but with both lower capacity and avidity than either the haemin-limited- and haemin-excess-grown parent strain W50. Rosenthal plots for W50/BE1 indicated cooperative binding. W50/BE1 cells expressed a 32 kDa outer membrane haemin-binding protein when grown under conditions of haemin excess, and this strain might serve as a useful source from which to isolate this protein. The reduced IPP IX binding ability of W50/BE1 may be the rate-limiting factor for haem uptake and explain the reduced virulence and slower rate of pigmentation of this strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Smalley
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jackson CA, Kirszbaum L, Dashper S, Reynolds EC. Cloning, expression and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the heterodimeric methylmalonyl-CoA mutase of Porphyromonas gingivalis W50. Gene 1995; 167:127-32. [PMID: 8566763 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Two genes that encode methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) have been characterised in Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 (Pg). The genes, designated mcmA and mcmB are transcribed in an operon and encode the MCM small subunit (SS, 68,626 Da) and the MCM large subunit (LS, 78,703 Da), respectively. A recombinant Escherichia coli (Ec) clone harbouring the Pg mcmA and mcmB genes expressed MCM activity 280-times higher than that of the Ec control. The C terminus of the MCM LS has sequence homology to domains of a variety of enzymes that consume or produce methylmalonyl-CoA, suggesting that the MCM LS C-terminal domain is involved in substrate binding. The MCM LS C-terminal region also exhibits homology to other enzymes that have cobalamin-containing cofactors. It is likely, therefore, that the C terminus of the MCM LS is an important MCM domain involved in both substrate and cofactor binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Jackson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Several effects of thymol, a plant-derived antimicrobial agent, on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Selenomonas artemidis and Streptococcus sobrinus were examined. The extremely rapid efflux of intracellular constituents evoked by thymol is consistent with its postulated membranotropic effects. Correlations between leakage-inducing concentrations of thymol and minimal inhibitory concentrations and minimal bactericidal concentrations suggest that membrane perforation is a principal mode of action of this substance. The thymol-induced decline in intracellular ATP in S. sobrinus appears to be entirely attributable to leakage, whereas in P. gingivalis thymol may also inhibit ATP-generating pathways. Relative changes in the transmembrane potential of resting cells of S. sobrinus pulsed with glucose are as sensitive to thymol as is leakage from this organism. The effects of thymol on transmembrane potential are probably secondary to those arising from leakage of intracellular substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Shapiro
- Abteilung für oral Mikrobiologie und Allgemeine Immunologie, Zahnärztliches Institut der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Studies on the physiology and ecology of black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes which may be important in disease development. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 6:165-72. [PMID: 8390890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1993.tb00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H N Shah
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gharbia SE, Shah HN. Comparison of the amino acid uptake profile of reference and clinical isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1991; 6:264-9. [PMID: 1820562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1991.tb00489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human isolates of Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies appear to colonize different niches in the oral cavity, which may be reflected in their nutritional properties. Consequently the utilization of nitrogenous substrates, their sources of energy (supplied here as amino acids) were compared between the 3 subspecies using the reference strain and fresh clinical isolates of each subspecies. All strains incorporated mainly acidic and basic amino acids but significant differences occurred between subspecies. Both reference and clinical isolates of F. nucleatum subspecies polymorphum utilized all amino acids in the medium but the levels of glutamate, arginine and cysteine were noticeably higher in the reference strain. By contrast, F. nucleatum subspecies fusiforme used a very restricted range of amino acids, of which only glutamate, arginine, histidine and cysteine were taken up at greater than 0.5 mM. F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum utilized fewer amino acids than F. nucleatum subspecies polymorphum but higher concentrations were taken up by the former. Clinical isolates of F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum incorporated polar and nonpolar neutral amino acids poorly but their levels increased steadily as a clinical isolate was subcultured over a period of 4 months, and was eventually similar to the reference strain. The effect of adding the key catabolic substrate, glutamate (10 mM), on the amino acid uptake profile of F. nucleatum subspecies nucleatum resulted in the complete suppression of the dibasic amino acids arginine, ornithine and histidine. Strains of this subspecies could grow on glutamate as a major source of carbon and energy but, morphologically, the cells appeared somewhat distended and had a tendency to clump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Gharbia
- London Hospital Medical College, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Inoshita E, Iwakura K, Amano A, Tamagawa H, Shizukuishi S. Effect of transferrin on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Dent Res 1991; 70:1258-61. [PMID: 1655849 DOI: 10.1177/00220345910700090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the effect of transferrin as an iron source on the growth of Porphyromonas (formally Bacteroides) gingivalis. Bacterial growth was monitored spectrophotometrically. All strains of P. gingivalis tested grew well in medium containing transferrin. The growth of P. gingivalis depended not only on the concentration of transferrin, but also on the iron saturation level of the protein. However, growth was not stimulated with either the ferrous or ferric iron salts tested. The addition of dipyridyl to the medium containing transferrin suppressed the growth of P. gingivalis, which also did not show species-specificity for human transferrin. Transferrin-binding activity was found in P. gingivalis by solid-phase assay with peroxidase-conjugated human transferrin. These results suggest that P. gingivalis may be capable of utilizing transferrin as an iron source for growth in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Inoshita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Holt SC, Bramanti TE. Factors in virulence expression and their role in periodontal disease pathogenesis. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1991; 2:177-281. [PMID: 1912148 DOI: 10.1177/10454411910020020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The classic progression of the development of periodontitis with its associated formation of an inflammatory lesion is characterized by a highly reproducible microbiological progression of a Gram-positive microbiota to a highly pathogenic Gram-negative one. While this Gram-negative microbiota is estimated to consist of at least 300 different microbial species, it appears to consist of a very limited number of microbial species that are involved in the destruction of periodontal diseases. Among these "putative periodontopathic species" are members of the genera Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Wolinella, Actinobacillus, Capnocytophaga, and Eikenella. While members of the genera Actinomyces and Streptococcus may not be directly involved in the microbial progression, these species do appear to be essential to the construction of the network of microbial species that comprise both the subgingival plaque matrix. The temporal fluctuation (emergence/disappearance) of members of this microbiota from the developing lesion appears to depend upon the physical interaction of the periodontal pocket inhabitants, as well as the utilization of the metabolic end-products of the respective species intimately involved in the disease progression. A concerted action of the end-products of prokaryotic metabolism and the destruction of host tissues through the action of a large number of excreted proteolytic enzymes from several of these periodontopathogens contribute directly to the periodontal disease process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Holt
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7894
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gharbia SE, Shah HN. Utilization of aspartate, glutamate, and their corresponding peptides byFusobacterium nucleatum subspecies andPorphyromonas gingivalis. Curr Microbiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02092128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Deslauriers M, ní Eidhin D, Lamonde L, Mouton C. SDS-PAGE analysis of protein and lipopolysaccharide of extracellular vesicules and Sarkosyl-insoluble membranes from Bacteroides gingivalis. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1990; 5:1-7. [PMID: 1708119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1990.tb00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have compared outer membranes (OM) of Bacteroides gingivalis ATCC 33277 isolated by the following 3 techniques: 1) high speed centrifugation after mechanical cell shearing; 2) sonication of the bacteria, followed by solubilization of the cytoplasmic membrane with N-Laurylsarconsinate (Sarkosyl), after which the Sarkosyl-insoluble membranes were recovered by centrifugation; 3) ammonium sulfate precipitation of extracellular vesicules from culture supernatant, followed by centrifugation and dialysis. Electron microscopy showed that the 3 preparations consisted of closed vesicules. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed that all 3 contained up to 28 polypeptides, most of which were common to each extract. The extracellular vesicules and Sarkosyl-insoluble preparation yielded similar protein patterns, although quantitative differences were observed. The sheared-cell preparation contained 8 additional proteins. The level of contamination of OM material by peptidoglycan and cytosol components was 1.8% in the sheared-cell preparation, and was null or lower than 0.8% in the other preparations. All 3 preparations showed the presence of LPS with a multiple banding pattern typical of smooth LPS. The sheared-cell preparation had a slightly lower LPS content than the other 2 preparations. Since extracellular vesicules are naturally released during bacterial growth, and are relatively simple to obtain, such native entities seem an appropriate source of OM components for use in studying the immunobiology of B. gingivalis surface antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Deslauriers
- School of Dental Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
The influence of peptides on the uptake of amino acids inFusobacterium; predicted interactions withPorphyromonas gingivalis. Curr Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01570167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
25
|
Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Lysis of erythrocytes by the secreted cysteine proteinase ofPorphyromonas gingivalisW83. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
26
|
Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Ecological events in subgingival dental plaque with reference to Bacteroides and Fusobacterium species. Infection 1989; 17:264-8. [PMID: 2670767 DOI: 10.1007/bf01639537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The oral cavity provides a varied habitat supporting the growth of very complex bacterial flora. These bacteria can be broadly divided into two main metabolic groups: saccharolytic bacteria which convert carbohydrates into short chain organic acids and asaccharolytic bacteria which utilize nitrogenous substrates for energy. We studied carbohydrate utilization, the influence of protein hydrolysates on bacterial growth and the fermentation of amino acids in different species to facilitate a clearer understanding of the factors which may control the ecological distribution of bacteria in vivo and provide a basis for the explanation of their role in periodontal diseases and other clinical infections throughout the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H N Shah
- Department of Oral Microbiology, London Hospital Medical College
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
The uptake of amino acids from a chemically defined medium byFusobacterium species. Curr Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01569568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
Shah HN, Seddon SV, Gharbia SE. Studies on the virulence properties and metabolism of pleiotropic mutants of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroides gingivalis) W50. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1989; 4:19-23. [PMID: 2628863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1989.tb00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Bacteroides gingivalis) strain W50 and variants isolated from continuous culture designated W50/BP1 (black pigmented), W50/BR1 (brown pigmented) and W50/BE1 (beige or non-pigmented) were previously shown to lose virulence with the loss of pigmentation. Major properties which may affect the virulence and metabolism of P. gingivalis were compared amongst the 4 strains. The non-pigmented strain lost the ability to hemagglutinate sheep erythrocyte, had a reduced hydrophobicity and possessed lower levels of proteolytic activity. Defects in the electron transport system occurred at the level of cytochrome b but not menaquinone synthesis and resulted in an altered metabolic end product profile of the non-pigmented strain.
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Shah HN, Gharbia SE, Al-jalili TAR, Nash RA, Seddon SV. Enzymes of Diagnostic Importance Within the Bacteroidaceae; Use as Possible Ecological Markers. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 1988. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608809140190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. N. Shah
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD
| | - S. E. Gharbia
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD
| | - T. A. R. Al-jalili
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, 13110, Kuwait
| | - R. A. Nash
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD
| | - S. V. Seddon
- Department of Oral Microbiology, The London Hospital Medical College, London, E1 2AD
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Al-Jalili TAR, Shah HN. Protoheme, a dispensable growth factor forBacteroides fragilis grown by batch and continuous culture in a basal medium. Curr Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|