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Ginther SC, Cameron H, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic loads and the costs of metazoan reproduction. Science 2024; 384:763-767. [PMID: 38753775 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Reproduction includes two energy investments-the energy in the offspring and the energy expended to make them. The former is well understood, whereas the latter is unquantified but often assumed to be small. Without understanding both investments, the true energy costs of reproduction are unknown. We present a framework for estimating the total energy costs of reproduction by combining data on the energy content of offspring (direct costs) and the metabolic load of bearing them (indirect costs). We find that direct costs typically represent the smaller fraction of the energy expended on reproduction. Mammals pay the highest reproductive costs (excluding lactation), ~90% of which are indirect. Ectotherms expend less on reproduction overall, and live-bearing ectotherms pay higher indirect costs compared with egg-layers. We show that the energy demands of reproduction exceed standard assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ginther
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hayley Cameron
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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2
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Walsh MR, Christian A, Feder M, Korte M, Tran K. Are parental condition transfer effects more widespread than is currently appreciated? J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246094. [PMID: 38449326 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the environment experienced by parents can influence the traits of offspring (i.e. 'parental effects'). Much research has explored whether mothers respond to predictable shifts in environmental signals by modifying offspring phenotypes to best match future conditions. Many organisms experience conditions that theory predicts should favor the evolution of such 'anticipatory parental effects', but such predictions have received limited empirical support. 'Condition transfer effects' are an alternative to anticipatory effects that occur when the environment experienced by parents during development influences offspring fitness. Condition transfer effects occur when parents that experience high-quality conditions produce offspring that exhibit higher fitness irrespective of the environmental conditions in the offspring generation. Condition transfer effects are not driven by external signals but are instead a byproduct of past environmental quality. They are also likely adaptive but have received far less attention than anticipatory effects. Here, we review the generality of condition transfer effects and show that they are much more widespread than is currently appreciated. Condition transfer effects are observed across taxa and are commonly associated with experimental manipulations of resource conditions experienced by parents. Our Review calls for increased research into condition transfer effects when considering the role of parental effects in ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Anne Christian
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Mikaela Feder
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Meghan Korte
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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3
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White CR, Marshall DJ. How and Why Does Metabolism Scale with Body Mass? Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 37698354 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Most explanations for the relationship between body size and metabolism invoke physical constraints; such explanations are evolutionarily inert, limiting their predictive capacity. Contemporary approaches to metabolic rate and life history lack the pluralism of foundational work. Here, we call for reforging of the lost links between optimization approaches and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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John S, Müller J. Age structure, replicator equation, and the prisoner's dilemma. Math Biosci 2023; 365:109076. [PMID: 37716407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2023.109076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the evolutionary dynamics of an age-structured population subject to weak frequency-dependent selection. It turns out that the weak selection is affected in a non-trivial way by the life-history trait. We disentangle the dynamics, based on the appearance of different time scales. These time scales, which seem to form a universal structure in the interplay of weak selection and life-history traits, allow us to reduce the infinite dimensional model to a one-dimensional modified replicator equation. The modified replicator equation is then used to investigate cooperation (the prisoner's dilemma) by means of adaptive dynamics. We identify conditions under which age structure is able to promote cooperation. At the end we discuss the relevance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona John
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC)/Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Center Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- School of Computation, Information and Technology, Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany; Institute for Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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5
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Size-dependent analyses provide insights into the reproductive allocation and plasticity of invasive and native Typha. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Sun P, Shang Y, Sun R, Tian Y, Heino M. The Effects of Selective Harvest on Japanese Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) Phenotypic Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.844693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) is an important fish species in the China Seas with wide distribution, extensive migration, and high economic value. This species has been yielding high fisheries production despite experiencing continuously high fishing pressure and the conversion from gillnet to trawl harvesting. Meanwhile, changes in life-history traits have been observed, including earlier maturation and smaller size at age. Here, we build an individual-based eco-genetic model parameterized for Japanese Spanish mackerel to investigate the population’s response to different fishing scenarios (fishing by trawl or by gillnet). The model allows evolution of life-history processes including maturation, reproduction and growth. It also incorporates environmental variability, phenotypic plasticity, and density-dependent feedbacks. Our results show that different gear types can result in different responses of life-history traits and altered population dynamics. The population harvested by gillnet shows weaker response to fishing than that by trawl. When fishing ceases, gillnet-harvested population can recover to the pre-harvest level more easily than that harvested by trawl. The different responses of population growth rate and evolution to different fishing gears demonstrated in this study shed light on the sustainable management and utilization of Japanese Spanish mackerel in the over-exploited China Seas.
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7
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Nowak K, Giertych MJ, Pers-Kamczyc E, Thomas PA, Iszkuło G. Rich but not poor conditions determine sex-specific differences in growth rate of juvenile dioecious plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:947-962. [PMID: 33860903 PMCID: PMC8364908 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Causes of secondary sexual dimorphism (SSD) in dioecious plants are very poorly understood, especially in woody plants. SSD is shown mainly in mature plants, but little is known about whether secondary sexual dimorphism can occur in juveniles. It is also assumed that stress conditions intensify differences between the sexes due to the uneven reproductive effort. Therefore, the following research hypotheses were tested: (1) secondary sexual dimorphism will be visible in juveniles; (2) unfavourable soil conditions are the cause of more pronounced differences between the sexes. Rooted shoots of the common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), previously harvested from parental individuals of known sex were used in the study. During two growing seasons vegetation periods and four times a year, comprehensive morphological features of whole plants were measured. Some SSD traits were visible in the analysed juveniles. Contrary to expectations, differences were more pronounced in the fertilized treatment. Both species reacted to fertilization in different ways. Female yew had a clearly higher total plant mass, root mass, and mean root area when fertilized, whereas male juniper had a higher root mass when fertilized. Differences between the sexes independent of the fertilization treatment were seen, which can be interpreted as sexual adaptations to a continued reproduction. Female yews and male junipers made better use of fertile habitats. Our study showed that SSD may be innate, and sexual compensatory mechanisms could generate uneven growth and development of both sexes. Because the SSD pattern was rather different in both species, it was confirmed that SSD is connected with the specific life histories of specific species rather than a universal strategy of dioecious species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nowak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Marian J Giertych
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Iszkuło
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
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8
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Liu W, Pennings SC. Self‐thinning and size‐dependent flowering of the grass
Spartina alterniflora
across space and time. Funct Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology Xiamen University Fujian China
| | - Steven C. Pennings
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas USA
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9
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Hughes PW, Soppe WJJ, Albani MC. Seed traits are pleiotropically regulated by the flowering time gene PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1) in the perennial Arabis alpina. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:1183-1201. [PMID: 30712274 PMCID: PMC6850658 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The life cycles of plants are characterized by two major life history transitions-germination and the initiation of flowering-the timing of which are important determinants of fitness. Unlike annuals, which make the transition from the vegetative to reproductive phase only once, perennials iterate reproduction in successive years. The floral repressor PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 (PEP1), an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS C, in the alpine perennial Arabis alpina ensures the continuation of vegetative growth after flowering and thereby restricts the duration of the flowering episode. We performed greenhouse and garden experiments to compare flowering phenology, fecundity and seed traits between A. alpina accessions that have a functional PEP1 allele and flower seasonally and pep1 mutants and accessions that carry lesions in PEP1 and flower perpetually. In the garden, perpetual genotypes flower asynchronously and show higher winter mortality than seasonal ones. PEP1 also pleiotropically regulates seed dormancy and longevity in a way that is functionally divergent from FLC. Seeds from perpetual genotypes have shallow dormancy and reduced longevity regardless of whether they after-ripened in plants grown in the greenhouse or in the experimental garden. These results suggest that perpetual genotypes have higher mortality during winter but compensate by showing higher seedling establishment. Differences in seed traits between seasonal and perpetual genotypes are also coupled with differences in hormone sensitivity and expression of genes involved in hormonal pathways. Our study highlights the existence of pleiotropic regulation of seed traits by hub developmental regulators such as PEP1, suggesting that seed and flowering traits in perennial plants might be optimized in a coordinated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick William Hughes
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Botanical InstituteUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Wim J. J. Soppe
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO)University of BonnBonnGermany
- Present address:
Rijk ZwaanDe LierThe Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Albani
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Botanical InstituteUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Center of Excellence in Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)DüsseldorfGermany
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10
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Antoł A, Czarnoleski M. Size dependence of offspring production in isopods: a synthesis. Zookeys 2018:337-357. [PMID: 30564042 PMCID: PMC6288269 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In isopods, parental care takes the form of offspring brooding in marsupial pouches. Marsupial brooding was an important step towards the origin of terrestrial lifestyles among isopods, but its potential role in shaping isopod life histories remains unknown. It is here considered that marsupial brooding imposes costs and creates a temporary association between the survival of mothers and that of their offspring. Integrating findings from different life history models, we predicted that the effects of marsupial brooding set selective conditions for the continuation of growth after maturation, which leads to indeterminate growth, and the production of larger offspring by larger females. Based on this perspective, a study on the size dependence of offspring production in the woodlouse Porcellioscaber was performed and the generality of the results was tested by reviewing the literature on offspring production in other isopods. In P.scaber and almost all the other studied isopods, clutch size is positively related to female size. Such dependence is a necessary pre-condition for the evolution of indeterminate growth. The body mass of P.scaber differed six-fold between the largest and smallest brooding females, indicating a high potential for post-maturation growth. Our review showed that offspring size is a rarely studied trait in isopods and that it correlates negatively with offspring number but positively with female size in nearly half of the studied species. Our study of P.scaber revealed similar patterns, but the positive effect of female size on offspring size occurred only in smaller broods, and the negative relation between clutch size and offspring size occurred only in larger females. We conclude that the intraspecific patterns of offspring production in isopods agree with theoretical predictions regarding the role of offspring brooding in shaping the adaptive patterns of female investment in growth, reproduction, and the parental care provided to individual offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
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11
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Ejsmond MJ, McNamara JM, Søreide J, Varpe Ø. Gradients of season length and mortality risk cause shifts in body size, reserves and reproductive strategies of determinate growers. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej J. Ejsmond
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian University Kraków Poland
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | | | - Janne Søreide
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
| | - Øystein Varpe
- Department of Arctic BiologyUniversity Centre in Svalbard Longyearbyen Norway
- Akvaplan‐nivaFram Centre Tromsø Norway
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12
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Sutton KL, Zhao L, Carter J. The estimation of growth dynamics for
Pomacea maculata
from hatchling to adult. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L. Sutton
- Department of Mathematics University of Louisiana at Lafayette P. O. Box 43568 Lafayette Louisiana 70504 USA
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Mathematics University of Louisiana at Lafayette P. O. Box 43568 Lafayette Louisiana 70504 USA
| | - Jacoby Carter
- U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center 700 Cajundome Boulevard Lafayette Louisiana 70506 USA
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13
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Weeks SC, Meffe GK. QUANTITATIVE GENETIC AND OPTIMALITY ANALYSES OF LIFE-HISTORY PLASTICITY IN THE EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH, GAMBUSIA HOLBROOKI. Evolution 2017; 50:1358-1365. [PMID: 28565301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/1994] [Accepted: 08/07/1995] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Weeks
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, 29802
| | - Gary K Meffe
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina, 29802
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14
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Abrams PA, Rowe L. THE EFFECTS OF PREDATION ON THE AGE AND SIZE OF MATURITY OF PREY. Evolution 2017; 50:1052-1061. [PMID: 28565288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1994] [Accepted: 05/04/1995] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Abrams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota 1987 Upper Buford Circle Saint Paul Minnesota 55108
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Zoology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 1A1 Canada
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15
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Reznick DN, Butler MJ, Rodd FH, Ross P. LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION IN GUPPIES (POECILIA RETICULATA) 6. DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY AS A MECHANISM FOR NATURAL SELECTION. Evolution 2017; 50:1651-1660. [PMID: 28565709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1995] [Accepted: 09/26/1995] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported a correlation between the life-history patterns of guppies and the types of predators with which they coexist. Guppies from localities with an abundance of large predators (high predation localities) mature at an earlier age and devote more resources to reproduction than those found in localities with only a single, small species of predator (low predation localities). We also found that when guppies were introduced from a high to low predation locality, the guppy life history evolved to resemble what was normally found in this low predation locality. The presumed mechanism of natural selection is differences among localities in age/size-specific mortality (the age/size-specific mortality hypothesis); in high predation localities we assumed that guppies experienced high adult mortality rates while in the low predation localities we assumed that guppies experienced high juvenile mortality rates. These assumptions were based on stomach content analyses of wild-caught predators and on laboratory experiments. Here, we evaluate these assumptions by directly estimating the mortality rates of guppies in natural populations. We found that guppies from high predation localities experience significantly higher mortality rates than their counterparts from low predation localities, but that these higher mortality rates are uniformly distributed across all size classes, rather than being concentrated in the larger size classes. This result appears to contradict the predictions of the age/size-specific predation hypothesis. However, we argue, using additional data on growth rates and the probabilities of survival to maturity in each type of locality, that the age-specific mortality hypothesis remains plausible. This is because the probability of survival to first reproduction is very similar in each type of locality, but the guppies from high predation localities have a much lower probability of survival per unit time after maturity. We also argue for the plausibility of two other mechanisms of natural selection. These results thus reveal mortality patterns that provide a potential cause of natural selection, but expand, rather than narrow, the number of possible mechanisms responsible for life-history evolution in guppies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Mark J Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, 23529-0266
| | - F Helen Rodd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4075
| | - Patrick Ross
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
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16
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Blanckenhorn WU. ADAPTIVE PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND BODY SIZE IN THE YELLOW DUNG FLY. Evolution 2017; 52:1394-1407. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/1997] [Accepted: 06/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Zoologisches Museum; Universität Zürich-Irchel; Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Latitudinal and age-specific patterns of larval mortality in the damselfly Lestes sponsa: Senescence before maturity? Exp Gerontol 2017; 95:107-115. [PMID: 28502774 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Latitudinal differences in life history traits driven by differences in seasonal time constraints have been widely documented. Yet, latitudinal patterns in (age-specific) mortality rates have been poorly studied. Here, we studied latitudinal differences in pre-adult age-specific mortality patterns in the strictly univoltine damselfly Lestes sponsa. We compared individuals from three latitudes reared from the egg stage in the laboratory at temperatures and photoperiods simulating those at the latitude of origin (main experiment) and under common-garden conditions at a fixed temperature and photoperiod (supplementary experiment). Results from the main experiment showed that the high-latitude population exhibited higher mortality rates than the central and southern populations, likely reflecting a cost of their faster development. Age-specific mortality patterns, also indicated higher ageing rates in the high-latitude compared to the low-latitude population, which likely had a genetic basis. The strong within-population variation in hatching dates in the low-latitude population caused variation in mortality rates; individuals that hatched later showed higher mortality rates presumably due to their shorter development times compared to larvae that hatched earlier. In both experiments, larvae from all three latitudes showed accelerated mortality rates with age, which is consistent with a pattern of senescence before adulthood.
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18
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Gloneková M, Brandlová K, Žáčková M, Dobiášová B, Pechrová K, Šimek J. The weight of Rothschild giraffe-Is it really well known? Zoo Biol 2016; 35:423-431. [PMID: 27332702 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite being regularly bred in zoos, giraffes remain a challenge, especially in terms of feeding. Assessment of factors influencing growth and weight changes during ontogeny, as well as analysis of weight fluctuations in adult individuals, may become a critical point in captive diet evaluation. Knowledge about weight is a crucial husbandry tool; however, such data are rarely acquired. Using a unique dataset from regularly weighed Rothschild giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) from Prague zoo, we determined the growth functions of male and female giraffes and calculated weight gains during giraffe ontogeny. The mean weights of adult males and females were 1307 ± 52 and 835 ± 45 kg, respectively confirming the large overall dimensions of G. c. rothschildi in comparison with other giraffe subspecies. As the giraffe is a polygynous species showing considerable sexual dimorphism, we expected male calves to have larger first weights and faster growth during the most intensive period of maternal care. Growth rates and daily weight gains were higher in males than in females during the whole postnatal period. Males grew faster and longer than females. However, differences in weight between males and females appeared as late as after 1 year of age. The weight of adult males and non-pregnant adult females fluctuated significantly across seasons, being the highest during the autumn and winter months, respectively which may reflect the different effects of sexual activity and feeding ratios in males and females. Zoo Biol. 35:423-431, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Gloneková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Brandlová
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Žáčková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
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19
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Wenk EH, Falster DS. Quantifying and understanding reproductive allocation schedules in plants. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5521-38. [PMID: 27069603 PMCID: PMC4813122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A plant's reproductive allocation (RA) schedule describes the fraction of surplus energy allocated to reproduction as it increases in size. While theorists use RA schedules as the connection between life history and energy allocation, little is known about RA schedules in real vegetation. Here we review what is known about RA schedules for perennial plants using studies either directly quantifying RA or that collected data from which the shape of an RA schedule can be inferred. We also briefly review theoretical models describing factors by which variation in RA may arise. We identified 34 studies from which aspects of an RA schedule could be inferred. Within those, RA schedules varied considerably across species: some species abruptly shift all resources from growth to reproduction; most others gradually shift resources into reproduction, but under a variety of graded schedules. Available data indicate the maximum fraction of energy allocated to production ranges from 0.1 to 1 and that shorter lived species tend to have higher initial RA and increase their RA more quickly than do longer-lived species. Overall, our findings indicate, little data exist about RA schedules in perennial plants. Available data suggest a wide range of schedules across species. Collection of more data on RA schedules would enable a tighter integration between observation and a variety of models predicting optimal energy allocation, plant growth rates, and biogeochemical cycles.
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Marty L, Dieckmann U, Ernande B. Fisheries-induced neutral and adaptive evolution in exploited fish populations and consequences for their adaptive potential. Evol Appl 2015; 8:47-63. [PMID: 25667602 PMCID: PMC4310581 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fishing may induce neutral and adaptive evolution affecting life-history traits, and molecular evidence has shown that neutral genetic diversity has declined in some exploited populations. Here, we theoretically study the interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution caused by fishing. An individual-based eco-genetic model is devised that includes neutral and functional loci in a realistic ecological setting. In line with theoretical expectations, we find that fishing induces evolution towards slow growth, early maturation at small size and higher reproductive investment. We show, first, that the choice of genetic model (based on either quantitative genetics or gametic inheritance) influences the evolutionary recovery of traits after fishing ceases. Second, we analyse the influence of three factors possibly involved in the lack of evolutionary recovery: the strength of selection, the effect of genetic drift and the loss of adaptive potential. We find that evolutionary recovery is hampered by an association of weak selection differentials with reduced additive genetic variances. Third, the contribution of fisheries-induced selection to the erosion of functional genetic diversity clearly dominates that of genetic drift only for the traits related to maturation. Together, our results highlight the importance of taking into account population genetic variability in predictions of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Marty
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Unité Halieutique Manche-Mer du NordBoulogne-sur-mer, France
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- IIASA, Evolution and Ecology ProgramLaxenburg, Austria
| | - Bruno Ernande
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Unité Halieutique Manche-Mer du NordBoulogne-sur-mer, France
- IIASA, Evolution and Ecology ProgramLaxenburg, Austria
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21
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The shape of selection: using alternative fitness functions to test predictions for selection on flowering time. Evol Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-014-9719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Johnstone RA, Kuijper B. Kin competition and the evolution of sex differences in development time and body size. Am Nat 2014; 183:537-46. [PMID: 24642497 DOI: 10.1086/675392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
One key trade-off underlying life-history evolution is the one between age and size at maturity, with earlier maturation leading to greater chances of juvenile survival at the cost of reduced fecundity as an adult. Here we model the impact of limited dispersal and kin competition on the stable resolution of this trade-off. We show that if mating is at least occasionally nonlocal, then limited dispersal favors juvenile survival over adult fecundity in females, promoting earlier female maturation at the population level; at the same time, it favors adult fecundity over juvenile survival in males, promoting later male maturation. Limited dispersal and local competition can thus drive the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the timing of maturation and consequent dimorphism in body size. At the individual level, if maturation can be flexibly adjusted in response to dispersal status, then both males and females who disperse as offspring should mature earlier than those who remain on their natal patch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufus A Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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23
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Gunnarsson Á. Atlantic wolf-fish Anarhichas lupus population diversity: growth and maturation. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:339-353. [PMID: 24410311 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological data from 1125 female Atlantic wolf-fish Anarhichas lupus were collected during 2002-2006 at their main spawning and fishing grounds in Iceland. The results demonstrated substantial annual variation in growth and maturity of female A. lupus. The fast growing females mature earlier than the slow growing ones. In addition, females mature at a larger size and greater age in warmer temperatures than colder ones. There was a strong negative relationship between temperature and growth, which may indicate that the sea temperature west of Iceland has risen above the optimum for growth of female A. lupus and thereby reduced the reproductive potential of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á Gunnarsson
- Marine Research Institute in Reykjavík, Skúlagata 4, P. O. Box 1390, 121 Reykjavík, Iceland
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24
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Riesch R, Martin RA, Langerhans RB. Predation’s Role in Life-History Evolution of a Livebearing Fish and a Test of the Trexler-DeAngelis Model of Maternal Provisioning. Am Nat 2013; 181:78-93. [DOI: 10.1086/668597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Song Y, Scheu S, Drossel B. Life histories and Cope's rule from an explicit resource-consumer model based on metabolic theory. J Theor Biol 2012; 310:175-82. [PMID: 22750294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We explore the consequences of metabolic theory for life histories and life history evolution. We use a mathematical model for an iteroparous species and its resources, taking into account the allometric scaling of consumption, metabolism, and mortality with consumer body mass. Mortality is assumed to be density-dependent, and the dynamics of resources are modeled explicitly. By evaluating life history features in equilibrium populations, we find that in populations that use more or faster growing resources the individuals have a shorter lifespan and a higher mortality, and that individuals in populations with a larger adult body mass have a longer lifespan, a larger number of offspring per female, and a higher biomass density. When we allow the adult body mass to evolve, it increases in time without limits. When we allow the offspring body mass to evolve independently from adult body mass, it becomes smaller. However, when we take into account that larger individuals have larger offspring, both body masses evolve to larger values. These trends result from the allometric scaling of mortality and can be kept in limits by trade-offs other than those included in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Song
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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26
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Kozłowski J. Optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction: Implications for age and size at maturity. Trends Ecol Evol 2012; 7:15-9. [PMID: 21235937 DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(92)90192-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The schedule of growth and reproduction is crucial to maximization of fitness. Models of optimal allocation of limiting resources are useful tools for predicting age and size at maturity - key components of fitness - for all lifestyles. Early models considered annual plants. Recently, they have been generalized to other short-lived organisms and also to perennials in which growth and reproduction schedules following maturation can be predicted. A review of existing models shows that differences in trophic conditions and mortality are the main sources of inter- and intraspecific variation in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental Biology, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Krakow, Poland
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27
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Cadeddu G, Giacoma C, Castellano S. Sexual size dimorphism in the
T
yrrhenian tree frog: a life‐history perspective. J Zool (1987) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Cadeddu
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo Università di Torino Torino Italy
| | - C. Giacoma
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo Università di Torino Torino Italy
| | - S. Castellano
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo Università di Torino Torino Italy
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28
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Marty L, Dieckmann U, Rochet MJ, Ernande B. Impact of environmental covariation in growth and mortality on evolving maturation reaction norms. Am Nat 2011; 177:E98-118. [PMID: 21460562 DOI: 10.1086/658988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Maturation age and size have important fitness consequences through their effects on survival probabilities and body sizes. The evolution of maturation reaction norms in response to environmental covariation in growth and mortality is therefore a key subject of life-history theory. The eco-evolutionary model we present and analyze here incorporates critical features that earlier studies of evolving maturation reaction norms have often neglected: the trade-off between growth and reproduction, source-sink population structure, and population regulation through density-dependent growth and fecundity. We report the following findings. First, the evolutionarily optimal age at maturation can be decomposed into the sum of a density-dependent and a density-independent component. These components measure, respectively, the hypothetical negative age at which an individual's length would be 0 and the delay in maturation relative to this offset. Second, along any growth trajectory, individuals mature earlier when mortality is higher. This allows us to deduce, third, how the shapes of evolutionarily optimal maturation reaction norms depend on the covariation between growth and mortality (positive or negative, linear or curvilinear, and deterministic or probabilistic). Providing eco-evolutionary explanations for many alternative reaction-norm shapes, our results appear to be in good agreement with current empirical knowledge on maturation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Marty
- Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), 150 Quai Gambetta, Boulogne-sur-mer, France.
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29
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Zandonà E, Auer SK, Kilham SS, Howard JL, López-Sepulcre A, O’Connor MP, Bassar RD, Osorio A, Pringle CM, Reznick DN. Diet quality and prey selectivity correlate with life histories and predation regime in Trinidadian guppies. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Walsh MR, Reznick DN. Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a killifish in response to the introduction of guppies. Evolution 2010; 65:1021-36. [PMID: 21062280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts that increased predation on juvenile age/size-classes favors delayed maturation and decreased reproductive investment. Although this theory has received correlative support, experimental tests in nature are rare. In 1976 and 1981, guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were transplanted into localities that previously only contained a killifish, Rivulus hartii. This situation presents an opportunity to experimentally test this life-history prediction because guppies prey upon young Rivulus. We evaluated the response to selection in Rivulus by measuring phenotypic and genotypic divergence between introduction and upstream "control" localities that lack guppies. Contrary to expectations, Rivulus from the introduction sites evolved earlier maturation and increased reproductive investment within 25 years. Such evolutionary changes parallel previous investigations on natural communities of Rivulus, but do not comply with predictions of age/size-specific theory. Guppies also caused reduced densities and increased growth rates of Rivulus, which are hypothesized indirect effects of predation. Additional life-history theories show that changes in density and growth can interact with predator-induced mortality to alter the predicted trajectory of evolution. We discuss how these latter frameworks improve the fit between theory and evolution in Rivulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside California 92521, USA.
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31
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Target size and optimal life history when individual growth and energy budget are stochastic. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:510-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Walsh MR, Reznick DN. Influence of the indirect effects of guppies on life-history evolution in Rivulus hartii. Evolution 2009; 64:1583-93. [PMID: 20015237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early theories of life-history evolution predict that increased predation on young/small individuals selects for delayed maturation and decreased reproductive effort, but such theory only considers changes in mortality. Predators reduce prey abundance and increase food to survivors. Theory that incorporates such indirect effects yields different predictions. Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, inhabit communities with and without guppies. Guppies prey on young Rivulus and Rivulus densities decline and growth rates increase when guppies are present. Prior work showed that Rivulus phenotypes from communities with guppies matured earlier and had higher fecundity, consistent with theories that incorporate indirect effects. Here we examined the genetic basis of these differences by rearing 2nd generation, laboratory-born Rivulus from sites with and without guppies under two food levels that match natural differences in growth. Many locality x food interactions were significant, often reversing the relationship between communities. Such interactions imply that there are fitness trade-offs associated with adaptation to high or low resource environments. On high food, Rivulus from localities with guppies matured earlier, produced many small eggs, and exhibited increased reproductive investment; these differences reversed on low food. Our results suggest that indirect effects mold Rivulus evolution and thereby highlight connections between community processes and evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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33
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Walsh MR, Reznick DN. PHENOTYPIC DIVERSIFICATION ACROSS AN ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT: A ROLE FOR PREDATORS AND RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ON THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE HISTORIES. Evolution 2009; 63:3201-13. [PMID: 19656183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Walsh
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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34
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Toräng P, Ehrlén J, Ågren J. Habitat quality and among-population differentiation in reproductive effort and flowering phenology in the perennial herb Primula farinosa. Evol Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Hautekèete NC, Van Dijk H, Piquot Y, Teriokhin A. Evolutionary optimization of life-history traits in the sea beet Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima: Comparing model to data. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Irie T, Morimoto N. Phenotypic plasticity and sexual dimorphism in size at post-juvenile metamorphosis: common-garden rearing of an intertidal gastropod with determinate growth. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2008; 215:126-134. [PMID: 18840773 DOI: 10.2307/25470693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Proximate factors of the intraspecific variation in molluscan shell morphology have long received attention in biology. The intertidal gastropod Monetaria annulus (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Cypraeidae) is particularly suitable for the study of variation in body size, because this species is a determinate grower in the sense that soft-body size shows no further increase after the juvenile stage. Cross-sectional field surveys on post-juvenile individuals have indicated that the mean body size varies widely among populations and is larger in females than in males within populations. To examine whether these patterns are due to genetic differences, we conducted a common-garden rearing experiment with juvenile individuals collected from two populations on Okinawa Island. After adjusting for among-individual differences in initial degree of development, statistical analyses revealed that this species exhibits female-biased sexual size dimorphism mediated by a longer development time rather than by faster growth rates in females. Although wild individuals show a remarkable size difference between populations, no size difference was found between the populations in the individuals reared in a common-garden condition. This result suggests that the among-population size difference does not have a genetic basis and is caused by phenotypic plasticity based on environmental heterogeneity among habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Irie
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa, Japan.
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37
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Abstract
Disturbance regimes are ecologically important, but many of their evolutionary consequences are poorly understood. A model is developed here that combines the within- and among-season dynamics of disturbances with evolutionary life-history theory. "Disturbance regime" is defined in terms of disturbance timing, frequency, predictability, and severity. The model predicts the optimal body size and time at which organisms should abandon a disturbance-prone growth habitat by maturing and moving to a disturbance-free, nongrowth habitat. The effects of both coarse-grained (those affecting the entire population synchronously) and fine-grained disturbances (those occurring in a patch dynamics setting) are explored. Several predictions are congruent with previous theory. Infrequent or temporally unpredictable disturbances should have little effect on the evolution of life-history strategies, even though they may cause high mortality. Similar to seasonal time constraints on reproduction, disturbance regimes can synchronize metamorphosis within a population, resulting in a seasonal decline in body size at maturity. Other model predictions are novel. When disturbances cause high mortality, coarse-grained disturbances have a much stronger effect on life-history strategies than fine-grained disturbances, suggesting that population structure (relative to the scale of disturbance) plays a critical evolutionary role when disturbances are severe. When within-population variance in juvenile body size is high, two consecutive seasonal declines in body size at maturity can occur, the first associated with disturbance regime and the second associated with seasonal time constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lytle
- Department of Entomology and Field of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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38
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Witting L. Inevitable evolution: back toThe Originand beyond the 20th Century paradigm of contingent evolution by historical natural selection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:259-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Lambin X, Yoccoz NG. Adaptive precocial reproduction in voles: reproductive costs and multivoltine life-history strategies in seasonal environments. J Anim Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2001.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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41
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Interactions between the direct and indirect effects of predators determine life history evolution in a killifish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:594-9. [PMID: 18180455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710051105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological impacts of the indirect effects of predators are well established, but the evolutionary consequences are unknown. Predators often decrease prey density, which indirectly increases the resources available to surviving prey. This ecological effect could provide a link to evolution because it is generally assumed that resource availability influences life history evolution. Yet, predictions from theory that consider food availability are inconsistent, and evidence for an important role of resources in shaping life history evolution is absent. We compared life history traits in a Trinidadian killifish, Rivulus hartii, from fish communities that differ in predation intensity; predators are associated with lower population density and faster growth rates. To determine whether the indirect effects of predators influence evolutionary change, we reared second-generation-born fish under two food levels that approximated natural differences in resources between communities. Rivulus from sites with predators are younger and smaller at maturity. They have increased reproductive investment and produce many small eggs and smaller hatchlings. Such divergence is predicted as a direct effect of predation. We also found significant interactions between predator community and food level for age and size at maturity, fecundity, and egg size. These interactions, whereby the differences between communities were more pronounced at high-food levels, argue that evolution in Rivulus has been influenced by the indirect effects of predators mediated through resource availability. Rivulus from sites with predators better exploit the higher resources in those habitats. Therefore, both direct and indirect effects of predators have evolutionary consequences.
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42
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TAMMARU TOOMAS, ESPERK TOOMAS. Growth allometry of immature insects: larvae do not grow exponentially. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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44
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Kuzawa CW. Developmental origins of life history: Growth, productivity, and reproduction. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19:654-61. [PMID: 17639581 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now much evidence that early life undernutrition elevates risk of diseases like cardiovascular disease. Less clear is whether the underlying developmental plasticity in metabolism and physiology evolved to serve an adaptive function, beyond these effects on pathophysiology. This review builds from principles of life history theory to propose a functional model linking early environments with adult biology. An organism has metabolic potential in excess of survival requirements, called productivity, that supports growth before being shunted into reproduction after growth ceases. This concept from inter-specific studies leads to the prediction that plasticity in growth rate will be positively correlated with components of future adult reproductive expenditure. Consistent with this idea, evidence is reviewed that early nutrition or growth rate predict offspring size in females, and increased somatic investment related to reproductive strategy in males. Thus, population birth weight and sexual size dimorphism are predicted to increase in response to improvements in early nutrition. A striking feature of the continuity of metabolic production is its perpetuation not merely during the lifecycle but across generations: in females, growth rate predicts future nutritional investment in reproduction, which in turn determines fetal growth rate in the next generation. Growth and reproduction serve as mutually-defining templates, thus creating a phenotypic bridge allowing ecologic information to be maintained during ontogeny and transmitted to offspring. Resetting of metabolic production in response to maternal nutritional cues may serve a broader goal of integrating nutritional information within the matriline, thus providing a more reliable basis for adjusting long-term strategy.
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45
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Berger D, Walters R, Gotthard K. What keeps insects small?—Size dependent predation on two species of butterfly larvae. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Rudolf VHW, Rödel MO. Phenotypic plasticity and optimal timing of metamorphosis under uncertain time constraints. Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-0017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Kaliszewicz A, Johst K, Grimm V, Uchmański J. Predation Effects on the Evolution of Life‐History Traits in a Clonal Oligochaete. Am Nat 2005; 166:409-17. [PMID: 16224694 DOI: 10.1086/432037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although size at maturity and size and number of offspring are life-history traits widely studied in sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction, there is no such research on animals reproducing asexually without the involvement of gametes. Here we present an individual-based model in combination with experiments to study the clonal growth of Stylaria lacustris, an oligochaete reproducing through fission. We studied the effect of individual size at fission and fission ratio on clone fitness. Our results show that in benign environments without predators, fitness is higher when small worms produce small offspring. Then we included size-specific sublethal predation and found that the fitness of the clone is maximized when parental worms start fission at a large size and produce large descendants intercalated in the middle of the parental worm's body. These results agree with empirical findings. Furthermore, the results of our own laboratory experiment revealed that when S. lacustris is exposed to chemical alarm signals from injured conspecifics, it alters its life history in the same direction as predicted by the model. Our findings suggest that the effect of size-specific sublethal predation is similar to the effect of size-specific lethal predation because both modes of predation result in size-dependent prey mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kaliszewicz
- Centre for Ecological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-092 Łomianki, Poland.
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48
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WELLBORN GARYA, COTHRAN RICKEY, BARTHOLF SUZANNE. Life history and allozyme diversification in regional ecomorphs of the Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda) species complex. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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50
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Taborsky B, Dieckmann U, Heino M. Unexpected discontinuities in life-history evolution under size-dependent mortality. Proc Biol Sci 2003; 270:713-21. [PMID: 12713745 PMCID: PMC1691298 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many organisms survival depends on body size. We investigate the implications of size-selective mortality on life-history evolution by introducing and analysing a new and particularly flexible life-history model with the following key features: the lengths of growth and reproductive periods in successive reproductive cycles can vary evolutionarily, the model does not constrain evolution to patterns of either determinate or indeterminate growth, and lifetime number and sizes of broods are the outcomes of evolutionarily optimal life-history decisions. We find that small changes in environmental conditions can lead to abrupt transitions in optimal life histories when size-dependent mortality is sufficiently strong. Such discontinuous switching results from antagonistic selection pressures and occurs between strategies of early maturation with short reproductive periods and late maturation with long reproductive cycles. When mortality is size-selective and the size-independent component is not too high, selection favours prolonged juvenile growth, thereby allowing individuals to reach a mortality refuge at large body size before the onset of reproduction. When either component of mortality is then increased, the mortality refuge first becomes unattractive and eventually closes up altogether, resulting in short juvenile growth and frequent reproduction. Our results suggest a new mechanism for the evolution of life-history dimorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Taborsky
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50A, CH-3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland.
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