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Swarnalakshmi K, Yadav V, Tyagi D, Dhar DW, Kannepalli A, Kumar S. Significance of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in Grain Legumes: Growth Promotion and Crop Production. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111596. [PMID: 33213067 PMCID: PMC7698556 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Grain legumes are an important component of sustainable agri-food systems. They establish symbiotic association with rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, thus reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Several other free-living microbial communities (PGPR—plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) residing in the soil-root interface are also known to influence biogeochemical cycles and improve legume productivity. The growth and function of these microorganisms are affected by root exudate molecules secreted in the rhizosphere region. PGPRs produce the chemicals which stimulate growth and functions of leguminous crops at different growth stages. They promote plant growth by nitrogen fixation, solubilization as well as mineralization of phosphorus, and production of phytohormone(s). The co-inoculation of PGPRs along with rhizobia has shown to enhance nodulation and symbiotic interaction. The recent molecular tools are helpful to understand and predict the establishment and function of PGPRs and plant response. In this review, we provide an overview of various growth promoting mechanisms of PGPR inoculations in the production of leguminous crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vandana Yadav
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Deepti Tyagi
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Dolly Wattal Dhar
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Annapurna Kannepalli
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Shiv Kumar
- International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat 10112, Morocco
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Waldon HB, Jenkins MB, Virginia RA, Harding EE. Characteristics of woodland rhizobial populations from surface- and deep-soil environments of the sonoran desert. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 55:3058-64. [PMID: 16348067 PMCID: PMC203223 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.12.3058-3064.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collection of 74 rhizobial isolates recovered from nodules of the desert woody legumes Prosopis glandulosa, Psorothamnus spinosus, and Acacia constricta were characterized by using 61 nutritional and biochemical tests. We compared isolates from A. constricta and Prosopis glandulosa and tested the hypothesis that the rhizobia from a deep-phreatic rooting zone of a Prosopis woodland in the Sonoran Desert of southern California were phenetically distinct from rhizobia from surface soils. Cluster analysis identified four major homogeneous groups. The first phenon contained slow-growing (SG) Prosopis rhizobia from surface and deep-phreatic-soil environments. These isolates grew poorly on most of the media used in the study, probably because of their requirement for a high medium pH. The second group of isolates primarily contained SG Prosopis rhizobia from the deep-phreatic rooting environment and included two fast-growing (FG) Psorothamnus rhizobia. These isolates were nutritionally versatile and grew over a broad pH range. The third major phenon was composed mainly of FG Prosopis rhizobia from surface and dry subsurface soils. While these isolates used a restricted range of carbohydrates (including sucrose) as sole carbon sources, they showed better growth on a range of organic acids as sole carbon sources and amino acids as sole carbon and nitrogen sources than did other isolates in the study. They grew better at 36 degrees C than at 26 degrees C. The FG Acacia rhizobia from surface-soil environments formed a final major phenon that was distinct from the Prosopis isolates. They produced very high absorbance readings on all of the carbohydrates tested except sucrose, grew poorly on many of the other substrates tested, and preferred a 36 to a 26 degrees C incubation temperature. The surface populations of Prosopis rhizobia required a higher pH for growth and, under the conditions used in this study, were less tolerant of low solute potential and high growth temperature than were phreatic-soil isolates. SG Prosopis rhizobia from phreatic and surface soils were physiologically distinct, suggesting adaptation to their respective soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Waldon
- Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, California 93740-0073; Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 ; and Biology Department and Systems Ecology Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182
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Jacob AI, Adham SAI, Capstick DS, Clark SRD, Spence T, Charles TC. Mutational analysis of the Sinorhizobium meliloti short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family reveals substantial contribution to symbiosis and catabolic diversity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:979-87. [PMID: 18533838 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family is one of the largest and most ubiquitous protein families in bacterial genomes. Despite there being a few well-characterized examples, the substrate specificities or functions of most members of the family are unknown. In this study, we carried out a large-scale mutagenesis of the SDR gene family in the alfalfa root nodule symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Subsequent phenotypic analysis revealed phenotypes for mutants of 21 of the SDR-encoding genes. This brings the total number of S. meliloti SDR-encoding genes with known function or associated phenotype to 25. Several of the mutants were deficient in the utilization of specific carbon sources, while others exhibited symbiotic deficiencies on alfalfa (Medicago sativa), ranging from partial ineffectiveness to complete inability to form root nodules. Five of the mutants had both symbiotic and carbon utilization phenotypes. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of the SDR family in both symbiosis and saprotrophy, and reinforce the complex nature of the interaction of S. meliloti with its plant hosts. Further analysis of the genes identified in this study will contribute to the overall understanding of the biology and metabolism of S. meliloti in relation to its interaction with alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha I Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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JOSEY DP, BEYNON JL, JOHNSTON AWB, BERINGER JE. Strain Identification in Rhizobium Using Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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TRINICK MJ. Relationships Amongst the Fast-growing Rhizobia ofLablab purpureus, Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosaspp.,Acacia farnesianaandSesbania grandifloraand their Affinities with Other Rhizobial Groups. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1980.tb01042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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El Essawi TM, Abdel Ghaffar AS. Cultural and Symbiotic Properties of Rhizobia from Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1967.tb00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rosado M, Gage DJ. Transcriptional control of a rRNA promoter of the nodulating symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 226:15-22. [PMID: 13129602 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00603-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a stable, low-copy-number plasmid containing a fusion between a Sinorhizobium meliloti rRNA promoter and gfp(mut3). When transformed into S. meliloti the resulting strain, Rm1021/pKW1, fluoresced in proportion to its growth rate during balanced growth. This strain also showed an unexpected behavior when grown to stationary phase in TY medium: the average cellular fluorescence increased through mid-exponential phase then decreased dramatically. The explanation for this appears to be that transcription from the rRNA promoter was shut off in mid-exponential phase and intracellular Gfp was diluted by continued cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rosado
- University of Connecticut, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 N. Eagleville Rd., U-44, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Arias A, Gardiol A, Martínez-Drets G. Transport and catabolism of D-mannose in Rhizobium meliloti. J Bacteriol 1982; 151:1069-72. [PMID: 6286588 PMCID: PMC220379 DOI: 10.1128/jb.151.3.1069-1072.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizobium meliloti L5-30 grows on D-mannose as the sole carbon source. The catabolic pathway of D-mannose was characterized. The following activities were present: mannose transport system, mannokinase, and mannosephosphate isomerase. Several mannose-negative mutants were selected; they were classified into three functional groups: group I, mannokinase and mannosephosphate isomerase defective: group II, mannokinase defective; and group III, mannosephosphate isomerase defective. Mannose uptake was an active process, since it was inhibited by azide, dinitrophenol, and cyanide, but not by fluoride or arsenate. Growth on succinate repressed mannose uptake activity. The mannose transport system was present in all the mutants. Uptake studies showed that mannose-negative mutants did not metabolize this sugar.
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The uptake and hydrolysis of disaccharides by fast-and slow-growing species of Rhizobium. Arch Microbiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00425257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The genetic analysis of Rhizobium in relation to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Heredity (Edinb) 1980. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1980.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Abstract
A mutant of Rhizobium meliloti selected as unable to grow on L-arabinose also failed to grow on acetate or pyruvate. It grew, but slower than the parental strain, on many other carbon sources. Assay showed it to lack alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (kgd) activity, and revertants of normal growth phenotype contained the activity again. Other enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and of the glyoxylate cycle were present in both mutant and parent strains. Enzymes of pyruvate metabolism were also assayed. L-Arabinose degradation in R. meliloti was found to differ from the known pathway in R. japonicum, since the former strain lacked 2-keto-o-deoxy-L-arabonate aldolase but contained alpha-ketoglutarate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; thus, it is likely that R. meliloti has the L-arabinose pathway leading to alpha-ketoglutarate rather than the one to glycolaldehyde and pyruvate. This finding accounts for the L-arabinose negativity of the mutant. Resting cells of the mutant were able to metabolize the three substrates which did not allow growth.
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PAGAN JD, CHILD JJ, SCOWCROFT WR, GIBSON AH. Nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium cultured on a defined medium. Nature 1975. [DOI: 10.1038/256406a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Robertson JG, Taylor MP. Acid and alkaline invertases in roots and nodules of Lupinus angustifolius infected with Rhizobium lupini. PLANTA 1973; 112:1-6. [PMID: 24469777 DOI: 10.1007/bf00386025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1973] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Both acid and alkaline invertase activity were found in tips and cortical tissue of Lupinus angustifolius L. roots infected with Rhizobium lupini NZP 2257. Only the alkaline invertase was detected in the nodule cytoplasm. Weak invertase activity found in the bacteroids was probably a contamination from plant invertase. The alkaline invertase activity in the nodule cytoplasm was 250 times that detected in the bacteroids and 8 times that detected in cortical tissue. No intracellular or extracellular invertase was detected in R. lupini cultured in liquid medium containing sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Robertson
- Applied Biochemistry Division, D.S.I.R., Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
1. The finding that the plant is the genetic determinant of leghaemoglobin production in legume nodules was further tested by inoculating snake beans with two strains of Rhizobium selected to give large genetic differences. Carbohydrate requirement patterns, immunological techniques and DNA base ratio determinations were used to demonstrate genetic differences between the two rhizobial strains. 2. Partially purified preparations of the haemoglobins from the nodules produced by the two strains showed no differences when examined by electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing or ion-exchange chromatography. 3. Two different leghaemoglobins from each type of nodule were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. One of these was isolated in the Fe(3+) form and accounted for two-thirds of the total leghaemoglobin. When it was examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge and by amino acid analysis, this major component did not vary with the inoculant rhizobial strain. The molecule had an s(20,w) of 1.88S, a diffusion coefficient of 10.7x10(-7)cm(2).s(-1) and a mol. wt. of 16700. 4. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the mRNA for leghaemoglobin is transcribed from plant DNA.
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Abstract
Glucose catabolism in Rhizobium japonicum ATCC 10324 was investigated by the radiorespirometric method and by assaying for key enzymes of the major energy-yielding pathways. Specifically labeled glucose gave the following results for resting cells, with values expressed as per cent (14)CO(2) evolution: C-1=59%, C-2=51%, C-3=45%, C-4=59%, and C-6=43%. These values indicate that glucose was degraded by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway alone. Cells which grew in glucose-yeast extract-salts medium gave essentially the same pattern except for retardation of the C-6 carbon. The rates were: C-1=54%, C-2=42%, C-3=51%, C-4=59%, and C-6=32%. Hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase, and an enzyme system which produces pyruvate from 6-phosphogluconate were found to be present in these cells. No 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was detected. Oxidation of specifically labeled pyruvate gave the following (14)CO(2) evolution pattern: C-1=78%, C-2=48%, and C-3=37%; the pattern from acetate was C-1=73%; and C-2=56%. Oxidation of glutamate showed the preferential rate of (14)CO(2) evolution to be C-1 > C-2=C-5 > C-3, 4, whereas a higher yield of (14)CO(2) was obtained from the C-1 and C-4 carbons of succinate than from the C-2 and C-3 carbons. These data are consistent with the operation of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle as the catabolic pathways of glucose oxidation in R. japonicum.
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Kennedy IR. Primary products of symbiotic nitrogen fixation. I. Short-term exposures of serradella nodules to 15N2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 130:285-94. [PMID: 5972843 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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