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Gao W, Ji J, Zhang W, Liu X. Depression and approach-avoidance achievement goals of Chinese undergraduate students: A four-wave longitudinal study. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 94:151-164. [PMID: 37783569 DOI: 10.1111/bjep.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study explored the prospective relations between depression and approach-avoidance achievement goals of undergraduate students in China. METHODS 2473 full-time undergraduates reported their depression and achievement goals annually from the freshman to the senior year. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and cross-lagged models. RESULTS Students' achievement goals decreased gradually during the first 3 years but rose in the fourth year, and the avoidance goals appeared to be less prevalent than the approach goals over time. Depression was negatively associated with approach goals, whereas positively correlated with avoidance goals. Depression in the freshman and sophomore years resulted in more avoidance goals 1 year later, and the depressive problems in the junior year predicted the decline of approach goals in the senior year. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlighted the deleterious effects of depression on the achievement goals of college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Gao
- Institute of Higher Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Public Administration, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Research Centre for Beijing Higher Education Development, Beijing, China
| | - Junlin Ji
- Institute of Higher Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- School of Public Administration, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Research Centre for Beijing Higher Education Development, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Graduate School of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqiao Liu
- School of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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2
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Noreen S, Dritschel B. Thinking about the consequences: The detrimental role of future thinking on intrapersonal problem-solving in depression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289676. [PMID: 37611035 PMCID: PMC10446235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that depressed individuals encounter a multitude of social problems in daily life, research on social problem-solving has largely been dominated by research on interpersonal problems and there is a paucity of research on intrapersonal problems. Intrapersonal problems are linked to one's subjective psychological functioning and involve managing one's own feelings and emotions pertaining to the self. Given that depressed individuals exhibit impaired emotion regulation, it is possible that their ability to solve intrapersonal problems may be impaired, especially in relation to future thinking. The aim of this study was to investigate whether future thinking, in the form of thinking about the consequences of a problem being resolved or remaining unresolved has an impact on intrapersonal problem-solving in depression. Forty-five depressed and fifty-four non-depressed participants completed a modified version of the means end problem-solving task (MEPS). In the task, participants were presented with a series of intrapersonal problems and were asked to generate consequences of the problems being resolved or remaining unresolved. Participants were then presented with a positive resolution to each of the problems and were asked to solve the problem to achieve the positive resolution. Following a delay, participants were asked to recall all of the consequences initially generated. Overall, depressed individuals generated fewer-relevant means and less effective solutions to problems than non-depressed participants. Depressed individuals also demonstrated impaired intrapersonal problem-solving following the generation of resolved and unresolved consequences, compared to a baseline condition, where no consequences were generated. These findings suggest that future thinking impairs intrapersonal problem-solving and indicates that a more nuanced approach to future thinking and social problem-solving in depression is needed across different real-life problem-solving contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Noreen
- Department of Psychology, De Montfort University, Leicester, England
| | - Barbara Dritschel
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
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Kube T. Biased belief updating in depression. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 103:102298. [PMID: 37290245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive approaches to depression have benefitted from recent research on belief updating, examining how new information is used to alter beliefs. This review presents recent advances in understanding various sources of bias in belief updating in depression. Specifically, research has demonstrated that people with depression have difficulty revising negative beliefs in response to novel positive information, whereas belief updating in depression is not related to an enhanced integration of negative information. In terms of mechanisms underlying the deficient processing of positive information, research has shown that people with depression use defensive cognitive strategies to devalue novel positive information. Furthermore, the disregard of novel positive information can be amplified by the presence of state negative affect, and the resulting persistence of negative beliefs in turn perpetuates chronically low mood, contributing to a self-reinforcing negative feedback loop of beliefs and affect. Synthesising previous research, this review proposes a coherent framework of when belief change is likely to occur, and argues that future research also needs to elucidate why people with depression hesitate to abandon negative beliefs. Recent insights from belief updating have not only improved the understanding of the psychopathology of depression, but also have the potential to improve its cognitive-behavioural treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kube
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany.
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4
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Cha CB, Robinaugh DJ, Schacter DL, Altheimer G, Marx BP, Keane TM, Kearns JC, Nock MK. Examining multiple features of episodic future thinking and episodic memory among suicidal adults. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2022; 52:356-372. [PMID: 34978101 PMCID: PMC9233069 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BCKGROUND Theories of suicide suggest that suicidal ideation (SI) results in part from difficulty imagining the future, which itself relies on the ability to remember the past. The present study examines multiple components of episodic future thinking and memory including event richness, which is commonly measured within the cognitive literature but has not previously been assessed with suicidal individuals. METHODS Here, we tested the associations between SI and episodic future thinking and episodic memory across two studies (Study 1, n = 25; Study 2, n = 141): the first with a healthy comparison group and the second with a psychiatric comparison group. RESULTS Future event richness yielded large but statistically non-significant deficits in the SI group relative to healthy controls in Study 1 after controling the false discovery rate. The most robust effects for future thinking emerged in the case of perceived duration of future events, such that the SI group (vs. psychiatric comparison) imagined future events as longer-lasting in Study 2. Across both studies, episodic memory was unrelated to SI, and neither episodic future thinking nor memory predicted future SI. CONCLUSION Episodic future thinking may better distinguish individuals with SI history from psychiatric controls when compared with episodic memory, but that this effect is limited to select components of future thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B. Cha
- Department of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, Teachers College, Columbia University
| | | | | | | | - Brian P. Marx
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Terence M. Keane
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Jaclyn C. Kearns
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, and Boston University School of Medicine
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5
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Wang Y, Hu X, Han J, Scalabrini A, Hu Y, Hu Z, Tan Z, Zhang J, Northoff G. Time is of essence - Abnormal time perspectives mediate the impact of childhood trauma on depression severity. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 137:534-541. [PMID: 33153758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifaceted mental disorder where participants, in addition to various symptoms, often suffer from increased focus on past time perspective and higher incidence of childhood trauma. Whether the abnormal time perspective is a result of the depressive symptoms or, alternatively, mediates between childhood trauma and depression remains unclear. AIMS To examine the triangular relationship between early life trauma, time perspective, and depressive symptoms. METHOD We investigated a large-scale MDD sample (n = 93) and healthy subject sample (n = 69) with Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), childhood traumatic questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF), and the Zimbardo time perspective inventory (ZTPI). RESULTS The MDD patients reported more childhood trauma experiences, and were featured by abnormal time perspectives on past and future when compared to healthy control. By applying two alternative mediation models, we observed that the time perspective acted as a mediator between childhood trauma and depressive symptom severity, rather than as a consequence of depressive symptom. Furthermore, this abnormal time perspective was a risk factor to MDD, as the childhood trauma only mediated the time perspective in MDD. Finally, we showed that time perspective was a long-term personal trait and unchanged after the remission of depression symptoms under five-day transcranial magnetic stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal time perspective mediates the impact of early childhood trauma on depressive symptomatology. Besides better understanding of the temporal basis of depressive symptoms, we highlight the importance of preventive time perspective therapy in subjects with childhood trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Hu
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinfang Han
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66100, Chieti, CH, Italy
| | - Yuting Hu
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zhiguo Hu
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Psychological Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Tan
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Georg Northoff
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China; Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Brunette AM, Schacter DL. Cognitive mechanisms of episodic simulation in psychiatric populations. Behav Res Ther 2020; 136:103778. [PMID: 33338778 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Episodic simulation is the construction of a mental representation of a specific autobiographical future event. Episodic simulation has increasingly been studied in psychiatric populations. Here we 1) review evidence indicating that episodic simulation is compromised in patients with depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and PTSD; and 2) consider several potential cognitive mechanisms of episodic simulation in psychiatric populations: episodic retrieval, scene construction, mental imagery, components of the CaRFAX model (i.e., capture and rumination, functional avoidance, and executive functioning), and narrative style. We evaluate evidence regarding these mechanisms across psychiatric populations, and identify areas of future research. Understanding the factors that contribute to episodic simulation impairment in psychiatric populations may lead to targeted and effective treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Brunette
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Psychology Service, 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02130, United States.
| | - Daniel L Schacter
- Harvard University, Department of Psychology, William James Hall, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States.
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7
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Abstract
Background Individuals tend to have an optimism bias, processing desirable information more frequently than undesirable information. However, people who have been diagnosed with depression often have a more pessimistic view of the future. A recent study suggests that future expectations in individuals with dysphoria become more optimistic when asked to make optimistic future predictions about the future. In the present study, we investigated the differential effects of induced optimism training which making optimistic future prediction to change future beliefs in normal participants with various levels of dysphoria (low, mild, high). Methods We recruited normal participants (n = 69) from a local university students and divided participants into three groups (low, mild, high dysphoria) by measuring dysphoric mood. These three groups were assigned to the induced optimism training or control condition. After the training, participants performed the two-stage belief updating task. In the first stage, participants estimated their personal probability of experiencing adverse events while being presented with the average probability of the event occurring to a living person. This information could be desirable for participants(when presented with a probability that was below their estimation) or undesirable (when presented with a probability that was above their estimation). To assess how desirable versus undesirable information influenced beliefs, participants estimated their personal probability of experiencing the events again in the second stage. The amount of update error was calculated as the difference between the estimates in the first stage and the second stage. The difference between the errors was classified as the update bias. Results After the induced optimism training, individuals with the mild dysphoria demonstrated a higher update bias than low (p < .001) and the high dysphoria (p < .05) group in induced optimism condition. Significant differences were not found in control group. Results indicates that individuals in the mild dysphoria group showed an increased update bias after being exposed to the induced optimism training Dysphoric mood and trait optimism remained unchanged in both the experimental and control groups. Conclusions Results suggest that induced optimism training has potential to change individuals with mild dysphoria perceptions’ about the future.
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8
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Gamble B, Moreau D, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 14:816-834. [PMID: 31374179 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619851784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory has been well established in depression, but whether this overgenerality extends to future thinking has not been the focus of a meta-analysis. Following a preregistered protocol, we searched six electronic databases, Google Scholar, and personal libraries and contacted authors in the field for studies matching search terms related to depression, future thinking, and specificity. We reduced an initial 7,332 results to 46 included studies, with 89 effect sizes and 4,813 total participants. Random-effects meta-analytic modeling revealed a small but robust correlation between reduced future specificity and higher levels of depression (r = -.13, p < .001). Of the 11 moderator variables examined, the most striking effects were related to the emotional valence of future thinking (p < .001) and the sex of participants (p = .025). Namely, depression was linked to reduced specificity for positive (but not negative or neutral) future thinking, and the relationship was stronger in samples with a higher proportion of males. This meta-analysis contributes to our understanding of how prospection is altered in depression and dysphoria and, by revealing areas where current evidence is inconclusive, highlights key avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau Gamble
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Auckland
| | - David Moreau
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Auckland.,2 Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Auckland.,2 Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland.,3 Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- 1 School of Psychology, The University of Auckland.,2 Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland.,3 Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.,4 Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
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9
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The future and me: Imagining the future and the future self in adolescent decision making. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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D J H. The phenomenological characteristics of autobiographical future thinking in dysphoric and non-dysphoric individuals. Psychiatry Res 2019; 273:481-486. [PMID: 30685730 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Depressive symptoms are associated with deficits in objectively-rated detail and specificity in autobiographical future thinking for personally-relevant events. However, how depressive symptoms might affect the subjective, phenomenal characteristics of future thinking in general is not well understood. This study examined future thinking as self-reported by dysphoric (n = 79; probable major depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire and very or extremely difficult impact on functioning) and non-dysphoric adults (n = 79; as defined by normal range on the PHQ) that were matched on age and gender. The dysphoric group reported more frequent thoughts about their future in general, particularly for the long-term future, which persisted after controlling for emotional-valence. Dysphoric individuals perceived their future thinking as being more frequently vivid and detailed, more often involving mental imagery and inner speech, more often involuntary, more often unrealistic or implausible, more negatively-valenced, and more often from a third-person perspective. The findings indicate differences in the phenomenology of thinking about one's future among dysphoric individuals, some of which contrast with prior research findings. The implications for understanding autobiographical future thinking in depression are discussed, and studies are indicated to further clarify the content, function, and context of future thinking in altered affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallford D J
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, 1 Gheringhap Road, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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11
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Kaya Lefèvre H, Mirabel-Sarron C, Docteur A, Leclerc V, Laszcz A, Gorwood P, Bungener C. Time perspective differences between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, and their relationships with depressive and anxiety symptoms. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:320-326. [PMID: 30594874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time perspective (TP) can be described as an individual's attitude towards his personal past, present and future. Literature suggests that it plays a role in several areas of psychological functioning (self-efficacy, coping) and impacts actual thoughts and behaviors. However, TP has seldom been studied in mental health, despite previous studies suggesting that the temporal profile is altered in depressed patients. This study investigates the differences of TP between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, and its relationship with depressive and anxiety symptoms. METHODS 45 patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder were compared to 43 non-depressed participants recruited in the general population. Participants were asked to answer time perspective (ZTPI), depression (BDI-13) and anxiety (STAI-Y) self-report inventories. Statistical analysis included comparisons of scores between depressed patients and non-depressed participants, correlation and regression analysis. RESULTS Results indicate that TP is significantly altered in depressed patients. They display a more negative view of their past, a less hedonistic perspective towards their present, and a more fatalistic perspective when compared to non-depressed participants. Regression analysis shows that depressive and anxiety symptoms are associated with negative past and fatalistic present, and similar results are found with correlation analysis. LIMITATIONS The size of the sample was small, and longitudinal studies are needed to understand the dynamics and causal relationship between TP and depression. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of considering TP in depressed patients, and encourage an in depth study of the relationship between TP and mood disorders. Therapeutic perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héline Kaya Lefèvre
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, EA 4057, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 71 avenue Édouard Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Christine Mirabel-Sarron
- Centre des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Aurélie Docteur
- Centre des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Virginie Leclerc
- Centre des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Alexandra Laszcz
- Centre des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Centre des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale (C.M.M.E), Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Catherine Bungener
- Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, EA 4057, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 71 avenue Édouard Vaillant, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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HU Z, CHEN J, WU H, Ge O. Future thinking in non-clinical depression: the relevance of personal goals. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Moustafa AA, Morris AN, ElHaj M. A review on future episodic thinking in mood and anxiety disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 30:85-94. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFuture episodic thinking refers to the ability to imagine oneself in the future and project oneself into specific future events. This cognitive process is related to decision making and planning for the future. Although healthy populations commonly project themselves into the future (e.g. while planning a trip or career), patients with mood disorders show impairment in this ability. In this review article, we discuss the similarities and differences in future thinking among the following populations: major depressive disorder, dysphoria, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Importantly, we highlight the methodological variations in future episodic memory tasks in the literature that may explain the differences in the existing results.
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Horwitz AG, Berona J, Czyz EK, Yeguez CE, King CA. Positive and Negative Expectations of Hopelessness as Longitudinal Predictors of Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicidal Behavior in High-Risk Adolescents. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2017; 47:168-176. [PMID: 27371943 PMCID: PMC5205576 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between hopelessness and depression in predicting suicide-related outcomes varies based on the anticipation of positive versus negative events. In this prospective study of adolescents at elevated risk for suicide, we used two Beck Hopelessness Scale subscales to assess the impact of positive and negative expectations in predicting depression, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior over a 2- to 4-year period. In multivariate regressions controlling for depression, suicidal ideation, and negative-expectation hopelessness, positive-expectation hopelessness was the only significant predictor of depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior. Clinical interventions may benefit from bolstering positive expectations and building optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G. Horwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Johnny Berona
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Ewa K. Czyz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Carlos E. Yeguez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Cheryl A. King
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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16
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Giebl S, Storm BC, Buchli DR, Bjork EL, Bjork RA. Retrieval-induced forgetting is associated with increased positivity when imagining the future. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 69:351-60. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1085586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
People often think of themselves and their experiences in a more positive light than is objectively justified. Inhibitory control processes may promote this positivity bias by modulating the accessibility of negative thoughts and episodes from the past, which then limits their influence in the construction of imagined future events. We tested this hypothesis by investigating the correlation between retrieval-induced forgetting and the extent to which individuals imagine positive and negative episodic future events. First, we measured performance on a task requiring participants to imagine personal episodic events (either positive or negative), and then we correlated that measure with retrieval-induced forgetting. As predicted, individuals who exhibited higher levels of retrieval-induced forgetting imagined fewer negative episodic future events than did individuals who exhibited lower levels of retrieval-induced forgetting. This finding provides new insight into the possible role of retrieval-induced forgetting in autobiographical memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Giebl
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Storm
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert A. Bjork
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Addis DR, Hach S, Tippett LJ. Do strategic processes contribute to the specificity of future simulation in depression? BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 55:167-86. [DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology & Centre for Brain Research; The University of Auckland; New Zealand
| | - Sylvia Hach
- School of Psychology & Centre for Brain Research; The University of Auckland; New Zealand
| | - Lynette J. Tippett
- School of Psychology & Centre for Brain Research; The University of Auckland; New Zealand
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Roepke AM, Seligman MEP. Depression and prospection. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 55:23-48. [PMID: 26096347 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prospection, the mental representation of possible futures, is usually adaptive. When it goes awry, however, it disrupts emotion and motivation. A negative view of the future is typically seen as one symptom of depression, but we suggest that such negative prospection is the core causal element of depression. Here, we describe the empirical evidence supporting this framework, and we explore the implications for clinical interventions. METHODS We integrate several literatures: Using the database PsycInfo, we retrieved empirical studies with the keywords prospection, prediction, expectation, pessimism, mental simulation, future-thinking, future-directed thinking, foresight, and/or mental time travel, in conjunction with depression, depressed, or depressive. RESULTS Three kinds of faulty prospection, taken together, could drive depression: Poor generation of possible futures, poor evaluation of possible futures, and negative beliefs about the future. Depressed mood and poor functioning, in turn, may maintain faulty prospection and feed a vicious cycle. Future-oriented treatment strategies drawn from cognitive-behavioural therapy help to fix poor prospection, and they deserve to be developed further. CONCLUSIONS Prospection-based techniques may lead to transdiagnostic treatment strategies for depression and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Roepke
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Martin E P Seligman
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hach S, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Neural changes associated with the generation of specific past and future events in depression. Neuropsychologia 2014; 65:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Miloyan B, Pachana NA, Suddendorf T. The future is here: a review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression. Cogn Emot 2013; 28:795-810. [PMID: 24320101 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2013.863179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of anxiety and depression have long suggested a central role for future-oriented thinking in these disorders. Experimental studies suggest that anxiety and depression are characterised by distinct future-oriented thinking profiles, and that these profiles are markedly different from those of asymptomatic adults. In this paper, we review these profiles and propose two explanatory models marked by two different neurocognitive systems. The Reconstructive Memory Model emphasises a role for emotionally driven learning and retrieval in episodic foresight (i.e., the construction of future-oriented scenarios), and the Valuation Model proposes that an overweighing of risk and uncertainty estimates can be invoked to explain the future-oriented thought patterns. We consider the effectiveness of interventions aimed at altering such thought patterns. We suggest that future research aimed at elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of future-oriented thinking in anxiety and depression can play an important role in advancing development of effective biological and psychosocial interventions for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyon Miloyan
- a School of Psychology , University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD , Australia
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Kosnes L, Whelan R, O’Donovan A, McHugh LA. Implicit measurement of positive and negative future thinking as a predictor of depressive symptoms and hopelessness. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:898-912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Feeser M, Schlagenhauf F, Sterzer P, Park S, Stoy M, Gutwinski S, Dalanay U, Kienast T, Bauer M, Heinz A, Ströhle A, Bermpohl F. Context insensitivity during positive and negative emotional expectancy in depression assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Psychiatry Res 2013; 212:28-35. [PMID: 23473989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with depression show an enhanced preoccupation with negative expectations and are often unable to look forward to positive events. Here we studied anticipatory emotional processes in unmedicated depressed patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Consistent with a negative processing bias, we hypothesized enhanced responses to negative and attenuated responses to positive expectancy cues in brain areas associated with emotional expectancy. Participants comprised 19 drug-free depressed patients and 19 matched healthy control subjects who viewed affective photographs. Pictures were preceded by an expectancy cue which signaled the emotional valence of the upcoming picture in half of the trials. Depressed patients showed attenuated blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus, Brodmann area 44) during positive expectancy and-contrary to our hypothesis-in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (middle frontal gyrus, Brodmann area 47) during negative expectancy. This attenuation was specific for the anticipation (as opposed to the perception) of emotional pictures and correlated with a clinical measure of depressive symptoms. The observed attenuation suggests emotion-context insensitivity rather than a negative processing bias during anticipatory emotional processes in depression. This hyporeactivity may contribute to clinical features like anergia, apathy, and loss of motivation in the context of both positive and negative incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Feeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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Vilhauer JS, Young S, Kealoha C, Borrmann J, IsHak WW, Rapaport MH, Hartoonian N, Mirocha J. Treating major depression by creating positive expectations for the future: a pilot study for the effectiveness of future-directed therapy (FDT) on symptom severity and quality of life. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:102-9. [PMID: 21615882 PMCID: PMC6493468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This nonrandomized pilot study assesses the efficacy of a new future-oriented form of therapy, known as future-directed therapy (FDT), as a treatment for patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in a naturalistic hospital-based outpatient psychiatry clinic. The study measured symptom severity of depression and anxiety, in addition to quality of life pre- and posttreatment. AIMS The study examined a new manualized treatment designed to help people anticipate a more positive future. The intervention consists of twenty 90-min group sessions administered twice a week over 10 weeks. The intervention was compared to depressed patients in the same clinic who enrolled in traditional cognitive-based group psychotherapy. Sixteen patients with MDD completed the FDT intervention as part of their outpatient treatment for depression. Seventeen patients with MDD participated in treatment as usual (TAU) cognitive-based group therapy. The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Quality-of-Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire short form, self-report instruments were administered prior to and immediately after the completion of therapy. RESULTS Patients treated with FDT demonstrated significant improvements in depression (P = 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.021) and quality of life (P = 0.035), and also reported high satisfaction with the therapy. Compared to the TAU group, patients treated with FDT showed greater improvements in depressive symptoms (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS FDT may have the potential of becoming an additional treatment option for patients with MDD.
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Read J, Pincus T. Cognitive bias in back pain patients attending osteopathy: testing the enmeshment model in reference to future thinking. Eur J Pain 2012; 8:525-31. [PMID: 15531220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2003.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are common in chronic pain. Previous research has found differences in information-processing biases in depressed pain patients and depressed people without pain. The schema enmeshment model of pain (SEMP) has been proposed to explain chronic pain patients' information-processing biases. Negative future thinking is common in depression but has not been explored in relation to chronic pain and information-processing models. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to test the SEMP with reference to future thinking. METHODS An information-processing paradigm compared endorsement and recall bias between depressed and non-depressed chronic low back pain patients and control participants. Twenty-five depressed and 35 non-depressed chronic low back pain patients and 25 control participants (student osteopaths) were recruited from an osteopathy practice. Participants were asked to endorse positive and negative ill-health, depression-related, and neutral (control) adjectives, encoded in reference to either current or future time-frame. Incidental recall of the adjectives was then tested. RESULTS While the expected hypothesis of a recall bias by depressed pain patients towards ill-health stimuli in the current condition was confirmed, the recall bias was not present in the future condition. Additionally, patterns of endorsement and recall bias differed. DISCUSSION Results extend understanding of future thinking in chronic pain within the context of the SEMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Read
- AL2 Ward, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, UK.
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Hellström C, Jansson B, Carlsson SG. Subjective future as a mediating factor in the relation between pain, pain-related distress and depression. Eur J Pain 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1090-3801(99)90049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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King MJ, Williams LA, MacDougall AG, Ferris S, Smith JR, Ziolkowski N, McKinnon MC. Patients with bipolar disorder show a selective deficit in the episodic simulation of future events. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lester KJ, Mathews A, Davison PS, Burgess JL, Yiend J. Modifying cognitive errors promotes cognitive well being: a new approach to bias modification. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2011; 42:298-308. [PMID: 21352718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) procedures have been used to train individuals to interpret ambiguous information in a negative or benign direction and have provided evidence that negative biases causally contribute to emotional vulnerability. METHOD Here we present the development and validation of a new form of CBM designed to manipulate the cognitive errors known to characterize both depression and anxiety. Our manipulation was designed to modify the biased cognitions identified by Beck's cognitive error categories (e.g. arbitrary inference, overgeneralisation) and typically targeted during therapy. RESULTS In a later test of spontaneous inferences, unselected (Experiment 1) and vulnerable participants (Experiment 2) who had generated positive alternatives rather than errors perceived novel hypothetical events, their causes and outcomes in a non-distorted manner. These groups were also less vulnerable to two different types of emotional stressor (video clips; and an imagined social situation). Furthermore participants' interpretation of their own performance on a problem-solving task was improved by the manipulation, despite actual performance showing no significant change. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that Cognitive Error Modification can promote positive inferences, reduce vulnerability to stress and improve self-perceptions of performance.
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Sargalska J, Miranda R, Marroquín B. Being Certain about an Absence of the Positive: Specificity in Relation to Hopelessness and Suicidal Ideation. Int J Cogn Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2011.4.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Holmes EA, Lang TJ, Moulds ML, Steele AM. Prospective and positive mental imagery deficits in dysphoria. Behav Res Ther 2008; 46:976-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Schacter DL, Addis DR, Buckner RL. Episodic simulation of future events: concepts, data, and applications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1124:39-60. [PMID: 18400923 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1440.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on the neural and cognitive processes that support imagining or simulating future events, a topic that has recently emerged in the forefront of cognitive neuroscience. We begin by considering concepts of simulation from a number of areas of psychology and cognitive neuroscience in order to place our use of the term in a broader context. We then review neuroimaging, neuropsychological, and cognitive studies that have examined future-event simulation and its relation to episodic memory. This research supports the idea that simulating possible future events depends on much of the same neural machinery, referred to here as a core network, as does remembering past events. After discussing several theoretical accounts of the data, we consider applications of work on episodic simulation for research concerning clinical populations suffering from anxiety or depression. Finally, we consider other aspects of future-oriented thinking that we think are related to episodic simulation, including planning, prediction, and remembering intentions. These processes together comprise what we have termed "the prospective brain," whose primary function is to use past experiences to anticipate future events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Schacter
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Cognitive Reactivity, Suicidal Ideation and Future Fluency: Preliminary Investigation of a Differential Activation Theory of Hopelessness/Suicidality. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-006-9105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Miles H, MacLeod AK, Pote H. Retrospective and prospective cognitions in adolescents: anxiety, depression, and positive and negative affect. J Adolesc 2004; 27:691-701. [PMID: 15561311 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research with anxious and depressed adults has suggested that anxiety is related to an increased anticipation of both negative memories and negative expectancies whereas depression is related to a reduction in positive memories and expectancies. The present study examined whether anxiety and depression in 123 school-aged adolescents would show the same pattern. Small groups completed a memory and future thinking task in which they were asked to generate future and past, positive and negative events. Adolescents with higher levels of depression and those with higher levels of anxiety reported significantly more negative events relative to controls, but neither group generated fewer positive events. The results provide support for the involvement of cognitions in mood disturbance although do not support the idea that these cognitions are different in anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Miles
- Royal Holloway University, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
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Detweiler-Bedell JB, Salovey P. Striving for Happiness or Fleeing from Sadness? Motivating Mood Repair Using Differentially Framed Messages. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.22.6.627.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hopko DR, Armento MEA, Cantu MS, Chambers LL, Lejuez CW. The use of daily diaries to assess the relations among mood state, overt behavior, and reward value of activities. Behav Res Ther 2003; 41:1137-48. [PMID: 12971936 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent data has sparked renewed interest in behavioral treatments for depression; however several fundamental questions remain regarding the mechanisms of such approaches. To this end, the current study directly tested the assumption that non-clinical mildly depressed individuals receive less response-contingent positive reinforcement than non-depressed individuals, indicated by less engagement in behaviors perceived as rewarding in terms of both immediate pleasure and potential for these behaviors to result in more distal rewards. The data presented support this assumption and provide support for the role of reinforcement-based strategies such as behavioral activation in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Hopko
- The University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Department of Psychology, Room 301D, Austin Peay Building, Knoxville, TN 37996-0900, USA.
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Cropley M, MacLeod AK. Dysphoria, attributional reasoning and future event probability. Clin Psychol Psychother 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Vaughn LA, Weary G. Roles of the Availability of Explanations, Feelings of Ease, and Dysphoria In Judgments about the Future. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.21.6.686.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Beevers CG, Meyer B. Lack of positive experiences and positive expectancies mediate the relationship between BAS responsiveness and depression. Cogn Emot 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930143000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Silvera DH, Krull DS, Sassler MA. Typhoid Pollyanna: The effect of category valence on retrieval order of positive and negative category members. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440143000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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de Jong-Meyer R, Barnhofer T. Unspezifität des autobiographischen Gedächtnisses bei Depressiven. PSYCHOLOGISCHE RUNDSCHAU 2002. [DOI: 10.1026//0033-3042.53.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Williams und Mitarbeiter sowie andere Forschergruppen konnten seit 1986 in zahlreichen Studien nachweisen, daß depressive und suizidale Patienten Schwierigkeiten haben, auf emotionale Hinweisworte hin (z.B. glücklich, traurig) eine örtlich und zeitlich spezifische Erinnerung zu berichten. Sie reagierten häufiger mit summarischen Beschreibungen von Ereignissen, während gesunde Kontrollpersonen mehrheitlich mit einem spezifischen Ereignis antworteten. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungsgeschichte dieses Phänomens. Die Befunde an Gruppen mit verschiedenen Störungsbildern deuten auf die differentielle Bedeutsamkeit des unspezifischeren Gedächtniszugriffs bei Patienten hin, die eine Depressionssymptomatik haben. Gesichert erscheint auch, daß ein eher unspezifischer Zugriff auf Vergangenes mit der Generierung weniger effizienter Problemlösestrategien und mit Unspezifität in der Repräsentation zukünftiger Ereignisse korreliert ist. Eigene Befunde unterstützen die Annahme von Williams, daß Personen mit Depressionssymptomatik durch den Mechanismus eines “Mnemonic Interlock“-Prozesses (“Hängenbleiben“ bei unspezifisch-kategorialen Ereignisdeskriptionen) gehindert werden, auf spezifische Ereignisse zuzugreifen. Widersprüchliche Befunde oder nur schwache Belege erschweren derzeit noch Aussagen zur Valenzabhängigkeit des Phänomens und zu seinem Status als Trait-Marker. Die abschließend diskutierten Folgerungen für die klinisch-psychologische Grundlagen- und Therapieforschung machen deutlich, daß insbesondere die weitere empirische Klärung von Verursachungs- und Mechanismenannahmen wünschenswert ist.
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Stöber J. Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension. Cogn Emot 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/02699930050117693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Overholser JC. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression, part IV: Improving problem-solving skills. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02307704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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