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Figgins EL, Arora P, Gao D, Porcelli E, Ahmed R, Daep CA, Keele G, Ryan LK, Diamond G. Enhancement of innate immunity in gingival epithelial cells by vitamin D and HDAC inhibitors. Front Oral Health 2024; 5:1378566. [PMID: 38567313 PMCID: PMC10986367 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2024.1378566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human host defense peptide LL-37 is a component of the innate immune defense mechanisms of the oral cavity against colonization by microbes associated with periodontal disease. We have previously shown that the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, can induce the expression of LL-37 in gingival epithelial cells (GEC), and prevent the invasion and growth of periopathogenic bacteria in these cells. Further, experimental vitamin D deficiency resulted in increased gingival inflammation and alveolar bone loss. Epidemiological studies have shown associations between vitamin D deficiency and periodontal disease in humans, suggesting application of vitamin D could be a useful therapeutic approach. Further, since we have shown the local activation of vitamin D by enzymes expressed in the GEC, we hypothesized that we could observe this enhancement with the stable, and inexpensive inactive form of vitamin D, which could be further increased with epigenetic regulators. Methods We treated 3-dimensional primary cultures of GEC topically with the inactive form of vitamin D, in the presence and absence of selected histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. LL-37 mRNA levels were quantified by quantitative RT-PCR, and inhibition of invasion of bacteria was measured by fluorescence microscopy. Results Vitamin D treatment led to an induction of LL-37 mRNA levels, as well as an inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. This effect was further enhanced by HDAC inhibitors, most strongly when the HDAC inhibitor, phenyl butyrate (PBA) was combined with Vitamin D3. This was observed both in solution and in a prototype gel formulation using sodium butyrate. Finally, this combination treatment led to an increase in the antimicrobial activity against infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Filifactor alocis, bacteria associated with periodontal lesions, as well as herpes simplex virus, which has also been shown to be associated with periodontal lesions. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a combination of inactive vitamin D and sodium butyrate could be developed as a safe treatment for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L. Figgins
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Payal Arora
- Global Technology Center, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Denny Gao
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Emily Porcelli
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rabab Ahmed
- Global Technology Center, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Global Technology Center, Colgate Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Garrett Keele
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lisa K. Ryan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Gill Diamond
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States
- Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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Ebraham L, Xu C, Wang A, Hernandez C, Siclari N, Rajah D, Walter L, Marras SAE, Tyagi S, Fine DH, Daep CA, Chang TL. Oral Epithelial Cells Expressing Low or Undetectable Levels of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Virus Infection In Vitro. Pathogens 2023; 12:843. [PMID: 37375533 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is thought to be one of the portals for SARS-CoV-2 entry, although there is limited evidence of active oral infection by SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We assessed the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and replicate in oral epithelial cells. Oral gingival epithelial cells (hTERT TIGKs), salivary gland epithelial cells (A-253), and oral buccal epithelial cells (TR146), which occupy different regions of the oral cavity, were challenged with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 viruses and with pseudo-typed viruses expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. All oral epithelial cells expressing undetectable or low levels of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) but high levels of the alternative receptor CD147 were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Distinct viral dynamics were seen in hTERT TIGKs compared to A-253 and TR146 cells. For example, levels of viral transcripts were sustained in hTERT TIGKs but were significantly decreased in A-253 and TR146 cells on day 3 after infection. Analysis of oral epithelial cells infected by replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 viruses expressing GFP showed that the GFP signal and SARS-CoV-2 mRNAs were not evenly distributed. Furthermore, we found cumulative SARS-CoV-2 RNAs from released viruses in the media from oral epithelial cells on day 1 and day 2 after infection, indicating productive viral infection. Taken together, our results demonstrated that oral epithelial cells were susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 viruses despite low or undetectable levels of hACE2, suggesting that alternative receptors contribute to SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be considered for the development of future vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Ebraham
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Chuan Xu
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Annie Wang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Cyril Hernandez
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nicholas Siclari
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Divino Rajah
- Global Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Lewins Walter
- Global Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Salvatore A E Marras
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Daniel H Fine
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Global Technology Center, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA
| | - Theresa L Chang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Gloag ES, Khosravi Y, Masters JG, Wozniak DJ, Amorin Daep C, Stoodley P. A Combination of Zinc and Arginine Disrupt the Mechanical Integrity of Dental Biofilms. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0335122. [PMID: 36472465 PMCID: PMC9927089 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03351-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cleaning remains the standard of care for maintaining oral hygiene. However, mechanical cleaning is often augmented with active therapeutics that further promote oral health. A dentifrice, consisting of the "Dual Zinc plus Arginine" (DZA) technology, was found to be effective at controlling bacteria using in vitro laboratory studies, translating to clinical efficacy to deliver plaque and gingivitis reduction benefits. Here, we used biophysical analyses and confocal laser scanning microscopy to understand how a DZA dentifrice impacted the mechanical properties of dental plaque biofilms and determine if changes to biofilm rheology enhanced the removal of dental plaque. Using both uniaxial mechanical indentation and an adapted rotating-disc rheometry assay, it was found that DZA treatment compromised biofilm mechanical integrity, resulting in the biofilm being more susceptible to removal by shear forces compared to treatment with either arginine or zinc alone. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DZA treatment reduced the amount of extracellular polymeric slime within the biofilm, likely accounting for the reduced mechanical properties. We propose a model where arginine facilitates the entry of zinc into the biofilm, resulting in additive effects of the two activities toward dental plaque biofilms. Together, our results support the use of a dentifrice containing Dual Zinc plus Arginine as part of daily oral hygiene regimens. IMPORTANCE Mechanical removal of dental plaque is augmented with therapeutic compounds to promote oral health. A dentifrice containing the ingredients zinc and arginine has shown efficacy at reducing dental plaque both in vitro and in vivo. However, how these active compounds interact together to facilitate dental plaque removal is unclear. Here, we used a combination of biophysical analyses and microscopy to demonstrate that combined treatment with zinc and arginine targets the matrix of dental plaque biofilms, which destabilized the mechanical integrity of these microbial communities, making them more susceptible to removal by shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - James G. Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daniel J. Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Khosravi Y, Palmer S, Daep CA, Sambanthamoorthy K, Kumar P, Dusane D, Stoodley P. A commercial SnF 2 toothpaste formulation reduces simulated human plaque biofilm in a dynamic typodont model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1341-1352. [PMID: 35603698 PMCID: PMC9542754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We present a dynamic typodont biofilm model (DTBM) incorporating 1) human dentition anatomy, 2) fluid flow over intermittently fluid bathed tooth surfaces and 3) an oxic headspace to allow aerobic and anaerobic niches to develop naturally, as a screening tool to assess the effect of stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) toothpaste against a simulated human plaque biofilm (SPB). METHODS AND RESULTS First, hydroxyapatite (HA) coupons were inoculated with human saliva/plaque and cultured at 37o C under air. Selected species representative of common commensal and anaerobic pathogens were quantified for relative abundance changes over 4d by PCR densitometry to confirm the culture conditions allowed the proliferation of these species. A continuous culture DTBM reactor on a rocker table was inoculated with saliva/plaque and incubated at 37°C for 24h. Tooth shear stress was estimated by particle tracking. A SnF2 toothpaste solution, or a sham rise was administered twice daily for 3d to mimic routine oral hygiene. SPB biomass was assessed by total bacterial DNA and methylene blue (MB) staining. Early colonizer aerobes and late colonizer anaerobes species were detected in the HA and DTBM, and the trends in changing abundance were consistent with those seen clinically. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the SnF2 solution showed significant reductions of 53.05% and 54.4% in the SPB by MB staining and DNA, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The model has potential for assessing dentition anatomy and fluid flow on the efficacy of antimicrobial efficacy against localized SPB and may be amenable to the plaque index clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Palmer
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Purnima Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devendra Dusane
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA.,Dept. Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS) and National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, UK
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5
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Gloag ES, Wozniak DJ, Wolf KL, Masters JG, Daep CA, Stoodley P. Arginine Induced Streptococcus gordonii Biofilm Detachment Using a Novel Rotating-Disc Rheometry Method. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:784388. [PMID: 34805002 PMCID: PMC8602906 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.784388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases are one of the most common pathologies affecting human health. These diseases are typically associated with dental plaque-biofilms, through either build-up of the biofilm or dysbiosis of the microbial community. Arginine can disrupt dental plaque-biofilms, and maintain plaque homeostasis, making it an ideal therapeutic to combat the development of oral disease. Despite our understanding of the actions of arginine towards dental plaque-biofilms, it is still unclear how or if arginine effects the mechanical integrity of the dental plaque-biofilm. Here we adapted a rotating-disc rheometry assay, a method used to quantify marine biofilm fouling, to study how arginine treatment of Streptococcus gordonii biofilms influences biofilm detachment from surfaces. We demonstrate that the assay is highly sensitive at quantifying the presence of biofilm and the detachment or rearrangement of the biofilm structure as a function of shear stress. We demonstrate that arginine treatment leads to earlier detachment of the biofilm, indicating that arginine treatment weakens the biofilm, making it more susceptible to removal by shear stresses. Finally, we demonstrate that the biofilm disrupting affect is specific to arginine, and not a general property of amino acids, as S. gordonii biofilms treated with either glycine or lysine had mechanical properties similar to untreated biofilms. Our results add to the understanding that arginine targets biofilms by multifaceted mechanisms, both metabolic and physical, further promoting the potential of arginine as an active compound in dentifrices to maintain oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S Gloag
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kevin L Wolf
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James G Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | | | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC) and National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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6
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Eduardo FDP, Corrêa L, Heller D, Daep CA, Benitez C, Malheiros Z, Stewart B, Ryan M, Machado CM, Hamerschlak N, Rebello Pinho JR, Bezinelli LM. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 load reduction with mouthwash use: A randomized pilot clinical trial. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07346. [PMID: 34189331 PMCID: PMC8222261 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is high, and procedures for viral load reduction in the oral cavity are important. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of mouthwashes on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This pilot randomized single-center clinical trial investigated whether three types of mouthwash with solutions containing either 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC + Zn), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva at different time points. Sixty SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited and randomly partitioned into a placebo (oral rinsing with distilled water) group and other groups according to the type of mouthwash. Saliva samples were collected from the participants before rinsing (T0), immediately after rinsing (T1), 30 min after rinsing (T2), and 60 min after rinsing (T3). The salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured by qRT-PCR assays. Rinsing with HP and CPC + Zn resulted in better reductions in viral load, with 15.8 ± 0.08- and 20.4 ± 3.7-fold reductions at T1, respectively. Although the CPC + Zn group maintained a 2.6 ± 0.1-fold reduction at T3, this trend was not observed for HP. HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load up to 30 min after rinsing (6.5 ± 3.4). The CHX mouthwash significantly reduced the viral load at T1, T2, and T3 (2.1 ± 1.5-, 6.2 ± 3.8-, and 4.2 ± 2.4-fold reductions, respectively). In conclusion, mouthwash with CPC + Zinc and CHX resulted in significant reductions of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva up to 60 mins after rinsing, while HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction up to 30 mins after rinsing. Despite this transitory effect, these results encourage further studies and suggest that these products could be considered as risk-mitigation strategies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Carlos Benitez
- Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zilson Malheiros
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernal Stewart
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Ryan
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Clarisse Martins Machado
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
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Manus LM, Daep CA, Begum-Gafur R, Makwana E, Won B, Yang Y, Huang XY, Maloney V, Trivedi HM, Wu D, Masters JG. Enhanced In Vitro Zinc Bioavailability through Rational Design of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine Dentifrice. J Clin Dent 2018; 29:A10-A19. [PMID: 30620866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate bioavailability enhancement of zinc on model oral surfaces and in oral biofilms in vitro through strategic formulation with two sources of zinc and L-arginine. METHODS To modulate the bioavailability of active zinc ions in a zinc citrate dentifrice, an additive research strategy was pursued. A series of zinc citrate dentifrice formulations were prepared with increasing replacement of zinc citrate with zinc oxide (a water insoluble source of zinc ions) to generate a Dual Zinc active system. A screening of isolated zinc and amino acid effects in simple solutions using zeta potential and uptake to model oral surfaces was performed in an effort to determine the effect of particle charge on zinc bioavailability. Zinc delivery and antibacterial efficacy of the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice formula were tested using in vitro oral epithelial tissue and saliva-derived biofilm models. Furthermore, zinc penetration and retention were determined by subjecting in vitro biofilms to dynamic flow after treatment with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice with treated biofilms evaluated for zinc using imaging mass spectrometry (I-MS). Bacterial adhesion to gingival epithelial cells treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice was imaged upon challenging with Streptococcus gordonii. RESULTS Addition of zinc oxide into a zinc citrate dentifrice formula enhanced the efficacy of the system against anaerobic biofilms in a concentration- dependent manner. L-arginine further provided a significant positive charge (+36 mV) to the zinc oxide suspension (+16 mV) as measured by zeta potential. Simple solutions of the Dual Zinc active showed increased zinc uptake on model oral surfaces as a direct function of L-arginine concentration. Antibacterial efficacy of a Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice was evaluated through multiple mechanisms. Enhanced antibacterial performance was observed through significant reductions in metabolic activity as measured through bacterial glycolytic function (p = 0.0001) and total oxygen consumption (p = 0.0001). Greater penetration and retention of zinc was observed in bacterial biofilms treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice in comparison to treatment with a Dual Zinc dentifrice after twelve hours of dynamic flow (10 mL/hour) in an in vitro drip flow biofilm culture. Confocal microscopy showed adherent bacteria on cheek cells treated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice formula. CONCLUSIONS The combination of zinc citrate, zinc oxide, and the amino acid L-arginine in a dentifrice formula enhances the bioavailability of zinc to model oral tissue surfaces, resulting in unique physicochemical effects. The significant antimicrobial control associated with the Dual Zinc plus Arginine dentifrice provides a unique vehicle toward achieving whole mouth health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Manus
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rehana Begum-Gafur
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ekta Makwana
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Betty Won
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yi Huang
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Venda Maloney
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Harsh M Trivedi
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donghui Wu
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - James G Masters
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA and Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Daep CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:539-60. [PMID: 25287260 PMCID: PMC4331079 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of individuals and potentially could affect non-endemic areas already colonized by mosquito vectors. Unintentional transport of infected vectors (Aedes and Culex spp.), traveling within endemic areas, rapid adaptation of the insects into new geographic locations, climate change, and lack of medical surveillance have greatly contributed to the increase in flaviviral infections worldwide. The mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter the immune and the central nervous system have only recently been examined despite the alarming number of infections, related deaths, and increasing global distribution. In this review, we will discuss the expansion of the geographic areas affected by flaviviruses, the potential threats to previously unaffected countries, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic interventions to limit the devastating consequences of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch, 1324 Cañada Street, San Juan, PR 00971
| | - Eliseo Alberto Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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9
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Daep CA, Novak EA, Lamont RJ, Demuth DR. Selective substitution of amino acids limits proteolytic cleavage and improves the bioactivity of an anti-biofilm peptide that targets the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Peptides 2010; 31:2173-8. [PMID: 20800634 PMCID: PMC2967622 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, with oral streptococci such as Streptococcus gordonii precedes colonization of the subgingival pocket and represents a target for limiting P. gingivalis colonization of the oral cavity. Previous studies showed that a synthetic peptide (designated BAR) derived from the antigen I/II protein of S. gordonii was a potent competitive inhibitor of P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii and subsequent biofilm formation. Here we show that despite its inhibitory activity, BAR is rapidly degraded by intact P. gingivalis cells in vitro. However, in the presence of soluble Mfa protein, the P. gingivalis receptor for BAR, the peptide is protected from proteolytic degradation suggesting that the affinity of BAR for Mfa is higher than for P. gingivalis proteases. The rate of BAR degradation was reduced when the P. gingivalis lysine-specific gingipain was inhibited using the specific protease inhibitor, z-FKcK, or when the gene encoding the Lys-gingipain was inactivated. In addition, substituting d-Lys for l-Lys residues in BAR prevented degradation of the peptide when incubated with the Lys-gingipain and increased its specific adherence inhibitory activity in a S. gordonii-P. gingivalis dual species biofilm model. These results suggest that Lys-gingipain accounts in large part for P. gingivalis-mediated degradation of BAR and that more effective peptide inhibitors of P. gingivalis adherence to streptococci can be produced by introducing modifications that limit the susceptibility of BAR to the Lys-gingipain and other P. gingivalis associated proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Elizabeth A. Novak
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | | | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
- Corresponding Author: Donald R. Demuth, Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 South Preston Street, Room 209, Louisville, KY 40292, Phone: 502-852-3807, FAX: 502-852-4052,
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10
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Bagaitkar J, Demuth DR, Daep CA, Renaud DE, Pierce DL, Scott DA. Tobacco upregulates P. gingivalis fimbrial proteins which induce TLR2 hyposensitivity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9323. [PMID: 20454607 PMCID: PMC2864253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smokers are more susceptible to periodontitis than non-smokers but exhibit reduced signs of clinical inflammation. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. We have previously shown that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) represents an environmental stress to which P. gingivalis adapts by altering the expression of several virulence factors - including major and minor fimbrial antigens (FimA and Mfa1, respectively) and capsule - concomitant with a reduced pro-inflammatory potential of intact P. gingivalis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We hypothesized that CSE-regulation of capsule and fimbrial genes is reflected at the ultrastructural and functional levels, alters the nature of host-pathogen interactions, and contributes to the reduced pro- inflammatory potential of smoke exposed P. gingivalis. CSE induced ultrastructural alterations were determined by electron microscopy, confirmed by Western blot and physiological consequences studied in open-flow biofilms. Inflammatory profiling of specific CSE-dysregulated proteins, rFimA and rMfa1, was determined by quantifying cytokine induction in primary human innate and OBA-9 cells. CSE up-regulates P. gingivalis FimA at the protein level, suppresses the production of capsular polysaccharides at the ultrastructural level, and creates conditions that promote biofilm formation. We further show that while FimA is recognized by TLR2/6, it has only minimal inflammatory activity in several cell types. Furthermore, FimA stimulation chronically abrogates the pro-inflammatory response to subsequent TLR2 stimulation by other TLR-2-specific agonists (Pam3CSK4, FSL, Mfa1) in an IkappaBalpha- and IRAK-1-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These studies provide some of the first information to explain, mechanistically, how tobacco smoke changes the P. gingivalis phenotype in a manner likely to promote P. gingivalis colonization and infection while simultaneously reducing the host response to this major mucosal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Demuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Carlo Amorin Daep
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Renaud
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deanne L. Pierce
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - David A. Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- Oral Health and Systemic Disease Research Group, Department of Oral Health and Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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11
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Daep CA, James DM, Lamont RJ, Demuth DR. Structural characterization of peptide-mediated inhibition of Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilm formation. Infect Immun 2006; 74:5756-62. [PMID: 16988253 PMCID: PMC1594873 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00813-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen whose primary niche is the anaerobic environment of subgingival dental plaque, but initial colonization of the oral cavity is likely to occur on supragingival surfaces that already support robust biofilm communities. Our studies have shown that P. gingivalis adheres to Streptococcus gordonii through interaction of the minor fimbrial antigen Mfa1 with a specific region of the streptococcal SspB polypeptide (residues 1167 to 1193) designated BAR. We show that a synthetic peptide comprising the BAR sequence potently inhibits P. gingivalis adherence to S. gordonii (50% inhibitory concentration = 1.3 microM) and prevents the development of P. gingivalis biofilms. However, a retroinverso peptide that possessed the same side chain topology as that of BAR was inactive, suggesting that interactions of Mfa1 with the peptide backbone of BAR are important for binding. A conformationally constrained analog of BAR inhibited P. gingivalis adherence and biofilm formation but at a lower specific activity than that of BAR. Therefore, to further define the structural features of the Mfa1-BAR interaction, we functionally screened combinatorial libraries of BAR in which active site residues (Asn1182, Thr1184, and Val1185) were replaced with each of the 19 common amino acids. Peptides containing positively charged amino acids at position 1182 or hydrophobic residues at position 1185 bound P. gingivalis more efficiently than did control peptides containing Asn and Val at these positions, suggesting that electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions may contribute to Mfa1-SspB binding. In contrast, replacement of Pro or Gly at these positions was detrimental to adherence, suggesting that perturbation of the BAR secondary structure influences activity. The net effect of substitutions for Thr1184 was less pronounced either positively or negatively than that at the other sites. These results define physicochemical characteristics of the interacting interface of Mfa1 and SspB and suggest that peptides or peptidomimetics with greater specific inhibitory activity than that of BAR can be developed. These compounds may represent potential therapeutics that target some of the first molecular interactions that allow P. gingivalis to colonize the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, Research Group in Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 S. Preston St., Room 209, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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