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Carbone E, Borges R, Eiden LE, García AG, Hernández‐Cruz A. Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla: Physiology, Pharmacology, and Disease. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1443-1502. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shih AM, Varghese L, Bittar A, Park SH, Chung JM, Shin OH. Dysregulation of Norepinephrine Release in the Absence of Functional Synaptotagmin 7. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1446-53. [PMID: 27043247 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) is expressed in cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals where norepinephrine (NE) is released in both Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis and Ca(2+)-independent norepinephrine transporter (NET)-mediated overflow. The role of Syt7 in the regulation of NE release from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals is tested by employing a Syt7 knock-in mouse line that expresses a non-functional mutant form of Syt7. In cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals prepared from these Syt7 knock-in mice, the Ca(2+)-dependent component of NE release was diminished. However, these terminals displayed upregulated function of NET (∼130% of controls) and a significant increase in Ca(2+)-independent NE overflow (∼140% of controls), which is greater than the Ca(2+)-dependent component of NE exocytosis occurring in wild-type controls. Consistent with a significant increase in NE overflow, the Syt7 knock-in mice showed significantly higher blood pressures compared to those of littermate wild-type and heterozygous mice. Our results indicate that the lack of functional Syt7 dysregulates NE release from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Shih
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Lincy Varghese
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Alice Bittar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Sung-Hoon Park
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Jin Mo Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Ok-Ho Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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The antimicrobial peptides derived from chromogranin/secretogranin family, new actors of innate immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 165:102-10. [PMID: 19932135 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranins/secretogranins are members of the granin family present in secretory vesicles of nervous, endocrine and immune cells. In chromaffin cells, activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors induces the release, with catecholamines, of bioactive peptides resulting from a natural processing. During the past decade, our laboratory has characterized new antimicrobial chromogranin-derived peptides in the secretions of stimulated bovine chromaffin cells. They act at the micromolar range against bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and are non-toxic for the mammalian cells. They are recovered in several biological fluids involved in defence mechanisms (human serum, neutrophil secretions and saliva). These new antimicrobial peptides demonstrate the major role of the adrenal medulla in innate immunity. In this review we focus on the antimicrobial peptides derived from human and bovine chromogranin A (CGA), chromogranin B (CGB) and secretogranin II (SGII) emphasizing their direct action against pathogens and their effects on immune cells.
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DAY ROBERT, DENIS DANIELLE, BARABE JEAN, ST-PIERRE SERGE, LEMAIRE SIMON. Dynorphin in bovine adrenal medulla. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1982.tb03017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The importance of synapsin I and II for neurotransmitter levels and vesicular storage in cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic nerve terminals. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
This review attempts to touch on the history and application of amperometry at PC12 cells for fundamental investigation into the exocytosis process. PC12 cells have been widely used as a model for neural differentiation and as such they have been used to examine the effects of differentiation on exocytotic release and specifically release at varicosities. In addition, dexamethasone-differentiated cells have been shown to have an increased number of releasable vesicles with increased quantal size, thereby allowing for an even broader range of applications including neuropharmacological and neurotoxicological studies. PC12 cells exhibiting large numbers of events have two distinct pools of vesicles, one about twice the quantal size of the other and each about half the total releasable vesicles. As will be outlined in this review, these cells have served as an extremely useful model of exocytosis in the study of the latency of stimulation-release coupling, the role of exocytotic proteins in regulation of release, effect of drugs on quantal size, autoreceptors, fusion pore biophysics, environmental factors, health and disease. As PC12 cells have some advantages over other models for neurosecretion, including chromaffin cells, it is more than likely that in the following decade PC12 cells will continue to serve as a model to study exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H S Westerink
- Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Giner D, López I, Neco P, Rossetto O, Montecucco C, Gutiérrez LM. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 activation is essential for the snake phospholipase A2 neurotoxin-induced secretion in chromaffin cells. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2341-8. [PMID: 17445232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05497.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells were used to study the mechanism of the snake phospholipase A2 (PLA2) neurotoxin enhancement of exocytosis. Notexin, beta-bungarotoxin, taipoxin or textilotoxin enhanced the fast release of catecholamines elicited by flash photolysis of cytosolic caged calcium. Such an increase correlates with the capacity of these neurotoxins to cause fragmentation of the F-actin cortical barrier with subsequent accumulation of vesicles in the proximity of the plasma membrane. These PLA2 neurotoxins do not act via protein kinase C activation, which is known to promote F-actin fragmentation. Lithium, RO31-8220 and SB216763, three inhibitors of the glycogen synthase kinase 3, prevent both the alteration of the F-actin peripheral cortex and the enhancement of fast release elicited by these neurotoxins. In addition, glycogen synthase kinase 3 has been detected by immunolocalization in a membranous compartment of the chromaffin cell endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These results suggest that the activation of this enzyme plays a major role in the enhancement of exocytosis of the readily releasable granules caused by PLA2 neurotoxins in neuroendocrine chromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giner
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de San Juan, 03550 Alicante, Spain
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Ornberg RL, Furuya S, Goping G, Kuijpers GA. Granule swelling in stimulated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: regulation by internal granule pH. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 279:85-92. [PMID: 7895265 DOI: 10.1007/bf00300694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines through exocytosis of their intracellular chromaffin granules. Osmotic granule swelling has been implicated to play a role in the generation of membrane stress associated with the fusion of the granule membrane. However, controversy exists as to whether swelling occurs before or after the actual fusion event. Using morphometric methods we have determined the granule diameter distributions in rapidly frozen, freeze-substituted chromaffin cells. Our measurements show that intracellular chromaffin granules increase in size from an average of 234 nm to 274 nm or 277 nm in cells stimulated to secrete with nicotine or high external K+, respectively. Granule swelling occurs before the formation of membrane contact. Ammonium chloride, an agent which inhibits stimulated catecholamine secretion by approximately 50% by altering the intragranular pH, also inhibits granule swelling. In addition, ammonium chloride-treated secreting cells show more granule-plasma membrane contacts than untreated secreting cells. Sodium propionate induces granule swelling in the absence of secretagogue and has been shown to enhance nicotine- and high K(+)- induced catecholamine release. These results indicate that in adrenal chromaffin cells granule swelling is an essential step in exocytosis before fusion pore formation, and is related to the pH of the granule environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ornberg
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Martinez de Munoz D, Burgun C, Aunis D. Depolarization produces an acidification of adrenal gland perfusates. Biochem Pharmacol 1991; 42 Suppl:S216-20. [PMID: 1768281 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of adrenal glands with a variety of agonists or high potassium produced an acidification of the perfusion medium. The magnitude of the transient pH decrease was similar to that found in other nervous structures, and depended on the buffering capacity of the perfusion medium. However, no alkaline transient could be detected in this tissue. This acidification required Ca2+ and occurred under conditions producing catecholamine release. Since firstly the acidification could not be directly correlated with the amount of catecholamine released and secondly the time-course of both phenomena was different, suggesting that the acidification did not only result from the exocytosis of the acidic content of the chromaffin vesicles. The extracellular acidification may in addition originate: (a) partly from the proton release from acidic proteins, (b) from an output of acid equivalents from the cytoplasmic medium, either by the Na+/H+ antiporter present in all animal cells [24], or another mechanism yet to be determined.
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Chromogranins: Universal proteins in secretory organelles from paramecium to man. Neurochem Int 1990; 17:165-75. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(90)90139-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/1989] [Accepted: 02/02/1990] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Effect of forskolin and cyclic AMP analog on adenosine transport in cultured chromaffin cells. Neurochem Int 1990; 17:523-8. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(90)90039-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1989] [Accepted: 03/13/1990] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thureson-Klein AK, Klein RL. Exocytosis from neuronal large dense-cored vesicles. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1990; 121:67-126. [PMID: 1972143 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A K Thureson-Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216
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Helle KB, Reed RK, Pihl KE, Serck-Hanssen G. Osmotic properties of the chromogranins and relation to osmotic pressure in catecholamine storage granules. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1985; 123:21-33. [PMID: 3969832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1985.tb07556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The soluble proteins (chromogranins) of bovine chromaffin granules have been studied by micro-osmometry with semi-permeable membranes (UM2, PM10 and PM30 with cut-offs greater than 1, greater than 10 and greater than 30 kD, respectively) at 1 = 0.15 and pH 5-8 for protein concentrations up to 20 mg X ml-1. After lysis of chromaffin granules in phosphate buffer pH 6, the released chromogranins behaved as aggregating solutes, consistent with an inconspicuous osmotic pressure contribution from the chromogranins at the protein concentration of the intact granules. Thus, in the presence of phosphate about 90% of the molecules behaved as colloids with Mr = 30,300 at c = o. After lysis in phosphate-free buffers the chromogranins behaved as highly non-ideal solutes in a manner which was incompatible with isotonicity at the protein concentration of the intact granules. About two-thirds of the molecules in the lysates in Na-succinate pH 5-6 and K-acetate pH 6 exhibited Mr = 66,000 and 79,000, respectively. In dilute solutions (less than 12 mg protein X ml-1) and ATP/protein ratios corresponding to those in the intact granules, the UM2 pressures were markedly increased, indicating release of polypeptides with Mr 2000-3000 from aggregates. CaCl2 was without specific effect on the colloid osmotic pressures but reduced the ATP-dependent increase in pressure, suggesting release of molecules twice the size of those released by ATP alone. A model is presented for the contribution of the chromogranins to osmotic pressure regulation in the bovine adrenomedullary catecholamine-storing granules.
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Burgoyne RD. Mechanisms of secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 779:201-16. [PMID: 6234026 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(84)90009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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O'Connor DT, Frigon RP, Sokoloff RL. Human chromogranin A. Purification and characterization from catecholamine storage vesicles of human pheochromocytoma. Hypertension 1984; 6:2-12. [PMID: 6693145 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.6.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A is the quantitatively major soluble protein in catecholamine storage vesicles of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve, and has been a useful index of exocytosis during sympathoadrenal neurosecretion. To probe human catecholamine storage and release, we isolated chromogranin A from chromaffin tissue in human pheochromocytoma, and compared it to chromogranin A isolated from chromaffin tissue in bovine adrenal medulla. The preparation included catecholamine storage vesicle isolation by sucrose gradient centrifugation, removal of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Human and bovine chromogranin A displayed considerable interspecies homology. Human chromogranin A is a 68,000 dalton monomeric protein with an unusual amino acid composition (31.53 weight % glutamic acid); an acidic, microheterogeneous isoelectric point (4.57-4.68); a characteristic tryptic digest peptide map; and marked dissimilarity to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in all properties studied. A new probe of human sympathoadrenal function is available in chromogranin A.
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Castel M, Gainer H, Dellmann HD. Neuronal secretory systems. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1984; 88:303-459. [PMID: 6203862 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Biochemical characterization of various populations of isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Neurochem Int 1983; 5:193-200. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0186(83)90114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/1982] [Accepted: 08/24/1982] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Winkler H. The proteins of catecholamine-storing organelles. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1982; 9:75-96. [PMID: 6190221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb03759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Sen R, Sharp RR. Molecular mobilities and the lowered osmolality of the chromaffin granule aqueous phase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 721:70-82. [PMID: 7126649 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(82)90025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-13 spin-lattice relaxation times, T1, have been measured in whole adrenal medullary tissue slices, in suspensions of isolated chromaffin granules, in the reconcentrated chromaffin granule lysate, and in various model solutions containing catecholamines. ATP, chromogranins and Ca2+. Reorientational correlation times have been calculated at 10 degrees C using T1 data and nuclear Overhauser enhancements for protonated carbons on both catecholamines and nucleotides. Correlation times in all media are relatively short and characteristic of highly fluid aqueous phases. Adrenalin and ATP exhibit substantial differences in correlation times in all media, however, the ratio tau R (ATP): tau R(catecholamine) ranging from 2.4 in simple 3:1 adrenalin-ATP solutions to 4 in intact chromaffin granules. This difference, as well as the relatively high absolute reorientational mobilities of both components, confirms the importance of labile ionic interactions between ATP and catecholamines, but rules out the presence of high concentrations of base-stacked structures. Participation of the chromogranins in ternary complexes with catecholamines and ATP appears to be of minor importance. Ionic interactions to the protein are not reflected in either 13C T1 values or chemical shifts of arginine or glutamate sidechain resonances, or in the 13C chemical shifts of ATP or catecholamines. Very labile protein-ATP binding appears to be reflected in the correlation time measurements, however, which show selective immobilization of ATP relative to catecholamine in the presence of soluble protein. Osmotic measurements indicate that solutions containing adrenaline, ATP and Ca2+ are highly nonideal, but probably not sufficiently so to account fully for the osmotic stabilization of the chromaffin through their polyelectrolyte properties, exert a significant influence on the intragranular osmolality. The osmotic lowering due to polyion-counterion interactions has been estimated semiquantitatively using a theory developed by Oosawa.
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Burgoyne RD, Geisow MJ, Barron J. Dissection of stages in exocytosis in the adrenal chromaffin cell with use of trifluoperazine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. SERIES B, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1982; 216:111-5. [PMID: 6137823 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1982.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of isolated chromaffin cells with carbamylcholine led to a number of morphological changes, indicative of exocytosis, apparently resulting from translocation of secretory granules to the plasma membrane and their subsequent fusion with the plasma membrane to release their contents. However, stimulation in the presence of trifluoperazine resulted only in the accumulation of secretory granules close to the plasma membrane. Thus exocytosis could be divided into two stages: a trifluoperazine-insensitive stage involving translocation of secretory granules to the plasma membrane and a second trifluoperazine-sensitive stage resulting in granule-plasma membrane fusion.
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Kopell WN, Westhead EW. Osmotic pressures of solutions of ATP and catecholamines relating to storage in chromaffin granules. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Fried G, Nestler EJ, De Camilli P, Stjärne L, Olson L, Lundberg JM, Hökfelt T, Ouimet CC, Greengard P. Cellular and subcellular localization of protein I in the peripheral nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:2717-21. [PMID: 6806817 PMCID: PMC346273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.8.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular and subcellular distribution of protein I, a major brain phosphoprotein, has been studied in the peripheral nervous system. The levels of protein I in various peripheral nerves and innervated peripheral tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay and radioimmunolabeling of polyacrylamide gels. The results indicated tha protein I is present throughout the peripheral nervous system. Denervation studies of adrenal medulla and iris suggested that the protein I contained in peripheral tissues is localized to the neuronal elements innervating those tissues. Protein I was found to be enriched in neurotransmitter vesicle fractions of peripheral nervous tissue. Moreover, protein I appeared to be transported from cell bodies to axons terminals at least partly in association with neurotransmitter vesicles.
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Lemaire S, Lemaire I. Asbestos-elicited catecholamine secretion from isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Life Sci 1981; 29:1117-24. [PMID: 6270483 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lemaire S, Livett B, Tseng R, Mercier P, Lemaire I. Studies on the inhibitory action of opiate compounds in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells: noninvolvement of stereospecific opiate binding sites. J Neurochem 1981; 36:886-92. [PMID: 6259293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1981.tb01677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, beta-endorphin, dynorphin, and levorphanol caused a dose-dependent inhibition of catecholamine (CA) secretion elicited by acetylcholine (ACh), with an ID50 of 50, 1.3, and 4.3 microM, respectively. The inhibition by the opiate compounds was specific for the release evoked by ACh and nicotinic drugs and was noncompetitive with ACh. Stereospecific binding sites for the opiate agonist [3H]etorphine were found in homogenates of bovine adrenal medulla (KD = 0.59 nM). beta-Endorphin, dynorphin, levorphanol, and naloxone were potent inhibitors of the binding of [3H]etorphine with an ID50 of 12, 0.4, 5.2, and 6.2 nM, respectively. However, [3,5-I2Tyr1]-beta-endorphin, [3,5-I2Tyr1]-dynorphin, and dextrorphan, three opiate compounds with no or little activity in the guinea pig ileum assay, were relatively ineffective in inhibiting the binding of [3H]etorphine (ID50 700, 600, and 10,000 nM, respectively). On the other hand, these three compounds were equipotent with beta-endorphin, dynorphin, and levorphanol, respectively, in inhibiting the ACh-evoked release of CA from the adrenal chromaffin cells (ID50 of 10, 1.5, and 6 microM, respectively). Inhibition of CA release was also obtained with naloxone (ID50 = 14) microM) and naltrexone (ID50 greater than 10(-4) M), two classical antagonists of opiate receptors, and this effect was additive to that of beta-endorphin. These data indicate that the opiate modulation of CA release from adrenal chromaffin cells is not related to the stimulation of the high affinity stereospecific opiate binding sites of the adrenal medulla. The physiological function of these sites remains to be determined.
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Bolstad G, Helle KB, Serck-Hanssen G. Heterogeneity in the adrenomedullary storage of catecholamines, ATP, calcium and releasable dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1980; 2:337-54. [PMID: 7252054 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(80)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bovine adrenomedullary granules were separated into two subfractions by isopycnic density centrifugation. A small subfraction (approximately 10% of the total population) was sedimented into 2.2 M sucrose while the main population (80% of the total) was recovered at the interphase between 1.6 and 2.2 M sucrose. The concentrations of catecholamine (CA) and calcium showed marked seasonal variations for both subfractions, with lowest levels in the spring and highest levels in the winter. Throughout the year the concentrations of CA and calcium were 2-3 times higher in the minor subpopulation which also accounted for an abundance of noradrenaline (NA); on average 68% NA of total CA, 6.6 mumol CA and 225 nmol calcium/mg protein. The two subpopulations stored CA in similar ratios to ATP and calcium; i.e. 30 mol CA: 4 mol ATP: 1 mol Ca2+, indicating storage of CA largely independent of an equivalent amount of ATP, at least during winter when CA storage was 3.3 and 9.9 mumol/mg protein in the major and minor subpopulation respectively. The two subpopulations differed significantly in ratio of releasable dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity per mole CA due to insignificant differences in specific activity of releasable DBH (0.4 unit/mg protein). The results show: (1) that the adrenomedullary granules are heterogeneous with respect to releasable activity of DBH per mole CA and subject to considerable seasonal variations; (2) a large portion of the NA-storing granules has a high concentration of releasable constituents; (3) both adrenaline (A)- and NA-storage are closely associated with that of calcium and occur in excess of that balanced by equivalent amounts of ATP.
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Aunis D, Hesketh JE, Devilliers G. Immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical localization of myosin, chromogranin A and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in nerve cells in culture and in adrenal glands. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1980; 9:255-74. [PMID: 7441295 DOI: 10.1007/bf01205161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, chromogranin A and myosin were purified from bovine adrenal medulla and antibodies prepared against these proteins. Indirect immunocytochemical methods were used to localize dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, chromogranin A and myosin in bovine adrenal medulla and myosin in rat adrenal glands and cells from rat C.N.S. maintained in primary culture. Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and chromogranin A were found in chromaffin granules, in agreement with biochemical data and, using electron microscopy, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase was found within the matrix and in the surrounding membrane of the storage granule, whereas chromogranin A was confined to the granule matrix. Myosin was localized in the vascular system irrigating adrenal glands, fibroblasts lining the vessels and chromaffin cells. In chromaffin cells, staining was found at the cell boundaries and electron microscopy showed myosin to be associated with the plasma membrane. Faint immunocytochemical staining by antimyosin antibodies was observed around certain exocytotic profiles but particular association with such structures was not demonstrable. Myosin localization was also studied in bovine adrenal cortex, where it was found in vascular channels and faintly in adrenal cortical cells, as in rat adrenal cortex and medulla, where identical patterns were obtained. In neuronal and glial cells dissociated from 13 day rat embryo cerebral hemispheres and cultured for 48 h, localization of myosin was studied using immunohistochemistry. The neuritic expansions and growth cones of neurons were fluorescent, whereas in glial cells, filamentous networks were visualized enclosing the nucleus and as long fibres traversing the entire cytoplasm.
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Quantitative aspects of the acetylcholine-induced release of dopamine-β-hydroxylase and catecholamines from the bovine adrenal medulla. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(80)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bock E, Heilbronn E, Widlund L. Characterization of a membrane protein from cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 581:71-8. [PMID: 508796 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(79)90222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with cholinergic synaptic vesicles isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The resultant antiserum had one major antibody activity against an antigen called the Torpedo vesicle antigen. This antigen could not be demonstrated in muscle, liver or blood and is therefore, suggested to be nervous-tissue specific. The vesicle antigen was quantified in various parts of the nervous system and in subcellular fractions of the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata and was found to be highly enriched in synaptic vesicle membranes. The antigen bound to concanavalin A, thereby demonstrating the presence of a carbohydrate moiety. By means of charge-shift electrophoresis, amphiphilicity was demonstrated, indicating that the Torpedo vesicle antigen is an intrinsic membrane protein. The antigen was immunochemically unrelated to other brain specific proteins such as 14-3-2, S-100, the glial fibrillary acidic protein and synaptin. Furthermore, it was unrelated to two other membrane proteins, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and acetylcholinesterase, present in Torpedo electric organ. The antiserum against Torpedo synaptic vesicles did not react with preparations of rat brain synaptic vesicles or ox adrenal medullary chromaffin granules.
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Sen R, Sharp RR, Domino LE, Domino EF. Composition of the aqueous phase of chromaffin granules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 587:75-88. [PMID: 486548 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(79)90222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to determine the composition of the aqueous phase of bovine chromaffin granules. Relative concentrations of catecholamines (epinephrine plus norepinephrine), ATP and chromogranins have been measured from integrated intensities in the proton spectra using computer simulation techniques. Most or all of the catecholamines (97 +/- 8%) are present in the aqueous phase and contribute to the high resolution spectrum. The catecholamine:ATP molar ratio (4.41 +/- 0.45) determined by NMR is close to the value (4.45) derived from biochemical assay indicating that most or all of the ATP is present with catecholamine in the aqueous phase. Catecholamine:protein ratios show that approximately 45% of the soluble protein freed by lysis is not NMR visible. Intensity from this fraction does not appear under highly denaturing conditions (8 M urea) but reappears after hydrolysis. This behavior is similar to that of recently isolated soluble lipoprotein complexes. Variations in the NMR spectra associated with (1) different preparative procedures; (2) different suspension media, and (3) increasing osmolality are described. The fact that high concentrations of epinephrine and ATP (approximately 700 mM total) are dissolved in the aqueous phase implies that solution phase interactions at least partially ionic in nature are responsible for the low internal osmolality of chromaffin granules in vivo. Ordered phases containing a substantial fraction of the total catecholamine in an osmotically inactive form are not present.
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Pollard HB, Pazoles CJ, Creutz CE, Zinder O. The chromaffin granule and possible mechanisms of exocytosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1979; 58:159-97. [PMID: 391762 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Schultzberg M, Lundberg JM, Hökfelt T, Terenius L, Brandt J, Elde RP, Goldstein M. Enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in gland cells and nerve terminals of the adrenal medulla. Neuroscience 1978; 3:1169-86. [PMID: 368674 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(78)90137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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34
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Helle KB, Serck-Hanssen G, Bock E. Complexes of chromogranin A and dopamine beta-hydroxylase among the chromogranins of the bovine adrenal medulla. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 533:396-407. [PMID: 647016 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2795(78)90385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1. The core proteins of chromaffin granules have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis against monospecific antisera. 2. Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase, EC 1.14.17.1) appeared as the major immunogen of the core proteins and accounted for 4 and 8% by weight of the crude lysate and membrane-containing fractions, respectively. 3. The non-ionic detergent, Berol, solubilized dopamine beta-hydroxylase from the membranes in a form which was immunologically identical but of lower relative mobility by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In the absence of detergent a difference in relative mobility was also noted between the purified enzyme and that contaminated by chromogranin A. These observations suggest that several molecular forms of dopamine beta-hydroxylase may occur which differ in size and/or charge due to interactions with the contaminants under the experimental conditions. 4. The main chromogranin in the crude lysate was absent from electropherograms of the acidic chromogranins (95--96% of total protein in lysate). These were obtained free of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by concanavalin A adsorption at high ionic strength or by acidification in 2 M acetic acid. The main band reappeared upon recombination with dopamine beta-hydroxylase, indicating the presence of some dopamine beta-hydroxylase, possibly as dimers, in this main, chromogranin A band. A protein concentration-dependent aggregate of dopamine beta-hydroxylase-free chromogranin A was detected, with a relative mobility slightly faster than the main band of the crude lysate.
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Bock E, Helle KB. Localization of synaptin vesicle membranes, synaptosomal plasma membranes and chromaffin granule membranes. FEBS Lett 1977; 82:175-8. [PMID: 913586 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hesketh JE, Aunis D, Pescheloche M, Mandel P. Subcellular distribution of myosin (K+, EDTA)-ATPase in bovine adrenal medulla. FEBS Lett 1977; 80:324-8. [PMID: 19300 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80467-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Morris SJ, Schober R. Demonstration of binding sites for divalent and trivalent ions on the outer surface of chromaffin-granule membranes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 75:1-12. [PMID: 862611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Trivalent ions Tb3+, Eu3+ and La3+ aggregate chromaffin granules and produce structural changes in the core material. These ions also stain the outer (cytoplasmic) surface of the granule membrane in the presence of PO43+ ions and inhibit OSO4 staining. The electron-dense patches of TbPO4 complex are distributed in a non-random fashion. 2. Tb3+ also functions as a fluorescent membrane probe for divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane. Using the enhancement of Tb3+ fluorescence upon binding, a Kd for Tb3+ of approximately 15 micronM was measured. Ca2+ and Mg2+ are competitive inhibitors of this binding while Na+ and K+ had no effect. Results suggest that the fluorescent Tb3+ -binding site is a protein. 3. Tb3+ also binds to mitochondria and other contaminants as judged by electron microscopy. However purified mitochondria show qualitatively different binding of Tb3+ by fluorescence. 4. A model for the location of divalent ion binding sites on the granule membrane and the results are discussed in terms of requirements for the participation of these sites in granule exocytosis in vivo.
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Sharp RR, Richards EP. Analysis of the carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 497:14-28. [PMID: 849474 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural abundance carbon-13 and proton NMR spectra of bovine chromaffin granules have been obtained and analyzed using computer simulation techniques. High resolution spectra show the presence of a fluid aqueous phase containing epinephrine, ATP and a random coil protein. The protein spectrum contains unusually intense resonances due to glutamic acid and proline and has been simulated satisfactorily using the known amino acid composition of chromogranin A. The lipid phase of chromaffin granules gives rise to intense, but very broad, resonances in the carbon-13 spectrum. Protons in the lipid phase are also observable as a very rapid component of the proton-free induction decay (T2 approximately equal to 15 microns). Linewidths of the carbon-13 spectra have been used to set upper limits on rotational correlation times and on the motional anisotropy in the aqueous phase. These limits show that the aqueous phase is a simple solution (not a gel) that is isotropic over regions much larger than solute dimensions. No gel transition is observed between -3 and 25 degrees C. The carbon-13 spectra are definitely inconsistent with a lipoprotein matrix model and chromaffin granules previously proposed by Helle and Serck-Hanssen ((1975) Mol. Cell, Biochem. 6, 127-146). Relative carbon-13 intensities of ATP and epinephrine are not consistent with the known 1 : 4 mol ratio of these components. This fact suggests that epinephrine and ATP are not directly complexed in intact chromaffin granules.
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Phillips JH, Allison YP, Morris SJ. The distribution of calcium, magnesium, copper and iron in the bovine adrenal medulla. Neuroscience 1977; 2:147-52. [PMID: 917272 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(77)90075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Helle K, Serck-Hanssen G, Reichelt K. Resistance of Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase to proteolysis during tryptic digestion of the adrenomedullary chromogranins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Nemes Z. Polarization microscopic evidence for an oriented cytoplasmic structure in the "dark" variants of adrenalin-storing cells. HISTOCHEMISTRY 1976; 48:167-76. [PMID: 60322 DOI: 10.1007/bf00494555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A diffuse cytoplasmic birefringence confined to "dark" adrenalinstoring cells has been described. The main optical characteristics of the birefringence factor include: regular orientation of birefringence relative to the base-apex axis of cells; additive anisotropic staining with methods based on the principle of topo-optical staining reactions; dependence of birefringence on labile morphologic properties. On the basis of the capacity of the macromolecular matrix of chromaffin granules to form lamellar liposomal structures in vitro it has been proposed that a reorientation of molecular organization in the matrix of chromaffin cells is responsible for the observed optical phenomenon. The direction of birefringence was explained by a preferential direction of contractile forces acting during "dark" cell formation.
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Winkler H. The composition of adrenal chromaffin granules: an assessment of controversial results. Neuroscience 1976; 1:65-80. [PMID: 794758 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(76)90001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Thureson-Klein A, Klein RL, Chen Yen SH. Morphological effects of osmolarity on purified noradrenergic vesicles. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1975; 4:609-27. [PMID: 51907 DOI: 10.1007/bf01351540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Large dense core vesicles (LDV) were purified from bovine splenic nerve homogenates by the sucrose-D2O density gradient method. Vesicles were subjected to a 50% increase and decrease in osmolarity from the control 330 mosmol 1(-1) by adjusting sucrose or potassium phosphate buffer during pre- and/or postfixation. Control vesicles with a mean diameter of 717 A readily swelled to approximately 1050 A and shrunk to approximately 600 A in the hypotonic and hypertonic media, respectively, with either sucrose or phosphate buffer. The dense core responded similarly but to a lesser degree. Prefixation in glutaraldehyde had little effect on vesicle sensitivity to subsequent tonicity change, not did the fixative per se exert an obvious osmotic effect. Thus, final vesicle size was largely determined by the OsO4 postfixation medium and principally by the vehicle rather than the fixative. In controls there was a mixture of spherical to oblate vesicles mostly filled with an electron-dense matrix. Upon swelling, more vesicles became spherical and nearly all had a prominent translucent halo between core and membrane. Upon shrinking, more vesicles became oblate, the halo was obliterated and the electron-density of the matrix increased. Frequency distributions of vesicle diameters at different tonicity clearly indicated that the diameter of LDV could overlap the 400-500 A range characteristic of small dense core vesicles; however, there was no suggestion of a population of the latter in the purified LDV fraction. Implications are discussed concerning the biochemical and morphological identification of 'light' and 'heavy' density peaks of noradrenaline and dopamine beta-hydroxylase from mixed vesicle populations and the possible relevance of changes in vesicle shape to a functional state in situ.
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