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Tunca B, Kutlar FE, Kas A, Yilmazel YD. Enhanced biohydrogen production from high loads of unpretreated cattle manure by cellulolytic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii at 75 °C. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:401-410. [PMID: 37776811 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii is the most thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium capable of fermenting crystalline cellulose identified to date, and it also has a superior ability to degrade plant biomass without any pretreatment. This study is the first to assess the potential of utilizing unpretreated cattle manure (UCM) as a feedstock for hydrogen (H2) production by C. bescii at a concentration range between 2.5-50 g volatile solids (VS)/L. At 50 g VS/L UCM concentrations, H2 production ceased due to inhibition of C. bescii. To alleviate the impacts of inhibition, two strategies were adopted: (i) reduction of H2 build-up in the reactor headspace via gas sparging and (ii) adaptation of C. bescii to UCM via adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). The former increased H2 yield by 47% compared to the control reactors, where no sparging was applied. The latter increased H2 yield by 142% compared to the control reactors inoculated by the wild type C. bescii. The UCM-adapted C. bescii demonstrated a remarkable H2 yield of 161.3 ± 1.6 mL H2/g VSadded at 15 g VS/L. This yield represents a twofold increase compared to the maximum H2 yield reported in the literature amongst fermentation studies utilizing manure as feed. At 15 g VS/L, around 73% of UCM was solubilized, and the carbon balance indicated that most of the effluent carbon was in the sugar- and acid-form. The remarkable ability of C. bescii to produce H2 from UCM under non-sterile conditions presents a significant potential for sustainable biohydrogen production from renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Tunca
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride Ece Kutlar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Kas
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Iqbal D, Zhao Y, Zhao R, Russell SJ, Ning X. A Review on Nanocellulose and Superhydrophobic Features for Advanced Water Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2343. [PMID: 35745924 PMCID: PMC9229312 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, developing countries require access to safe drinking water to support human health and facilitate long-term sustainable development, in which waste management and control are critical tasks. As the most plentiful, renewable biopolymer on earth, cellulose has significant utility in the delivery of potable water for human consumption. Herein, recent developments in the application of nanoscale cellulose and cellulose derivatives for water treatment are reviewed, with reference to the properties and structure of the material. The potential application of nanocellulose as a primary component for water treatment is linked to its high aspect ratio, high surface area, and the high number of hydroxyl groups available for molecular interaction with heavy metals, dyes, oil-water separation, and other chemical impurities. The ability of superhydrophobic nanocellulose-based textiles as functional fabrics is particularly acknowledged as designed structures for advanced water treatment systems. This review covers the adsorption of heavy metals and chemical impurities like dyes, oil-water separation, as well as nanocellulose and nanostructured derivative membranes, and superhydrophobic coatings, suitable for adsorbing chemical and biological pollutants, including microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish Iqbal
- Shandong Center for Engineered Nonwovens, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yintao Zhao
- Shandong Center for Engineered Nonwovens, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Renhai Zhao
- Shandong Center for Engineered Nonwovens, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Leeds Institute of Textiles and Colour (LITAC), School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Xin Ning
- Shandong Center for Engineered Nonwovens, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens & Technical Textiles, College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (D.I.); (Y.Z.); (R.Z.)
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Abstract
Abstract
The serious issue of textile waste accumulation has raised attention on biodegradability as a possible route to support sustainable consumption of textile fibers. However, synthetic textile fibers that dominate the market, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), resist biological degradation, creating environmental and waste management challenges. Because pure natural fibers, like cotton, both perform well for consumer textiles and generally meet certain standardized biodegradability criteria, inspiration from the mechanisms involved in natural biodegradability are leading to new discoveries and developments in biologically accelerated textile waste remediation for both natural and synthetic fibers. The objective of this review is to present a multidisciplinary perspective on the essential bio-chemo-physical requirements for textile materials to undergo biodegradation, taking into consideration the impact of environmental or waste management process conditions on biodegradability outcomes. Strategies and recent progress in enhancing synthetic textile fiber biodegradability are reviewed, with emphasis on performance and biodegradability behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as an alternative biobased, biodegradable apparel textile fiber, and on biological strategies for addressing PET waste, including industrial enzymatic hydrolysis to generate recyclable monomers. Notably, while pure PET fibers do not biodegrade within the timeline of any standardized conditions, recent developments with process intensification and engineered enzymes show that higher enzymatic recycling efficiency for PET polymer has been achieved compared to cellulosic materials. Furthermore, combined with alternative waste management practices, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and biocatalyzed industrial reprocessing, the development of synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies are creating opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
Article Highlights
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) leads other synthetic textile fibers in meeting both performance and biodegradation criteria.
Recent research with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) polymer shows potential for efficient enzyme catalyzed industrial recycling.
Synthetic/natural fiber blends and other strategies could open opportunities for new biodegradable and recyclable textile fibers.
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R R, Thomas D, Philip E, Paul SA, Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pugazhendhi A, Sirohi R, Tarafdar A, Pandey A. Potential of nanocellulose for wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130738. [PMID: 34004518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater management has significant interest worldwide to establish viable treatment techniques to ensure the availability of clean water. The specialities of nanocellulose for this particular application is due to their high aspect ratio and accessibility of plenty of -OH groups for binding with dyes, heavy metals and other pollutants. This review aggregates the application of nanocellulose for wastewater treatment particularly as adsorbents of dyes and heavy metals, and also as membranes for filtering various other contaminants including microbes. The membrane technologies are proven to be effective relating to their durability and separation effectiveness. The commercial scale application of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment processes depend on various factors like routes of synthesis, surface modifications, hydrophilic/hydrophobic, porosity, durability etc. The recent developments on production of novel adsorbents or membranes encourage the implementation of nanocellulose based cleaner technologies for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmy R
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, 690 110, Kerala, India.
| | - Deepa Thomas
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Eapen Philip
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Sherely A Paul
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Bishop Moore College, Mavelikara, 690 110, Kerala, India
| | - Aravind Madhavan
- Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology, Jagathy, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014, Kerala, India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, 263 145, India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Division of Livestock Production and Management, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR- Indian Institute for Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 31 MG Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India
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Rohlf EM, Karimi S, Bareither CA. Implications of municipal solid waste co-disposal experiments on biodegradation and biochemical compatibility. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 129:62-75. [PMID: 34029982 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate waste biodegradation and biochemical compatibility for different waste co-disposed with municipal solid waste (MSW). Laboratory-scale reactors were operated with MSW co-disposed with special solid waste, liquid waste, or sludge waste. Early and aggressive addition of liquid wastes during reactor startup did not stimulate anaerobic decomposition of fresh MSW. The majority of the liquid waste reactors were acid stuck and had leachate pH < 6 and chemical oxygen demand in the range of 50,000 mg-O2/L. The majority of liquid wastes in this study were not observed to be effective anaerobic inoculums and would not be recommended as the sole moisture source for bioreactor landfills. Enhanced early methane production was observed in the MSW reactors co-disposed with sludge (anaerobic and industrial) relative to the landfill leachate control reactors and all other waste combinations evaluated. Methane generation was observed in reactors operated with foundry waste or gypsum board co-disposed with MSW. Despite biochemical methane potential (BMP) results that indicated methane generation would be inhibited with these two waste streams, co-disposing with MSW did not completely inhibit anaerobic degradation. The BMP assays provided methane yield under ideal conditions, but did not capture other benefits of co-disposal (e.g., impacts of moisture addition). A potential co-disposal waste source should not be ruled out by BMP results alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rohlf
- Assessment and Remediation Group, Barr Engineering Co., Minneapolis, MN 55435, USA.
| | - Sajjad Karimi
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, 1372 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Hartwell J, Mousavi MS, Eun J, Bartelt-Hunt S. Evaluation of depth-dependent properties of municipal solid waste using a large diameter-borehole sampling method. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:433-446. [PMID: 33180006 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1848942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is to analyze geotechnical properties and biological status of undisturbed municipal solid waste (MSW) associated with depth by using a large-diameter borehole sampling method. Through the method, a 28 m-borehole with 0.8 m of the diameter was drilled into the MSW body consisting of ten-lift layers of waste placed over 4000 days in an operating landfill. MSW sample cuttings were collected from the field site, weighted, and transferred to a laboratory for additional experiments to measure various properties such as moisture content, constituent characterization, unit weights, specific gravity, decomposition state, saturation, and compression rates with regard to waste depth. Also, the methane production obtained from MSW decomposition tests indicated that waste mass was relatively consistent throughout the depth of borehole and had not reached the accelerated production phase of methane. The wet and dry unit weights of the MSW sample with different depths produced excellent trends of the first-order rate with vertical stress. First Oder Rate Equation (FORE) analysis indicated that the maximum total and dry unit weight of MSW (γMSWw and γMSWd) achieved at depth in the waste mass were 12.9 kN/m3 and 10.6 kN/m3, respectively. Based on the waste shrinkage ratio (WSR) defined as the initial dry unit weight divided by succeeding dry unit weight, the height of the original MSW pile was estimated to be 40.5 m. Different compression parameters, including aggregated MSW compression index (Cc), modified compression index (CCE), and compression ratio parameter (Cc'), were comparably evaluated, which can be beneficial to understand compressibility and settlement processes in a landfill.Implications: Geotechnical properties and biological status of undisturbed municipal solid waste (MSW) associated with depth were analyzed by using a large-diameter borehole sampling method. The wet and dry unit weights of the MSW sample with different depths produced excellent trends of the first-order rate with vertical stress. Based on the waste shrinkage ratio (WSR) defined as the initial dry unit weight divided by succeeding dry unit weight, the height of the original MSW pile was estimated to be 40.5 m. Different compression parameters, including aggregated MSW compression index (Cc), modified compression index (CCE), and compression ratio parameter (Cc'), were comparably evaluated, which can be beneficial to understand compressibility and settlement processes in a landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Sina Mousavi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jongwan Eun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA
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7
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De la Cruz FB, Cheng Q, Call DF, Barlaz MA. Evidence of thermophilic waste decomposition at a landfill exhibiting elevated temperature regions. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 124:26-35. [PMID: 33596536 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There have been several reports of landfills exhibiting temperatures as high as 80 to 100 °C. This observation has motivated researchers to understand the causes of the elevated temperatures and to develop predictive models of landfill temperature. The objective of this research was to characterize the methanogenic activity of microbial communities that were derived from landfill samples excavated from a section of a landfill exhibiting gas well temperatures above 55 °C. Specific objectives were to: (1) determine the upper temperature limit for methane production; (2) evaluate the kinetics of methane generation when landfill-derived microcosms are incubated above and below their excavation temperature and derive a temperature inhibition function; and (3) evaluate microbial community shifts in response to temperature perturbations. Landfill microcosms were derived from 57 excavated landfill samples and incubated within ±2.5 °C of their excavation temperature between 42.5 °C and 87.5 °C. Results showed an optimum temperature for methane generation of ~57 °C and a 95% reduction in methane yield at ~72 °C. When select cultures were perturbed between 5 °C below and 15 °C above their in-situ temperature, both the rate and maximum methane production decreased as incubation temperature increased. Microbial community characterization using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing suggests that thermophilic methanogenic activity can be attributed to methanogens of the genus Methanothermobacter. This study demonstrated that from a microbiological standpoint, landfills may maintain active methanogenic processes while experiencing temperatures in the thermophilic regime (<72 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentino B De la Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States.
| | - Qiwen Cheng
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
| | - Douglas F Call
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
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8
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The Evaluation System of the Sustainable Development of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills and Its Application. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Improving the understanding of the stabilization process is of great significance to guide the sustainable development of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. An evaluation system of the stabilization process of MSW landfills has been established. The indices of the evaluation system involve the degradation degree of MSW, the release of landfill gas production potential, and the settlement of landfills. Based on the biochemical-consolidation-solute migration coupled model, an evaluation method of the MSW landfill stabilization process is proposed by combining field tests with numerical simulation. The stabilization process of the Jiangcungou landfill in China is investigated by using the proposed method. The analyzed results show that the stabilization process of high kitchen waste content landfills can be divided into three stages, which is different from the stabilization process of landfills in developed countries. For the Jiangcungou landfill, the ratio of cellulose to lignin in MSW decreases rapidly during the fast degradation stage when obvious settlement occurs. During the slow degradation stage, the hydrolysis rate is slow and settlement develops slowly. When the landfill reaches the stabilization stage, the ratio of cellulose to lignin of MSW changes very slowly; most of the landfill gas potential has been released; the settlement stabilization is completed basically. The change processes of the three evaluation indices are different, of which the degradation stabilization index is the main one. According to the findings above, leachate recirculation is recommended to adjust the degradation environment in the landfill, which can be helpful to avoid acidification at the fast degradation stage. Temporary cover is suggested to improve landfill gas collection efficiency at the beginning of the stable methanogenic stage. The landfill site closure should be operated when the settlement rate is low.
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Muaaz-Us-Salam S, Cleall PJ, Harbottle MJ. Application of enzymatic and bacterial biodelignification systems for enhanced breakdown of model lignocellulosic wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138741. [PMID: 32339836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the extent to which enzymatic and bacterial biodelignification systems can breakdown lignocellulose in model wastes to potentially enhance biogas generation. Two representative lignocellulosic wastes (newspaper and softwood) commonly found largely undegraded in old landfills were used. A fungal peroxidase (lignin peroxidase) enzyme and a recently isolated lignin-degrading bacterial strain (Agrobacterium sp.) were used. Tests were conducted in stirred bioreactors with methanogens from sewage sludge added to produce biogas from breakdown products. Addition of lignin peroxidase resulted in ~20% enhancement in cumulative methane produced in newspaper reactors. It had a negative effect on wood. Agrobacterium sp. strain enhanced biodegradation of both wood (~20% higher release of soluble organic carbon and enhanced breakdown) and newspaper (~2-fold biogas yield). The findings of this paper have important implications for enhanced breakdown in old landfills that are rich in these wastes, and anaerobic operations utilising lignocellulosic wastes for higher degradation efficiencies and biogas production.
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10
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New Insights on the Estimation of the Anaerobic Biodegradability of Plant Material: Identifying Valuable Plants for Sustainable Energy Production. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on fifteen European plant species, a statistical model for the estimation of the anaerobic biodegradability of plant material was developed. We show that this new approach represents an accurate and cost-effective method to identify valuable energy plants for sustainable energy production. In particular, anaerobic biodegradability (Bo) of lignocellulosic material was empirically found to be related to the amount of cellulose plus lignin, as analytically assessed by the van Soest method, i.e., the acid detergent fiber (ADF) value. Apart from being theoretically meaningful, the ADF-based empirical model requires the least effort compared to the other four proposed conceptual models proposed, as individual fractions of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin do not need to be assessed, which also enhances the predictive accuracy of the model’s estimation. The model’s results showed great predictability power, allowing us to identify interesting crops for sustainable crop rotations. Finally, the model was used to predict Bo of 114 European plant samples that had been previously characterized by means of the van Soest method.
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Gold nanoparticles/tetraaminophenyl porphyrin functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites modified glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous determination of p-acetaminophen and p-aminophenol. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Bayard R, Benbelkacem H, Gourdon R, Buffière P. Characterization of selected municipal solid waste components to estimate their biodegradability. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 216:4-12. [PMID: 28506668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological treatments of Residual Municipal Solid Waste (RMSW) allow to divert biodegradable materials from landfilling and recover valuable alternative resources. The biodegradability of the waste components needs however to be assessed in order to design the bioprocesses properly. The present study investigated complementary approaches to aerobic and anaerobic biotests for a more rapid evaluation. A representative sample of residual MSW was collected from a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant and sorted out into 13 fractions according to the French standard procedure MODECOM™. The different fractions were analyzed for organic matter content, leaching behavior, contents in biochemical constituents (determined by Van Soest's acid detergent fiber method), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Bio-Methane Potential (BMP). Experimental data were statistically treated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Cumulative oxygen consumption from BOD tests and cumulative methane production from BMP tests were found to be positively correlated in all waste fractions. No correlation was observed between the results from BOD or BMP bioassays and the contents in cellulose-like, hemicelluloses-like or labile organic compounds. No correlation was observed either with the results from leaching tests (Soluble COD). The contents in lignin-like compounds, evaluated as the non-extracted RES fraction in Van Soest's method, was found however to impact negatively the biodegradability assessed by BOD or BMP tests. Since cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are the polymers responsible for the structuration of lignocellulosic complexes, it was concluded that the structural organization of the organic matter in the different waste fractions was more determinant on biodegradability than the respective contents in individual biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bayard
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - H Benbelkacem
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - R Gourdon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - P Buffière
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, DEEP Laboratory, EA7429, F-69621, Villeurbanne cedex, France
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O'Donnell ST, Caldwell MD, Barlaz MA, Morris JWF. Case study comparison of functional vs. organic stability approaches for assessing threat potential at closed landfills in the USA. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 75:415-426. [PMID: 29429871 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in the USA are regulated under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which includes the requirement to protect human health and the environment (HHE) during the post-closure care (PCC) period. Several approaches have been published for assessment of potential threats to HHE. These approaches can be broadly divided into organic stabilization, which establishes an inert waste mass as the ultimate objective, and functional stability, which considers long-term emissions in the context of minimizing threats to HHE in the absence of active controls. The objective of this research was to conduct a case study evaluation of a closed MSW landfill using long-term data on landfill gas (LFG) production, leachate quality, site geology, and solids decomposition. Evaluations based on both functional and organic stability criteria were compared. The results showed that longer periods of LFG and leachate management would be required using organic stability criteria relative to an approach based on functional stability. These findings highlight the somewhat arbitrary and overly stringent nature of assigning universal stability criteria without due consideration of the landfill's hydrogeologic setting and potential environmental receptors. This supports previous studies that advocated for transition to a passive or inactive control stage based on a performance-based functional stability framework as a defensible mechanism for optimizing and ending regulatory PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T O'Donnell
- Geosyntec Consultants, 10211 Wincopin Circle, 4th Floor, Columbia, MD 21044, USA.
| | - Michael D Caldwell
- Groundwater and Technical Programs, Waste Management, 3623 Wilson Road, Humble, TX 77396, USA.
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
| | - Jeremy W F Morris
- Geosyntec Consultants, 1220 19th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20036, USA.
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14
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Pearse LF, Hettiaratchi JP, Kumar S. Towards developing a representative biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay for landfilled municipal solid waste - A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 254:312-324. [PMID: 29395741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of slurry-based (semi-liquids) BMP assay in determining biodegradation kinetic parameters of landfilled waste is critically reviewed. Factors affecting the amount and rate of methane (CH4) production during anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and optimal values of these factors specific to landfill conditions are presented. The history of conventional BMP, and some existing procedures are reviewed. A landfill BMP (LBMP) assay is proposed that manipulates some of the key factors, such as moisture content, particle and sample size, that affects the rate of CH4 production and the CH4 generation potential of landfilled MSW (LMSW). By selecting proper conditions for these factors, a representative BMP assay could be conducted to ensure accurate determinations of CH4 potential and the kinetic parameters k; first order rate coefficient and Lo; methane generation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauretta Feyisetan Pearse
- Center for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE), Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph Patrick Hettiaratchi
- Center for Environmental Engineering Research and Education (CEERE), Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Mrag, Nagpur 440 020, India.
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Park JK, Chong YG, Tameda K, Lee NH. Methods for determining the methane generation potential and methane generation rate constant for the FOD model: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2018; 36:200-220. [PMID: 29415628 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x17753532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the first order decay (FOD) model of landfill methane generation, the methane generation potential ( L0) and methane generation rate constant ( k) for both bulk municipal solid waste (MSW) and individual waste components have been determined by a variety of approaches throughout various literature. Differences in the determination methods for L0 and k are related to differences in our understanding of the waste decomposition dynamics. A thorough understanding of the various available methods for determining L0 and k values is critical for comparative study and the drawing of valid conclusions. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the available determining methods and the ranges for L0 and k values of both bulk MSW and individual waste components, while focusing on understanding the decomposition of waste, including the role of lignin. L0 estimates in the literature are highly variable and have been derived from theoretical stoichiometric calculations, laboratory experiments, or actual field measurements. The lignin concentration in waste is correlated with the fraction of total degradable organic carbon (DOCf) that will actually anaerobically degrade in the landfill. The k value has been determined by precipitation rates, laboratory simulations, aged-defined waste sample, and model fitting or regression analysis using actual gas data. However, the lignin concentration does not correlate well with the k value, presumably due to the impact of lignin arrangement and structure on cellulose bioavailability and degradation rate. In sum, this review summarizes the literature on the measurement of L0 and k values, including the dynamics and decomposition of bulk MSW and individual waste components within landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Kyu Park
- 1 Ecowillplus Co., Ltd., Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gil Chong
- 2 Dreampark Establishment Department, Sudokwon Landfill Site Management Corporation, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuo Tameda
- 3 Graduate School of Engineering, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Nam-Hoon Lee
- 4 Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Anyang University, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lopez VM, De la Cruz FB, Barlaz MA. Chemical composition and methane potential of commercial food wastes. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 56:477-490. [PMID: 27506286 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in anaerobic digestion in the U.S. However, there is little information on the characterization of commercial food waste sources as well as the effect of waste particle size on methane yield. The objective of this research was to characterize four commercial food waste sources: (1) university dining hall waste, (2) waste resulting from prepared foods and leftover produce at a grocery store, (3) food waste from a hotel and convention center, and (4) food preparation waste from a restaurant. Each sample was tested in triplicate 8L batch anaerobic digesters after shredding and after shredding plus grinding. Average methane yields for the university dining, grocery store, hotel, and restaurant wastes were 363, 427, 492, and 403mL/dry g, respectively. Starch exhibited the most complete consumption and particle size did not significantly affect methane yields for any of the tested substrates. Lipids represented 59-70% of the methane potential of the fresh substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Lopez
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, NC State University, 2501 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Florentino B De la Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, NC State University, 2501 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, NC State University, 2501 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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17
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Kinet R, Dzaomuho P, Baert J, Taminiau B, Daube G, Nezer C, Brostaux Y, Nguyen F, Dumont G, Thonart P, Delvigne F. Flow cytometry community fingerprinting and amplicon sequencing for the assessment of landfill leachate cellulolytic bioaugmentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 214:450-459. [PMID: 27160955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a high throughput single cell technology that is actually becoming widely used for studying phenotypic and genotypic diversity among microbial communities. This technology is considered in this work for the assessment of a bioaugmentation treatment in order to enhance cellulolytic potential of landfill leachate. The experimental results reveal the relevant increase of leachate cellulolytic potential due to bioaugmentation. Cytometric monitoring of microbial dynamics along these assays is then realized. The flow FP package is used to establish microbial samples fingerprint from initial 2D cytometry histograms. This procedure allows highlighting microbial communities' variation along the assays. Cytometric and 16S rRNA gene sequencing fingerprinting methods are then compared. The two approaches give same evidence about microbial dynamics throughout digestion assay. There are however a lack of significant correlation between cytometric and amplicon sequencing fingerprint at genus or species level. Same phenotypical profiles of microbiota during assays matched to several 16S rRNA gene sequencing ones. Flow cytometry fingerprinting can thus be considered as a promising routine on-site method suitable for the detection of stability/variation/disturbance of complex microbial communities involved in bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kinet
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Passage des déportés 2, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - P Dzaomuho
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Passage des déportés 2, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - J Baert
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Passage des déportés 2, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - B Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B43b, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - G Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal & Health (FARAH), Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B43b, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - C Nezer
- Quality Partner S.A., Rue Hayeneux, 62, Herstal, B-4040, Belgium
| | - Y Brostaux
- Computer Science and Modeling, Applied Statistics, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - F Nguyen
- University of Liege, Applied Geophysics, Department ArGEnCo, Engineering Faculty, B52, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - G Dumont
- University of Liege, Applied Geophysics, Department ArGEnCo, Engineering Faculty, B52, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - P Thonart
- Artechno S.A., Rue Herman Méganck, 21, Isnes, B-5032, Belgium
| | - F Delvigne
- University of Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Passage des déportés 2, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium.
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Wang X, Barlaz MA. Decomposition and carbon storage of hardwood and softwood branches in laboratory-scale landfills. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:355-362. [PMID: 27016683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tree branches are an important component of yard waste disposed in U.S. municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. The objective of this study was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradability of hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW) branches under simulated but optimized landfill conditions by measuring methane (CH4) yields, decay rates, the decomposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and organic carbon, as well as carbon storage factors (CSFs). Carbon conversions to CH4 and CO2 ranged from zero to 9.5% for SWs and 17.1 to 28.5% for HWs. When lipophilic or hydrophilic compounds present in some of the HW and SW samples were extracted, some samples showed increased biochemical methane potentials (BMPs). The average CH4 yield, carbon conversion, and CSF measured here, 59.4mLCH4g(-1) dry material, 13.9%, and 0.39gcarbonstoredg(-1) dry material, respectively, represent reasonable values for use in greenhouse gas inventories in the absence of detailed wood type/species data for landfilled yard waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment under Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States.
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
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Sun W, Sun M, Barlaz MA. Characterizing the biotransformation of sulfur-containing wastes in simulated landfill reactors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 53:82-91. [PMID: 26860424 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Landfills that accept municipal solid waste (MSW) in the U.S. may also accept a number of sulfur-containing wastes including residues from coal or MSW combustion, and construction and demolition (C&D) waste. Under anaerobic conditions that dominate landfills, microbially mediated processes can convert sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The presence of H2S in landfill gas is problematic for several reasons including its low odor threshold, human toxicity, and corrosive nature. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a laboratory-scale reactor method to measure the H2S production potential of a range of sulfur-containing wastes. The H2S production potential was measured in 8-L reactors that were filled with a mixture of the target waste, newsprint as a source of organic carbon required for microbial sulfate reduction, and leachate from decomposed residential MSW as an inoculum. Reactors were operated with and without N2 sparging through the reactors, which was designed to reduce H2S accumulation and toxicity. Both H2S and CH4 yields were consistently higher in reactors that were sparged with N2 although the magnitude of the effect varied. The laboratory-measured first order decay rate constants for H2S and CH4 production were used to estimate constants that were applicable in landfills. The estimated constants ranged from 0.11yr(-1) for C&D fines to 0.38yr(-1) for a mixed fly ash and bottom ash from MSW combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750340, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Mei Sun
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, United States
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20
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Sun M, Sun W, Barlaz MA. A batch assay to measure microbial hydrogen sulfide production from sulfur-containing solid wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 551-552:23-31. [PMID: 26874757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of sulfur-containing wastes enter municipal solid waste landfills each year. Under the anaerobic conditions that prevail in landfills, oxidized forms of sulfur, primarily sulfate, are converted to sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is corrosive to landfill gas collection and treatment systems, and its presence in landfill gas often necessitates the installation of expensive removal systems. For landfill operators to understand the cost of managing sulfur-containing wastes, an estimate of the H2S production potential is needed. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a biochemical sulfide potential (BSP) test to measure the amount of H2S produced by different types of sulfur-containing wastes in a relatively fast (30days) and inexpensive (125mL serum bottles) batch assay. This study confirmed the toxic effect of H2S on both sulfate reduction and methane production in batch systems, and demonstrated that removing accumulated H2S by base adsorption was effective for mitigating inhibition. H2S production potentials of coal combustion fly ash, flue gas desulfurization residual, municipal solid waste combustion ash, and construction and demolition waste were determined in BSP assays. After 30days of incubation, most of the sulfate in the wastes was converted to gaseous or aqueous phase sulfide, with BSPs ranging from 0.8 to 58.8mLH2S/g waste, depending on the chemical composition of the samples. Selected samples contained solid phase sulfide which contributed to the measured H2S yield. A 60day incubation in selected samples resulted in 39-86% additional sulfide production. H2S production measured in BSP assays was compared with that measured in simulated landfill reactors and that calculated from chemical analyses. H2S production in BSP assays and in reactors was lower than the stoichiometric values calculated from chemical composition for all wastes tested, demonstrating the importance of assays to estimate the microbial sulfide production potential of sulfur-containing wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Methodist University, PO Box 750340, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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21
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Wang X, De la Cruz FB, Ximenes F, Barlaz MA. Decomposition and carbon storage of selected paper products in laboratory-scale landfills. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:70-79. [PMID: 26057726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the anaerobic biodegradation of different types of paper products in laboratory-scale landfill reactors. The study included (a) measurement of the loss of cellulose, hemicellulose, organic carbon, and (b) measurement of the methane yields for each paper product. The test materials included two samples each of newsprint (NP), copy paper (CP), and magazine paper (MG), and one sample of diaper (DP). The methane yields, carbon storage factors and the extent of cellulose and hemicellulose decomposition all consistently show that papers made from mechanical pulps (e.g., NPs) are less degradable than those made from chemical pulps where essentially all lignin was chemically removed (e.g., CPs). The diaper, which is not only made from chemical pulp but also contains some gel and plastic, exhibited limited biodegradability. The extent of biogenic carbon conversion varied from 21 to 96% among papers, which contrasts with the uniform assumption of 50% by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for all degradable materials discarded in landfills. Biochemical methane potential tests also showed that the solids to liquid ratio used in the test can influence the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, National Center for International Research of Low-Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States.
| | - Florentino B De la Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
| | - Fabiano Ximenes
- Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, United States
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22
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Mambanzulua Ngoma P, Hiligsmann S, Sumbu Zola E, Culot M, Fievez T, Thonart P. Comparative study of the methane production based on the chemical compositions of Mangifera Indica and Manihot Utilissima leaves. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:75. [PMID: 25825684 PMCID: PMC4374082 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leaves of Mangifera Indica (MI, mango leaves) and Manihot Utilissima (MU, cassava leaves) are available in tropical regions and are the most accessible vegetal wastes of Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of Congo. These wastes are not suitably managed and are not rationally valorized. They are abandoned in full air, on the soil and in the rivers. They thus pollute environment. By contrast, they can be recuperated and treated in order to produce methane (energy source), organic fertilizer and clean up the environment simultaneously. The main objective of this study was to investigate methane production from MI and MU leaves by BMP tests at 30°C. The yields achieved from the anaerobic digestion of up to 61.3 g raw matter in 1 l medium were 0.001 l/g and 0.100 l CH4/g volatile solids of MI and MU leaves, respectively. The yield of MU leaves was in the range mentioned in the literature for other leaves because of a poor presence of bioactive substrates, and low C/N ratio. This methane yield corresponded to 7% of calorific power of wood. By contrast, the methane yield from MI leaves was almost nil suggesting some metabolism inhibition because of their rich composition in carbon and bioactive substrates. Whereas classical acidogenesis and acetogenesis were recorded. Therefore, methane production from the sole MI leaves seems unfavorable by comparison to MU leaves at the ambient temperature in tropical regions. Their solid and liquid residues obtained after anaerobic digestion would be efficient fertilizers. However, the methane productivity of both leaves could be improved by anaerobic co-digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mambanzulua Ngoma
- Walloon Center of Industrial Biology (CWBI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium ; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P. O. Box 212, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Serge Hiligsmann
- Walloon Center of Industrial Biology (CWBI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Eric Sumbu Zola
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Kinshasa, P. O. Box 117, Kinshasa XI, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Marc Culot
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Water Purification, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B52, 27 Maréchal Juin, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Thierry Fievez
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology and Water Purification, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B52, 27 Maréchal Juin, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Philippe Thonart
- Walloon Center of Industrial Biology (CWBI), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 2 Passage des Déportés, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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23
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Vertical Profiles of Community Abundance and Diversity of Anaerobic Methanotrophic Archaea (ANME) and Bacteria in a Simple Waste Landfill in North China. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2729-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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De la Cruz FB, Yelle DJ, Gracz HS, Barlaz MA. Chemical changes during anaerobic decomposition of hardwood, softwood, and old newsprint under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6362-74. [PMID: 24967726 DOI: 10.1021/jf501653h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic decomposition of plant biomass is an important aspect of global organic carbon cycling. While the anaerobic metabolism of cellulose and hemicelluloses to methane and carbon dioxide are well-understood, evidence for the initial stages of lignin decomposition is fragmentary. The objective of this study was to look for evidence of chemical transformations of lignin in woody tissues [hardwood (HW), softwood (SW), and old newsprint (ONP)] after anaerobic decomposition using Klason and acid-soluble lignin, CuO oxidation, and 2D NMR. Tests were conducted under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, and lignin associations with structural carbohydrates are retained. For HW and ONP, the carbon losses could be attributed to cellulose and hemicelluloses, while carbon loss in SW was attributable to an uncharacterized fraction (e.g., extractives etc.). The 2D NMR and chemical degradation methods revealed slight reductions in β-O-4 linkages for HW and ONP, with no depolymerization of lignin in any substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentino B De la Cruz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7908, United States
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25
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Abichou T, Barlaz MA, Green R, Hater G. The Outer Loop bioreactor: a case study of settlement monitoring and solids decomposition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 33:2035-2047. [PMID: 23548509 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Outer Loop landfill bioreactor (OLLB) located in Louisville, KY, USA has been in operation since 2000 and represents an opportunity to evaluate long-term bioreactor monitoring data at a full-scale operational landfill. Three types of landfill units were studied including a Control cell, a new landfill area that had a piping network installed as waste was being placed to support leachate recirculation (As-Built cell), and a conventional landfill that was modified to allow for liquid recirculation (Retrofit cell). The objective of this study is to summarize the results of settlement data and assess how these data relate to solids decomposition monitoring at the OLLB. The Retrofit cells started to settle as soon as liquids were introduced. The cumulative settlement during the 8years of monitoring varied from 60 to 100cm. These results suggest that liquid recirculation in the Retrofit cells caused a 5-8% reduction in the thickness of the waste column. The average long-term settlement in the As-Built and Control Cells was about 37% and 19%, respectively. The modified compression index (Cα(')) was 0.17 for the Control cells and 0.2-0.48 for the As-Built cells. While the As-Built cells exhibited greater settlement than the Control cells, the data do not support biodegradation as the only explanation. The increased settlement in the As-Built bioreactor cell appeared to be associated with liquid movement and not with biodegradation because both chemical (biochemical methane potential) and physical (moisture content) indicators of decomposition were similar in the Control and As-Built cells. The solids data are consistent with the concept that bioreactor operations accelerate the rate of decomposition, but not necessarily the cumulative loss of anaerobically degradable solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Abichou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32311, USA.
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26
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Saady NMC, Massé DI. Psychrophilic anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass: a characterization study. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 142:663-671. [PMID: 23796576 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Psychrophilic (20°C) specific methane (CH4) yield from cellulose (C), xylan (X), cellulose/xylan mixture (CX), cow feces (CF), and wheat straw (WS) achieved (Nl CH4 kg(-1)VS) of 338.5 ± 14.3 (C), 310.5 ± 3.4 (X), 305.5 ± 29.6 (CX mixture), and 235.3 ± 22.7 (WS) during 56 days, and 237.6 ± 17.7 (CF) during 70 days. These yields corresponded to COD recovery of 73.3 ± 3.1% (C)=69.1 ± 0.76% (X)=67.3 ± 5.8% (CX mixture)>52.9 ± 2.6% (CF)>46.5 ± 2.7% (WS). Cellulose-fed culture had a lower and statistically different initial CH4 production rate from those calculated for cultures fed X, CX mixture, CF and WS. It seemed that the presence of hemicellulose in complex substrate such as wheat straw and cow feces supported the higher initial CH4 rate compared to cellulose. Biomethanation of the pure and complex lignocellulosic substrates tested is feasible at psychrophilic conditions given that a well-adapted inoculum is used; however, hydrolysis was the rate limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noori M Cata Saady
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Stn. Lennoxville, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1M 08C
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27
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Comparative biochemical analysis during the anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass from six morphological parts of Williams Cavendish banana (Triploid Musa AAA group) plants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Carlsson M, Lagerkvist A, Morgan-Sagastume F. The effects of substrate pre-treatment on anaerobic digestion systems: a review. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:1634-50. [PMID: 22633466 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Focus is placed on substrate pre-treatment in anaerobic digestion (AD) as a means of increasing biogas yields using today's diversified substrate sources. Current pre-treatment methods to improve AD are being examined with regard to their effects on different substrate types, highlighting approaches and associated challenges in evaluating substrate pre-treatment in AD systems and its influence on the overall system of evaluation. WWTP residues represent the substrate type that is most frequently assessed in pre-treatment studies, followed by energy crops/harvesting residues, organic fraction of municipal solid waste, organic waste from food industry and manure. The pre-treatment effects are complex and generally linked to substrate characteristics and pre-treatment mechanisms. Overall, substrates containing lignin or bacterial cells appear to be the most amendable to pre-treatment for enhancing AD. Approaches used to evaluate AD enhancement in different systems is further reviewed and challenges and opportunities for improved evaluations are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Carlsson
- Waste Science and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
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Kim H, Townsend TG. Wet landfill decomposition rate determination using methane yield results for excavated waste samples. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:1427-1433. [PMID: 22516100 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of landfills are operated to accelerate waste decomposition through liquids addition (e.g., leachate recirculation) as a wet landfill. Landfill design and regulation often depend on utilizing landfill gas production models that require an estimate of a first-order gas generation rate constant, k. Consequently, several studies have estimated k using collected gas volumes from operating wet landfills. Research was conducted to examine an alternative approach in which k is estimated not from collected landfill gas but from solid waste samples collected over time and analyzed for remaining gas yield. To achieve this goal, waste samples were collected from 1990 through 2007 at two full-scale landfills in Florida that practiced liquids addition. Methane yields were measured from waste samples collected over time, including periods before and after leachate recirculation, and the results were applied to a first-order decay model to estimate rate constants for each of the sites. An initial, intensive processing step was conducted to exclude non-biodegradable components from the methane yield testing procedure. The resulting rate constants for the two landfills examined were 0.47 yr(-1) and 0.21 yr(-1). These results expectedly exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency's rate constants for dry and conventional landfills (0.02-0.05 yr(-1)), but they are comparable to wet landfill rate constants derived using landfill gas data (0.1-0.3 yr(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwidong Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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30
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Yazdani R, Barlaz MA, Augenstein D, Kayhanian M, Tchobanoglous G. Performance evaluation of an anaerobic/aerobic landfill-based digester using yard waste for energy and compost production. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:912-919. [PMID: 22317795 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a new alternative for yard waste management by constructing, operating and monitoring a landfill-based two-stage batch digester (anaerobic/aerobic) with the recovery of energy and compost. The system was initially operated under anaerobic conditions for 366 days, after which the yard waste was aerated for an additional 191 days. Off gas generated from the aerobic stage was treated by biofilters. Net energy recovery was 84.3MWh, or 46kWh per million metric tons of wet waste (as received), and the biochemical methane potential of the treated waste decreased by 83% during the two-stage operation. The average removal efficiencies of volatile organic compounds and non-methane organic compounds in the biofilters were 96-99% and 68-99%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Yazdani
- Yolo County Planning & Public Works Department, Division of Integrated Waste Management, Woodland, CA 95776, USA.
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31
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Saquing JM, Knappe DRU, Barlaz MA. Fate and transport of phenol in a packed bed reactor containing simulated solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 32:327-334. [PMID: 22014583 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An assessment of the risk to human health and the environment associated with the presence of organic contaminants (OCs) in landfills necessitates reliable predictive models. The overall objectives of this study were to (1) conduct column experiments to measure the fate and transport of an OC in a simulated solid waste mixture, (2) compare the results of column experiments to model predictions using HYDRUS-1D (version 4.13), a contaminant fate and transport model that can be parameterized to simulate the laboratory experimental system, and (3) determine model input parameters from independently conducted batch experiments. Experiments were conducted in which sorption only and sorption plus biodegradation influenced OC transport. HYDRUS-1D can reasonably simulate the fate and transport of phenol in an anaerobic and fully saturated waste column in which biodegradation and sorption are the prevailing fate processes. The agreement between model predictions and column data was imperfect (i.e., within a factor of two) for the sorption plus biodegradation test and the error almost certainly lies in the difficulty of measuring a biodegradation rate that is applicable to the column conditions. Nevertheless, a biodegradation rate estimate that is within a factor of two or even five may be adequate in the context of a landfill, given the extended retention time and the fact that leachate release will be controlled by the infiltration rate which can be minimized by engineering controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovita M Saquing
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Campus Box 7908, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
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32
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Sadri A, Barlaz MA, Hater GR. Effect of biosolids on refuse decomposition and phosphorus cycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2010; 28:888-900. [PMID: 19748937 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x09343597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory-scale reactors containing mixtures of municipal solid waste and wastewater treatment biosolids were monitored to assess the effect of biosolids on refuse decomposition and on phosphorus (P) cycling and speciation among orthophosphate, acid-hydrolysable P, and organic P. The co-disposal of 10 to 20% (by wet weight) aerobically-digested biosolids with residential refuse was compatible with refuse decomposition although the biosolids did not increase either the maximum methane production rate or the cumulative yield, and did not reduce lag times to the onset of methane production. The results of this study indicated that dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) was the dominant dissolved P fraction throughout refuse decomposition and that it was negatively correlated with the methane production rate and pH (r² = 0.35 for both). P was not found to limit methane production. Biosolids increased dissolved P as well as ammonia-N in some reactors, but this did not have a significant impact on maximum methane production rates. The maximum tolerated Na+ and K+ concentrations during active methane production were at least 4100 mg Na+ L⁻¹ and 800 mg K+ L⁻¹, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sadri
- Department of Environmental Services, City and County of Honolulu, Kapolei, HI, USA.
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33
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Kong IC. Bioassessments of anaerobically decomposing organic refuse in laboratory lysimeters with and without leachate recycling and pH adjustment. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2010; 28:141-148. [PMID: 19748954 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x09104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, various microbial characteristics of degrading refuse in three lysimeters were compared to bioassess the operating conditions with and without leachate recycling and pH adjustment. Laboratory lysimeters with leachate recycling produced more gas and took less time to reach the highest methane percentage than a lysimeter without leachate recycling. Generally, lysimeters with leachate recycling showed high ATP (adenosine triphosphate) contents in the leachate. But there were no significant differences in dehydrogenase activities among the lysimeters. Leachate of all lysimeters inhibited the bioluminescence activities of the strain tested. Bioluminescence activity was more inhibited by the lysimeter with no leachate recycling (high inhibition corresponds to high toxicity of leachate). Generally, less inhibition was observed in the middle of the operation phase, which was related with the biodegradation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Chul Kong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Kyungbuk, Korea.
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34
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Hossain MS, Gabr MA, Asce F. The effect of shredding and test apparatus size on compressibility and strength parameters of degraded municipal solid waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 29:2417-2424. [PMID: 19395251 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In many situations, MSW components are processed and shredded before use in laboratory experiments using conventional soil testing apparatus. However, shredding MSW material may affect the target property to be measured. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the effect of shredding of MSW on the measured compressibility and strength properties. It is hypothesized that measured properties can be correlated to an R-value, the ratio of waste particle size to apparatus size. Results from oedometer tests, conducted on 63.5 mm, 100 mm, 200 mm diameter apparatus, indicated the dependency of the compressibility parameters on R-value. The compressibility parameters are similar for the same R-value even though the apparatus size varies. The results using same apparatus size with variable R-values indicated that shredding of MSW mainly affects initial compression. Creep and biological strain rate of the tested MSW are not significantly affected by R-value. The shear strength is affected by shredding as the light-weight reinforcing materials are shredded into smaller pieces during specimen preparation. For example, the measured friction angles are 32 degrees and 27 degrees for maximum particle sizes of 50 mm and 25 mm, respectively. The larger MSW components in the specimen provide better reinforcing contribution. This conclusion is however dependent on comparing specimen at the same level of degradation since shear strength is also a function of extent of degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Hossain
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas, 417 Yates Street, Arlington, TX 76019, United States.
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35
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Ximenes FA, Gardner WD, Cowie AL. The decomposition of wood products in landfills in Sydney, Australia. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:2344-54. [PMID: 18178075 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three landfill sites that had been closed for 19, 29 and 46 years and had been operated under different management systems were excavated in Sydney. The mean moisture content of the wood samples ranged from 41.6% to 66.8%. The wood products recovered were identified to species, and their carbon, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin concentration were determined and compared to those of matched samples of the same species. No significant loss of dry mass was measured in wood products buried for 19 and 29 years, but where refuse had been buried for 46 years, the measured loss of carbon (as a percentage of dry biomass) was 8.7% for hardwoods and 9.1% for softwoods, equating to 18% and 17% of their original carbon content, respectively. The results indicate that published decomposition factors based on laboratory research significantly overestimate the decomposition of wood products in landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Ximenes
- Forest Resources Research, NSW Department of Primary Industries, P.O. BOX 100, Beecroft, NSW 2119, Australia.
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Hernández-Berriel MC, Márquez-Benavides L, González-Pérez DJ, Buenrostro-Delgado O. The effect of moisture regimes on the anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste from Metepec (México). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28 Suppl 1:S14-S20. [PMID: 18571398 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The State of México, situated in central México, has a population of about 14 million, distributed in approximately 125 counties. Solid waste management represents a serious and ongoing pressure to local authorities. The final disposal site ("El Socavón") does not comply with minimum environmental requirements as no liners or leachate management infrastructure are available. Consequently, leachate composition or the effects of rain water input on municipal solid waste degradation are largely unknown. The aim of this work was to monitor the anaerobic degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW), simulating the water addition due to rainfall, under two different moisture content regimes (70% and 80% humidity). The study was carried out using bioreactors in both laboratory and pilot scales. The variation of organic matter and pH was followed in the solid matrix of the MSW. The leachate produced was used to estimate the field capacity of the MSW and to determine the pH, COD, BOD and heavy metals. Some leachate parameters were found to be within permitted limits, but further research is needed in order to analyze the leachate from lower layers of the disposal site ("El Socavón").
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Kong IC. Microbial characteristics associated with six different organic wastes undergoing anaerobic decomposition in batch vial conditions. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2008; 26:261-266. [PMID: 18649574 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x07080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the biodegradation characteristics of six plant-based wastes were compared in anaerobic batch vial systems. The highest gas accumulation and methane (CH4) concentrations (approximately 70%) were observed in samples containing copy paper, newspaper and box paper materials, whereas the lowest were observed in samples containing wood and leaves. In samples containing steamed rice and fruit, the methanogenic activity was inhibited, which resulted in acid accumulation. The high biodegradation activity of newspaper samples was also associated with high adenosine triphosphate levels and dehydrogenase activity. No significant differences were, however, observed in the dehydrogenase activity of the samples. High bioluminescence was observed in samples with high biodegradation activities, indicative of low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Chul Kong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Kyungbuk, Korea.
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Sormunen K, Ettala M, Rintala J. Detailed internal characterisation of two Finnish landfills by waste sampling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 28:151-63. [PMID: 17350245 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterise the internal structure and composition of landfilled waste at two Finnish landfills to provide information for active and post-landfill operations. The two sites, Ammässuo and Kujala, have been in operation for 17 and 48 years, respectively. Waste was sampled (total 68 samples) and analysed for total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), biological methane potential (BMP) and leaching of organic material (determined as chemical oxygen demand, COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH(4)-N). The results showed high vertical and horizontal variability, which indicated that both the waste composition and state of degradation varied greatly in both landfills. Ammässuo was characterised by 2- to 4-fold higher BMP, NH(4)-N and COD leaching than Kujala. Moreover, the ratio of VS to TS was higher at Ammässuo, while TS content was lower. The highest mean BMPs (68 and 44 m(3)/t TS), TKN content (4.6 and 5.2 kg/t dry weight) and VS/TS ratio (65% and 59%) were observed in the middle and top layers; and the lowest mean BMP (21 and 8 m(3)/t TS), TKN content (2.4 kg/t dry weight, in both landfills) and VS/TS ratio (55% and 16% in Ammässuo and Kujala, respectively) in the bottom layers. In conclusion, waste sampling is a feasible way of characterising the landfill body, despite the high variation observed and the fact that the minimum number and size of samples cannot easily be generalized to other landfills due to different methods of waste management and different landfilling histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sormunen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland.
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de Araújo Morais J, Ducom G, Achour F, Rouez M, Bayard R. Mass balance to assess the efficiency of a mechanical-biological treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 28:1791-1800. [PMID: 18029167 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using mechanical-biological treatment of residual municipal solid waste, it is possible to significantly lower landfill volume and gas and leachate emissions. Moreover, the landfill characteristics are improved. The performance of the Mende (France) mechanical-biological treatment plant is assessed via mass balances coupled with manual sorting according to the MODECOM methodology and biochemical methane potential after 90 days of incubation. The site includes mechanical sorting operations, a rotary sequential bioreactor, controlled aerobic stabilisation corridors, maturation platforms, and a sanitary landfill site for waste disposal in separated cells. Results showed that several steps could be improved: after a first sieving step, about 12% of the potentially biodegradable matter is landfilled directly without any treatment; mechanical disintegration of papers and cardboards in the rotary sequential bioreactor is insufficient and leads to a high proportion of papers and cardboards being landfilled without further treatment. Two fine fractions go through stabilisation and maturation steps. At the end of the maturation step, about 54% of the potentially biodegradable matter is degraded. The biochemical methane potential after 90 days of incubation is reduced by 81% for one of the two fine fractions and reduced by 88% for the other one. Considering the whole plant, there is a reduction of nearly 20% DM of the entering residual municipal solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Araújo Morais
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et d'Ingénierie Environnementale, INSA-Lyon, LGCIE, F-69621, France
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40
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Barlaz MA. Forest products decomposition in municipal solid waste landfills. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2006; 26:321-33. [PMID: 16406564 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2005.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose and hemicellulose are present in paper and wood products and are the dominant biodegradable polymers in municipal waste. While their conversion to methane in landfills is well documented, there is little information on the rate and extent of decomposition of individual waste components, particularly under field conditions. Such information is important for the landfill carbon balance as methane is a greenhouse gas that may be recovered and converted to a CO(2)-neutral source of energy, while non-degraded cellulose and hemicellulose are sequestered. This paper presents a critical review of research on the decomposition of cellulosic wastes in landfills and identifies additional work that is needed to quantify the ultimate extent of decomposition of individual waste components. Cellulose to lignin ratios as low as 0.01-0.02 have been measured for well decomposed refuse, with corresponding lignin concentrations of over 80% due to the depletion of cellulose and resulting enrichment of lignin. Only a few studies have even tried to address the decomposition of specific waste components at field-scale. Long-term controlled field experiments with supporting laboratory work will be required to measure the ultimate extent of decomposition of individual waste components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton A Barlaz
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Box 7908, 208 Mann Hall, Stinson Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA.
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Afzal Khan S, Hamayun M, Ahmed S. Degradation of 4-aminophenol by newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain ST-4. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rodriguez C, Hiligsmann S, Ongena M, Charlier R, Thonart P. Development of an enzymatic assay for the determination of cellulose bioavailability in municipal solid waste. Biodegradation 2005; 16:415-22. [PMID: 15865155 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-004-3575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As there is a constant need to assess the biodegradation potential of refuse disposed of in landfills, we have developed a method to evaluate the biodegradability of cellulosic compounds (cellulose and hemicellulose) in municipal solid waste. This test is based on the quantification of monosaccharides released after the hydrolysis of solid waste samples with an optimised enzyme preparation containing commercially available cellulases and hemicellulases. We show that the amounts of monosaccharides could be related to the biodegradability of the cellulosic material contained in the samples. This enzymatic cellulose degradation test was assayed on 37 samples originating from three Belgian landfills and collected at different depths. As results correlated well with those obtained with a classical biochemical methane potential assay, this new and rapid test is sufficiently reliable to evaluate cellulose bioavailability in waste samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rodriguez
- Walloon Center of Industrial Biology, Unit of Microbial Technology, University of Liège, Bd. du Rectorat, B40, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Belgium.
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Barlaz M, Reinhart D. The Second Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2003; 23:557-559. [PMID: 14558551 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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45
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Pourcher A, Sutra L, Hébé I, Moguedet G, Bollet C, Simoneau P, Gardan L. Enumeration and characterization of cellulolytic bacteria from refuse of a landfill. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 34:229-241. [PMID: 11137603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enumeration and phenotypic characterization of aerobic cellulolytic bacteria were performed on fresh, 1 year old and 5 years old refuse samples of a French landfill site. Numbers of cellulolytic bacteria ranged from 1.1x10(6) to 2.3x10(8) c.f.u. (g dry wt.)(-1) and were lower in 5 years old refuse samples. A numerical analysis of phenotypic data based on 80 biochemical tests and performed on 321 Gram-positive isolates from refuse, revealed a high phenotypic diversity of cellulolytic bacteria which were distributed into 21 clusters. Based on the phenotypic analysis and the sequencing of 16S rDNA of five representative strains of major clusters, the predominant cellulolytic groups could be assigned to the family of Bacillaceae and to the genera Cellulomonas, Microbacterium and Lactobacillus. Furthermore, chemical parameters such as pH, carbohydrates and volatile solid contents influenced the composition of the cellulolytic bacterial groups which were reduced essentially to the family of Bacillaceae in the oldest refuse samples.
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46
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Wang YS, Barlaz MA. Anaerobic biodegradability of alkylbenzenes and phenol by landfill derived microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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