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Stefanachi F, Affinita MC, Fichera G, Tagarelli A, De Corti F, Rea F, Bisogno G. Mediastinal Germ-cell Tumors Relapse in a Male With Klinefelter Syndrome. Is Longer Surveillance Needed? J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:e248-e250. [PMID: 38446472 PMCID: PMC10956653 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCTs) are a heterogeneous group of pediatric cancers. In up to one-third of male patients, a primary mediastinal location is associated with the presence of Klinefelter syndrome (KS). We describe a case of mediastinal GCT in a patient, with unacknowledged KS, that presented a relapse 7 years from diagnosis, that is, 2 years after the end of the follow-up program usually recommended for patients with GCT. There are no recommendations for screening for KS in patients with mediastinal GCT and there are no specific guidelines for surveillance of GCT in KS patients. Our experience suggests that KS should be suspected in patients with mediastinal GCT, and a longer follow-up plan should be implemented when GCT occurs in patients with KS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arianna Tagarelli
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health, Hematology and Oncology Unit
| | - Federica De Corti
- Department for the Health of Woman and Child, Pediatric Surgery Division
| | - Federico Rea
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Bisogno
- Department of Woman’s and Children’s Health, Hematology and Oncology Unit
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2
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Zukin M, Alonso JFS, Costa MADLD, Silva MLM. Tumor germinativo extra-gonadal e síndrome de Klinefelter - Relato de caso. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.1996v42n4.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muitos relatos vêm sugerindo a associação entre a síndrome de Klinefelter e o tumor germinativo. Um risco elevado de tumor germinativo extragonadal (mediastinal) ocorre a partir da adolescência até 30 anos. O autor apresenta ocaso de um jovem de 19 anos de idade com sintomas respiratórios, massa torácica e características clínicas de síndrome de Klinefelter. O cariótipo do sangue periférico foi de 47 XXY e o estudo da lesão torácica foi de teratoma imaturo O paciente foi tratado com quimioterapia combinada seguida de toracotomia, estando em remissão completa há seis anos após o diagnóstico. Este estudo discute as características clínicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes com tumor germinativo 235 extragonadal associado a síndrome de Klinefelter, e sua participação na gênese dos tumores de células germinativas.
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3
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Anderson D, Razzak AN, McDonald M, Cao D, Hasoon J, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, Urits I. Mental Health in Urologic Oncology. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:37518. [DOI: 10.52965/001c.37518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is a systematic review of mental health in urologic oncology patients with prostate cancer (PCa), bladder cancer (BC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), testicular cancer (TC), or penile cancer (PeCa). For all pathologies, a focus on increasing quality of life post-treatment demonstrated a positive impact in reducing Mental Health Illness (MHI) prevalence. Cancer specific mental health care may be given to patients to reduce suicide risk in BC patients and sexual identify and masculinity counseling may improve mental health for TC or PeCa patients. In order to better accommodate patient’s mental health needs when undergoing GU cancer treatment, we recommend incorporation of mental health metrics such as questionnaires to assess early treatment of MHI, a greater emphasis on psychosocial support with the patient’s loved ones, peers, and healthcare team, alongside advising healthy habits such as exercise which has been shown to drastically reduce MHI incidence across all pathologies. We hope that these measures conducted by urologists and oncologists, alongside possible coordination with psychiatrists and psychologists for psychotherapy, psychopharmacology, and neuro-stimulation treatment modems may be helpful in the long term to reduce MHI incidence in urology oncology patients. Given the higher incidence of MHI in oncology patients and in the patient population after the Covid-19 pandemic, MHI awareness in the sphere of urologic oncologic treatment continues to be crucial when creating a collaborative treatment platform for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Omar Viswanath
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants, Envision Physician Services; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix;Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine
| | | | - Ivan Urits
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School; Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport
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4
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Kjeldsen E. Congenital Aneuploidy in Klinefelter Syndrome with B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Might Be Associated with Chromosomal Instability and Reduced Telomere Length. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092316. [PMID: 35565445 PMCID: PMC9136641 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital aneuploidy characterized by inherited gain of one X chromosome (XXY). KS is associated with higher susceptibility to the development of cancer. Somatic acquired chromosomal aberrations and chromosomal instability are hallmarks of cancer and leukemia but little is known about the cellular mechanisms involved. The conducted research aimed to identify genomic mechanisms involved in chromosomal evolution mechanisms important for leukemic development. In the leukemic blasts of a patient with KS and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), we identified additional acquired chromosomal aberration and a significant reduction in the length of the chromosomal ends, i.e., telomeres. A literature review of KS patients with B-ALL revealed that the majority of these patients had acquired two or more additional chromosomal aberrations at B-ALL diagnosis. These data indicate that enhanced reduction in telomere length might be associated with chromosomal instability and may serve as a future target for therapy or prevention. Abstract Rare congenital aneuploid conditions such as trisomy 13, trisomy 18, trisomy 21 and Klinefelter syndrome (KS, 47,XXY) are associated with higher susceptibility to developing cancer compared with euploid genomes. Aneuploidy frequently co-exists with chromosomal instability, which can be viewed as a “vicious cycle” where aneuploidy potentiates chromosomal instability, leading to further karyotype diversity, and in turn, paving the adaptive evolution of cancer. However, the relationship between congenital aneuploidy per se and tumor initiation and/or progression is not well understood. We used G-banding analysis, array comparative genomic hybridization analysis and quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization for telomere length analysis to characterize the leukemic blasts of a three-year-old boy with KS and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), to gain insight into genomic evolution mechanisms in congenital aneuploidy and leukemic development. We found chromosomal instability and a significant reduction in telomere length in leukemic blasts when compared with the non-leukemic aneuploid cells. Reviewing published cases with KS and B-ALL revealed 20 additional cases with B-ALL diagnostic cytogenetics. Including our present case, 67.7% (14/21) had acquired two or more additional chromosomal aberrations at B-ALL diagnosis. The presented data indicate that congenital aneuploidy in B-ALL might be associated with chromosomal instability, which may be fueled by enhanced telomere attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eigil Kjeldsen
- Cancercytogenetics Section, Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Rojas AP, Vo DV, Mwangi L, Rehman S, Peiris AN. Oncologic manifestations of Klinefelter syndrome. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:497-504. [PMID: 33000452 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 500 males. It is a condition characterized by an extra X chromosome and is an underdiagnosed clinical entity. Inactivation of genes enables their escape from regulatory mechanisms, which can result in such classic physical manifestations as hypogonadism, gynecomastia, infertility, and various hormonal and physical abnormalities. While the endocrine manifestations of 47,XXY are well-known, the oncologic manifestations have received less attention. An association between cancer and 47,XXY has not as yet been clearly defined, with variability noted in the prevalence of different malignancies in 47,XXY patients. The mechanisms underlying these altered oncologic risks are still under debate. Some of the proposed explanations include hormone imbalance, developmental malfunctions, and failed DNA repair mechanisms. However, the recognition of the oncological associations linked to 47,XXY could be helpful. Screening measures in certain malignancies may enable an earlier diagnosis of 47,XXY and the implementation of more customized care in 47,XXY and the mosaic variants.. The data for this review was compiled from relevant PubMed articles published within the last three decades and organized based on cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandra P Rojas
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
- , Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Diana V Vo
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Lance Mwangi
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shabnam Rehman
- Oncology Division of Internal medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alan N Peiris
- Clinical Research Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Zitzmann M, Aksglaede L, Corona G, Isidori AM, Juul A, T'Sjoen G, Kliesch S, D'Hauwers K, Toppari J, Słowikowska-Hilczer J, Tüttelmann F, Ferlin A. European academy of andrology guidelines on Klinefelter Syndrome Endorsing Organization: European Society of Endocrinology. Andrology 2020; 9:145-167. [PMID: 32959490 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge about Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has increased substantially since its first description almost 80 years ago. A variety of treatment options concerning the spectrum of symptoms associated with KS exists, also regarding aspects beyond testicular dysfunction. Nevertheless, the diagnostic rate is still low in relation to prevalence and no international guidelines are available for KS. OBJECTIVE To create the first European Academy of Andrology (EAA) guidelines on KS. METHODS An expert group of academicians appointed by the EAA generated a consensus guideline according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. RESULTS Clinical features are highly variable among patients with KS, although common characteristics are severely attenuated spermatogenesis and Leydig cell impairment, resulting in azoospermia and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. In addition, various manifestations of neurocognitive and psychosocial phenotypes have been described as well as an increased prevalence of adverse cardiovascular, metabolic and bone-related conditions which might explain the increased morbidity/mortality in KS. Moreover, compared to the general male population, a higher prevalence of dental, coagulation and autoimmune disorders is likely to exist in patients with KS. Both genetic and epigenetic effects due to the supernumerary X chromosome as well as testosterone deficiency contribute to this pathological pattern. The majority of patients with KS is diagnosed during adulthood, but symptoms can already become obvious during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The paediatric and juvenile patients with KS require specific attention regarding their development and fertility. CONCLUSION These guidelines provide recommendations and suggestions to care for patients with KS in various developmental stages ranging from childhood and adolescence to adulthood. This advice is based on recent research data and respective evaluations as well as validations performed by a group of experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lise Aksglaede
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Medical Department, Endocrinology Unit, Maggiore Bellaria Hospital, Azienda Usl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Advanced Endocrine Diagnostics Unit, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anders Juul
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology and Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sabine Kliesch
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology/Clinical and Surgical Andrology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathleen D'Hauwers
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrated Physiology and Pharmacology and Centre for Population Health Research, University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Frank Tüttelmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Morin J, Peard L, Saltzman AF. Gonadal malignancy in patients with differences of sex development. Transl Androl Urol 2020; 9:2408-2415. [PMID: 33209714 PMCID: PMC7658134 DOI: 10.21037/tau-19-726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences of sexual development (DSD) are known to be associated with an elevated risk of malignant and pre-malignant tumors. However, given the rarity of DSD and tumors in patients with DSD, more robust, large scale, prospective literature is required to truly determine the extent of this association, long-term outcomes and the nuances associated with the wide variety of DSD diagnoses. In addition, the spectrum of diagnoses and nomenclature has been ever-changing, limiting assessment of long-term patient outcomes. This review aims to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of DSD conditions, potential malignancies associated with the diagnoses, the available screening for malignancy, and the most recent data on stratification for each DSD diagnosis and association with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Morin
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leslie Peard
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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8
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Bonouvrie K, van der Werff Ten Bosch J, van den Akker M. Klinefelter syndrome and germ cell tumors: review of the literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC ENDOCRINOLOGY 2020; 2020:18. [PMID: 33005196 PMCID: PMC7526209 DOI: 10.1186/s13633-020-00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Objective The most common presentation of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is infertility and features of hypogonadism. Currently no consensus exists on the risk of malignancy in this syndrome. Several case reports show an incidence of extragonadal germ cells tumors (eGCT) of 1.5 per 1000 KS patients (OR 50 against healthy population). Malignant germ cell tumors are rare in children. They account for 3% of all children cancers. Young patients with a germ cell tumor are not routinely tested for Klinefelter syndrome. This can therefore result in underdiagnosing. Literature data suggest a correlation between eGCT and KS. To the best of our knowledge there is no precise description of the primary locations of germ cell tumors in KS patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate age groups and primary locations of extragonadal germ cell tumors in Klinefelter patients. With this data we investigate whether it is necessary to perform a cytogenetic analysis for KS in every eGCT patient. Study design This study is based on case report publications in PubMed/Medline published until march 2020 that described "Klinefelter Syndrome (MeSH) AND/OR extragonadal germ cell tumors". Publications were included when patients age, location and histology of the germ cell tumor was known. Two double blinded reviewers selected the studies.Results: 141 KS patients with eGCTs were identified. Mean age at presentation was 17.3 years (StDev + - 10.2). In contrast to the extragonadal germ cell tumors in adults, most eGCT in children were mediastinal or in the central nervous system (respectively 90/141; 64% and 23/141; 16% of all tumors). Distribution of histologic subtypes showed that the largest fraction represented a teratoma, mixed-type-non-seminomateus GCT and germinoma, respectively 34/141; 24%, 26/141; 18% and 20/141; 14% of all tumors. Conclusion These data suggest a correlation between primary extragonadal germ cell tumors and Klinefelter syndrome. There appears to be an indication for screening on KS in young patients with an eGCT in the mediastinum. A low threshold for radiologic examinations should be considered to discover eGCT. We emphasize the need for genetic analysis in all cases of a male with a mediastinal germ cell tumor for the underdiagnosed Klinefelter syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Bonouvrie
- Department of Pediatrics, Maxima Medisch Centrum, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jutte van der Werff Ten Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Machiel van den Akker
- Department of Pediatrics, ZNA Queen Paola Children's Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Choi HJ, Kim EA, Lee JM, Jang KM, Choi JH. Embryonal Carcinoma of the Pineal Gland Developed in an Adolescent Boy with Klinefelter Syndrome. CLINICAL PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY-ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15264/cpho.2019.26.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Choi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Ah Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Min Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Jang
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Choi
- Departments of Pathology, Yeungnam University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
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10
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Williams LA, Pankratz N, Lane J, Krailo M, Roesler M, Richardson M, Frazier AL, Amatruda JF, Poynter JN. Klinefelter syndrome in males with germ cell tumors: A report from the Children's Oncology Group. Cancer 2018; 124:3900-3908. [PMID: 30291793 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Males with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) may be more likely to develop germ cell tumors (GCTs), particularly mediastinal GCTs. To date, there are no reports characterizing the prevalence of KS among male GCT cases. METHODS The authors used array genotyping data from a Children's Oncology Group epidemiology study to estimate the prevalence of KS in males with GCTs (433 males aged birth-19 years). Using Fisher's exact tests, the authors examined differences in age at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, tumor location and histology, and several birth characteristics between cases of KS-GCT and GCT cases without chromosomal abnormalities. Using publicly available data, the authors estimated the 1-year risk, risk ratio, and corresponding 95% confidence interval of GCTs among KS cases. RESULTS Based on analysis of array genotyping data, 3% of male GCT cases (13 cases) had KS. The additional X chromosome was of maternal origin in 7 of the 13 cases. Of these 13 KS cases, 5 of 9 KS-GCT cases with parental questionnaire data (56%) reported a diagnosis of KS. No significant differences were observed with regard to patient or birth characteristics between KS-GCT and non-KS-GCT cases. KS-GCT cases were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with mediastinal tumors than non-KS-GCT cases (P<.01). The authors estimated the risk of developing a GCT among males with KS to be 0.00025, or 1 per 4000 males (risk ratio, 18.8; 95% confidence interval, 11.7-30.0). CONCLUSIONS Compared with males without chromosomal abnormalities, males with KS are more likely to be diagnosed with a mediastinal GCT. The presence of KS should be considered in males with a diagnosis of mediastinal GCT. In the current study, the authors report that approximately one-third of males with mediastinal germ cell tumors have Klinefelter syndrome, and therefore screening of these individuals for the syndrome may be warranted. Males with Klinefelter syndrome are 19 times as likely as males without Klinefelter syndrome to develop germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Williams
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John Lane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michelle Roesler
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michaela Richardson
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jenny N Poynter
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Le Fèvre C, Vigneron C, Schuster H, Walter A, Marcellin L, Massard G, Lutz P, Noël G. Metastatic mediastinal mature teratoma with malignant transformation in a young man with an adenocarcinoma in a Klinefelter's syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. Cancer Radiother 2018; 22:255-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Jo HC, Lee SW, Jung HJ, Park JE. Esthesioneuroblastoma in a boy with 47, XYY karyotype. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 59:S92-S95. [PMID: 28018456 PMCID: PMC5177723 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.11.s92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastomas are sometimes associated with abnormal constitutional karyotypes, but the XYY karyotype has been rarely described in neuroblastomas. Here, we report a case of an esthesioneuroblastoma in a boy with a 47, XYY karyotype. A 6-year-old boy was admitted to our hospital because of nasal obstruction and palpable cervical lymph node, which he first noticed several days previously. A polypoid mass in the right nasal cavity was detected through sinuscopy. Biopsy of the right nasal polyp was performed. Based on the result, the patient was diagnosed with a high-grade esthesioneuroblastoma. Nuclear imaging revealed increased uptake in both the right posterior nasal cavity and the right cervical IB-II space, suggesting metastatic lymph nodes. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a 47, XYY karyotype. Twelve courses of concurrent chemotherapy were administered. Three years after the completion of chemotherapy, the patient had had no disease recurrence. He manifested behavioral violence and temper tantrums, so we started methylphenidate for correction of the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Cheol Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Seong Wook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jun Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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13
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Nistal M, Paniagua R, González-Peramato P, Reyes-Múgica M. Perspectives in Pediatric Pathology, Chapter 16. Klinefelter Syndrome and Other Anomalies in X and Y Chromosomes. Clinical and Pathological Entities. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2016; 19:259-77. [PMID: 25105890 DOI: 10.2350/14-06-1512-pb.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nistal
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ricardo Paniagua
- 2 Department of Cell Biology, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- 1 Department of Pathology, Hospital La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arzobispo Morcillo No. 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- 3 Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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14
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Ji J, Zöller B, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Risk of solid tumors and hematological malignancy in persons with Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: A national cohort study. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:754-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Ji
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Bengt Zöller
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA
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Maqdasy S, Bogenmann L, Batisse-Lignier M, Roche B, Franck F, Desbiez F, Tauveron I. Leydig cell tumor in a patient with 49,XXXXY karyotype: a review of literature. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:72. [PMID: 26160035 PMCID: PMC4496935 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
49,XXXXY pentasomy or Fraccaro's syndrome is the most severe variant of Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) affecting about 1/85000 male births. The classical presentation is the triad: mental retardation, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and radio ulnar synostosis. Indeed, the reproductive function of Fraccaro's syndrome is distinguished from KS. Besides, Leydig cell tumors are described in cases of KS, but never documented in the Klinefelter variants.We describe a young adult of 22 years old who presented with hyper gonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and bilateral micro-cryptorchidism. Chromosomal pentasomy was confirmed since infancy. Bilateral orchidectomy revealed a unilateral well-circumscribed Leydig cell tumor associated with bilateral Leydig cell hyperplasia.Inspired from reporting the first case of Leydig cell tumor in a 49,XXXXY patient, we summarize the particularities of testicular function in 49,XXXXY from one side, and the risk and mechanisms of Leydig cell tumorigenesis in Klinefelter variants on the other side. The histological destructions in 49,XXXXY testes and hypogonadism are more profound than in Klinefelter patients, with early Sertoli, Leydig and germ cell destruction. Furthermore, the risk of Leydigioma development in KS and its variants remains a dilemma. We believe that the risk of Leydigioma is much higher in KS than the general population. By contrast, the risk could be lower in the Klinefelter variants with more than 3 supplementary X chromosomes, owing to an earlier and more profound destruction of Leydig cells rendering them irresponsive to chronic Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwan Maqdasy
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, 63177, Aubiere, France.
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Jean Perrin, 58 rue Montalembert, F-63011, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Laura Bogenmann
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Marie Batisse-Lignier
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, 63177, Aubiere, France.
| | - Béatrice Roche
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | | | - Françoise Desbiez
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Igor Tauveron
- Service d'endocrinologie, diabétologie et maladies métaboliques, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Génétique Reproduction et Développement, BP 10448, 63177, Aubiere, France.
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Dutta UR, Hansmann I, Schlote D. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a familial pericentric inversion 3 associated with short stature. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:154-9. [PMID: 25595572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short stature refers to the height of an individual which is below expected. The causes are heterogenous and influenced by several genetic and environmental factors. Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of diseases and cytogenetic mapping is one of the powerful tools for the identification of novel disease genes. Here we report a three generation family with a heterozygous pericentric inversion of 46, XX, inv(3) (p24.1q26.1) associated with Short stature. Positional cloning strategy was used to physically map the breakpoint regions by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Fine mapping was performed with Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones spanning the breakpoint regions. In order to further characterize the breakpoint regions extensive molecular mapping was carried out with the breakpoint spanning BACs which narrowed down the breakpoint region to 2.9 kb and 5.3 kb regions on p and q arm respectively. Although these breakpoints did not disrupt any validated genes, we had identified a novel putative gene in the vicinity of 3q26.1 breakpoint region by in silico analysis. Trying to find the presence of any transcripts of this putative gene we analyzed human total RNA by RT-PCR and identified transcripts containing three new exons confirming the existence of a so far unknown gene close to the 3q breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha R Dutta
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad 500 001, India.
| | - Ingo Hansmann
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schlote
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany
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Akasbi Y, Najib R, Arifi S, Lakranbi M, Smahi M, Mellas N, ELMesbahi O. Complete histologic response to chemotherapy in a patient with a mediastinal yolk sac tumor: a case report. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:803. [PMID: 25399910 PMCID: PMC4239375 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mediastinal germ cell tumors are a rare disease and represent only 1% to 4% of all mediastinal tumors. Gonadal germ cell tumors are generally the most common type and constitute 90% of germ cell tumors. The mediastinum is the second most frequently affected area ahead of other extragonadal areas, which include the retroperitoneum, the sacrococcygeal area, and the central nervous system. We report on the case of a mediastinal yolk sac tumor with a complete histological response to chemotherapy. Case presentation A 26-year-old Moroccan man, without a medical or surgical history, presented with a four-month history of chest distress, dyspnea, and a frequent dry cough for the previous month. A computed tomographic scan of the chest revealed a bulky mediastinal mass, which was biopsied. Histologically, the tumoral mass proved to be a yolk sac tumor. The serum level of alpha-fetoprotein of this patient was elevated to 19052 ng/ml. After 4 courses of preoperative chemotherapy, the patient underwent a surgical resection of the tumor, with a complete pathologic response. At the time of writing, the patient is alive with complete remission without any evidence of recurrence. Conclusion Primary mediastinal Yolk sac neoplasm represent a unique entity, and as such require specialized management. The diagnosis should be made not only by morphological studies but the patient’s age and the elevation of serum alpha-fetoprotein should also be considered. The utilization of cisplatin-based chemotherapy is associated with the best chance of a cure for this disease. This should be followed by surgical resection of the residual tumor in the nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Akasbi
- Medical Oncology Department Hassan II University Hospital, Fes, Morocco.
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18
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Lin CM, Lee CT, Tung YC, Wu MZ, Tsai WY, Yang YL, Lu MY, Jou ST, Lin DT, Lin KH. Endocrine dysfunction in Taiwanese children with human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting germ cell tumors. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113:102-5. [PMID: 24530243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-secreting germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare childhood malignancies with unique clinical manifestations but delayed diagnosis is common. The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical manifestations and endocrine dysfunction of Taiwanese children with HCG-secreting GCTs. METHODS From 1991 to 2011, 24 children (19 boys and five girls) with HCG-secreting GCTs were evaluated for their clinical findings and endocrine functions. RESULTS The mean age at diagnosis of the study patients was 10.8 ± 3.1 years. Of the 24 patients, 20 had central nervous system (CNS) GCTs and four had primary mediastinal GCTs (PMGCTs). The most common pathologic findings were germinomas and mixed type GCTs. The common initial symptoms and signs included polyuria, polydipsia, rapid growth, neurologic deficit,sexual precocity, and growth retardation. There was a delay in diagnosis in about 60% of patients. Diabetes insipidus and hypopituitarism were common endocrine dysfunctions in patients with CNSGCTs. Twelve boys had gonadotropin-independent puberty upon diagnosis, which were related to their high serum β-hCG levels. None of the five girls had this disorder despite their high serum β-hCG levels. Three of the four PMGCTs patients had the classic form of Klinefelter syndrome. CONCLUSION Taiwanese children with HCG-secreting GCTs often have clinical manifestations related to endocrine dysfunction. High index of suspicion is important to avoid delayed diagnosis in these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ming Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Tung
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Zon Wu
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiann-Tarng Jou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Tsamn Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Zhao GQ, Dowell JE. Hematologic malignancies associated with germ cell tumors. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 5:427-37. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Giltay JC, Maiburg MC. Klinefelter syndrome: clinical and molecular aspects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:765-76. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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[Atypical presentation of Klinefelter syndrome]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012; 79:112-5. [PMID: 23265719 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex chromosomal abnormality and is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism as an endocrine disorder. The phenotype is characterized by tall stature, abdominal adiposity and small testicles, and often appears after puberty.We report two cases of SK. The first patient is a 2-year-old boy with short stature who received growth hormone therapy. Because of non-progressive puberty, an evaluation of the reproductive axis was performed, showing increased basal gonadotropins. The karyotype (48 XXYY) confirmed the presence of KS. The second patient is an 8 year-old boy in whom peripheral precocious puberty was suspected. Laboratory tests showed high chorionic gonadotropin levels, and a chest CT scan revealed a mediastinal mass. The karyotype in peripheral blood disclosed a 48 XXYY formula (KS).Short stature does not exclude SK. In patients with a mediastinal mass and neurobehavioral deficits, KS should be suspected.
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23
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Sokol RZ. It's not all about the testes: medical issues in Klinefelter patients. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:261-5. [PMID: 22704628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Important medical conditions associated with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) are categorized as: 1) motor, cognitive, and behavioral dysfunction; 2) tumors; 3) vascular disease; and 4) endocrine/metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Earlier diagnosis of KS may lead to earlier intervention with effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Z Sokol
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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24
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) is the most common sex chromosome disorder in man and is a relatively common cause of male infertility and hypogonadism. The syndrome has been known since 1942, and many reports of different diseases associated with KS have been reported since that, but a more systematic knowledge about the long-term outcome was not described until the last decade, where nation-wide epidemiological studies were reported from Britain and Denmark. We here review the epidemiological data from two cohorts of patients with KS in Denmark and Britain, showing a significant increase in both mortality and morbidity from a variety of different causes. Mortality was increased by 50% (SMR 1.5 or HR 1.4) corresponding to a median loss of approximately 2 years. The risk of being admitted to hospital with any diagnosis was increased by 70%. The underlying reason for the poorer health in KS may be caused by interaction of genetic, hormonal and socio-economic factors. CONCLUSION Both morbidity and mortality are significantly increased in Klinefelter syndrome with a 50% increase in mortality risk and a 70% increase in risk of being admitted to hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Sygehus Lillebaelt, Denmark.
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25
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Gahrton C, Nahi H, Jansson M, Wallblom A, Alici E, Sutlu T, Samuelsson J, Gahrton G. Constitutional inv(3) in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1627-9. [PMID: 20542563 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The constitutional pericentric inversion on chromosome 3, inv(3), is rarely found in a normal population. The aim of our study was to investigate its possible link to hematologic malignancy. Chromosomes from bone marrow cells in 890 patients with hematologic disorders were analyzed with the Q-banding technique. Thirty-four patients had inv(3) (3.8%). In 241 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes the frequency was 6.2% as opposed to 2.9% in the remaining 649 patients (p=0.02). The increased frequency of inv(3) in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes indicates that inv(3) could be a risk factor for the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gahrton
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Looijenga LHJ, Hersmus R, de Leeuw BHCGM, Stoop H, Cools M, Oosterhuis JW, Drop SLS, Wolffenbuttel KP. Gonadal tumours and DSD. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24:291-310. [PMID: 20541153 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD), previously referred to as intersex, has been recognised as one of the main risk factors for development of type II germ cell tumours (GCTs), that is, seminomas/dysgerminomas and non-seminomas (e.g., embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma and teratoma). Within the testis, this type of cancer is the most frequent malignancy in adolescent and young adult Caucasian males. Although these males are not known to have dysgenetic gonads, the similarities in the resulting tumours suggest a common aetiological mechanism(s),--genetically, environmentally or a combination of both. Within the group of DSD patients, being in fact congenital conditions, the risk of malignant transformation of germ cells is highly heterogeneous, depending on a number of parameters, some of which have only recently been identified. Understanding of these recent insights will stimulate further research, with the final aim to develop an informative clinical decision tree for DSD patients, which includes optimal (early) diagnosis without overtreatment, such as prophylactic gonadectomy in the case of a low tumour risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ganmore I, Smooha G, Izraeli S. Constitutional aneuploidy and cancer predisposition. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:R84-93. [PMID: 19297405 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutional aneuploidies are rare syndromes associated with multiple developmental abnormalities and the alterations in the risk for specific cancers. Acquired somatic chromosomal aneuploidies are the most common genetic aberrations in sporadic cancers. Thus studies of these rare constitutional aneuploidy syndromes are important not only for patient counseling and clinical management, but also for deciphering the mechanisms by which chromosomal aneuploidy affect cancer initiation and progression. Here we review the major constitutional aneuploidy syndromes and suggest some general mechanisms for the associated cancer predisposition.
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Völkl TMK, Langer T, Aigner T, Greess H, Beck JD, Rauch AM, Dörr HG. Klinefelter syndrome and mediastinal germ cell tumors. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:471-81. [PMID: 16470792 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Precocious puberty is not a typical manifestation of patients with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). However, there is an increased incidence of mediastinal germ cell tumors (M-GCT) in KS, whereas the discussion of a generally higher tumor risk in this condition is still controversial. A rare subgroup of KS patients consists of prepubertal children with precocious puberty due to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-producing M-GCTs. We present clinical data on a boy with KS and sexual precocity, and summarize the published data on 12 boys with KS out of 54 cases of KS and M-GCT. CLINICAL REPORT an 8.5-year-old boy presented with signs of precocious puberty. Laboratory analyses (suppressed gonadotropins, elevated testosterone) and thoracic CT demonstrated a beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and alpha(1)-feto protein (alpha-FP) secreting mediastinal tumor. Histological analysis showed a mixed germ cell tumor comprising choriocarcinoma (CH), embryonal carcinoma (EC), mature teratoma (MT), and yolk sac tumor (YS). He was successfully treated by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Epianalysis of published cases: all KS patients (n = 12), age 4-9 years, presented with precocious sexual development (PP), whereas the older ones showed thorax-associated symptoms, mainly chest pain, dyspnea, and cough. The histological distribution was also age-dependent with mixed germ cell tumors predominantly in younger patients. Thus, M-GCTs are strongly associated with precocious puberty in young boys with KS. Therefore, a karyotype analysis should be included in the clinical work-up of boys with precocious puberty and M-GCT. There is still no convincing explanation for the association of M-GCTs and KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M K Völkl
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Inai H, Kawai K, Morishita Y, Nagata M, Noguchi M, Akaza H. Retroperitoneal extragonadal germ cell tumor in a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome. Int J Urol 2005; 12:765-7. [PMID: 16174054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2005.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old man was diagnosed with retroperitoneal seminoma associated with Klinefelter's syndrome. The tumor was 14 x 12 cm in size and surrounded the superior mesenteric artery. He received induction chemotherapy with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin (BEP) followed by salvage chemotherapy with paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin (TIP). The tumor considerably decreased in size and remains as a poorly defined plaque. At the time of writing, he is being followed closely and is free from progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Inai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Swerdlow AJ, Schoemaker MJ, Higgins CD, Wright AF, Jacobs PA. Cancer incidence and mortality in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:1204-10. [PMID: 16106025 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men with Klinefelter syndrome have one or more extra X chromosomes and have endocrine abnormalities. Case reports have led to suggestions that men with Klinefelter syndrome have elevated risks of several cancers, but published cohort studies have been relatively small. We conducted a nationwide cohort study to examine these risks. METHODS We followed a cohort of 3518 men who had been cytogenetically diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome in Britain from 1959 through 2002 and compared their cancer incidence and mortality with that of men in the national population. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all cancers was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0 to 1.4). Compared with the general population, men with Klinefelter syndrome had higher mortality from lung cancer (SMR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0 to 2.0), breast cancer (SMR = 57.8, 95% CI = 18.8 to 135.0), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (SMR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.6 to 6.6) and lower mortality from prostate cancer (SMR = 0, 95% CI = 0 to 0.7). The standardized mortality ratios were particularly high for breast cancer among men with 47,XXY mosaicism (SMR = 222.8, 95% CI = 45.9 to 651.0) and for non-Hodgkin lymphoma among men with a 48,XXYY constitution (SMR = 36.7, 95% CI = 4.4 to 132.5). The cancer incidence data corroborated these associations. CONCLUSIONS These results support a hormonal etiology for breast cancer in men and for prostate cancer and suggest that men with Klinefelter syndrome may be at substantially elevated risks for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast cancer, and, perhaps, lung cancer.
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Machatschek JN, Schrauder A, Helm F, Schrappe M, Claviez A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and Klinefelter syndrome in children: two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004; 21:621-6. [PMID: 15626018 DOI: 10.1080/08880010490501024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of mediastinal germ cell tumor and breast cancer have been repeatedly reported in men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) but this association is debated controversially for patients with hematologic malignancies. The authors describe 2 tall adolescents in whom diagnostic workup for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) revealed 47,XXY and 47,XXY/48,XXXYkaryotype, respectively. Among 4195 registered male patients in the ALL-BFM study group since 1983, no further patients with ALL and KS were identified. Given the lack of epidemiological data, this retrospective analysis illustrates the association of previously described cases of hematologic malignancies with KS. In contrast to other chromosomal aberrations, the incidence of ALL does not seem to be increased in pediatric patients with KS.
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Sakurai H, Asamura H, Suzuki K, Watanabe SI, Tsuchiya R. Management of Primary Malignant Germ Cell Tumor of the Mediastinum. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2004; 34:386-92. [PMID: 15342665 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyh062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary mediastinal malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs) are rare and have a worse prognosis than their gonadal counterparts. Although multimodality treatment is a standard therapeutic strategy in mediastinal GCTs, the clinical implications of surgical intervention remain unclear. METHODS Forty-eight patients with primary mediastinal malignant GCT who were treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, from 1962 to 2002 were studied retrospectively with regard to their histology and clinical profile. RESULTS Mediastinal GCT occurred predominantly in young males, with a mean age of 28.8 years at the time of diagnosis. There were 46 males (96%) and two females (4%). Histologically, seven patients (15%) were diagnosed as having pure seminoma and 41 (85%) had non-seminomatous GCT. Treatment consisted of surgery alone in nine patients, surgery followed by chemotherapy in two, and chemotherapy followed by surgery in 20. The other 17 patients received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy without surgery. Of these latter 17 patients, 14 developed progressive disease and three were followed up with a sustained partial response. Among the 31 patients who underwent surgery, complete resection was performed in 27 (87%) and incomplete resection was performed in four (13%). Twelve (41%) patients had elevated serum tumor marker levels preoperatively. Among the 20 patients who received preoperative chemotherapy, viable cells were found in the resected specimen in six (30%). With regard to tumor recurrence in patients with surgical intervention, the preoperative serum tumor marker levels and the presence of viable cells in the resected specimen were significantly associated with recurrence. There was no significant association between surgical curability and recurrence. The 5-year overall survival rate in all 48 patients was 45.5%. CONCLUSIONS Surgical intervention for mediastinal GCT may be needed to remove a chemotherapy-refractory tumor or to assess the pathological response to chemotherapy to determine the indications for further chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Presentación de masa mediastínica gigante en un varón de 15 años con síndrome de Klinefelter. Clin Transl Oncol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02710071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Klinefelter's syndrome is the most common genetic cause of human male infertility, but many cases remain undiagnosed because of substantial variation in clinical presentation and insufficient professional awareness of the syndrome itself. Early recognition and hormonal treatment of the disorder can substantially improve quality of life and prevent serious consequences. Testosterone replacement corrects symptoms of androgen deficiency but has no positive effect on infertility. However, nowadays patients with Klinefelter's syndrome, including the non-mosaic type, need no longer be considered irrevocably infertile, because intracytoplasmic sperm injection offers an opportunity for procreation even when there are no spermatozoa in the ejaculate. In a substantial number of azoospermic patients, spermatozoa can be extracted from testicular biopsy samples, and pregnancies and livebirths have been achieved. The frequency of sex chromosomal hyperploidy and autosomal aneuploidies is higher in spermatozoa from patients with Klinefelter's syndrome than in those from normal men. Thus, chromosomal errors might in some cases be transmitted to the offspring of men with this syndrome. The genetic implications of the fertilisation procedures, including pretransfer or prenatal genetic assessment, must be explained to patients and their partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Lanfranco
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine of the University of Münster, Domagkstrasse 11, D-48129 Münster, Germany
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Schneider DT, Calaminus G, Koch S, Teske C, Schmidt P, Haas RJ, Harms D, Göbel U. Epidemiologic analysis of 1,442 children and adolescents registered in the German germ cell tumor protocols. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004; 42:169-75. [PMID: 14752882 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.10321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germ cell tumors (GCTs) constitute a heterogeneous group of tumors that significantly vary with respect to their clinical presentation and biology. The objective of this analysis was to analyze a large population-based pediatric cohort of GCTs and to evaluate the parameters age, sex, site of the tumor, histology, and potential correlations between these parameters. PROCEDURE Between 1981 and 2000, 1,442 patients were prospectively enrolled onto the German protocols for testicular and non-testicular GCTs. Tumors were histologically classified according to the WHO. RESULTS We observed a bimodal age distribution with a first peak during infancy and a second after the onset of puberty. At birth, almost all tumors were teratomas, sometimes with microfoci of yolk sac tumor, which on the other hand, was the predominant histology during childhood. After the onset of puberty, germinomatous GCTs represented the most frequent histological subtype, and malignant non-germinomatous GCTs often presented as mixed tumors with choriocarcinoma and embryonal carcinoma components. During infancy, non-gonadal GCTs accounted for the majority of GCTs, while after the onset of puberty, gonadal GCTs predominated. Notably, among non-gonadal GCTs, there was a female predominance during childhood and a strong male predominance during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Two separate groups of GCTs with distinct clinical features relevant for differential diagnosis and the diagnostic assessment can be distinguished. This observation correlates with genetic studies that reveal different genetic changes in childhood and adolescence GCTs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of germ cell and GCT development that account for the age- and sex-dependent clinical manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik T Schneider
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Center, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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Beresford L, Fernandez CV, Cummings E, Sanderson S, Ming-Yu W, Giacomantonio M. Mediastinal polyembryoma associated with Klinefelter syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:321-3. [PMID: 12679648 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200304000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A 4.5-year-old boy presented with isosexual precocious puberty and an anterior mediastinal mass. Surgical resection demonstrated a teratoma with foci of malignant mixed germ cell tumor elements of polyembryoma. On further investigation he was found to have Klinefelter syndrome. Most mediastinal germ cell tumors are treated with adjuvant therapy. He was managed with surgical excision alone and is well at 2 years follow-up. The rationale for this approach is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Beresford
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial University, St John's Newfoundland, Canada
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Houldsworth J. Genetics and biology of male germ cell tumors. CHEST SURGERY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA 2002; 12:629-43. [PMID: 12471867 DOI: 10.1016/s1052-3359(02)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The application of cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques to the study of germ cell tumors has yielded many clues to the etiology and chemosensitivity of these tumors. With the advent of expression profiling and genome-scanning technologies, it may be possible to identify molecular markers of germ cell tumor outcome and molecular networks important in human development and chemotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Houldsworth
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 391, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Kurzrock EA, Tunuguntla HSGR, Busby JE, Gandour-Edwards R, Goldman LA. Klinefelter's syndrome and precocious puberty: a harbinger for tumor. Urology 2002; 60:514. [PMID: 12350505 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01836-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Boys with Klinefelter's syndrome are at an increased risk of precocious puberty. Most cases are either idiopathic or due to a mediastinal tumor. Patients with Klinefelter's syndrome are at a high risk of primary, extragonadal germ cell tumors, which are usually nonseminomatous, but can be a mixed type with seminomatous elements. The differential diagnosis of precocious puberty includes mediastinal tumors, especially in boys with Klinefelter's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Kurzrock
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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Cerretini R, Acevedo S, Chena C, Belli C, Larripa I, Slavutsky I. Evaluation of constitutional chromosome aberrations in hematologic disorders. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2002; 134:133-7. [PMID: 12034526 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(01)00621-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reviewed 4164 patients with various hematologic disorders cytogenetically studied in our laboratory during the last 25 years to analyze the frequency of constitutional chromosome aberrations (CCA) and to evaluate their association with hematologic malignancies. Our population of patients included 1133 pediatric patients and 3031 adults. Twenty-four (0.58%) cases showed CCA. They included four patients with Robertsonian translocations, one patient with a balanced translocation, two patients with sex chromosome abnormalities, and 17 cases with Down syndrome (DS). Nonsignificant differences among the frequency of patients with CCA from our hematologic series and those observed in the two largest combined surveys of livebirth published (0.65-0.84%) were found. The incidence of DS patients in our population (0.41%) was approximately three times higher than of that observed at birth (0.12-0.17%; P<0.001). The total incidence of constitutional chromosome abnormalities in the non-DS hematologic patients was 0.168% (7 of 4164) lower than of that observed in the newborn population (0.51-0.67%; P<0.001). Nonsignificant differences were found when the incidences of structural aberrations and sex chromosome anomalies were individually compared with the data of the overall population. Our results suggest that the presence of a CCA, other than DS, would not predispose patients to hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Cerretini
- Departmento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas Mariano R. Castex, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo 3081, 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kurabayashi A, Furihata M, Matsumoto M, Sonobe H, Ohtsuki Y, Aki M, Kuwahara M. Primary intrapelvic seminoma in Klinefelter's syndrome. Pathol Int 2001; 51:624-8. [PMID: 11564217 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2001.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Seminoma arising in patients with Klinefelter's syndrome is extremely rare; to our knowledge, only three cases have been reported in the English language literature. We report a case of intrapelvic seminoma in a 39-year-old man with Klinefelter's syndrome. Gross examination revealed that the tumor was a solid and irregular mass measuring 90 mm in diameter. The cut surfaces of this ill-defined tumor were yellow-white with necrotic foci. Histologically, the tumor cells were separated into lobules by branching, fibrous septa containing lymphocytes. In some parts of the tumor, a cord-like arrangement of tumor cells was present. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were strongly and diffusely positive for antiplacental alkaline phosphatase antibody along their cytoplasmic membranes, but negative for both chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha-fetoprotein. Based on these findings, we diagnosed this tumor as a seminoma. The testes when examined were found to be atrophic bilaterally, but with no tumor lesions. Chromosomal analysis yielded a 47XXY karyotype, compatible with Klinefelter's syndrome. These findings indicate a case of primary intrapelvic seminoma in Klinefelter's syndrome. The patient underwent intensive radiation therapy postoperatively, and he demonstrated no evidence of recurrence or metastasis during the 13-month period following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kurabayashi
- Department of Pathology II, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Rapley EA, Crockford GP, Teare D, Biggs P, Seal S, Barfoot R, Edwards S, Hamoudi R, Heimdal K, Fossâ SD, Tucker K, Donald J, Collins F, Friedlander M, Hogg D, Goss P, Heidenreich A, Ormiston W, Daly PA, Forman D, Oliver TD, Leahy M, Huddart R, Cooper CS, Bodmer JG, Easton DF, Stratton MR, Bishop DT. Localization to Xq27 of a susceptibility gene for testicular germ-cell tumours. Nat Genet 2000; 24:197-200. [PMID: 10655070 DOI: 10.1038/72877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Testicular germ-cell tumours (TGCT) affect 1 in 500 men and are the most common cancer in males aged 15-40 in Western European populations. The incidence of TGCT has risen dramatically over the last century. Known risk factors for TGCT include a history of undescended testis (UDT), testicular dysgenesis, infertility, previously diagnosed TGCT (ref. 7) and a family history of the disease. Brothers of men with TGCT have an 8-10-fold risk of developing TGCT (refs 8,9), whereas the relative risk to fathers and sons is fourfold (ref. 9). This familial relative risk is much higher than that for most other types of cancer. We have collected samples from 134 families with two or more cases of TGCT, 87 of which are affected sibpairs. A genome-wide linkage search yielded a heterogeneity lod (hlod) score of 2.01 on chromosome Xq27 using all families compatible with X inheritance. We obtained a hlod score of 4.7 from families with at least one bilateral case, corresponding to a genome-wide significance level of P=0.034. The proportion of families with UDT linked to this locus was 73% compared with 26% of families without UDT (P=0.03). Our results provide evidence for a TGCT susceptibility gene on chromosome Xq27 that may also predispose to UDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rapley
- Sections of Cancer Genetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Institute of Cancer Research, Haddow Laboratories, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Yamamoto T, Tamura J, Orima S, Saitoh T, Sakuraya M, Maehara T, Shirota A, Maezawa A, Nojima Y, Naruse T. Rhabdomyosarcoma in a patient with mosaic Klinefelter syndrome and transformation of immature teratoma. J Int Med Res 1999; 27:196-200. [PMID: 10599033 DOI: 10.1177/030006059902700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old man was found to have a mediastinal tumour and the histological diagnosis was immature teratoma. Remission was achieved by chemotherapy and total resection. However, he developed anaemia and leukoerythroblastosis after 2 years of remission, and was referred to our hospital. Rhabdomyosarcoma cells were detected in the bone marrow and pleural effusion. Moreover, karyotype analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells revealed mosaic-type Klinefelter syndrome. We diagnosed the case as transformation of teratoma into rhabdomyosarcoma in Klinefelter syndrome. Although intensive chemotherapy was performed, the patient died with meningeal infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Showa Maebashi, Japan
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Bussey KJ, Lawce HJ, Olson SB, Arthur DC, Kalousek DK, Krailo M, Giller R, Heifetz S, Womer R, Magenis RE. Chromosome abnormalities of eighty-one pediatric germ cell tumors: Sex-, age-, site-, and histopathology-related differences?a Children's Cancer Group study. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199906)25:2<134::aid-gcc9>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Kołodziejski L, Duda K, Niezabitowski A, Dyczek S, Staniec B. Occurrence of malignant non-germ cell components in primary mediastinal germ cell tumours. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 1999; 25:54-60. [PMID: 10188856 DOI: 10.1053/ejso.1998.0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
METHODS Thirty-five patients with primary mediastinal germ cell tumours (PMGCT) underwent primary thoracotomy in a 30-year period (1965-1994). Of the 35 patients, 12 had benign teratomas, five pure seminomas and 18 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. RESULTS Out of 18 non-seminomatous germ cell tumours, 14 comprised more than one malignant component. In two cases malignant teratomas had an additional malignant non-germ cell component: one a mixed sarcomatous component and the other a neuroendocrinal component. There were different methods of treatment between 1965 and 1994. All but one of patients with seminomas survived for 5 years. Among 18 patients with malignant PMGCT, all but two died within 5 years (mean survival rate was 15 months). CONCLUSIONS When planning treatment of patients with malignant PMGCT we have to take into account the fact that malignant non-germ-cell components may occur. In this circumstances, surgical resection after initial chemotherapy is recommended.
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Bebb GG, Grannis FW, Paz IB, Slovak ML, Chilcote R. Mediastinal germ cell tumor in a child with precocious puberty and Klinefelter syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 66:547-8. [PMID: 9725401 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(98)00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old boy presented with precocious puberty and a mediastinal mass. A computer search showed that this rare presentation is most common with germ cell tumor of the mediastinum in children with Klinefelter syndrome. The tumor was completely resected after preoperative chemotherapy, and the patient is well 2 years after the operation. In patients with Klinefelter syndrome, germ cell tumors are 50 times more common than in patients without Klinefelter syndrome, usually contain nonseminomatous elements, present at an earlier age, and are seldom testicular in location.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Bebb
- Department of General and Oncologic Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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Yenamandra A, Zhou X, Trinchitella L, Susin M, Sastry S, Mehta L. Renal cell carcinoma with X;1 translocation in a child with Klinefelter syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980526)77:4<281::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aizenstein RI, Hibbeln JF, Sagireddy B, Wilbur AC, O'Neil HK. Klinefelter's syndrome associated with testicular microlithiasis and mediastinal germ-cell neoplasm. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 1997; 25:508-510. [PMID: 9350572 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0096(199711/12)25:9<508::aid-jcu9>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Klinefelter's syndrome is a genetic disorder of male sexual differentiation characterized by an XXY karyotype. Although considered a benign condition, it is associated with several types of malignancies, including mediastinal germ-cell neoplasm. In addition, Klinefelter's syndrome has been rarely associated with testicular microlithiasis. Whereas patients with Klinefelter's syndrome have an increased incidence of extragonadal germ-cell neoplasms, patients with testicular microlithiasis have a predisposition to testicular germ-cell neoplasms. To our knowledge, an extragonadal germ-cell neoplasm has not been previously described in association with testicular microlithiasis. We present a patient with 2 unusual conditions, both of which are independently associated with Klinefelter's syndrome: mediastinal germ-cell neoplasm and testicular microlithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Aizenstein
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital, Chicago 60612, USA
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50
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Abstract
Many case reports have suggested an association between Klinefelter syndrome (KS) and cancer, but studies of the cancer incidence in larger groups of men with KS are lacking. A cohort of 696 men with KS was established from the Danish Cytogenetic Register. Information on the cancer incidence in the cohort was obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry and compared with the expected number calculated from the age, period and site specific cancer rates for Danish men. A total of 39 neoplasms were diagnosed (relative risk = 1.1). Four mediastinal tumours were observed (relative risk = 67); all four were malignant germ cell tumours. No cases of breast cancer or testis cancer were observed. One case of prostate cancer occurred within a previously irradiated field. No excess of leukaemia or lymphoma was found. An increased risk of cancer occurred in the age group 15-30 years (relative risk = 2.7). All six tumours in this group were germ cell tumours or sarcomas. The overall cancer incidence is not increased and no routine cancer screening seems to be justified. A considerably elevated risk of mediastinal germ cell tumours occurs in the period from early adolescence until the age of 30.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hasle
- Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
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